EP3725965B1 - Gebäude aus einem mauerwerk mit formwork für isoliertes mauerwerk - Google Patents

Gebäude aus einem mauerwerk mit formwork für isoliertes mauerwerk Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3725965B1
EP3725965B1 EP20169683.8A EP20169683A EP3725965B1 EP 3725965 B1 EP3725965 B1 EP 3725965B1 EP 20169683 A EP20169683 A EP 20169683A EP 3725965 B1 EP3725965 B1 EP 3725965B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
panel
building
panels
formworks
crossbeams
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EP20169683.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3725965A1 (de
Inventor
Valerio Pontarolo
Luca PONTAROLO
Valentina Pontarolo
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Pontarolo Engineering SpA
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Pontarolo Engineering SpA
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Publication of EP3725965A1 publication Critical patent/EP3725965A1/de
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
    • E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
    • E04B2/8635—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with ties attached to the inner faces of the forms
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
    • E04B2/86—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms
    • E04B2/8635—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with ties attached to the inner faces of the forms
    • E04B2/8641—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ made in permanent forms with ties attached to the inner faces of the forms using dovetail-type connections
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/38—Connections for building structures in general
    • E04B1/41—Connecting devices specially adapted for embedding in concrete or masonry
    • E04B2001/4192—Connecting devices specially adapted for embedding in concrete or masonry attached to concrete reinforcing elements, e.g. rods or wires
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B2001/7679—Means preventing cold bridging at the junction of an exterior wall with an interior wall or a floor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a building comprising at least one masonry structure (i.e. comprising elements superimposed with one another, with the interposition or not of cementing material) comprising a formwork.
  • Disposable formworks are currently known for the realization of insulated masonry, comprising two panels of expanded polystyrene (hereinafter also EPS) facing one another and connected together by plastic or metal crossbeams.
  • EPS expanded polystyrene
  • expanded polystyrene has very different characteristics from non-expanded polystyrene; in particular, expanded polystyrene has low thermal conductivity, and relatively low density.
  • the expanded polystyrene panels present on the two faces of the wall thus defined guarantee that it has high thermal insulation characteristics and, together with the large mass of concrete present in the masonry, also guarantee high acoustic insulation. At the same time an earthquake-resistant load-bearing structure can also be created.
  • Typical uses of such disposable formworks of the known type are for example the realization of masonry structures of buildings in the event of obtaining high thermal and/or acoustic insulation between the rooms separated by such walls, and between the inside and the outside of the building.
  • Disposable formworks of this type are known, for example, from US patent no. US 5,390,459 .
  • the heating inside the room is comprised of a high temperature heat source and a surface with relatively reduced emission such as, for example, a pellet burner, a fireplace, a radiator, etc.; in this case the temperature is very high in the immediate vicinity to the heat source and increasingly lower moving away from it which, on one hand, reduces the thermal comfort of the room and, on the other hand, could cause convective motions that cause the movement of dust in the environment.
  • the main task of the present invention is that of overcoming the drawbacks mentioned above, and in particular that of obtaining a disposable formwork that enables masonry structures to be realized, load-bearing or not, earthquake-resistant or not, able both to hinder the passage of heat and/or noise through them, and to reduce or however discourage thermal nonuniformities in an environment delimited by such masonry structures, and therefore to be able to obtain a building that, when using such a formwork, has one or more masonry structures whose temperature is particularly uniform, also in the presence of localized or particularly intense heat sources.
  • Another aim of the present invention is that of obtaining a disposable formwork, the installation of which is easy and quick.
  • Yet another aim is that of obtaining a disposable formwork that can be installed on top of or below another similar formwork, guaranteeing the perfect coplanarity of the outer surfaces of the masonry structures obtained after the solidification of the concrete cast in the superimposed formworks.
  • a further aim of the present invention is that of obtaining a disposable formwork that enables masonry structures to be realized to which it is easy to fix hanging accessories, even heavy ones.
  • Another aim of the invention is that of obtaining a disposable formwork that allows masonry structures to be realized that are sufficiently resistant to fire.
  • Another aim of the invention is that of realizing a building whose exterior walls have sufficient fire resistance, in particular both at openings, such as the passages for doors or windows, present on the exterior walls, and at any floors that subdivide the storeys.
  • a building according to claim 1 and in particular by realizing a disposable formwork for insulated masonry comprising a first panel, thermally and/or acoustically insulating, and a second panel, facing said first panel and connected to the same by one or more crossbeams, wherein the second panel is made of a material having a density comprised between 150 and 2500 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m 3 ) and a specific heat capacity comprised between 0.5 kJ/kgK (kilojoule over kilogram degrees Kelvin) and 2 kJ/kgK (kilojoule over kilogram degrees Kelvin).
  • such density and specific heat capacity refer to the material that constitutes the second panel, and not to the second panel as a whole, which can have for example a honeycomb structure, and/or comprising cavities or openings that increase the volume thereof without changing the weight.
  • the second panel can be advantageously made of one or more of the following materials, alone or in combination with each another, or with other materials: perforated brick, cellular brick, cellular brick obtained by wood flour, wood-cement, solid brick, bricks obtained from demolition scraps, concrete, reinforced concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, high-temperature mineralized wood wool with magnesite, pressed wood fiber, pressed glass or rock wool, cellular glass, panels from polyurethane scraps, fiberglass or polymer, polypropylene, polyethylene, unexpanded polystyrene (PS), PVC.
  • perforated brick cellular brick, cellular brick obtained by wood flour, wood-cement, solid brick, bricks obtained from demolition scraps, concrete, reinforced concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, high-temperature mineralized wood wool with magnesite, pressed wood fiber, pressed glass or rock wool, cellular glass, panels from polyurethane scraps, fiberglass or polymer, polypropylene, polyethylene, unexpanded poly
  • the second panel is made of a material that has a reaction to fire in class A1 or A2 according to standard UNI EN 13501-1:2009(EU); Italian Ministerial Decree of 15 March 2005(IT).
  • Table 1 shows the density, specific heat capacity and reaction to fire values of some materials that can be advantageously used for making the second panel.
  • Table 1 MATERIAL SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY DENSITY REACTION TO FIRE J/KgK KJ/KgK Kg/m 3 UNI EN 13501-1:2009(EU); D.M.
  • expanded polystyrene cannot be used except in combination with other materials, for making a second panel as, although it has a specific heat capacity (about 1.35 kJ/kgK) within the claimed range, its density is too low (20-30 kg/m 3 ). The same can be said for expanded polyurethane.
  • the second panel can have a thickness comprised between 35 mm and 250 mm, more preferably comprised between 50 mm and 200 mm.
  • the first panel can have a thickness comprised between 45 mm and 300 mm, more preferably comprised between 52 mm and 250 mm.
  • a first surface of the second panel facing the first panel there are means for fixing to the one or more crossbeams.
  • such fixing means are mechanical fixing means (e.g. jointed); more preferably such fixing means do not comprise non-mechanical fixing means, such as gluing, welding, overmoulding.
  • such fixing means comprise:
  • first seats and/or the second appendages cover the entire height of the first surface of the second panel.
  • the second panel comprises constraining means for a similar second panel positioned on top of or below it.
  • such constraining means comprise one or more first male elements projecting respectively from an upper surface and/or from a lower surface of the second panel, and one or more first female elements, obtained respectively on the lower surface and/or on the upper surface of the second panel, such first male elements and first female elements of such second panel being positioned and configured so as to couple respectively with corresponding first female elements and first male elements of a further similar second panel located below or on top of such second panel.
  • the constraining means comprise the one or more crossbeams and the fixing means, a first end of such one or more crossbeams simultaneously engaging with the fixing means of two second panels superimposed on each other, aligned vertically or staggered to one another.
  • the second panel comprises centering means with a similar second panel placed side by side thereto.
  • such centering means comprise: a first rabbet defined in a first side wall of the second panel, and a corresponding second rabbet defined in a second side wall of the second panel, such first and second rabbet being shaped and positioned in such a way that, by placing side by side the second panels of two of such formworks to bring into engagement the first side wall of one of such second panels with the second side wall of the other second panel, the first rabbet of one of such second panels and the second rabbet of the other of such second panels mate with each other.
  • such centering means comprise: a second female element defined in a first side wall of the second panel, and a corresponding second male element defined in a second side wall of the second panel, such second female element and second male element being shaped and positioned in such a way that, by placing side by side the second panels of two of such formworks to bring into engagement the first side wall of one of such second panels with the second side wall of the other second panel, the second female element of one of such second panels and the second male element of the other of such second panels join with each other.
  • first panel and/or the second panel have a square, or substantially square, or rectangular, or substantially rectangular, shape.
  • the invention relates to a building comprising an insulated masonry element that separates the inside of such building from the outside environment, such insulated masonry element comprising one or more formworks.
  • masonry means a masonry structure (e.g. an interior or exterior wall of a building) comprising elements superimposed with each other, with the interposition or not of cementing material.
  • the aforesaid insulated masonry structure comprises an opening adapted to place in communication the inside of the building with the outside environment; in this case one or more formworks are positioned with the respective second panel turned towards the outside environment, at least partially defining the perimeter edge of the opening.
  • one or more formworks define the entire perimeter edge of the opening.
  • the positioning of the second panel of one or more formworks towards the external environment, at least partially, preferably totally, defining the perimeter edge of the opening guarantees, thanks to the "thermal flywheel" effect previously described, that such area of the masonry has a substantially uniform temperature, even in the case, for example, of high exposure to the sun of such second panel. This reduces the formation of possible hot or cold areas both inside and outside the building, with the consequent increase in thermal comfort, and the reduction in the risk of formation of condensation and mould, both inside and outside the building.
  • the second panel is made of a material having reaction to fire in class A1 or A2 according to standard UNI EN 13501-1:2009(EU); Italian Ministerial Decree 15 March 2005(IT), such specific positioning of the second panel guarantees that any fire outside the building could not penetrate into it through the openings.
  • such opening may be a compartment of a door or a window.
  • the building according to the invention comprises at least two storeys subdivided by a floor, wherein the insulated masonry that comprises one or more formworks separates such two storeys and in this case, one or more formworks can be advantageously positioned in correspondence of the floor, and with the respective second panel turned towards the outside environment.
  • the positioning of the second panel at the floor, turned towards the outside environment guarantees, thanks to the "thermal flywheel” effect previously described, that such area of the masonry has a substantially uniform temperature, also in the case, for example, of high exposure of the sun to such second panel.
  • This reduces the formation of possible hot or cold areas both inside and outside the building, with the consequent increase in thermal comfort, and the consequent reduction in the risk of formation of condensation and mould, both inside and outside the building.
  • the second panel is made of a material having reaction to fire in class A1 or A2 according to standard UNI EN 13501-1:2009(EU); Italian Ministerial Decree of 15 March 2005(IT)
  • such specific positioning of the second panel guarantees that any fire outside the building could not penetrate from the outside of the building to the floor area.
  • this particular advantageous embodiment guarantees that any fire present in the outer façade of the building does not propagate between the storeys subdivided by the floor, as the second panel prevents the propagation of fire between the regions of masonry positioned on top of and below such second panel.
  • an insulated masonry structure can comprise a plurality of formworks.
  • such plurality of formworks can comprise two formworks superimposed with each other, aligned vertically or staggered to each other, so that the first panel of the upper formwork is superimposed with the first panel of the lower formwork and the second panel of the upper formwork is superimposed with the second panel of the lower formwork.
  • such plurality of formworks can comprise two formworks superimposed with each other, aligned vertically or staggered to each other, so that the first panel of the upper formwork is superimposed with the second panel of the lower formwork and the second panel of the upper formwork is superimposed with the first panel of the lower formwork.
  • such plurality of formworks in such building can comprise two formworks placed side by side so that the first panel of one of such two formworks is placed side by side with the first panel of the other of such two formworks, and the second panel of one of such two formworks is placed side by side with the second panel of the other one of such two formworks.
  • such plurality of formworks can comprise two formworks placed side by side to each other so that the first panel of one of such two formworks is placed side by side with the second panel of the other of such two formworks, and the second panel of one of such two formworks is placed side by side with the first panel of the other of such two formworks.
  • the aforesaid insulated masonry can comprise one or more of such formworks and one or more traditional formworks comprising two panels made of thermally and/or acoustically insulating material connected to each other by one or more crossbeams; in such advantageous embodiment, a formwork can be arranged on top of, or below, or side by side to a traditional formwork.
  • the traditional formwork comprises means adapted to be coupled with the means of the formwork for the constraining thereof to a similar second panel placed on top of or below it.
  • the traditional formwork comprises means adapted to be coupled with centering means of the second panel for the centering thereof with a similar second panel placed side by side thereto.
  • the aforesaid insulated masonry can comprise one or more of such formworks and one or more traditional formworks comprising two panels made of thermally and/or acoustically insulating material connected to each other by one or more crossbeams; in such advantageous embodiment, a formwork can be placed side by side to a traditional formwork.
  • the panels of the traditional formwork comprise means adapted to be coupled to the centering means of a formwork.
  • the formwork 1 comprises a first panel 2, made of thermally and/or acoustically insulating material such as expanded polystyrene (which is only a thermal insulator), wood-cement, expanded polypropylene, expanded polyethylene, expanded polyurethane, etc.
  • acoustically insulating material such as expanded polystyrene (which is only a thermal insulator), wood-cement, expanded polypropylene, expanded polyethylene, expanded polyurethane, etc.
  • the formwork 1 comprises a second panel 3, facing the first panel 2, and connected thereto by one or more crossbeams 4.
  • the crossbeams 4 are made of plastic, or metal, or a combination of such materials.
  • the second panel 3 is made of a material having a density comprised between 150 and 2500 kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m 3 ) and a specific heat capacity comprised between 0.5 kJ/kgK and 2 kJ/kgK.
  • the specific heat capacity and the high density of the second panel 3 ensure that once the latter has reached a certain temperature, it tends to maintain it, therefore acting as a "thermal flywheel" which tends to keep the temperature of the environment delimited by such second panel 3 constant.
  • the second panel 3 contributes both to reducing sudden temperature changes in the environment delimited thereby, and to making the temperature in such environment uniform, also in the presence of localized heat sources.
  • the second panel 3 can be for example made of one or more of the following materials, alone or in combination with each other, or with other materials: perforated brick, cellular brick obtained by wood flour, wood-cement, solid brick, bricks obtained from demolition scraps, concrete, reinforced concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, high-temperature mineralized wood wool with magnesite, pressed wood fiber, pressed glass or rock wool, cellular glass, panels from polyurethane scraps, fiberglass or polymer, polypropylene, polyethylene, unexpanded polystyrene (PS), PVC.
  • perforated brick cellular brick obtained by wood flour, wood-cement, solid brick, bricks obtained from demolition scraps, concrete, reinforced concrete, autoclaved aerated concrete, high-temperature mineralized wood wool with magnesite, pressed wood fiber, pressed glass or rock wool, cellular glass, panels from polyurethane scraps, fiberglass or polymer, polypropylene, polyethylene, unexpanded polystyrene (PS
  • such materials also have high mechanical resistance and are therefore suitable for the easy fixing to the second panel 3 of a hanging accessory, such as an item of furniture, a painting, a shelf, for example through the fixing of anchors, nails, etc. to such panel 3.
  • the panels 3 illustrated in the embodiments of Figures 1-4 , 9, 10 , 15-20 , 26 can for example be advantageously made of brick, brick-wood, cellular brick, unbaked clay, terracotta, cement, concrete; such second panels are preferably made with a geometry that provides empty spaces and that is commonly called "perforated".
  • the second panels 3 illustrated in the embodiments of Figures 5-8 , 11-14 , 21-25 are instead made of concrete or autoclaved aerated concrete, or wood-cement or wood or solid brick, solid brick-wood or solid cellular brick, or another solid material.
  • the second panel is made of a material that has a reaction to fire in class A1 or A2 according to standard UNI EN 13501-1:2009(EU); Italian Ministerial Decree of 15 March 2005(IT).
  • the first panel 2 and/or the second panel 3 have, in a front view, a square, or substantially square, or rectangular, or substantially rectangular, shape.
  • the second panel 3 has a thickness comprised between 35 mm and 250 mm, preferably comprised between 50 mm and 200 mm.
  • the first panel 2 has a thickness comprised between 45 mm and 300 mm, preferably comprised between 52 mm and 250 mm.
  • a first surface 3a of the second panel 3, facing the first panel 2 there are means for fixing to one or more crossbeams 4 that connect the first and the second panel.
  • such fixing means comprise one or more first seats 5 obtained in a first surface 3a of the second panel 3; such first seats 5 are coupled or can be coupled to at least partially counter-shaped first appendages 6, projecting from a first end of one or more crossbeams 4.
  • the first seats 5 affect the entire height of the first surface 3a of the second panel 3, so that it is possible to longitudinally insert a first appendage 6 of a crossbeam 5 into the respective first seat 5 of a second panel 3 starting from the upper or lower end of such first seat 5.
  • the first seats 5 have, in a plan view of the second panel 3 (still with reference to their installation to constitute a vertical masonry structure), a substantially T-shaped section, with a first leg 5a, placed at the first surface 3a of the second panel 3, which defines on such first surface 3a an access opening to the first seat 5, and a first head 5b, obtained in the body of the second panel 3.
  • the first appendages 6 of the crossbeams 4 preferably have a plan section which is also T-shaped, defining a second head 6b, advantageously at least partially counter-shaped to the first head 5b of the first seats 5, and that can be positioned inside such first head 5b, preferably by means of the longitudinal insertion into the seat 5 itself.
  • the first appendages 6 can advantageously comprise a second leg 6a, connected to the second head 6b and conformed and positioned so as to exit from the first leg 5a of a seat 5 with which such first appendage 6 is associated when the respective second head 6b is inserted into the head 5b of such first seat; advantageously, the second leg 6a is connected to the rest of the crossbeam 4, the latter therefore remaining constrained to the second panel 3 in the perpendicular direction to the second panel 3 itself, the second head 6b of the first appendage 6 not being able to exit through the first leg 5b of the opening 5.
  • first seats 5 are however possible; for example, in the embodiments of Figures 18 and 22 , the seats 5 have a plan with a section that we will define as "double T", which differs from a T-shaped section in that a further head 5c is associated with the leg 5a, parallel and distanced from the first head 5b.
  • the first appendages 6 can advantageously also have a "double T” shaped section, counter-shaped to that of the first seats 5, or even a T-shaped section, shaped so that the second head 6b of such appendage is positioned in the first head 5b or in the further head 5c of the respective first seat 5 (obtaining in the latter case the possibility to have two distances between the first and the second panel, corresponding to the second head 6b positioned in the first head 5b or in the further head 5c).
  • first seats 5 e.g. dovetail, Q or ⁇ shaped, etc.
  • first appendages 6 are however possible.
  • the fixing means advantageously comprise one or more second appendages 7 projecting from the first surface 3a of the second panel 3; such second appendages are coupled or can be coupled to at least partially counter-shaped second seats 8 obtained in a first end of the one or more crossbeams 4.
  • the second appendages 7 affect the entire height of the first surface 3a of the second panel 3, so that it is possible to longitudinally insert a second appendage 7 into a second seat 8 of a crossbeam 4 starting from the upper or lower end of such second appendage 7.
  • the second appendages 7 are made as a single part, in other words a single body, with the second panel 3.
  • the second appendages 7 are additional elements (i.e. not made as a single piece), fixed in turn to the second panel 3, for example, but not necessarily, in third seats 9 obtained in the first surface 3a thereof; such third seats 9 can be, for example, shaped similarly to the first seats 5 described above.
  • the second appendages 7 are additional elements, they are preferably part of an insert 70, a first end 70a of which, at least partially counter-shaped to the third seats 9, is inserted and fixed into them; a second part of such insert 70, comprising the second appendage 7, instead projects from the third seat 9, and therefore from the first surface 3a of the second panel 3.
  • the second appendages 7 can have a T-shaped section in the plan view, preferably, but not necessarily, similar to the section of the first appendages 6 described above; in this case the second seats 8 coupled or that can be coupled with such second appendages 7 can preferably have a T or "double T" plan shape preferably, but not necessarily, analogous to the section of the first seats 5 described above.
  • the first panel 2 comprises, on a second surface 2c thereof, facing the second panel 3, second fixing means 20 to one or more crossbeams 4 that connect the first and the second panel; preferably such second fixing means 20 can have an analogous shape to one of the advantageous embodiments described above of the fixing means of the second panel 3 to the crossbeams 4.
  • the crossbeams 4 can be fixed to the first panels through gluing, or can be incorporated with an end thereof into the body of the first panels 2 (e.g. during the production or moulding of the latter).
  • the second panel 3 comprises constraining means for a similar second panel 3 positioned on top of or below it.
  • such constraining means comprise one or more first male elements projecting respectively from an upper surface 3b and/or from a lower surface 3c of the second panel 3, and one or more first female elements, obtained respectively on the lower surface 3c and/or on the upper surface 3b of the second panel 3; the first male elements and first female elements of a second panel 3 are positioned and configured so as to couple respectively with corresponding first female elements and first male elements of a further similar second panel 3 located below or on top of such second panel 3.
  • the first male elements can comprise one or more anchors 10, partially inserted into openings 11, obtained in the upper surface 3b and/or lower surface 3c of the second panel 3 and preferably affecting the entire height thereof, thus constituting through openings that connect the lower surface 3c and upper surface 3b of the second panel 3; advantageously the anchors 10 exit with a first end 10a thereof perpendicularly from the upper surface 3b (and/or from the lower surface 3c) of the second panel 3, so as to be inserted into openings 11 of a further second panel 3 on top (or below) of a further similar formwork 1 associated at the top or at the bottom with the formwork 1 to which such plug 10 belongs.
  • One or more of the anchors 10 therefore connect the two superimposed panels 3 to each other, guaranteeing that they remain perfectly coupled and coplanar even if they are subjected to the hydrostatic thrust due to the mass of the concrete inside the formworks 1.
  • the constraining means can comprise constraining appendages 12 projecting from the upper surface 3b and/or from the lower surface 3c of the second panel 3, which can be inserted into at least partially counter-shaped constraining seats 13 obtained correspondingly, respectively on the lower surface 3c and/or upper surface 3b of a similar second panel 3 placed on top of or below it.
  • Such constraining appendages 12 and constraining seats 13 can have different shapes and arrangements.
  • the constraining appendages 12 project from the upper surface 3b of the second panels 3, and the constraining seats 13 are obtained in the lower surface 3c of the second panels 3, preferably aligned with the constraining appendages 12.
  • the constraining appendages 12, defining rabbets project instead both from the upper surface 3b and from the lower surface 3c of the second panels 3 and, correspondingly, the constraining seats 13 are obtained both on such upper surface 3b and on the lower surface 3c.
  • the constraining means for a similar second panel 3 placed on top of or below a second panel 3 can comprise the crossbeams 4 and the fixing means of the first surface 3a thereto, e.g. the fixing means previously described.
  • a first end of a crossbeam 4 can be fixed both to the first surface 3a of a second panel 3, and to the first surface 3a of a similar second panel 3, on top of or below it, possibly arranged staggered, as in Figure 26 (or the two superimposed second panels 3 can be advantageously aligned vertically with each other); the crossbeam 4 therefore keeps the two superimposed second panels 3 constrained to each other, guaranteeing that they remain perfectly coupled and coplanar even if they are subjected to the hydrostatic thrust due to the mass of the concrete during the casting thereof.
  • the second panel 3 may comprise centering means of a similar second panel 3 placed side by side thereto.
  • such centering means can comprise a first rabbet 14 defined in a first side wall 3d of the second panel 3, and a corresponding second rabbet 15, defined in a second side wall 3e of the second panel 3; such first and second rabbet are conformed and positioned so that, by placing the second panels 3 of two formworks 1 side by side to bring into engagement the first side wall 3d of one of such second panels 3 with the second side wall of the other second panel 3, the first rabbet 14 of one of such second panels 3 and the second rabbet 15 of the other second panel 3 are coupled to each other.
  • the centering means can comprise a second female element 16 defined in the first side wall 3d of the second panel 3, and a corresponding second male element 17, defined in the second side wall 3e of the second panel 3; such second female element 16 and second male element 17 are advantageously conformed and positioned so that, by placing the second panels 3 of two formworks 1 side by side to bring the first side wall 3d of one of such second panels 3 in engagement with the second side wall of the other second panel 3, the second female element 16 of one of such second panels 3 and the second male element 17 of the other of said second panels 3 mate with each other.
  • the first panel 2 comprises, in an upper face 2a and in a lower face 2b, delimiting the thickness of the first panel 2 itself, portions provided with a plurality of protuberances 18, variously distributed, which define between them the same number of seats 19 into which similar protuberances 18 of another similar first panel 2 of another formwork 1 of the same type are inserted, which must be coupled on top of or below it.
  • protuberances 18 and seats 19 are distributed on the entire surface of such faces 2a, 2b.
  • the protuberances 18 and the seats 19 defined can have in plan view a regular shape, e.g. square, round, triangular, trapezoidal, hexagonal, octagonal, etc., or irregular, e.g. comma, V, U or C shaped, or other complex shapes.
  • a second aspect relates to a building, represented schematically in Figure 27 and indicated by number 50, comprising an insulated masonry structure 51 that separates the inside 52 of such building 50 from the outside environment 53.
  • Such insulated masonry structure 51 comprises one or more formworks 1.
  • the aforesaid insulated masonry structure 51 comprises an opening 54 adapted to place the inside 52 of the building 50 in communication with the outside environment 53;
  • the building 1 is a house, and the insulated masonry structure 51 is a perimeter wall of such building 1, in which five openings 54 are made, and in particular four openings for windows and an opening for a door.
  • one or more formworks 1 are positioned with their second panel 3, turned towards the outside environment 53, at least partially defining a perimeter edge 54a of such opening 54.
  • the masonry structure 51 comprises a plurality of formworks 1, which define the entire perimeter edge 54a of the opening 5a; for example, the opening 54 can be advantageously substantially rectangular or square, and the formworks 1 can define the four sides of the perimeter edge 54a of such opening 54.
  • Other shapes for the opening 54 e.g. circular are however possible.
  • an opening 54 e.g. the passage of a door or a window, can be defined by the joining of a plurality of second panels 3 which delimit, for example with an edge thereof, an edge of such opening 54; in a further advantageous embodiment, an opening 54 can be defined within a single second panel 3.
  • the positioning of the second panel 3 of one or more formworks 1 towards the external environment, at least partially, preferably totally, defining the perimeter edge 54a of the opening 54, guarantees, thanks to the "thermal flywheel" effect previously, described, that such area of the masonry 51 has a substantially uniform temperature, even in the case, for example, of high exposure to the sun of such second panel 3.
  • the second panel is made of a material having reaction to fire in class A1 or A2 according to standard UNI EN 13501-1:2009(EU); Italian Ministerial Decree of 15 March 2005(IT), such specific positioning of the second panel 3 guarantees that any fire outside the building 50 could not penetrate into it through the opening 54.
  • the building 50 comprises at least two storeys 55a, 55b subdivided by a floor 56.
  • the insulated masonry that comprises the one or more formworks 1 separates such two storeys 55a, 55b and such floor 56 from the outside environment 53.
  • one or more formworks 1 according to the invention can be advantageously positioned at the floor 56, and with the second panel 3 turned towards the outside environment.
  • the first panel 2 of such formwork 1 can advantageously have an opening or groove 20a, adapted to allow the entry of an end of the floor 56 into the gap between such first panel 2 and the second panel 3, so as to allow such end to be incorporated into the concrete when it is cast into the formwork 1.
  • the positioning of the second panel 3 at the floor 56, turned towards the outside environment guarantees, thanks to the "thermal flywheel" effect previously described, that such area of the masonry structure 50 has a substantially uniform temperature, also in the event, for example, of high exposure to the sun of such second panel 3.
  • the second panel 3 is made of a material having reaction to fire in class A1 or A2 according to standard UNI EN 13501-1:2009(EU); Italian Ministerial Decree of 15 March 2005(IT)
  • such specific positioning of the second panel 3 guarantees that any fire outside the building 50 could not penetrate from the outside of the building 50 to the floor area.
  • this particular advantageous embodiment guarantees that any fire present in the outer façade of the building 50 does not propagate between the storeys subdivided by the floor 56, as the second panel 3 prevents the propagation of fire between the regions of masonry 51 positioned on top of and below such second panel 3.
  • an insulated masonry structure 51 comprises a plurality of formworks 1.
  • such plurality of formworks 1 can comprise two formworks 1 superimposed with each other, aligned vertically or staggered to each other, so that the first panel 2 of the upper formwork 1 is superimposed with the first panel 2 of the lower formwork 1 and the second panel 3 of the upper formwork 1 is superimposed with the second panel 3 of the lower formwork 1.
  • such plurality of formworks 1 can comprise two formworks 1 superimposed with each other, aligned vertically or staggered to each other, so that the first panel 2 of the upper formwork 1 is superimposed with the second panel 3 of the lower formwork 1 and the second panel 3 of the upper formwork 1 is superimposed with the first panel 2 of the lower formwork 1.
  • such plurality of formworks 1 can comprise two formworks 1 placed side by side so that the first panel 2 of one of such two formworks 1 is placed side by side with the first panel 2 of the other of such two formworks 1, and the second panel 3 of one of such two formworks 1 is placed side by side with the second panel 3 of the other one of such two formworks 1.
  • such plurality of formworks 1 can comprise two formworks 1 placed side by side to each other so that the first panel 2 of one of such two formworks is placed side by side with the second panel 3 of the other of such two formworks 1, and the second panel 3 of one of such two formworks is placed side by side with the first panel 1 of the other of such two formworks 1.
  • the aforesaid insulated masonry can comprise one or more of such formworks 1, and one or more traditional formworks 60 comprising two panels 61a, 61b made of thermally and/or acoustically insulating material connected to each other by one or more crossbeams 62; in such advantageous embodiment, a formwork 1 can be arranged on top of, or below, or side by side, with a traditional formwork 60.
  • the traditional formwork 60 comprises means adapted to be coupled with the means of the formwork 1 for the constraining thereof to a similar second panel placed on top of or below it; in a preferred embodiment, such means adapted to be coupled with the constraining means comprise one or more male elements, not illustrated, projecting respectively by an upper surface and/or a lower surface of the panels 61a, 61b, and one or more female elements, not illustrated, obtained respectively on the lower surface and/or on the upper surface of the panels 61a, 61b; such male and female elements are positioned and configured so as to be coupled respectively with corresponding first female and first male elements of a first panel 2 or second panel 3 of a formwork 1 placed below or on top of such traditional formwork 60.
  • a formwork 1 can for example be coupled with a traditional formwork 60 arranged on top of or below it, using one or more crossbeams which, in this case, are engaged both with the formwork 1 and with the traditional formwork 60 placed on top of or below it.
  • the insulated masonry 51 can comprise one or more of such formworks 1 and one or more traditional formworks 60 placed side by side to each other or to a formwork 1.
  • the panels 61a, 61b of the traditional formwork 60 comprise means adapted to be coupled to the centering means of a formwork.
  • formwork 1 The functioning of the formwork 1 is described below; two or more formworks 1 can be installed side by side and/or superimposed with each other (vertically aligned and/or staggered) such as in the examples of Figures 4 and 8 , and/or in one or more traditional formworks 60 (such as in the advantageous embodiments represented in Figures 28-33 ) defining overall one or more masonry elements, or masonry structures, such as an interior or exterior wall of a building 50.
  • the first panels 2 of the formworks 1 are for example installed turned towards the outside of the environment(s) circumscribed by such masonry structures, while the second panels 3 are turned towards the inside of such environments.
  • the formworks 1 may be installed with the second panels 3 turned towards the outside environment 53.
  • the concrete firmly grips the first and second panel, and the crossbeams 4 that connect them, constituting together with such components the masonry structure.
  • Such masonry structure is thermally and/or acoustically insulated thanks to the first panels 2 of the formworks 1, turned for example towards the outside of the environment delimited by the masonry structure, or towards the outside environment 53.
  • the second panels 3, having a high density are adapted to the easy and stable fixing thereto, and therefore to the masonry structure, of hanging accessories, such as shelves, paintings, etc., e.g. with anchors, nails, etc.
  • the second panels 3 effectively protect the masonry structure made by them from fire.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Gebäude (50), umfassend eine isolierte Mauerwerksstruktur (51), die das Innere (52) des Gebäudes (1) von der Außenumgebung (53) trennt, wobei die isolierte Mauerwerksstruktur (51) eine oder mehrere Schalungen (1) für isoliertes Mauerwerk umfasst, umfassend eine erste Platte (2), die thermisch und/oder akustisch isolierend, aus expandiertem Polystyrol oder Holzzement oder expandiertem Polypropylen oder expandiertem Polyethylen oder expandiertem Polyurethan besteht, und eine zweite Platte (3), die der ersten Platte (2) zugewandt ist und mit dieser durch einen oder mehrere Querträger (4) verbunden ist, wobei die zweite Platte (3) aus einem Material mit einer Dichte zwischen 150 und 2500 Kilogramm pro Kubikmeter (kg/m3) und einer spezifischen Wärmekapazität zwischen 0,5 kJ/kgK und 2 kJ/kgK besteht, wobei verfestigter Beton den Spalt zwischen der ersten Platte und der zweiten Platte ausfüllt, die erste Platte (2) und die zweite Platte (3) und die sie verbindenden Querträger (4) fest umgreift,
    die isolierte Mauerwerksstruktur (51) eine Öffnung (54) umfasst, die angepasst ist, um das Innere (52) des Gebäudes (50) mit der Außenumgebung (53) in Kommunikation zu bringen,
    wobei das Gebäude dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass:
    die eine oder mehreren Schalungen (1) so positioniert sind, dass die jeweilige zweite Platte (3) der Außenumgebung (53) hinführend gerichtet ist, wobei die Umfangskante (54a) der Öffnung (54) zumindest teilweise definiert wird,
    und/oder dadurch, dass
    das Gebäude (50) mindestens zwei Stockwerke (55a, 55b) umfasst, die durch einen Boden (56) unterteilt sind, wobei die isolierte Mauerwerksstruktur (51) die zwei Stockwerke (55a, 55b) und den Boden (56) von der Außenumgebung (53) trennt, wobei die eine oder mehreren Schalungen (1) an dem Boden (56) positioniert sind und wobei die jeweilige zweite Platte (3) der Außenumgebung (53) hinführend gerichtet ist.
  2. Gebäude (50) nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Platte (3) aus einem oder mehreren der folgenden Materialien allein oder in Kombination miteinander oder mit anderen Materialien hergestellt ist: perforiertem Ziegelstein, durch Holzmehl gewonnenem Zellstein, Holzzement, massivem Ziegelstein, aus Abbruchabfällen gewonnene Ziegelsteine, Beton, Stahlbeton, autoklaviertem Porenbeton, mineralisierter Hochtemperatur-Holzwolle mit Magnesit, gepressten Holzfasern, gepresstem Glas oder Steinwolle, Zellglas, Platten aus Polyurethanabfällen, Fiberglas oder Polymer, Polypropylen, Polyethylen, nicht expandiertem Polystyrol (PS), PVC.
  3. Gebäude (50) nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Platte (3) aus einem Material mit einem Brandverhalten der Klasse A1 oder A2 gemäß Uni EN 13501-1:2009 (EU) des italienischen Ministerialerlasses vom 15. März 2005(IT) besteht.
  4. Gebäude (50) nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass auf einer ersten Oberfläche (3a) der zweiten Platte (3), die der ersten Platte (2) zugewandt ist, Mittel (5, 7) zum Befestigen an einem oder mehreren Querträgern (4) vorhanden sind.
  5. Gebäude (50) nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Befestigungsmittel Folgendes umfassen:
    - einen oder mehrere erste Sitze (5), die in der ersten Oberfläche (3a) der zweiten Platte (3) ausgebildet sind, die mit zumindest teilweise gegengeformten ersten Fortsätzen (6) gekoppelt sind oder gekoppelt werden können, die von einem ersten Ende des einen oder der mehreren Querträger (4) vorstehen,
    und/oder
    - einen oder mehrere zweite Fortsätze (7), die von der ersten Oberfläche (3a) der zweiten Platte (3) vorstehen und die an mindestens teilweise gegengeformte zweite Sitze (8) gekoppelt sind oder gekoppelt werden können, die an einem ersten Ende des einen oder der mehreren Querträger (4) erhalten sind.
  6. Gebäude (50) nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die ersten Sitze (5) und/oder die zweiten Fortsätze (7) die gesamte Höhe der ersten Oberfläche (3a) der zweiten Platte (3) abdecken.
  7. Gebäude (50) nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Platte (3) Festspannmittel für eine ähnliche zweite Platte (3) umfasst, die darüber oder darunter positioniert sind.
  8. Gebäude (50) nach Anspruch 7, wobei die Festspannmittel ein oder mehrere erste männliche Elemente (10, 12), die jeweils von einer oberen Oberfläche (3b) und/oder von einer unteren Oberfläche (3c) der zweiten Platte (3) vorstehen, und ein oder mehrere erste weibliche Elemente (11, 13), die jeweils auf der unteren Oberfläche (3c) und/oder auf der oberen Oberfläche (3b) der zweiten Platte (3) erhalten werden, umfassen, wobei die ersten männlichen Elemente (10, 12) und ersten weiblichen Elemente (11, 13) der zweiten Platte (3) positioniert und konfiguriert sind, um jeweils mit entsprechenden ersten weiblichen Elementen (11, 13) und ersten männlichen Elementen (10, 12) einer weiteren ähnlichen zweiten Platte (3), die sich unter oder über der zweiten Platte (3) befindet, zu koppeln.
  9. Gebäude (50) nach Anspruch 7, wenn dieser von Anspruch 4 oder von einem von Anspruch 4 abhängigen Anspruch abhängt, wobei die Festspannmittel den einen oder mehrere Querträger (4) und die Befestigungsmittel umfassen, wobei ein erstes Ende des einen oder der mehreren Querträger (4) gleichzeitig mit den Befestigungsmitteln von zwei zweiten Platten (3) eingreift, die übereinander angeordnet, vertikal ausgerichtet oder versetzt zueinander angeordnet sind.
  10. Gebäude (50) nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Platte (3) Zentriermittel mit einer ähnlichen zweiten Platte (3), die neben ihnen angeordnet ist, umfasst.
  11. Gebäude (50) nach Anspruch 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zentriermittel umfassen:
    einen ersten Falz (14), der in einer ersten Seitenwand (3d) der zweiten Platte (3) definiert ist, und einen entsprechenden zweiten Falz (15), der in einer zweiten Seitenwand (3e) der zweiten Platte (3) definiert ist, wobei der erste (14) und der zweite Falz (15) so geformt und positioniert sind, dass durch Anordnen der zweiten Platten (3) von zwei der Schalungen (1) nebeneinander, um die erste Seitenwand (3d) einer der zweiten Platten (3) mit der zweiten Seitenwand der anderen zweiten Platte (3) in Eingriff zu bringen, der erste Falz (14) einer der zweiten Platten (3) und der zweite Falz (15) der anderen der zweiten Platten (3) miteinander zusammengreifen und/oder
    ein zweites weibliches Element (16), das in einer ersten Seitenwand (3d) der zweiten Platte (3) definiert ist, und ein entsprechendes zweites männliches Element (17), das in einer zweiten Seitenwand (3e) der zweiten Platte (3) definiert ist, wobei das zweite weibliche Element (16) und das zweite männliche Element (17) so geformt und positioniert sind, dass durch Anordnen der zweiten Platten (3) von zwei der Schalungen (1) nebeneinander, um die erste Seitenwand einer der zweiten Platten (3) in Eingriff (3d) mit der zweiten Seitenwand der anderen zweiten Platte (3) zu bringen, das zweite weibliche Element (16) einer der zweiten Platten (3) und das zweite männliche Element (17) der anderen der zweiten Platten (3) miteinander zusammengreifen.
  12. Gebäude (50) nach einem oder mehreren der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Platte (2) und/oder die zweite Platte (3) eine quadratische oder im Wesentlichen quadratische oder rechteckige oder im Wesentlichen rechteckige Form aufweisen.
EP20169683.8A 2019-04-19 2020-04-15 Gebäude aus einem mauerwerk mit formwork für isoliertes mauerwerk Active EP3725965B1 (de)

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Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5390459A (en) 1993-03-31 1995-02-21 Aab Building System Inc. Concrete form walls
DE19937588A1 (de) * 1999-08-10 2001-02-15 Reinhard Hafellner Schalungsstein und Verbindungssystem für Schalungssteine
CN102869841B (zh) * 2010-04-30 2015-05-20 Ambe工程股份有限公司 用于形成隔热混凝土热质墙体的系统

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