EP3687484A2 - Compositions cosmétiques et dermatologiques - Google Patents

Compositions cosmétiques et dermatologiques

Info

Publication number
EP3687484A2
EP3687484A2 EP18786176.0A EP18786176A EP3687484A2 EP 3687484 A2 EP3687484 A2 EP 3687484A2 EP 18786176 A EP18786176 A EP 18786176A EP 3687484 A2 EP3687484 A2 EP 3687484A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
composition
pigment
phenoxazone
poly
aggregates
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP18786176.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Leila DERAVI
Camille A. MARTIN
Amrita Kumar
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Northeastern University Boston
Original Assignee
Northeastern University Boston
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Northeastern University Boston filed Critical Northeastern University Boston
Publication of EP3687484A2 publication Critical patent/EP3687484A2/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/29—Titanium; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/0241—Containing particulates characterized by their shape and/or structure
    • A61K8/0245—Specific shapes or structures not provided for by any of the groups of A61K8/0241
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/0241—Containing particulates characterized by their shape and/or structure
    • A61K8/0275—Containing agglomerated particulates
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/02—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K8/0241—Containing particulates characterized by their shape and/or structure
    • A61K8/0283—Matrix particles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/25—Silicon; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/19—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing inorganic ingredients
    • A61K8/26—Aluminium; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/40—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing nitrogen
    • A61K8/41—Amines
    • A61K8/411—Aromatic amines, i.e. where the amino group is directly linked to the aromatic nucleus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/30—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds
    • A61K8/49—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic compounds containing heterocyclic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/73—Polysaccharides
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/81—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A61K8/8141—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • A61K8/8152—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters, e.g. (meth)acrylic acid esters; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A61K8/85—Polyesters
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K8/00—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations
    • A61K8/18—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition
    • A61K8/72—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds
    • A61K8/84—Cosmetics or similar toiletry preparations characterised by the composition containing organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions otherwise than those involving only carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • A61K8/86—Polyethers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q17/00—Barrier preparations; Preparations brought into direct contact with the skin for affording protection against external influences, e.g. sunlight, X-rays or other harmful rays, corrosive materials, bacteria or insect stings
    • A61Q17/04—Topical preparations for affording protection against sunlight or other radiation; Topical sun tanning preparations
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61Q—SPECIFIC USE OF COSMETICS OR SIMILAR TOILETRY PREPARATIONS
    • A61Q19/00—Preparations for care of the skin
    • A61Q19/08—Anti-ageing preparations
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B19/00—Oxazine dyes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B61/00—Dyes of natural origin prepared from natural sources, e.g. vegetable sources
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09B—ORGANIC DYES OR CLOSELY-RELATED COMPOUNDS FOR PRODUCING DYES, e.g. PIGMENTS; MORDANTS; LAKES
    • C09B67/00—Influencing the physical, e.g. the dyeing or printing properties of dyestuffs without chemical reactions, e.g. by treating with solvents grinding or grinding assistants, coating of pigments or dyes; Process features in the making of dyestuff preparations; Dyestuff preparations of a special physical nature, e.g. tablets, films
    • C09B67/0097—Dye preparations of special physical nature; Tablets, films, extrusion, microcapsules, sheets, pads, bags with dyes
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/41—Particular ingredients further characterized by their size
    • A61K2800/412—Microsized, i.e. having sizes between 0.1 and 100 microns
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/42—Colour properties
    • A61K2800/43—Pigments; Dyes
    • A61K2800/438—Thermochromatic; Photochromic; Phototropic
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/42—Colour properties
    • A61K2800/45—Colour indicators, e.g. pH- or Redox indicators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/52—Stabilizers
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/60—Particulates further characterized by their structure or composition
    • A61K2800/65—Characterized by the composition of the particulate/core
    • A61K2800/651—The particulate/core comprising inorganic material
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2800/00—Properties of cosmetic compositions or active ingredients thereof or formulation aids used therein and process related aspects
    • A61K2800/40—Chemical, physico-chemical or functional or structural properties of particular ingredients
    • A61K2800/60—Particulates further characterized by their structure or composition
    • A61K2800/65—Characterized by the composition of the particulate/core
    • A61K2800/654—The particulate/core comprising macromolecular material

Definitions

  • the standard inorganic oxide pigments used in coatings and in the cosmetic industries typically lack color richness (chroma) and variety of hues.
  • One approach to address this limitation has been to use organic pigments which offer more diversity in color; however, some disadvantages of using organic pigments are their limited hiding power, weak color stability, poor dispersion ability and poor weather durability.
  • organic pigments can be encapsulated within mica and other inorganic material that provide color, luster, iridescence, color travel and texture to the designated formulation.
  • pearlescent or sparkling "effect” pigments which are typically platelets (5-50 ⁇ diameters) comprising mica or mica coated with iron oxides; however, some disadvantages of these materials include uncontrollable variance in platelet thickness and dispersion, the presence of impurities and heterogeneity in size/shapes. Further, many cosmetics that feature effect pigments are limited to tinted cover- ups that only impart color, which can often cake onto skin and accentuate the presence of imperfections in the skin by highlighting blemishes and unevenly collecting in enlarged pores and fine lines.
  • compositions including cosmetic and dermatological compositions and adjuvants, which provide improved hiding power, improved dispersion ability and improved weather durability, and that can impart luminosity and diffuse reflectance of light while still being stable when excited by all wavelengths of solar light (ultraviolet [UV] through short-wave infrared light).
  • solar radiation protectants for example, in cosmetic compositions, leave select regions of visible (400-490 nm) and infrared (750-2500 nm) light unfiltered. These sources of carcinogenic solar energy should not be ignored.
  • Excessive exposure to infrared radiation has been demonstrated to increase matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP-1) activity that leads to the destruction of collagen fibers resulting in the formation of coarse wrinkles.
  • MMP-1 matrix metalloprotease 1
  • UVB radiation (280-320 nm) accounts for 0.5% of all incident solar light and induces modifications to the genomic DNA of keratinocytes and melanocytes in the epidermal skin layer; while, UVA radiation (320-400 nm) accounts for 99.5% of solar light, and together with UVB, enhances the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within both epidermal and dermal layers. Visible light, specifically blue light (440-490 nm), has also been noted to lead to the over production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can be attributed to photo-induced aging. Therefore, there is also a need for compositions, including cosmetic and dermatological compositions and adjuvants, which provide improved solar protection, including protection from infrared radiation and visible light, and/or suppression of ROS formation.
  • compositions which have a number of advantages, for example, when designed as cosmetic and dermatological compositions and adjuvants, they can provide improved hiding power, improved dispersion ability and improved weather durability, and can impart luminosity and diffuse reflectance of light while still being stable when excited by all wavelengths of solar light. Further, they can provide improved solar protection, including protection from infrared radiation and visible light, and/or suppression of ROS formation. Yet further, they can provide color, and color tunability in response to pH and
  • One embodiment is a composition including a plurality of synthetic particles having a size in the micrometer or nanometer range, each synthetic particle including one or more aggregates of a pigment selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof, and a stabilizing material which has a refractive index larger than 1.45; the aggregates having a size larger than about 100 nm and the composition being biodegradable and biocompatible.
  • a further embodiment is a composition comprising aggregates of a pigment selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof stabilized in a polyelectrolyte solution.
  • Yet a further embodiment is a method for extracting phenoxazone and/or phenoxazine, comprising refluxing tissue containing ommochrome in a solvent.
  • Yet a further embodiment is a method for synthesizing ommochromes comprising electrochemically oxidizing 3-hydroxykynurenine.
  • composition comprising (i) a colorant having an aromatic group and/or a chemical group allowing interaction with a pigment selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof, and (ii) the pigment; the pigment stabilizing the colorant; and the composition being biodegradable and
  • compositions comprising a solid and transparent matrix and (i) a free pigment selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof, and/or (ii) one or more aggregates of a pigment selected from
  • phenoxazone phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof, the free pigment and/or the aggregates being homogenously distributed throughout the matrix; and the composition being biodegradable and biocompatible.
  • Yet a further embodiment is a sensor comprising a composition described herein, wherein the material is positioned to allow physical contact with a sample.
  • a color-changing composition comprising a composition described herein, the color-changing composition changing its color in response to changes in pH, humidity, solar light, and/or presence of chemical or electrical oxidizing or reducing agents.
  • FIG. 2 provides top-down SEM images of granule films.
  • G1-G3 granule films indicate the increased density of granules, even though they are still ⁇ 1 layer thick (scale bars are 5 ⁇ ).
  • G4-G6 representative cross-sectional SEM images show variations in thickness (scale for G4 is 1 ⁇ ; G5 is 5 ⁇ , and G6 is 5 ⁇ ).
  • FIG. 3 provides an SEM image of natural squid granules (left) and four SEM images of synthetic granules with pigment (xanthommatin, also referred to herein as "Xa"), specifically, inorganic materials (silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide) and biodegradable polymers (PLGA and PSMA) which were used to stabilize Xa; these hybrid materials mimic the morphology of natural granules found within squid chromatophores.
  • xanthommatin also referred to herein as "Xa”
  • Xa pigment
  • inorganic materials silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide
  • PLGA and PSMA biodegradable polymers
  • FIG. 4 provides two flow diagrams of pigment extraction protocols.
  • the prior method features eight steps and requires approximately 6.5 hours to complete.
  • the method according to a present embodiment (bottom) consists of five steps and can be completed within 1 hour.
  • FIG. 5 provides a schematic of the believed mechanism of the electrosynthesis of Xa (top) and a graph (bottom) showing the corresponding measured charge and current response over time as the electrochemical synthesis proceed (F is Faraday constant, N a is Avogadro number, C is charge, nxa numbers of moles of Xa reacted, n e numbers of moles of electron consumed).
  • FIG. 6 provides two graphs with results of the UV- Visible Spectroscopy which was used to monitor the progression of the electrosynthesis of Xa.
  • 3- hydroxykyneurine has a lambda max at 380 nm, and a distinct peak at 454 nm was observed after reacting 3 -hydroxykyneurine for 120 mins - the decrease in absorbance intensity over time was used as an indicator of the transformation to Xa which has a characteristic lambda max centered at 450 nm.
  • the bottom graph illustrates the increase of absorbance centered at 454 nm with reaction time.
  • FIG. 7 provides an absorbance over elution time graph with results from UPLC which was used to identify the components of the reaction mixture over time of the electrosynthesis. Peak identity was assigned by considering the UV-visible absorbance profile of each peak. The first peak with approximate retention time 1.5 mins was identified as 3-hydroxykynuerine. Peak 2 and 3 at 7.2 and 7.5 mins respectively was associated with Xa. Over 2 hours the intensity of Peak 1 decreased as Peak 2 and 3 increased indicating the transformation of that reactant to the products.
  • FIG. 8 provides an intensity over wavelength graph illustrating measured variations in absorptive behaviors of Xa associated with an increasing pH.
  • FIG. 9 provides two graphs of the experimental determination of pKa, where absorbance intensity (collected at 430 nm, top, and 360 nm, bottom) was followed as a function of varying pH. The two observed pKas are indicated by the dashed lines at 5.50 and
  • FIG. 10 provides a graph illustrating the switching responses of Xa recorded as a function of current density change within a multi-layered electrochromic device (ECD).
  • ECD electrochromic device
  • FIG. 11 provides two graphs showing absorption curves for three separate ECDs that were assembled by varying the ratio between Xa and PEDOT:PSS and switched from oxidized (01, 02, 03; see top graph) to reduced (Rl, R2, R3; see bottom graph) states.
  • FIG. 12 provides absorbance curves (see top graph) and corresponding comparator values (see table) of Xa to known UV-filters, avo- and oxy-benzone. All values have been normalized to same concentration (0.10 mM).
  • X-l represents synthetic Xa;
  • X-2 represents Xa extracted from squid at 0.10 mM. SPF was calculated using the Mansur equation and critical wavelength was determined as the wavelength at which 90% of the absorbance curve resides.
  • FIG. 13 provides a graph of the calculated optical cross-section of pigment particles as a function of particle diameter, where solid lines are scattering cross-sections and dashed lines are absorption cross-sections.
  • the inset is an expanded view of particle diameters 5 - 200 nm, indicating no difference between absorption and scattering at diameters ⁇ 200 nm.
  • FIG. 14 illustrates the hydroxyl radical antioxidant capacity (HORAC) activity assay activity of Xa.
  • the HORAC assay was used to evaluate the application of Xa as a natural antioxidant.
  • Xa consumes hydroxyl radicals produced by the activation of the fenton reagent preventing the degradation of the fluorescein probe.
  • Xa demonstrated enhanced activity in comparison to commercially available standard gallic acid, a known phenolic antioxidant, showing its potential as an effective, photostable antioxidant.
  • a first embodiment is a composition
  • a composition comprising a plurality of synthetic particles having a size in the micrometer or nanometer range, each synthetic particle including one or more aggregates of a pigment selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof, and a stabilizing material which has a refractive index larger than 1.45; the aggregates having a size larger than about 100 nm and the composition being biodegradable and/or biocompatible.
  • the stabilizing material is positioned between or among the aggregates to inhibit or prevent clumping of the aggregates.
  • each synthetic particle is polymer encapsulated.
  • the composition further comprises a transparent and biocompatible polymer.
  • the transparent and biocompatible polymer is poly vinyl alcohol, poly methyl methacrylate, polyethylene glycol, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, poly lactide, poly(butylene succinate), silicone-based polymers, or a derivative thereof.
  • the pigment is 3 -hydroxy kynurenine, xanthommatin, ommatin D, dihydroxy-xanthommatin,
  • the composition further comprises a transparent stabilizer mixed with the plurality of synthetic particles and having a refractive index larger than 1.45.
  • the stabilizing material is a metal oxide, polymer, or bare mineral.
  • the metal oxide is one of, or a blend of one or more of, silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, and zinc oxide.
  • the polymer is a polyamide, polyurethane, polyester,
  • the stabilizing material is titanium dioxide.
  • the synthetic particle comprises poly lactic-co-glycolic acid.
  • the synthetic particles have size from about 10 to about 100 micrometers.
  • the synthetic particle has a core-shell structure, and one or more of the aggregates form the core.
  • the synthetic particles are stabilized in a polyelectrolyte solution.
  • the polyelectrolyte is a polyacid. In another aspect of the aforementioned aspect, the polyelectrolyte is polyacrylic acid, poly methyl methacrylate, poly(sodium styrene sulfonate), or poly(allylamine)hydrochloride. In another aspect of the first embodiment or any aforementioned aspect thereof, the aggregates make up about 0.01 to about 0.9 % wt of the composition. In another aspect of the first embodiment or any aforementioned aspect thereof, the composition is a broad-spectrum absorber. In another aspect of the first embodiment or any aforementioned aspect thereof, the pigment is an ommochrome. In another aspect of the first embodiment or any
  • the stabilizing material is a second pigment, different from the pigment, selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof.
  • a second embodiment is a composition comprising aggregates of a pigment selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof stabilized in a polyelectrolyte solution.
  • the polyelectrolyte is a polyacid.
  • the polyelectrolyte is polyacrylic acid, poly methyl methacrylate, poly(sodium styrene sulfonate), or
  • a third embodiment is a method extracting phenoxazone and/or phenoxazine, comprising refluxing tissue containing ommochrome pigments in a solvent.
  • the tissue is homogenized.
  • the solvent is acidic methanol.
  • the method extracts xanthommatin, decarboxylated xanthommatin, and/or
  • the tissue is squid dermal tissue.
  • the method is a bulk extraction.
  • the method further purifies the phenoxazone and/or phenoxazine.
  • the embodiments for extraction allow extraction which can be about 6 to 7 times faster than previously reported methods. They also can allow production of about 40 to 50 times more purified phenoxazone and/or phenoxazine.
  • Pigments can be isolated in native granular form and/or in molecular form.
  • a fourth embodiment is a method for synthesizing ommochromes comprising electrochemically oxidizing tryptophan, formyl-kynurenine, kynurenine, and/or 3- hydroxykynurenine.
  • Ommochromes that can be synthesized using the described methods (e.g., of the fourth embodiment) include, but are not limited to xanthommatin decarboxylated
  • a fifth embodiment is a composition comprising a (i) colorant having an aromatic group and/or a chemical group allowing interaction with a pigment selected from
  • Suitable colorants include oil soluble dyes (including D&C Yellow #11 or Red #17), water soluble dyes (including FD&C Blue #1 and #2 or Red #4), toners (including D&C Red #6 Sodium salt), true pigments (including D&C Red #30 or #36), and lakes (including aluminum and/or zirconium lake).
  • a sixth embodiment is a composition comprising a solid and transparent matrix and (i) a free pigment selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof, and/or (ii) one or more aggregates of a pigment selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof, the free pigment and/or the aggregates being homogenously distributed throughout the matrix; and the composition being biodegradable and biocompatible.
  • a seventh embodiment is a sensor comprising a composition described herein (for example, of the first, fifth, or sixth embodiment or any aforementioned aspect thereof), wherein the material is positioned to allow physical contact with a sample.
  • a topical sensor response to changes molecular structure and subsequent color in response to variations in pH, humidity, solar light and/or presence of chemical or electrical oxidizing or reducing agents in the sample is further positioned such that a color change in response to the sample can be observed by a user of the sensor.
  • An eighth embodiment is a color-changing composition, comprising the composition described herein (for example, of the first, fifth, or sixth embodiment or any aforementioned aspect thereof), the color-changing composition changing its color in response to changes in pH, humidity, solar light, and/or presence of chemical or electrical oxidizing or reducing agents.
  • Pigments described herein e.g., selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof (e.g., ommochrome pigments)
  • a derivate or precursor thereof e.g., ommochrome pigments
  • Pigments described herein can be encapsulated or stabilized within synthetic particles having a size in the micrometer or nanometer range. They can further be stabilized within and/or outside a porous synthetic particle, optionally, followed by polymer encapsulation to secure the pigment in place.
  • the synthetic particles described herein can be used to prepare a transparent polymer coating utilizing any biocompatible cross-linking polymer (e.g. poly vinyl alcohol, poly methyl methacrylate, poly ethylene glycol), which are widely used in daily use cosmetic and water resistance personal care applications.
  • biocompatible cross-linking polymer e.g. poly vinyl alcohol, poly methyl methacrylate, poly ethylene glycol
  • the cosmetic compositions described herein minimize the impacts on photo-induced aging and disease (i.e., they can be used as anti-aging cosmetics).
  • the compositions described herein can be used as total solar radiation protectants that can be used alone or in combination with other commercially available antioxidants and UV filters.
  • a further embodiment is an electrochromic device comprising a composition as described herein (e.g., as described in the above embodiments).
  • the composition is positioned in a layer or film.
  • the composition comprises a polymer matrix (e.g., a polymer (PEDOT-PSS) matrix).
  • the composition is capable of switching color in response to different applied voltages (e.g., a double potential step from +1.5 V to -1.5 V vs ground can be applied to the device).
  • the devices and composition is adapted and/or configured to allow for a redox-dependent color switch. Typically, the time for switching from the oxidized to the reduced state, upon application of a suitable potential is in the second range.
  • compositions can be spectrally tuned, for example, by varying the ratio between PEDOT:PSS and pigment.
  • concentrations of xanthommatin e.g., from 0.04 mg/ml to 0.16 mg/ml
  • PEDOT:PSS polymer matrix
  • a further embodiment is a method of changing the color of a color changing composition (e.g., a color changing topical treatment), comprising applying a reducing agent (e.g., ascorbic acid) onto a composition described herein (e.g., in the embodiments described above) which has been coated directly on soft tissue (e.g., facial tissue of a person) or synthetic tissue (e.g. hydrogels).
  • a reducing agent e.g., ascorbic acid
  • a composition described herein e.g., in the embodiments described above
  • soft tissue e.g., facial tissue of a person
  • synthetic tissue e.g. hydrogels
  • a suitable reducing agent includes, but are not limited to, ascorbic acid (vitamin C).
  • a “total solar radiation protectant” refers to a protectant (e.g., a composition described herein) which covers the 280 to 2500 nm wavelength range at film thicknesses ⁇ 2 ⁇ .
  • synthetic particle refers to a structured material (either nanometer or micrometer sized) that is made in the laboratory using a chemical synthesis.
  • aggregates of a pigment refers to a combination of two or more phenoxazone or phenoxazine-based compounds that form a three-dimensional structure that is stabilized through electrostatic, covalent, and/or non-covalent interactions.
  • a “stabilizing material” refers to any substance that inhibits or prevents the physical or chemical alteration of a second material and/or eliminates the breakdown of another compositional discrete substance.
  • biodegradable refers to a substance that can be decomposed, degraded, or converted by living systems.
  • biocompatible refers to a substance that does not elicit an undesirable effect (infection, inflammation) when placed in contact with the human body.
  • inhibit or preventing clumping of the aggregates refers to maintaining particles or aggregates that remain as discrete units in a suspension or when deposited as films.
  • polymer encapsulated refers to a nano- or micro- particle which has an exterior polymer containing shell that is used to stabilize or encapsulate a material within the shell.
  • transparent refers to a substance that does not substantially absorb or reflect light in the visible spectral regions (400-750 nm).
  • a “transparent stabilizer” refers to a material (polymer, metal, or metal oxide) that does not absorb or reflect light in the visible spectral regions (400-750 nm).
  • luxing refers to boiling a solution, such that the liquid portion is vaporized and returned to the stock.
  • homogenized refers to creating a homogenous mixture out of an originally insoluble or immiscible material.
  • electrochemically oxidizing refers to generating a potential (voltage) gradient within a 2- or 3- electrode system (includes, reference Ag/AgCl electrode, counter (Pt) electrode, and working (e.g., reticulated vitreous carbon) electrode to induce a loss of electrons into the analyte of interest.
  • Chemical redox refers to adding a soluble compound (ascorbic acid - reducer - and/or sodium nitrate - oxidizer) to change color.
  • reaction between an aromatic group and/or a chemical group of a colorant with a pigment selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof, refers to pi stacking ( ⁇ - ⁇ stacking) which are attractive but noncovalent forces between adjacent aromatic rings that contain conjugated aromatic pi bonds.
  • change of or "changing” color refers to a spectral shift of at least 20 nm in the visible through short-wave infrared color space.
  • the pigments described herein (and compositions containing them) can not only be used as solar radiation filters, but can also be employed as reactive oxygen species scavengers and used to assist in anti-ageing applications.
  • the synthetic particles and compositions described herein have numerous commercial applications including as multi-functional colorants in cosmetics and other coating industries, as anti-ageing serums, creams, or topical cosmetics, as multi-functional sun-care materials, as antioxidants, as anti-aging skin care products, as blue light filters, as cosmetics, as personal care products, and/or as sun care products.
  • compositions described herein can be used in cosmetics and/or
  • compositions contain pigments (e.g., selected from a phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivative or precursor thereof) which are UVA and UVB absorbers and the compositions can be used as sun-protectant products, alone or in combination with other compositions.
  • pigments e.g., selected from a phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivative or precursor thereof
  • UVA and UVB absorbers e.g., selected from a phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivative or precursor thereof
  • Pigments that can be used in the present embodiments include, but are not limited to, pigments selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof, for example, 3 -hydroxy kynurenine, xanthommatin, decarboxylated xanthommatin, dihydro- xanthommatin, rhodommatin, ommatin D, and ommins (e.g., ommin A).
  • the igment can be xanthommatin
  • xanthommatin can be decarboxylated xanthommatin
  • the pigment can be ommin A
  • a pigment suitable for the embodiments described herein can also be an ommochrome represented by structural formulas (I), (II), (III) or (IV)
  • R can be a proton donating or accepting group (including carboxylic acids or amines), a saturated or unsaturated functional group, another phenoxazine/phenoxazone moiety, or a combination of the above.
  • Both, xanthommatin and decarboxylated xanthommatin are highly conjugated organic molecules and have been identified in squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophore pigment granules. These pigments have a deep red color and contain combinations of xanthommatin and decarboxylated xanthommatin dyes. In solution, these pigments have an intrinsic UV absorbance and ability to scatter light - both are characteristics that contribute to brightening and/or distorting visible color. Specifically, these pigments are UVA and UVB absorbers, which makes them suitable for sun-protectant compositions. They can also be used as natural colorants.
  • compositions described herein when designed as cosmetic or dermatological formulation, typically comprise pigment at a concentration of 0.01-0.9 % wt.
  • Suitable pigments can not only be extracted from cephalopods (e.g., squid Doryteuthis pealeii chromatophores), but also from other natural sources such as the eyes, integumentary system, organs, and eggs of arthropods. These pigments can also be synthesized using methods described herein or known in the art.
  • compositions disclosed herein can be designed to have one or more aesthetic and functional properties (e.g., blurring, brightening, UV-absorber).
  • compositions can be in a variety of forms, including but not limited to, a serum, cream, or loose powder.
  • compositions are in the form of a coating, they can be designed to impart complex directional differences and other well-controlled optical properties depending on thickness of coating.
  • the compositions provided herein can contain colorants.
  • the U.S. positive list e.g. the list of color additives approved for use in cosmetics found in Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 73, FDA
  • the U.S. positive list features a list of permitted colorants used in color cosmetics and includes synthetic certifiable organic colorants and non-synthetic organic and inorganic colorants.
  • Natural colorants which are pigments that are derived from animal, vegetable or mineral sources, can also additionally be included in the compositions described herein.
  • the compositions provided herein can further contain pigments other than those selected from phenoxazone, phenoxazine, and a derivate or precursor thereof.
  • animal derived pigments such as carmine (also called cochineal) can be included.
  • Cochineal extract has a bright red color obtained from the aluminum salt of carminic acid. The characteristic deep red color is produced from some insects such as the conchineal scale and certain Porphyrophora species.
  • Carmine is the only organic colorant exempt from certification by the US FDA.
  • Inorganic oxides, such as iron oxides, (yellow, red, brown) can also be included, for example, in the development of color cosmetics.
  • compositions provided herein can be used in cosmetic formulations to enhance skin radiance and glow and provide angle dependent coloration. They can add dramatic visual effects by providing color, luster, iridescence, color travel (i.e. pigments can appear darker or brighter and/or change color at different viewing angles), and texture.
  • Known effect pigments constructed from mica a type of phyllosillicate mineral that consists of psuedohexagonal crystals, or aluminum flakes can also be included. These minerals exhibit nearly perfect cleavage resulting in the formation of platelet particles of varying size. The typical platelet thickness ranges from 100-1000 nm and has the ability to show interference colors.
  • the optical layers are built upon the mica substrate by coating the surface with photoactive materials such as iron oxide or the new phenoxazine/phenoxazone-based pigments.
  • Other effect pigments can be constructed with transparent substrates such as borosilicate and silica. Each of these substrates provides a range of optical properties that can deliver differentiated appearance and performance characteristics in cosmetic formulations. Silica can be used as a substrate for pearls due to its tunable thickness, particle assembly and low refractive index (1.46) when compared to mica (1.58).
  • a significant difference between the refractive indices between the substrate and pigment is essential for a strong pearlescent effect.
  • films of different refractive indices are combined, multiple reflections result, and stronger interference colors can be achieved.
  • This multilayer technique is demonstrated in nature and can be applied when designing new effect pigments.
  • Pigment particle size is important in designing effect pigments.
  • the classical light scattering mechanisms such as Rayleigh scattering, Mie scattering and large particle Mie scattering are particle size dependent. Small particles are very efficient at scattering shorter light wavelengths; here nanoparticle scatter is highly dependent on wavelength with shorter wavelengths (ultraviolet or blue light) scattering more intensely than longer wavelengths (red or near- IR light).
  • a key example of this phenomenon is highlighted with the incorporation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in sunscreen products; titanium dioxide nanoparticles are frequently used in sun protectant products due to their ability to scatter hazardous UV radiation and thus protects the skin from the penetration of harmful radiation.
  • Large particle Mie scattering occurs when the particle is larger than incident wavelength of light; in this case scattering is not wavelength dependent.
  • Effect pigments can be 10-20 microns, which is much larger than the wavelengths of interest (UV and visible light), therefore, one can anticipate large particle Mie scattering.
  • Pigments include but are not limited to 3 -hydroxy kynurenine, xanthommatin (and its decarboxylated form) and ommatin D in a monomeric and polymeric forms.
  • phenoxazone-based biopigments and their derivatives including but not limited to 3 -hydroxy kynurenine, xanthommatin and ommatin D, as the base ingredient for an anti-ageing topical treatment that targets free-radical scavenging.
  • phenoxazone-based biopigments and their derivatives including but not limited to 3 -hydroxy kynurenine, xanthommatin and ommatin D, as blue light filters.
  • phenoxazone-based biopigments and their derivatives including but not limited to 3 -hydroxy kynurenine, xanthommatin and ommatin D, as photostabilizers that enhance ultraviolet radiation (UVR) protection.
  • UVR ultraviolet radiation
  • phenoxazone-based biopigments and their derivatives including but not limited to 3 -hydroxy kynurenine, xanthommatin and ommatin D, as filters that protect against UVA induced photoaging.
  • a synthetic strategy that incorporates phenoxazone-based biopigments and their derivatives, including but not limited to 3 -hydroxy kynurenine, xanthommatin and ommatin D, as bio-hybrid solar radiation filters.
  • phenoxazone-based pigments and polymeric and/or protein complexes or metal-oxides (mineral based, or metal -derived) as solar radiation filters are examples of polymeric and/or protein complexes or metal-oxides (mineral based, or metal -derived) as solar radiation filters.
  • a redox active and/or UV- sensitive light protection filter materials chosen from the group of pigments consisting of ommochromes including xanthommatin, decarboxylated xanthommatin, dihydro- xanthommatin, rhodommatin, and ommatin D, and ommins and/or the natural chromatophore pigment granules isolated from cephalopod skin.
  • a pH sensor based on squid biochromes (both synthetic and naturally extracted forms) that is capable of color change between acidic (pH ⁇ 3.00) and neutral (pH ⁇ 7) states.
  • a green/color changing pigment that provides both visible and infrared coloration with color tunability while minimizing EHOS risk.
  • Nanostructured pigment aerosols were manufactured by nebulizing a pigment solution extracted from native squid chromatophores. It was observed that aggregates of the squid pigments (diameter range 200-600 nm) could be successfully aerosolized and collected as air and vacuum stabilized particles (FIG. 1). To accomplish this, the solution of pigments in water or methanol was nebulized (using a standard atomizer and/or spray coater) under air or inert gas such as N 2 . It was found that particle diameters can be separated by their electronic mobility, suggesting a control over selected size parameters that makes this process highly tunable. FIG.
  • polyurethanes, polyesters, polyethylene glycol, or polymethacrylates), and/or native chromatophore pigment granules can be stabilized in a polyelectrolyte solution to produce, for example, uniformly casted thin films containing distributed particles and pigments.
  • a suspension (0.16 - 2.45 mg/ml) of pigmented particles and free pigment can be casted within a poly-acrylic acid (PAA) matrix onto glass slides.
  • PAA poly-acrylic acid
  • the hybrid films e.g. mimetic of the natural chromatophores
  • a granule-water suspension (concentration was varied from 0.16 mg to 2.45 mg per ml water) was drop-casted directly onto the PAA coated glass surface and dried at 70°C for 1 hour, until the films were dried.
  • a Perkin Elmer Lambda 900 with the integrating sphere (which enables front and back scattering, as well as specular transmission and reflection) was used to measure the transmittance as a function of wavelength for a monolayer of granules with an inter-granular distance smaller than 3 micrometer (see FIG. 2) and a film comprising a multi-layer of pigment granules embedded within the PAA matrix. Prior to analysis, the instrument was auto-zeroed and the specular transmission of air was measured.
  • the total integrated transmission (Tint) and forward scattering (Sf) were measured, and the specular transmission was calculated by subtracted Sf from Tint.
  • the total integrated reflectance (Rint) and backward scattering (Sb) were measured similarly used to calculate the specular reflectance. Sb was measured by removing a specular light port from the integrating sphere.
  • TiBALDH titanium (IV) bis(ammonium lactate) dihydroxide
  • TMOS tetramethylorthosilicate
  • FIG. 3 when the precursor TiBALDH or TMOS interacts with a positively charged, amine-terminated (poly(amidoamine), PAMAM) dendrimer, an electrostatic binding event occurs in tandem with coulombic repulsion to precipitate nanoparticles.
  • PSMA Poly-styrene maleic anhydride
  • PLGA poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
  • FIG. 3 Dropwise addition of an organic solution containing polymer and pigment into aqueous phase resulted an instantaneous formation of nano and micro structured particles. The size could be controlled by changing the concentration of the polymer solution and the ratio between the organic and aqueous (e.g. water) phase.
  • Pigments described herein for example, pigments isolated from squid dermal tissue have been suspended in solutions (dimethylformamide (DMF); dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); formic acid; methanol; propylene carbonate (PC); methanol; and water) at concentrations ranging from 0.15-2.0 mg/mL.
  • the absorbance of the isolated pigments suspended in various solvents has been measured using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. It has been found that the pigments are capable of absorbing a broad spectrum of UV-visible light that can be adjusted depending on the solvent used. Accordingly, the pigment alone can be used as a UV-filtering agent in methanol and buffered aqueous solutions. These properties can be enhanced and/or stabilized when the pigment is incorporated within a composition as described herein.
  • Granule extraction has been compared with reflux extraction in terms of speed of extraction and the amount of extracted pigment (details in FIG 4).
  • the granule extraction protocol involved the following steps: 1) squid dissection, 2) tissue homogenization, 3) chromatophore isolation, 4) granule extraction, 5) pigment extraction, 6) chromatography, 7) rotovap and 8) UV visible spectroscopy.
  • the reflux assisted pigment extraction protocol involved the following steps: 1) epidermis extraction, 2) acidic methanol reflux extraction at 66°C for 30 min, 3) size exclusion chromatography, 4) rotary evaporation to remove an excess solvent, and 5) UV visible spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to verify pigment composition.
  • xanthommatin can be produced in bulk using electrochemical oxidation.
  • the precursor compound 3-hydroxykynurenine purchased from Sigma Aldrich, is incorporated in an electrolyte bath.
  • an oxidizing agent it is possible to apply an oxidizing current using a potentiostat. Since the color changes upon oxidation, one can follow the reaction spectroscopically (FIG 5).
  • xanthommatin can be used as a pH- and voltage-sensitive biochrome. At a neutral pH, solutions of xanthommatin exhibit a deep-orange color, and under acidic (pH ⁇ 3) conditions, the color was found to diminish. Based on Density
  • the purified xanthommatin ( ⁇ 5 mg) was suspended in water (5.00 mL) and titrated to a starting pH of 2.08. The solution was then titrated with 0.05 M NaOH until the pH reached 10.37. During each point in the titration, the solution pH and absorbance was determined. pH levels were measured using a Fisher Scientific Accumet API 10 pH meter (Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA).
  • pigments can be coated directly on soft tissue or synthetic tissue (e.g. hydrogels) in one color (yellow state) which can easily and quickly (within ⁇ 1 min) switch to a red color that is stable over 120 hrs in air upon application of a mild reducing agent (e.g. ascorbic acid).
  • a mild reducing agent e.g. ascorbic acid
  • Natural dyes and pigments often have functions that extend beyond simple pigmentation.
  • the chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs light at 430 and 660 nm producing a green color in plants but is also used in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce adenosine triphosphate, ultimately converting absorbed light into energy.
  • eumelanin found in most living organisms, is black in color with a broadband absorption spanning the ultraviolet through visible (UV-vis) spectrum that also converts photon energy into harmless heat.
  • Ommochromes such as xanthommatin (Xa) and its decarboxylated form (DCXa), are the predominant pigments present in the skin of the squid Doryteuthis pealeii and are also found in the skin and eyes of arthropods and other invertebrates. As metabolites of tryptophan, these phenoxazone-based biochromes are redox active and absorb UV-vis light to display yellow or red colors that can be tuned dependent on their local microenvironments. For example, ratios of the reduced (red) and oxidized (yellow) forms of Xa and DCXa change throughout the life-cycle of the red dragonfly, indicating a sex-specific maturation in these insects. On the other hand, the squid D. pealeii contains different ratios of Xa and DCXa that combine and contribute to a range of colors used during camouflage.
  • Xa is the simplest and most common ommochrome and is formed (along with the reduced dihydro-xanthommatin and ommatin subclasses) via the condensation of two hydroxykynurenine residues in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. Once synthesized, Xa is stabilized within granules (diameter 530 nm) that are resistant to photodegradation.
  • An added predicted functionality although largely unexplored in vitro and in vivo, is that Xa behaves as a free-radical scavenger.
  • Xa and Xa-based materials can function as UV-filters that can not only protect against solar irradiation but can also be used in preventative skin care as free-radical scavengers (while maintaining biocompatibility).
  • Xa was encapsulated within biodegradable particles designed to improve its durability and use as a topical UV-filter.
  • the complex refractive index (RI) of Xa was experimentally determined as 1.92 + 0.014i. This uniquely high RI is important, especially when considering the design criteria of the particle based UV-filters. For instance, when assembled into nano- and micro- particles, Xa will scatter more light than it absorbs at diameters > 200 nm, and this difference is maximized at sizes > 1 ⁇ (FIG. 13). Because light scattering is an important feature for heat dissipation and reflection for coatings, it can be preferable to design particles with diameters ranging from 1-10 ⁇ .
  • Oxygen derived species such as superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical are well known to be cytotoxic and have been implicated in the onset of a wide array of human diseases. These “compounds” are often referred to as reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS normally exist in all aerobic cells in balance with biochemical antioxidants; however, this critical equilibrium can be disrupted due to excess ROS or antioxidant depletion and can result in oxidative stress. Antioxidants are used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food and on the skin directly minimize the undesirable reactions resulting from oxidation caused by ROS. Commonly used antioxidants typically contain a combination of phenol, benzene and alkene functional groups.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne des compositions cosmétiques et dermatologiques, dont des compositions à variation de couleur, qui comprennent généralement une pluralité de particules synthétiques ayant une taille de l'ordre du micromètre ou du nanomètre. Chaque particule synthétique comprend généralement un ou plusieurs agrégats d'un pigment choisi parmi la phénoxazone, la phénoxazine, et un dérivé ou précurseur de celles-ci, et un matériau de stabilisation ayant un indice de réfraction supérieur à 1,45 ; où les agrégats ont une taille supérieure à environ 100 nm et où la composition est biodégradable et biocompatible.
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US11464719B2 (en) 2022-10-11
US20230131958A1 (en) 2023-04-27

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