EP3673074A2 - Lignocellulose-biomasse-presslinge zur herstellung von organischen molekülen durch enzymatische hydrolyse - Google Patents
Lignocellulose-biomasse-presslinge zur herstellung von organischen molekülen durch enzymatische hydrolyseInfo
- Publication number
- EP3673074A2 EP3673074A2 EP18772734.2A EP18772734A EP3673074A2 EP 3673074 A2 EP3673074 A2 EP 3673074A2 EP 18772734 A EP18772734 A EP 18772734A EP 3673074 A2 EP3673074 A2 EP 3673074A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- lignocellulosic biomass
- pellets
- compacts
- enzymatic hydrolysis
- steam explosion
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/02—Monosaccharides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/14—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals produced by the action of a carbohydrase (EC 3.2.x), e.g. by alpha-amylase, e.g. by cellulase, hemicellulase
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P7/00—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds
- C12P7/02—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group
- C12P7/04—Preparation of oxygen-containing organic compounds containing a hydroxy group acyclic
- C12P7/06—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage
- C12P7/08—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate
- C12P7/10—Ethanol, i.e. non-beverage produced as by-product or from waste or cellulosic material substrate substrate containing cellulosic material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P2201/00—Pretreatment of cellulosic or lignocellulosic material for subsequent enzymatic treatment or hydrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
- Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T50/00—Aeronautics or air transport
- Y02T50/60—Efficient propulsion technologies, e.g. for aircraft
- Y02T50/678—Aviation using fuels of non-fossil origin
Definitions
- Lignocellulosic biomass pellets for the production of organic molecules by enzymatic hydrolysis Lignocellulosic biomass pellets for the production of organic molecules by enzymatic hydrolysis
- the present invention relates to the use of pellets as starting material for the production of organic molecules having a maximum molar mass of 1000 g / mol by enzymatic hydrolysis, wherein the pellets of lignocellulosic biomass are produced, which subjected to a substantially ammonia-free steam explosion water treatment is. Furthermore, the present invention also relates to compacts which can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass, which is subjected to a substantially ammonia-free steam explosion treatment at a pressure in the range of 5 bar (g) to 20 bar (g). ,
- Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the most interesting materials today, as it is abundant in the world in addition to renewable energy.
- the lignocellulosic biomass is usually only far from further processing plants, e.g. for enzymatic hydrolysis.
- lignocellulosic biomass usually has the disadvantages of low density, instability, moisture sensitivity, dusting, and an irregular shape and inferior quality, all of which limit the possibilities of transportation. These disadvantages lead to high transport costs and make the use of lignocellulosic biomass in biorefineries economically difficult.
- lignocellulosic biomass pellets are one way of reducing transport costs.
- the focus here is primarily on increasing the bulk density in order to reduce the volume needed for transport while reducing transport costs.
- small organic molecules such as monomeric sugars, ethanol, isobutanol, itaconic acid, etc.
- the present invention provides the use of compacts as starting material for the production of organic molecules by enzymatic hydrolysis, wherein the organic molecules, a molar mass of at most 1000 g / mol, more preferably with a molar mass of at most 750 g / mol, even more - preferably of not more than 500 g / mol, the organic molecules preferably being obtained from cellulose or hemicellulose, ready, the pellets being producible from lignocellulosic biomass subjected to a substantially ammonia-free steam explosion treatment.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing organic molecules by enzymatic hydrolysis, wherein the organic molecules have a maximum molar mass of 1000 g / mol, stronger preferably having a molar mass of at most 750 g / mol, even more preferably of not more than 500 g / mol, wherein the organic molecules are obtained from cellulose or hemicellulose, wherein compacts are used as starting material, which can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass, the is subjected to a substantially ammonia-free steam explosion treatment. All embodiments and preferred features related to the use according to the invention herein are to apply equally to the method according to the invention.
- the molar mass is determined according to the invention by mass spectrometry.
- cellulose is according to the invention not only cellulose in the classical sense, namely linked cellobiose units include, but also other polysaccharides that occur in lignocellulosic biomass, such as glucan or xylan.
- the lignocellulosic biomass is subjected to a substantially lye-free steam explosion treatment.
- substantially free of ammonia or lye-free is understood according to the invention that in the steam explosion treatment of lignocellulosic biomass no ammonia or no lye is added, the lignocellulosic biomass but even ammonia or lyes.
- any plant or plant material may be used, such as straw, com stover, wood, sugar cane bagasse, energy crops such as miscanthus, and empty fruit bunches, etc., wheat straw, miscanthus, and empty fruit bunches are particularly preferred. This can be the entire plant or crop waste products, such as the plant residues in the corn crop.
- lignocellulosic biomass combinations of two or more different plants or plant materials may also be used.
- the lignocellulosic biomass is subjected to a substantially additive-free steam explosion treatment, but optionally organic acid or mineral acid may be present in the steam explosion treatment. That is, it is preferable to use only the lignocellulosic biomass for the steam explosion treatment, optionally adding an organic acid or mineral acid.
- substantially additive-free is meant ultimately that no additives (except organic acid or mineral acid) are added actively in the steam explosion treatment, but organic acid or mineral acid can be added.
- the lignocellulosic biomass used for the steam explosion treatment can be used untreated, ie without sources in a liquid.
- the lignocellulosic biomass may also be allowed to swell in water or dilute acid prior to steam explosion treatment.
- the dilute acid is preferably 0.1% to 2% acid.
- organic acids or mineral acids can be used, such as acetic acid, H 2 S0 4 , H 3 P0 4 , HCl or HN0 3 .
- the lignocellulosic biomass is used either untreated or swollen in water. For reasons of water saving, it is preferred that the lignocellulosic biomass is used untreated.
- the source leaching is preferably carried out at a temperature in the range of 15 to 30 ° C over a period of 1 sec to 15 h.
- the lignocellulosic biomass is preferably pressed until the water content is less than 60 wt .-%.
- the lignocellulosic biomass used for the steam explosion treatment has a water content of less than 60 wt.%, Preferably less than 50 wt.%, Even more preferably less than 30 wt.%, And most preferably less than 20 wt .-%, based on the total lignocellulosic biomass including water.
- lignocellulosic biomass which, when suspended in water in untreated form or in the form swollen and subsequently pressed in water or dilute acid (see above), has a pH Value of the water in the range of 2 to 8.5, more preferably in the range of 5 to 8 results.
- 0.035 g of the untreated lignocellulosic biomass or lignocellulosic biomass swollen in water or dilute acid and then pressed (see above) are suspended in 1 g of deionized water, and then the pH of the solution is measured.
- steam explosion treatment herein is meant a process whereby the lignocellulosic biomass is exposed to an elevated temperature elevated pressure in the presence of water vapor for a given time and then subjected to a sudden pressure drop
- the water vapor required for this purpose can be derived from the water content of the lignocellulosic biomass
- the water added for the steam explosion treatment preferably has a pH in the range of 1 to 8, more preferably in the range of 3 to 8, and most preferably in Range from 5 to 8.
- the terms "essentially ammonia-free” or “substantially free of lye” can thus mean according to the invention that when additionally used water is added in the steam explosion treatment, this has the previously stated pH, or if the water vapor required for the steam explosion treatment depends on the water content derived from the lignocellulosic biomass, the lignocellulosic biomass has an alkali content in the range specified above. Alternatively to the latter, a pH of a solution in which the lignocellulosic biomass is suspended may be in the above-mentioned range.
- the steam explosion treatment is preferably conducted at a temperature in the range of 160 ° C to 210 ° C, more preferably in the range of 165 ° C to 195 ° C, and most preferably in the range of 170 ° C to 190 ° C.
- the steam explosion blast treatment is preferably carried out over a period of from 0.5 minutes to 30 minutes, and more preferably over a period of from 1 minute to 15 minutes, the duration relating to the treatment time under elevated pressure and elevated temperature.
- a pressure in the range of 5 bar (g) to 20 bar (g), more preferably 7 bar (g) to 12 bar (g) is preferably applied.
- the pressures stated herein are always relative pressure, i. in relation to the ambient pressure, preferably in relation to the atmospheric pressure of 1 atm.
- saturated or superheated steam may be used, with saturated steam being preferred in the present invention.
- saturated steam At the end of the steam explosion treatment, the increased pressure is suddenly lowered to ambient pressure. In this way, the plant fibers can be broken.
- the steam explosion treatment is thus a combination of water / water vapor induced hydrolysis reaction and mechanical breakage of the fibers.
- any pressure reactors can be used which allow a sudden pressure drop, ie the pressure reactor has a pressure relief valve.
- a batch reactor made of steel or a continuous reactor can be used.
- the steam explosion treatment can also be carried out in a continuous process.
- horizontal screw reactors, vertical tubular reactors or a screw conveyor reactor may be used. It is particularly preferred that the steam explosion treatment be carried out in a continuous process, in particular using a Schnecken ownedreak- gate.
- the use of a screw conveyor thus enables continuous operation.
- a plug screw feeder is preferably used which squeezes the air out of the lignocellulose.
- the lignocellulosic biomass is not exposed to vacuum or pressure reduced from ambient pressure prior to or during the steam explosion treatment.
- the lignocellulosic biomass is taken out of the reactor. Or, using a continuous process, the pressure drop occurs by discharging the biomass from the pressurized reactor to the environment. Then, the lignocellulosic biomass is preferably dried to a water content of 5 wt .-% to 15% by weight, based on the total lignocellulosic biomass including water. For this purpose, temperatures in the range of 40 ° C to 80 ° C, more preferably 55 ° C to 65 ° C, are preferably used. For this example, a ventilation dryer can be used. Pressings with a water content of more than 15% by weight have too much water for economic transport.
- a certain amount of at least 5% by weight of water content is required in order to be able to press the biomass into pressings.
- no binder is added to the lignocellulosic biomass prior to pressing into the compacts.
- the lignocellulosic biomass may be further biomass added before pressing into pellets.
- the further biomass is preferably a biomass which, without being subjected to a steam explosion treatment, is purified by enzymatic hydrolysis. see molecules with a maximum molar mass of 1000 g / mol, more preferably with a molar mass of not more than 750 g / mol, even more preferably of not more than 500 g / mol can be cleaved.
- pellets essentially consist of the steam explosion-treated lignocellulosic biomass and water. In general, it is preferred that no additives are added to the lignocellulosic biomass before being pressed into the compacts.
- the monomeric sugars formed in the steam explosion treatment are separated before pressing the lignocellulosic biomass to the compacts.
- the monomeric sugars from the steam-blast-treated lignocellulosic biomass are preferably washed out with deionized water, e.g. by rinsing the biomass with water or stirring the biomass in water and subsequent filtration.
- the compacts provided for the use according to the invention have the advantage that they can be produced in a simple manner, inexpensively and in an environmentally friendly manner without the use of additives. Ultimately, essentially only water is needed, which, however, can also be used repeatedly or reused.
- the compacts intended for the use according to the invention are preferably produced by compression molding.
- specially provided pressing tools such as a Holzpelletierstrom can be used.
- the shape of the compacts is not limited in this case, for example, may have the form of any briquettes.
- the compacts are in the form of pellets. Pellets are known to be made by pellet pressing.
- the compacts preferably have a bulk density in the range of 600 kg / m 3 to 1 .200 kg / m 3 , preferably 800 kg / m 3 to 1000 kg / m 3 . Bulk density is determined according to DIN ISO 697. Due to the high bulk density of the compacts they are ideal as a transport form. By saving on volume transport costs can be saved.
- pellets have the form of pellets, they preferably have a diameter of 4 mm to 8 mm and a length of 1 cm to 3 cm.
- the high pressures during the production of the compacts can lead to a strong warming. Therefore, it is preferable to cool after preparation of the pellets.
- the pellets are produced at a first location and for the organic molecules to be produced at a second location, the pellets being transported from the first location to the second location by a transport medium.
- the first location is preferably a location near the cultivation of the lignocellulosic biomass.
- the compacts intended for use according to the invention are preferably made from lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, it being preferred that from 20% to 95% by weight of the hemicellulose (preferably 40% to 90% by weight) to monomeric sugars and at least 2% by weight of the cellulose, preferably 2% by weight to 10% by weight, of hydrolyzed to monomeric sugars. This is preferably the case when the pellets are made from lignocellulosic biomass from which the monomeric sugars are not removed.
- the cellulose content and hemicellulose content can be determined by a so-called TAPPI analysis.
- the proportion of monomeric sugars can be determined as follows: The monomeric sugars are washed with water from the lignocellulosic biomass and their content is determined. For this, a YSI 2900 Biochemistry Analyzer from Xylem Inc. (e.g., glucose determination) or a D-xylose assay kit (available from Megazyme) (xylose determination) may be used.
- a YSI 2900 Biochemistry Analyzer from Xylem Inc.
- D-xylose assay kit available from Megazyme
- the compacts for use in accordance with the invention may preferably be made from lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, from 20% to 95% by weight of the hemicellulosic material. (Preferably 40 wt .-% to 90 wt .-%) to monomeric sugars and 2 wt .-% to 10 wt .-% of the cellulose are hydrolyzed to monomeric sugars, wherein the monomeric sugars from the lignocellulosic biomass prior to manufacture the compacts are separated.
- the compacts intended for the use according to the invention are preferably substantially free of ammonia, preferably substantially free of alkali and most preferably substantially free of additives.
- the alkali content can be determined by acid titration with hydrochloric acid.
- the preparation of the organic monomers takes place by enzymatic hydrolysis, in particular the preparation comprises the step of the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose or hemicellulose to monomeric sugars.
- cellulose or hemicellulose For example, cellulases, hemicellulases and / or xylanases are used which are known to the person skilled in the art in the field of enzymatic cellulose degradation. Examples of such enzymes are: CTec2 and HTec2 of the company Novozymes.
- the cellulose and hemicellulose are thereby degraded to glucose and xylose.
- the pellets are added either in their full form or in ground form, preferably in their full form in deionized water, whereby a suspension is obtained.
- the enzymes and additives necessary for the enzymatic hydrolysis are added and then the suspension is stirred or shaken.
- the enzymatic hydrolysis is preferably carried out at a pH in the range of 4 to 6.
- the temperature in the hydrolysis is preferably 40 ° C to 60 ° C, more preferably 45 ° C to 55 ° C.
- the enzymatic hydrolysis is preferably carried out for a period of 3 hours to 100 hours, more preferably 20 hours to 90 hours, and most preferably 50 hours to 80 hours.
- any conceivable stirrer or shaker such as, for example, an incubation shaker can be used.
- stirring devices which are used for thorough mixing of suspensions with a high solids content, such as, for example, propeller stirrers.
- the weight fraction of solid of lignocellulosic biomass is in the range of 2% to 35% by weight, more preferably in the range of 10% to 35% by weight, based on the Total weight of the suspension required for the enzymatic hydrolysis.
- the use of compacts in enzymatic hydrolysis allows them to have a high weight solids content of lignocellulosic biomass in the range of 15% to 35%, more preferably in the range of 18% to 32% Wt .-%, even more preferably in the range of 20 wt .-% to 30 wt .-%, and most preferably in the range of 22 wt .-% to 28 wt .-% can be performed.
- a propeller stirrer is preferably used as stirrer.
- the use of compacts in enzymatic hydrolysis has shown that much more solid can be used per liquid volume than when using lignocellulosic biomass that has not been made into compacts. Nevertheless, equally good, sometimes even better overall sugar yields are achieved.
- This has the advantage that with substantially less space required, the same amount of sugar can be obtained, ie the sugar-containing solutions have a much higher concentration of sugar. If solutions with higher sugar concentrations are used in the following steps, ie the sugar fermentation, this also leads to a higher concentration of the fermentation products, such as, for example, ethanol or itaconic acid.
- the preparation of the organic monomers may comprise the step of catalytically or biocatalytically reacting the monomeric sugars downstream of or subsequent to the step of enzymatic hydrolysis.
- the monomeric sugars can be subjected to any chemical catalysis to organic monomers.
- the monomeric sugars are preferably converted by fermentation to organic monomers.
- organic monomers such as succinic acid, fumaric acid and maleic acid, 5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 3-hydroxypropionic acid (3-HPA), aspartic acid, glutaric acid, glutamic acid , Itaconic acid, levulinic acid, 3-hydroxybutyrolactone, glycerol, sorbitol (sugar alcohol of glucose), xylitol / arabinitol (sugar alcohols of xylose and arabinose), ethanol and isobutanol.
- various fungi such as yeast or A. niger can be used.
- the enzymatic hydrolysis to monomeric sugars and the fermentation of the monomeric sugars to the organic monomers can be carried out in a one-pot reaction, i. preferably simultaneously in a single reaction vessel.
- the present invention also relates to compacts which can be produced from lignocellulosic biomass which is a substantially ammonia-free steam explosion treatment at a pressure in the range of 5 bar (g) to 20 bar (g).
- the compacts according to the invention may also be prepared from a lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, wherein 20 wt .-% to 95 wt .-% of hemicellulose (preferably 40 wt .-% to 90 wt .-%) to monomeric sugars and at least 2 wt .-%, preferably 2 wt.% To 10 wt .-%, of the cellulose are hydrolyzed to monomeric sugars.
- the present invention preferably also relates to compacts according to the invention which can be prepared from a lignocellulosic biomass containing cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, wherein 20 wt .-% to 95 wt .-% of hemicellulose (preferably 40 wt .-% to 90 wt %) to monomeric sugars and from 2% to 10% by weight of the cellulose are hydrolyzed to monomeric sugars, the monomeric sugars being separated from the lignocellulosic biomass prior to preparation of the pellets.
- the compacts according to the invention are preferably substantially free of ammonia, preferably substantially free of alkali, preferably substantially free of additives, it being possible for the additives to exclude organic acids, mineral acids and further biomass, as defined above.
- the compacts of the invention preferably have a bulk density in the range of 600 kg / m 3 to 1 .200 kg / m 3 , preferably 800 kg / m 3 to 1000 kg / m 3 , on.
- the lignocellulosic biomass used for the production of the pellets is not subjected to a detoxification process.
- de-toxification the use of biomass for enzymatic hydrolysis means any treatment of the biomass which lowers the amount of toxic substances for the enzymes and, surprisingly, it has been found that even without such treatment of the biomass, good yields are obtained enzymatic hydrolysis can be achieved.
- the compacts according to the invention have an average lignin content of less than 50% by weight, more preferably less than 40% Wt .-%, and most preferably in the range of 20 wt .-% to 40 wt .-%, based on the total weight of the compacts.
- the compacts of the present invention are designed to increase in weight by less than 10% by weight, more preferably by less than 5% by weight and even more, by 2 hours after completely immersing in water at a temperature of 25 ° C for 2 hours preferably less than 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the compacts prior to immersion. Furthermore, during this dipping process, the compacts do not change their shape almost completely, i. they are dimensionally stable. The compacts thus absorb little moisture, i. are not hygroscopic. It has also been found that the pellets do not increase in weight even when stored over a period of several weeks, i. do not absorb moisture from the environment. In warm conditions or under the influence of sunlight, they even lose weight as they release moisture and dry. For this reason, the compacts according to the invention are not susceptible to rot by fungi or bacteria and to mechanical decay. Due to this moisture resistance of the compacts, care must be taken during their transport from the place of manufacture to the place of use on any special storage conditions.
- the present invention also relates to a process for producing organic molecules having a maximum molar mass of 1000 g / mol, more preferably having a molar mass of at most 750 g / mol, even more preferably of at most 500 g / mol, wherein lignocellulosic biomass subjected to a substantially ammonia-free steam explosion treatment and then pressed into compacts, the pellets being used as starting material for the recovery of the organic molecules by enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose or hemicellulose. All embodiments and preferred features relating to the use according to the invention are to apply to the same extent to the last-mentioned inventive method.
- the present invention will now be described with reference to the following figures and experimental examples, which, however, should not be construed as limiting the scope of protection:
- Figure 1 shows three different pellets in Erlenmeyer glasses, all pellets were prepared according to Example 3. The pellets shown on the left are of untreated wheat straw of sample a), the pellets of water-swollen wheat straw of sample b) imaged in the middle and the pellets swelled on the right in 1% H 2 S0 4 according to sample c).
- FIG. 2 shows the pellets according to FIG. 1, which were subjected to a shaking treatment at 50 ° C. for 30 minutes.
- Figure 3 shows the pellets according to Figure 1, which another manual
- Figure 4 shows crushed pellets with a size of ⁇ 0.5 mm
- FIG. 5 shows the samples according to FIG. 4, which were subjected to a manual shaking treatment at 50 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- FIG. 6 shows the glucose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Example 5.
- Figure 7 shows the glucose yield (%) after the enzymatic
- FIG. 8 shows the xylose concentration (g / l) as a function of
- FIG. 9 shows the xylose yield (%) in the enzymatic
- FIG. 10 shows the pH values of the samples a1 to a3, b1 to b3 and c1 to c3 of the solution after the enzymatic hydrolysis.
- Figure 1 1 shows the consumption of glucose, xylose and arabinose after 96 h in the itaconic acid fermentation according to Example 7.
- FIG. 12 shows the glucose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Example 8 and according to Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 13 shows the xylose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Example 8 and according to Comparative Example 1.
- FIG. 14 shows the total sugar yield (%) in the enzymatic hydrolysis according to Example 8 and according to Comparative Example 1 after 75 h.
- FIG. 15 a shows the glucose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 91 a and 91 b according to Example 9.
- FIG. 15b shows the xylose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 91a and 91b according to Example 9.
- FIG. 15 c shows the total sugar concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 91 a and 91 b according to Example 9.
- Figure 15d shows the glucose yield (%) in the enzymatic
- FIG. 15e shows the xylose yield (%) in the enzymatic
- Figure 15f shows the total sugar yield (%) in the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 91 a and 91 b according to Example 9 after 72 h.
- FIG. 16a shows the glucose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 92a and 92b according to Example 9.
- FIG. 16b shows the xylose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 92a and 92b according to Example 9.
- FIG. 16 c shows the total sugar concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 92 a and 92 b according to Example 9.
- Figure 16d shows the glucose yield (%) in the enzymatic
- FIG. 16e shows the xylose yield (%) in the enzymatic
- FIG. 16f shows the total sugar yield (%) in the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 92a and 92b according to Example 9 after 72 h.
- FIG. 17a shows the glucose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 93a and 93b according to Example 9.
- FIG. 17b shows the xylose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 93a and 93b according to Example 9.
- FIG. 17c shows the total sugar concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 93a and 93b according to Example 9.
- Figure 17d shows the glucose yield (%) in the enzymatic
- FIG. 17e shows the xylose yield (%) in the enzymatic
- FIG. 17f shows the total sugar yield (%) in the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 93a and 93b according to Example 9 after 72 h.
- FIG. 18 a shows the glucose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 94 a and 94 b according to Example 9.
- FIG. 18b shows the xylose concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 94a and 94b according to Example 9.
- FIG. 18c shows the total sugar concentration (g / l) as a function of the time of the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 94a and 94b according to Example 9.
- Figure 18d shows the glucose yield (%) in the enzymatic
- FIG. 18e shows the xylose yield (%) in the enzymatic
- FIG. 18f shows the total sugar yield (%) in the enzymatic hydrolysis of the samples 94a and 94b according to Example 9 after 72 h.
- Wheat straw with a water content of 12% by weight is comminuted with a cutter to the extent that the longest wheat straw fibers are at most 4 cm long.
- three different samples of this crushed wheat straw are used: a) Wheat straw untreated
- sample a) is the crushed wheat straw, which was not further treated.
- Samples b) and c) are each wheat straw, which was allowed to swell for 14 hours in water (sample b)) and in 1% H 2 S0 4 (sample c)). In the swelling treatments, an amount of 3% by weight of wheat straw is used, relative to the total amount of swelling medium (water or 1% H 2 S0 4 ) and wheat straw. None of the samples a) to c) is added before the steam explosion treatment another substance, neither the wheat straw nor the source medium. After the source treatments will the wheat straw samples b) and c) each filtered and pressed until the water content of the wheat straw is less than 50 wt .-%.
- the samples a) to c) are each subjected to a steam explosion treatment. 2.5 kg each are added to a specially developed batch reactor manufactured by Process & Industriteknik from Sweden. This is a vapor pressure reactor with a quick exhaust valve. Samples a) and b) are exposed to a saturated vapor pressure at 11.5 bar (g) at 190 ° C. for 10 minutes and the sample c) to a saturated vapor pressure at 7 bar (g) at 170 ° C. for 10 minutes. At the end of this time, the pressure is suddenly reduced to room pressure.
- the water content of the samples thus obtained varied between 40% by weight and 60% by weight. The water content can be measured with a moisture analyzer at a temperature of 105 ° C. The measurement stops automatically when the weight stops changing.
- the samples obtained from Example 2 are dried for 4 hours in a ventilation dryer at 60 ° C. After drying, the water content is in the range of 10% by weight to 15% by weight. The water content can be measured with a moisture analyzer at a temperature of 105 ° C. The measurement stops automatically when the weight stops changing. Subsequently, pellets are pressed with a length of about 1, 5 cm and a diameter of 6 mm. For this the following device is used: Device: Kahl 14-175 (diameter of the pressing plate: 175 mm), press plate type: AKN13 chrome steel, 30 mm hole length, 60 holes, 6 mm hole width. The temperature of the pellets immediately after pressing is 40 ° C to 70 ° C.
- All of the pellets thus prepared show, after complete immersion in water at a temperature of 25 ° C for 2 hours, a weight gain of less than 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the compacts before immersion. To The compacts are weighed before immersion and after immersion (in the dried state).
- Example 4 Preliminary experiments on the decomposability / solubility of the pellets in water and determination of the ideal particle size in the case of pellet crushing prior to enzymatic hydrolysis.
- pellets according to Ex. 3 of the samples a) to c) are presented in Erlenmeyer glasses.
- the appearance of the pellets can be seen from FIG. 1, in which pellets from sample a) on the left, pellets from sample b) in the middle and pellets from sample c) on the right are depicted.
- 5 g of the pellets are used and water is added until a total weight of 30 g is reached.
- the samples are shaken for 30 min at 50 ° C.
- FIG. 2 shows the samples thus treated according to FIG. 1. It can be observed that pellets prepared from sample a) have the best decomposability.
- the samples are shaken manually at a temperature of 100 ° C for 10 minutes.
- the pellets obtained from sample a) are the most easily decomposed, followed by the pellets of sample b).
- the pellets made from the acid-treated biomass are the worst degradable.
- pellets which are produced from untreated biomass or only biomass swollen in water, ensure a better accessibility of the biomass for the enzymatic hydrolysis.
- the samples are ground in a mixer (Philips HR2104) for 5 min. Samples are screened manually using Häver & Boecker Sieves (0.5mm to 0.71mm). Since, in particular, the pellets from samples b) and c) do not show a very good decomposability or solubility in water, they become subjected to the grinding process.
- the sample in which the pellets are prepared according to the sample c) (swollen in acid) shows the greatest resistance to the grinding process. Most of the particles thus obtained are big and hard, reminiscent of stones. The thus obtained crushed pellets recovered from the sample c) are then subjected to a solubility test.
- Figures 4 and 5 show milled pellets of different size recovered from sample c) before and after heating to 50 ° C with manual shaking for 10 minutes.
- Particle sizes of the crushed pellets of ⁇ 0.5 mm were used in the left Erlenmeyer glass, particles of 0.5-0.71 mm in the middle glass and particles> 0.71 mm in the right Erlenmeyer glass.
- the particles which are> 0.71 mm do not dissolve sufficiently.
- touching these particles and pressing between the fingers one realizes that they are as hard as stones. Particles ⁇ 0.5 mm tend to stick to the walls of the Erlenmeyer glass.
- the enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out as follows: 1, 5 g of the respective sample are placed in a 500 ml Erlenmeyer flask. For this purpose, 40 g of deionized water are added. Then 2 ml of a so-called pen-strep mixture (1, 8 mg penicillin and 3 mg streptomycin per ml) are added. The mixture is brought to pH 5 with 1 MH 2 S0 4 and 1 M NaOH. Then, 108 ⁇ CTec2 and 12 ⁇ HTec2 from Novozymes are added and a total weight of 60 g is adjusted (addition of deionized water) so that the solids content is 2.5% by weight.
- the mixture is shaken at 150 rpm, 50 ° C for 72 hours in an incubation shaker.
- Each enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out in triplicate and used for the evaluation of the mean value of the bushings. Samples are taken after 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours.
- the glucose, fructose and total sugars are each measured using a Thermo scienctific, Ultimate 3000 UHPLC + (equipped with a Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H column (7.8 x 300 mm), a refractive index detector and a UV detector at 210 nm mobile phase: 5 mmol / L sulfuric acid at 0.6 ml column temperature: 60 ° C, detectors operating at 55 ° C, calibrated for glucose, xylose, mannose, arabinose, cellobiose, lactose, acetoacetic acid and ethanol).
- a 1 ml sample is taken, centrifuged for 10 min at 1300 U / min, and 500 ⁇ of the supernatant are diluted by a factor of 2 and the solution filtered through a 0.2 ⁇ PTFE syringe filter. Subsequently, 25 ⁇ l injection volume is added to the device. The yield is calculated from these results.
- Sample a1 Sample material obtained according to Example 2 a) (untreated - not pelleted)
- Sample a2 pellets from sample a) obtained according to example 3 (untreated - pelletized)
- Sample a3 pellets from sample a) obtained according to example 3, which are subjected to a grinding treatment according to example 4 (untreated - pelletized - ground)
- Sample b1 material of sample b) obtained according to Example 2 (swollen in water - not pelleted)
- Sample b2 pellets from sample b) obtained according to example 3 (swollen in water - pelleted)
- Sample b3 pellets of sample b) obtained according to example 3, which have undergone a grinding treatment according to example 4 (swollen in water - pelletized - ground)
- Sample c1 material of sample c) obtained according to Example 2 (swollen in acid - not pelleted)
- Sample c2 Pellets from Sample c) obtained according to Example 3 (swollen in acid - pelleted)
- Sample c3 pellets of sample c) obtained according to Example 3, which have undergone a grinding treatment according to Example 4 (acid-swollen - pelletized - ground)
- the materials of the samples a1, b1 and c1 are dried after the steam explosion treatment for 4 h in a ventilation dryer at 60 ° C. After drying, the water content is in the range of 10 wt .-% to 15 wt .-%.
- sample a2 untreated - pelleted - not ground
- the glucose content is above 6 g / l, which is only marginally below the glucose content of sample b2 (swollen in water - pelleted - not ground).
- the glucose content is slightly inferior when using a sample c2 pellet (acid swollen - pelleted - not ground).
- the glucose yield from FIG. 7 can be seen for all samples. It is astonishing that the glucose yield in samples a3 and a2 is higher than in sample a1, in which the biomass was not pelleted. Although the glucose yield in the Samples b2 and b3 or c2 and c3 is lower than in the samples b1 and c1, so in the cases of samples b2 and b3, in which the biomass was swollen in water, the yield is still within an acceptable range.
- the xylose content can be seen over the course of enzymatic hydrolysis with all samples. It is interesting to note that the xylose content of samples c1 - c3 is already relatively high even before the start of enzymatic hydrolysis. In contrast, the initial levels of xylose in the pellets whose biomass was not swelled in acid are much lower, i. the overall increase in xylose content is therefore much greater for non-acid swollen biomass. Also, the glucose levels of the non-acid swollen biomass pellets after 72 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis are in a similar range as for the acid swollen biomass pellets. It is interesting that pellets that were not ground and whose biomass was swollen in water after 72 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis have a very high xylose content.
- pelletizing is advantageous overall in the case of non-swollen biomass. But even with water-swollen, pellet-processed biomass, a high yield can be achieved.
- FIG. 10 shows the pH values of the solutions after the enzymatic hydrolysis, which show relatively high values for the biomass that has not been swollen and pelleted in water.
- the ideal pH value for enzymatic hydrolysis is pH 5, so that the relatively high pH of the non-water-swollen pelleted biomass is probably the decisive factor for the unexpectedly high yields obtained here.
- Broths according to Example 5 are prepared from the samples b1 (unpelleted) and b2 (pelletized), with the only difference to the instructions from Example 5, that the pellets of the sample b2 before enzymatic hydrolysis in a rotary shaker for 2 h at 50 ° C and 250 rpm.
- the broths obtained after 72 hours are each centrifuged in an Eppendorf 5010 centrifuge at 3000 rpm for 20 minutes, the liquid phase being separated from the solid biomass.
- the glucose content and the xylose content are determined as described in Example 5.
- Konidiospores (A. niger) are applied to agar plates having the following composition: 16 g / l agar, 6 g / l NaN0 3 , 0.52 g / l KCl, 1, 52 g / l KH 2 P0 4 , 10 g / l glucose, 0.0022 g / l ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O, 0.001 1 g / l H 3 B0 3 , 0.0005 g / l MnCl 2 .4H 2 0, 0.0005 g / l FeSO 4 .7H 2 0, 0.00017 g / l CoCI 2 .6H 2 0, 0.00016 g / l CuS0 4 .5H 2 0, 0.00015 g / l NaMo0 4 .2H20, 0.005 g / l Na 2 EDTA and 0.5 g / l Mg 2 S0 4 .
- a suspension of conidiospores is prepared using a physiological saline solution.
- a sterile so-called "deepwell" microtiter plate (2.0 mL, Axygen) is filled with 1 ml of the broth obtained from Example 5 (Sample b2). To this is added NH 4 N0 3 until the total concentration is 1.43 g / l. Similarly, KH 2 P0 4 is added in an amount such that the total concentration is 0.1 1 g / L.
- the conidiospores suspension is used to inoculate the plates using sterilized toothpicks.
- the microtiter plate is sealed with a breathable film and incubated in a microtiter plate shaker incubator at 35 ° C / 850 rpm for up to 96 hours.
- FIG. 11 shows the starting concentrations of the sugars glucose, xylose and arabinose (0 h) and the consumption of these sugars after 24 h and 96 h. After 96 h, none of the sugar can be detected. This suggests that all sugars are fully fermented.
- the enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out as follows: 100 g of sample a2 are placed in a 1000 ml Erlenmeyer flask. For this purpose, 400 g of the enzymatic hydrolysis medium are added. The resulting mixture occupies a volume of about 500 ml.
- the hydrolysis medium used is prepared as follows: To 281 ml of deionized water are added 16.5 ml of pen-strep mixture (1.8 mg penicillin and 3 mg streptomycin per ml deionized water). The mixture is treated with 0.5 M citrate buffer and has a pH of 5. Then 8 ml CTec2 from Novozymes are added.
- the mixture is shaken at 150 rpm, 50 ° C for 80 hours in an incubation shaker.
- Each enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out in triplicate and used for the evaluation of the mean value of the bushings. Samples are taken after times indicated in Figs. 12 and 13. The glucose, fructose and total sugar content and concentration are determined as described in Example 5.
- the enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out as follows: 50 g of sample a1 are dissolved in a 1000 ml Erlenmeyer flask. For this purpose, 200 g of the enzymatic hydrolysis medium are added. The resulting mixture occupies a volume of more than 500 ml.
- the hydrolysis medium used is prepared as follows: To 142 ml of deionized water is added 8.25 ml of pen-strep mixture (1.8 mg of penicillin and 3 mg of streptomycin per ml of deionized water). The mixture is brought to pH 5 with 0.5 M citrate buffer. Then 4 ml of CTec2 from Novozymes are added.
- the mixture is shaken at 150 rpm, 50 ° C for 80 hours in an incubation shaker.
- Each enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out in triplicate and used for the evaluation of the mean value of the bushings. Samples are taken after times indicated in Figs. 12 and 13. The glucose, fructose and total sugar content and yield are determined as described in Example 5.
- pellets according to the invention With the pellets according to the invention, it is possible to use twice as large an amount of lignocellulosic biomass in the enzymatic hydrolysis with a total volume of 500 ml in comparison to unpellated material. Nevertheless, the enzymatic accessibility of the lignocellulosic biomass is not worse than in Comparative Example 1. This can be seen from the even slightly higher sugar yield in FIG. 14. In other words, with the pellets according to the invention compared to non-pelletized material, a considerable volume advantage with a concomitant higher sugar concentration in the resulting solution can be achieved.
- lignocellulosic biomass was used in the form of pellets and in non-pelleted form:
- Sample 91 a wheat straw, according to sample a2 (untreated - pelleted).
- Sample 91b Wheat straw, according to sample a1 (untreated - not pelleted).
- Sample 92a Miscanthus, prepared analogously to Sample a2 (untreated - pelleted);
- Sample 92b Miscanthus, prepared analogously to sample a1 (untreated - not pelleted); (i.e., wheat straw is replaced by miscanthus).
- Sample 93a empty fruit bunches, prepared analogously to sample b2
- Sample 93b empty fruit bundles prepared analogously to sample b1 (swollen in water
- Sample 94a empty fruit bunches, prepared analogously to sample c2
- Sample 94b empty fruit bundles, prepared analogously to sample c1 (not pelleted - swollen in dilute acid); (i.e., wheat straw becomes empty
- the enzymatic hydrolysis is carried out with each of the aforementioned samples as follows: 10 g (dry weight) of the sample are placed in 500 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. For this purpose, 90 g of the enzymatic hydrolysis medium are added.
- the hydrolysis medium used is prepared as follows: To 76.4 g of deionized water are added 3.3 ml of pen-strep mixture (1.8 mg of penicillin and 3 mg of streptomycin per ml of deionized water). The mixture is brought with 9 ml of 0.5 M citrate buffer (pH 5). Then, 1 ml of CTec2 from Novozymes is added.
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Abstract
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DE102017119573.4A DE102017119573A1 (de) | 2017-08-25 | 2017-08-25 | Lignocellulose-Biomasse-Presslinge zur Herstellung von organischen Molekülen |
PCT/EP2018/072755 WO2019038373A2 (de) | 2017-08-25 | 2018-08-23 | Lignocellulose-biomasse-presslinge zur herstellung von organischen molekülen durch enzymatische hydrolyse |
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AU2011263435A1 (en) * | 2010-06-08 | 2013-01-10 | Kenneth Hillel Peter Harris | Methods for making animal feed from lignocellulosic biomass |
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