EP3737735A1 - A method for reducing particulate emissions - Google Patents
A method for reducing particulate emissionsInfo
- Publication number
- EP3737735A1 EP3737735A1 EP19700644.8A EP19700644A EP3737735A1 EP 3737735 A1 EP3737735 A1 EP 3737735A1 EP 19700644 A EP19700644 A EP 19700644A EP 3737735 A1 EP3737735 A1 EP 3737735A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- base fuel
- particulate emissions
- gasoline composition
- fuel
- gasoline
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/04—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons
- C10L1/06—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons for spark ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
- C10L1/023—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for spark ignition
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
- C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
- C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
- C10L2200/0407—Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column
- C10L2200/0415—Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha
- C10L2200/0423—Gasoline
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2270/00—Specifically adapted fuels
- C10L2270/02—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines
- C10L2270/023—Specifically adapted fuels for internal combustion engines for gasoline engines
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark- ignition engine.
- WO2004 /II 3476 discloses gasoline compositions meeting certain parameters whose use as a fuel in a spark ignition engine results in improved stability of engine crank case lubricant. However, there is no mention in this document of the use of such a fuel for providing reduced particulate emissions in a direct-injection spark ignition engine.
- a method for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark-ignition engine comprising fuelling the engine with a gasoline
- gasoline composition wherein the gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not greater than 5% v aromatics of at least 9 carbon atoms, based on the base fuel, a T90 of up to 150°C and a final boiling point not greater than 190°C.
- gasoline composition for reducing particulate emissions from a direct injection spark- ignition engine
- gasoline composition comprises a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not greater than 5% v aromatics of at least 9 carbon atoms, based on the base fuel, a T90 of less than 150°C and a final boiling point not greater than 190°C.
- Low C9+ aromatics content together with a T90 of less than 150°C and a final boiling point of not greater than 190°C are believed to be key parameters in achieving reduced particulate emissions from a direct-injection spark ignition internal combustion engines fuelled by gasoline compositions of the present invention.
- the hydrocarbon base fuel contains amounts of aromatics having 9 carbon atoms or more, respectively in the range 0 to 5% v, based on the base fuel.
- the uses and methods of the present invention may be used to achieve any degree of reduction in particulate emissions from a direct-injection spark ignition engine, including reduction to zero (i.e. eliminating particulate emissions) . It may be used for the purpose of achieving a desired target level of particulate emissions.
- the method and use herein preferably achieves a 5% reduction or more in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, more preferably a 10% reduction or more in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, even more preferably a 15% reduction or more in particulate emissions from a direct injection spark ignition engine, and especially a 30% reduction or more in from a direct injection spark ignition engine, compared with the use of a gasoline fuel composition having a final boiling point of greater than 190°C, a T90 of 150°C or more and comprising greater than 5v% of aromatics having 9 carbon atoms or more.
- Any suitable method for measuring particulate emissions from direct injection spark ignition engines can be used herein.
- An example of a suitable method for measuring particulate emissions can be found in the following SAE paper: SAE 2010-01-2115 published 25 th October 2010 which measures the reduction of particulate emissions by a decrease in PM index of the gasoline composition.
- Gasoline compositions suitable for use in the present invention preferably have a PM index as measured according to the test method disclosed in SAE 2010-01-2115 of 1.0 or less, more preferably 0.95 or less, even more preferably 0.9 or less.
- Gasolines contain mixtures of hydrocarbons, the optimal boiling ranges and distillation curves thereof varying according to climate and season of the year.
- the hydrocarbons in a gasoline as defined above may
- Oxygenates may be incorporated in gasolines, and these include alcohols (such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, tert. butanol and isobutanol) and ethers, preferably ethers containing 5 or more carbon atoms per molecule, e.g. methyl tert. butyl ether (MTBE ) or ethyl tert. butyl ether (ETBE ) .
- the amount of oxygenates present in the fuel composition is dependent upon the prevailing fuel specification for oxygenate species. For example, the EN228 specification sets a maximum oxygen content of 3.73% oxygen by mass and therefore the level of oxygenate content has to be adjusted to comply with this .
- preferred gasoline compositions of the present invention contain 0 to 10% by volume of at least one oxygenate selected from methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and isobutanol.
- gasoline compositions of the present invention contain up to 10% by volume of ethanol, preferably 2 to 10% v, more preferably 4 to 10% v, e.g. 5 to 10% v ethanol.
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- esters such as ethyl acetate and ketone such as methyl ethyl ketone. Oxygenates can help to reduce PN emissions through chemical means.
- Gasoline compositions according to the present invention are advantageously lead-free (unleaded) , and this may be required by law. Where permitted, lead-free anti-knock compounds and/or valve-seat recession
- protectant compounds e.g. known potassium salts, sodium salts or phosphorus compounds
- protectant compounds may be present.
- the octane level can be defined by RON, MON or the anti-knock index (Aki) ( (RON+MON) /2 ) . If RON is
- anti-knock index it will generally be above 85.
- Modern gasolines are inherently low-sulphur fuels, e.g. containing less than 200 ppmw sulphur, preferably not greater than 50 ppmw sulphur.
- Hydrocarbon base fuels as defined above may be any suitable Hydrocarbon base fuels as defined above.
- hydrocarbon e.g. refinery
- Olefin content may be boosted by inclusion of olefin-rich refinery streams and/or by addition of synthetic components such as diisobutylene, in any relative proportions.
- Diisobutylene also known as 2 , 4 , 4 -trimethyl-1- pentene (Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals)
- 2 , 4 , 4 -trimethyl-1- pentene Sigma-Aldrich Fine Chemicals
- isomers (2, 4 , 4-trimethyl-l-pentene and 2,4,4- trimethyl-2-pentene) prepared by heating the sulphuric acid extract of isobutylene from a butene isomer
- Gasoline compositions as defined above may variously include one or more additives such as anti-oxidants, corrosion inhibitors, ashless detergents, dehazers, dyes, lubricity improvers and synthetic or mineral oil carrier fluids. Examples of suitable such additives are
- Additive components can be added separately to the gasoline or can be blended with one or more diluents, forming an additive concentrate, and together added to base fuel.
- a preferred gasoline composition for use in the method of the present invention comprises one or more antioxidants in order to improve the oxidative stability of the gasoline composition.
- Any antioxidant additive which is suitable for use in a gasoline composition can be used herein.
- a preferred anti-oxidant for use herein is a hindered phenol, for example BHT (butylated hydroxy toluene) . It is preferred that the gasoline composition comprises from 10 ppmw to 100 ppmw of antioxidant.
- Non-oxygenated high octane components that can be bio-sourced and which suitable for use herein include iso-butylenes or iso-octenes, iso-octane, triptane and iso-pentenes . These non-oxygenated high octane compounds help to reduce PN emissions through ignition and
- Preferred gasoline compositions used in the method of the present invention have one or more of the
- the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 10% v olefins
- the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 12% v olefins
- the hydrocarbon base fuel contains at least 13% v olefins
- the hydrocarbon base fuel contains up to 20% v olefins
- the hydrocarbon base fuel contains up to 18% v olefins
- the base fuel has initial boiling point (IBP) of at least 28°C
- the base fuel has IBP of at least 30°C
- the base fuel has IBP up to 42°C
- the base fuel has T ] _g of at least 80°C,
- the base fuel has T ] _Q of at least 83°C,
- the base fuel has T90 at least 135°C
- the base fuel has T90 of at least 140°C
- the base fuel has T90 of at least 142°C
- the base fuel has FBP of at least 165°C
- (xxxiv) the base fuel has FBP of at least 168°C.
- Examples of preferred combinations of the above features include (i) and (iv) ; (ii) and (v) ; (iii) and (v) ; (vi), (viii) , (x) , (xii), (xvi) , (xix) , (xxii) ,
- Use of the gasoline composition described herein can give one of a number of benefits in addition to reducing particulate emissions in a direct injection spark- ignition engine. These benefits include reduced
- engine bearing wear e.g. camshaft and piston crank wear
- improved acceleration e.g. camshaft and piston crank wear
- particulate matter emissions tests on gasoline compositions in direct injection spark ignition engines fuelled by test fuels were effected using the following procedure.
- Example 1 contains 0 %v heavy aromatics
- Example 2 contains 4 %v heavy aromatics
- Example 3 contains 8 %v heavy aromatics
- Example 4 contains 12 %v heavy aromatics.
- the fuel compositions in Table 2 are subjected to the particulate matter emissions test described in SAE Paper 2010-01-2115 in order to measure their PN index.
- the gasoline compositions having a hydrocarbon base fuel comprising not greater than 5% v aromatics of at least 9 carbon atoms, based on the base fuel, a T90 of less than 150°C and a final boiling point not greater than 190°C provide a greater reduction in particulate emissions (as measured by a decrease in PM index) .
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201862615459P | 2018-01-10 | 2018-01-10 | |
PCT/EP2019/050308 WO2019137896A1 (en) | 2018-01-10 | 2019-01-08 | A method for reducing particulate emissions |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3737735A1 true EP3737735A1 (en) | 2020-11-18 |
Family
ID=65031033
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19700644.8A Pending EP3737735A1 (en) | 2018-01-10 | 2019-01-08 | A method for reducing particulate emissions |
Country Status (9)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20200339898A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3737735A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2021510389A (en) |
CN (1) | CN111556890A (en) |
MX (1) | MX2020007002A (en) |
PH (1) | PH12020500585A1 (en) |
RU (1) | RU2020126101A (en) |
WO (1) | WO2019137896A1 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA202003666B (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP3947608B1 (en) * | 2019-04-01 | 2023-08-09 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Use for reducing low speed pre-ignition |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5288393A (en) * | 1990-12-13 | 1994-02-22 | Union Oil Company Of California | Gasoline fuel |
TW477784B (en) | 1996-04-26 | 2002-03-01 | Shell Int Research | Alkoxy acetic acid derivatives |
GB9922553D0 (en) * | 1999-09-23 | 1999-11-24 | Bp Oil Int | Fuel compositions |
JP3948796B2 (en) * | 1997-09-30 | 2007-07-25 | 新日本石油株式会社 | Unleaded gasoline for in-cylinder direct injection gasoline engines |
WO2000077130A1 (en) * | 1999-06-11 | 2000-12-21 | Bp Oil International Limited | Fuel composition |
DE19955651A1 (en) | 1999-11-19 | 2001-05-23 | Basf Ag | Use of fatty acid salts of alkoxylated oligoamines as lubricity improvers for Otto fuels and middle distillates |
US7052597B2 (en) * | 2001-03-27 | 2006-05-30 | Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company | Tuning fuel composition for driving cycle conditions in spark ignition engines |
US20030094397A1 (en) * | 2001-08-15 | 2003-05-22 | Fortum Oyj | Clean-burning MTBE-free gasoline fuel |
AR045892A1 (en) * | 2003-06-18 | 2005-11-16 | Shell Int Research | GASOLINE COMPOSITION |
JP2005054102A (en) * | 2003-08-06 | 2005-03-03 | Nippon Oil Corp | Gasoline |
JP4938333B2 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2012-05-23 | 出光興産株式会社 | Gasoline composition |
JP4938334B2 (en) * | 2006-03-31 | 2012-05-23 | 出光興産株式会社 | Gasoline composition |
-
2019
- 2019-01-08 WO PCT/EP2019/050308 patent/WO2019137896A1/en unknown
- 2019-01-08 JP JP2020537760A patent/JP2021510389A/en active Pending
- 2019-01-08 CN CN201980007521.0A patent/CN111556890A/en active Pending
- 2019-01-08 MX MX2020007002A patent/MX2020007002A/en unknown
- 2019-01-08 EP EP19700644.8A patent/EP3737735A1/en active Pending
- 2019-01-08 RU RU2020126101A patent/RU2020126101A/en unknown
- 2019-01-08 US US16/960,846 patent/US20200339898A1/en not_active Abandoned
-
2020
- 2020-06-18 ZA ZA2020/03666A patent/ZA202003666B/en unknown
- 2020-07-08 PH PH12020500585A patent/PH12020500585A1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX2020007002A (en) | 2020-09-07 |
WO2019137896A1 (en) | 2019-07-18 |
CN111556890A (en) | 2020-08-18 |
US20200339898A1 (en) | 2020-10-29 |
BR112020013412A2 (en) | 2020-12-01 |
ZA202003666B (en) | 2022-06-29 |
RU2020126101A (en) | 2022-02-10 |
PH12020500585A1 (en) | 2021-06-14 |
JP2021510389A (en) | 2021-04-22 |
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Legal Events
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