EP3667770A1 - Nichtbrennbarer sekundärbatterieseparator - Google Patents

Nichtbrennbarer sekundärbatterieseparator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3667770A1
EP3667770A1 EP19799898.2A EP19799898A EP3667770A1 EP 3667770 A1 EP3667770 A1 EP 3667770A1 EP 19799898 A EP19799898 A EP 19799898A EP 3667770 A1 EP3667770 A1 EP 3667770A1
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Prior art keywords
separator
flame retardant
secondary batteries
inorganic material
inorganic particles
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EP19799898.2A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3667770A4 (de
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Da Kyung Han
Kwan Woo Nam
Seung Hyun Lee
Je An Lee
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LG Energy Solution Ltd
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LG Chem Ltd
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Publication of EP3667770A4 publication Critical patent/EP3667770A4/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/431—Inorganic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
    • H01M10/4235—Safety or regulating additives or arrangements in electrodes, separators or electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
    • H01M4/621—Binders
    • H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
    • H01M4/623—Binders being polymers fluorinated polymers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/411—Organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/411—Organic material
    • H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
    • H01M50/417—Polyolefins
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/411—Organic material
    • H01M50/414—Synthetic resins, e.g. thermoplastics or thermosetting resins
    • H01M50/426—Fluorocarbon polymers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/44—Fibrous material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/443—Particulate material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/446—Composite material consisting of a mixture of organic and inorganic materials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/409—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material
    • H01M50/449—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure
    • H01M50/451—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by the material having a layered structure comprising layers of only organic material and layers containing inorganic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/46—Separators, membranes or diaphragms characterised by their combination with electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/40—Separators; Membranes; Diaphragms; Spacing elements inside cells
    • H01M50/489—Separators, membranes, diaphragms or spacing elements inside the cells, characterised by their physical properties, e.g. swelling degree, hydrophilicity or shut down properties
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/20—Batteries in motive systems, e.g. vehicle, ship, plane
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M2220/00—Batteries for particular applications
    • H01M2220/30—Batteries in portable systems, e.g. mobile phone, laptop
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
    • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
    • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
    • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a flame retardant separator for secondary batteries, and more particularly to a flame retardant separator for secondary batteries comprising or coated with a metal hydroxide having a low Gibbs free energy among polymorphs of a metal hydroxide used as an inorganic flame retardant.
  • Lithium secondary batteries have also come to be used as the power sources for electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and storage of renewable energy.
  • a lithium secondary battery is configured such that an electrode assembly having a positive electrode / separator / negative electrode structure, which can be charged and discharged, is mounted in a battery case.
  • Each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode is manufactured by applying a slurry including an electrode active material to one surface or both surfaces of a metal current collector, drying the slurry, and rolling the metal current collector having the dried slurry applied thereto.
  • the separator is one of the most important factors that affect the performance and the lifespan of a secondary battery. It is necessary for the separator to electrically isolate the positive electrode and the negative electrode from each other and to exhibit ion permeability and mechanical strength such that an electrolytic solution can pass smoothly through the separator. In addition, as the applications of high-energy lithium secondary batteries are expanded, safety of the separator at high temperature is also needed.
  • a hydroxide-based inorganic flame retardant is a flame retardant that absorbs heat at a certain temperature and are used in resins and the like.
  • the hydroxide-based inorganic flame retardant was used in various ways to enhance the flame retardancy of a secondary battery.
  • a layer facing a negative electrode is made of a material mainly composed of polyolefin, and the layer facing the positive electrode is made of fluorine-based resin, an inorganic compound and a flame retardant.
  • the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and it is an object of the present invention to solve the problems that the flame retardant properties are non-uniform even though the flame retardants are represented by the same chemical formula. It is another object of the present invention to provide a separator for secondary batteries comprising a flame retardant which is capable of always exhibiting flame retardant properties by solving the above problems, and a secondary battery comprising the same.
  • a separator for secondary batteries comprising a flame retardant inorganic material which can exist in a stable form and a metastable form, wherein the separator for secondary batteries always comprises the flame retardant inorganic material in the metastable form.
  • a secondary battery comprising the separator for secondary batteries.
  • the flame retardant inorganic material is a metal hydroxide or a metal hydrate, particularly at least one of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), aluminum oxyhydroxide (AlO(OH)), and CaO ⁇ Al 2 O 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O.
  • the flame retardant inorganic material in the stable form is gibbsite, and the flame retardant inorganic material in the metastable form is at least one of bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
  • the separator for secondary batteries may further comprise inorganic particles which are high-dielectric inorganic particles having a dielectric constant of 1 or higher, inorganic particles having piezoelectricity, inorganic particles having lithium ion transfer ability, or a mixture of two or more thereof.
  • the inorganic particles may comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, TiO 2 and BaTiO 2 .
  • a binder material used for the separator for secondary batteries is at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride-trichloroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene (PVdF-CTFE), polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene-co-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan, carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer, polyimide
  • the separator for secondary batteries may be an organic/inorganic composite porous separator using a mixture of inorganic particles and a binder polymer and having no polyolefin substrate, or the separator for secondary batteries may be a separator including an organic/inorganic composite porous coating layer in which a mixture of inorganic particles and a binder polymer is coated on a surface of a porous polyolefin substrate and/or on pores in the porous polyolefin substrate.
  • the separator for secondary batteries may be such that the flame retardant inorganic material is dispersed over the entire separator or coated on a part of the surface of the separator.
  • a separator for secondary batteries comprising a flame retardant inorganic material which can exist in a stable form and a metastable form, wherein the separator always comprises the flame retardant inorganic material in the metastable form.
  • the flame retardant inorganic material according to the present invention is at least one selected from the group consisting of an antimony-containing compound, a metal hydroxide or a metal hydrate, a guanidine-based compound, a boron-containing compound, and zinc stannate.
  • the antimony-containing compound is selected from among antimony trioxide (Sb 2 O 3 ), antimony tetroxide (Sb 2 O 4 ) and antimony pentoxide (Sb 2 O 5 );
  • the metal hydroxide or the metal hydrate is selected from among aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), aluminum hydroxide oxide (AlO(OH)) and CaO ⁇ Al 2 O 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O;
  • the guanidine-based compound is selected from the group consisting of nitrogenated guanidine, guanidine sulfamate, guanidine phosphate, and guanylurea phosphate;
  • the boron-containing compound is H 3 BO 3 or HBO 2 ; and
  • the zinc stannate compound is selected from among Zn 2 SnO 4 , ZnSnO 3 , and ZnSn(OH) 6 .
  • the flame retardant inorganic material is at least one selected from among aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH) 2 ), aluminum hydroxide oxide (AlO(OH)), and CaO ⁇ Al 2 O 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O, and more preferably, the flame retardant inorganic material is aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 ).
  • Al(OH) 3 , Mg(OH) 2 , and 3CaO ⁇ Al 2 O 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O act as a flame retardant represented by the following chemical formulas.
  • 2Al(OH) 3 ⁇ Al 2 O 3 + 3H 2 O (mainly at 180 ⁇ 300°C, -280 cal/g (-1172kJ/kg))
  • Mg(OH) 2 ⁇ MgO + H 2 O (mainly at 300 ⁇ 400°C, -328 cal/g (-1372 kJ/kg))
  • 3CaO ⁇ Al 2 O 3 ⁇ 6H 2 O ⁇ Al 2 O 3 + 3CaO + 6H 2 O (mainly at 250°C, -340 cal/mol)
  • the flame retardant inorganic material is aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH) 3 )
  • the flame retardant inorganic material in the stable form is gibbsite
  • the flame retardant inorganic material in the metastable form is at least one of bayerite, doyleite, and nordstrandite.
  • FIG. 1 Specific crystal structures of gibbsite and bayerite are shown in FIG. 1 , and the following table shows the comparison of hydrogen bond distances of gibbsite and bayerite.
  • each polymorph is different in Gibbs free energy and defines a polymorph with the lowest Gibbs free energy as a stable form. Since Gibbs free energy is the same as that defined in thermodynamics, a detailed description thereof will be omitted.
  • the unstable form with high Gibbs free energy exhibits flame retardant properties by reacting at low temperature in contrast with a stable form.
  • the reaction first initiated by the unstable form leads to the entire form of reaction. That is, when the unstable form is present together, it is inferred that the starting temperature of the dehydration reaction of the stable form is accelerated.
  • the metal hydroxide among the flame retardant inorganic materials according to the present invention decomposes while the dehydration reaction, which is an endothermic reaction, takes place. At this time, a flame retardant effect is shown by the endothermic reaction and the water generated.
  • Al(OH) 3 which is one embodiment of the present invention
  • no flame retardant effect was observed when a nail penetration test was performed in the case where the flame retardant inorganic material existed only in the form of gibbsite; and a flame retardant effect was observed when a nail penetration test was performed in the case where the flame retardant inorganic material existed in the form of bayerite and etc., the metastable form.
  • the flame retardant properties of a metal hydroxide according to the polymorphic form have not been recognized as a problem at all.
  • the inventors of the present invention have made painstaking efforts to solve the non-uniform flame retardant properties that appear intermittently. As a result, they have recognized that non-uniform flame retardant properties are exhibited due to the above-mentioned problems, and they provided the present invention which solved the problems.
  • the flame retardant inorganic material in the metastable form is 2 wt% or more, preferably 5 wt% or more, of the total flame retardant inorganic material.
  • the flame retardant inorganic material may exist asymmetrically on only one of surfaces facing a positive electrode and a negative electrode of the separator. This is because water, which is a product of the decomposition reaction of a metal hydroxide of the flame retardant inorganic material, may cause an additional reaction with lithium of an electrode.
  • the bauxite ore is a mixture of compounds of hydrated aluminum oxide and other elements such as iron.
  • the Bayer process which is a kind of a method of smelting metallic aluminum using bauxite as a raw material, is shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the bauxite ore is heated in a pressure vessel together with sodium hydroxide solution at 150 °C to 200 °C. At this temperature, aluminum is dissolved as sodium aluminate (2NaAlO 2 ) in the extraction process.
  • the aluminum compound of the bauxite may be present as gibbsite (Al(OH) 3 ), boehmite (AlOOH) or diaspore (AlOOH) and different forms of the aluminum component are determined by different extraction conditions. After separating the residue by filtration, gibbsite (aluminum hydroxide) precipitates and is seeded with fine aluminum hydroxide when the liquid is cooled down.
  • the extraction process converts the aluminum oxide of the ore into soluble sodium aluminate 2NaAlO 2 according to the following chemical reaction formula.
  • This treatment dissolves the silica but does not dissolve the other components of the bauxite.
  • lime is added at this stage to precipitate the silica into calcium silicate.
  • the solution is generally filtered to purify the solid impurities using a flocculant such as a rotary sand trap and starch.
  • the undissolved waste after the aluminum compound is extracted contains iron oxide, silica, calcia, titania and some unreacted alumina.
  • the original process is to cool the alkaline solution to treat carbon dioxide by bubbling through it and the aluminum hydroxide is precipitated in this way.
  • the original process is to cool the alkaline solution to bubbling carbon dioxide through it and the aluminum hydroxide precipitates in this way. 2NaAlO 2 + CO 2 ⁇ 2Al(OH) 3 + Na 2 CO 3 + H 2 O
  • the separator for secondary batteries according to the present invention may be an organic/inorganic composite porous separator using a mixture of inorganic particles and a binder polymer and having no polyolefin substrate, or the separator for secondary batteries may be a separator including an organic/inorganic composite porous coating layer in which a mixture of inorganic particles and a binder polymer is coated on a surface of a porous polyolefin substrate and/or on pores in the porous polyolefin substrate.
  • the separator for secondary batteries may be such that the flame retardant inorganic material is dispersed over the entire separator or coated on a part of the surface of the separator.
  • the flame retardant effect can be achieved by coating of a hydroxide-based inorganic flame retardant capable of generating moisture only on a surface of separator facing a positive electrode, whereby it is possible to prevent reaction between the precipitated lithium and moisture.
  • a binder for forming an adhesive layer or a conventional alumina-based SRS may be coated on a surface of separator facing a negative electrode, which is the opposite side.
  • a binder for forming an adhesive layer or a conventional alumina-based SRS may be coated on a surface of separator facing a negative electrode, which is the opposite side.
  • the overall thickness of the separator according to the present invention is similar to that of a conventional separator coated with an inorganic material on surfaces facing a positive electrode and a negative electrode.
  • the thickness of the separator may range from 5 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m. In the case in which the thickness of the separator is less than 5 ⁇ m, the strength of the separator is low, whereby the separator may be easily damaged, which is undesirable. In the case in which the thickness of the separator is greater than 30 ⁇ m, the overall thickness of the electrode assembly is increased, whereby the capacity of the battery may be reduced, which is also undesirable.
  • the charge and discharge characteristics of a battery including the separator according to the present invention at 35 °C or more and 50 °C or less are identical to those of a battery including the conventional separator having both surfaces coated with the inorganic material.
  • the temperature is 35 °C or less, the effect based on the temperature cannot be distinguished.
  • the conventional separator having both surfaces coated with the inorganic material has inferior thermal stability to the separator according to the present invention.
  • Inorganic particles used in the separator according to the present invention are added separately from the flame retardant inorganic material.
  • the inorganic particles may form empty spaces among the inorganic particles, and thereby may form micro pores and maintain a physical shape as a spacer.
  • the physical characteristics of the inorganic particles are not generally changed at a temperature of 200°C or more.
  • the inorganic particles are not particularly restricted, as long as the inorganic particles are electrochemically stable.
  • the inorganic particles that may be used in the present invention are not particularly restricted as long as the inorganic particles are not oxidized and/or reduced within the operating voltage range (e.g. 0 to 5 V based on Li/Li + ) of a battery to which the inorganic particles are applied.
  • the operating voltage range e.g. 0 to 5 V based on Li/Li +
  • the electrolyte ion transfer ability of the inorganic particles it is possible to improve the performance of an electrochemical device. Consequently, it is preferable for the electrolyte ion transfer ability of the inorganic particles to be as high as possible.
  • the inorganic particles have high density, it may be difficult to disperse the inorganic particles at the time of forming the porous separator, and the weight of a battery may increase at the time of manufacturing the battery. For these reasons, it is preferable for the density of the inorganic particles to be low. In addition, in the case in which the inorganic particles have high permittivity, the degree of dissociation of electrolyte salt, such as lithium salt, in a liquid electrolyte may increase, thereby improving the ion conductivity of the electrolytic solution.
  • electrolyte salt such as lithium salt
  • the inorganic particles may be high-dielectric inorganic particles having a dielectric constant of 1 or more, preferably 10 or more, inorganic particles having piezoelectricity, inorganic particles having lithium ion transfer ability, or a mixture of two or more thereof.
  • Examples of the inorganic particles having a dielectric constant of 1 or more may include SrTiO 3 , SnO 2 , CeO 2 , MgO, NiO, CaO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiC, or a mixture thereof.
  • the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the inorganic particles having piezoelectricity are a material that is a nonconductor at normal pressure but, when a predetermined pressure is applied thereto, exhibits conductivity due to a change in the internal structure thereof.
  • the inorganic particles have a high dielectric value, e.g. a dielectric constant of 100 or more, and the inorganic particles are tensioned or compressed with a predetermined pressure, electric charges are generated.
  • One face is charged as a positive pole and the other face is charged as a negative pole, whereby a potential difference is generated between these faces.
  • a short circuit may occur in both electrodes in the event of an external impact, such as local crushing or an impact with a nail.
  • the positive electrode and the negative electrode may not directly contact each other due to the inorganic particles coated on the porous separator, and potential differences in particles may occur due to the piezoelectricity of the inorganic particles. Accordingly, electron migration, namely, fine current flow, is achieved between the two electrodes, whereby the voltage of the battery is gradually reduced, and therefore the stability of the battery may be improved.
  • Examples of the inorganic particles having piezoelectricity may include BaTiO 3 , Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT), Pb 1-x La x Zr 1-y Ti y O 3 (PLZT), Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 (PMN-PT) hafnia (HfO 2 ), and a mixture thereof.
  • PZT Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3
  • PMN-PT Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 hafnia
  • HfO 2 hafnia
  • the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the inorganic particles having lithium ion transfer ability are inorganic particles that contain lithium elements and transport lithium ions without storing lithium.
  • the inorganic particles having lithium ion transfer ability may transfer and transport lithium ions due to a kind of defect present in a particle structure. Consequently, lithium ionic conductivity in the battery may be improved, and therefore the battery performance may be improved.
  • Examples of the inorganic particles having lithium ion transfer ability may include lithium phosphate (Li 3 PO 4 ), lithium titanium phosphate (Li x Ti y (PO 4 ) 3 , where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 3), lithium aluminum titanium phosphate (Li x Al y Ti z (PO 4 ) 3 , where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, and 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 3), (LiAlTiP) x O y -based glass (where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 4 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 13) such as 14Li 2 O-9Al 2 O 3 -38TiO 2 -39P 2 O 5 , lithium lanthanum titanate (Li x La y TiO 3 , where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 2 and 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 3), lithium germanium thiophosphate (Li x Ge y P z S w , where 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 4, 0 ⁇ y ⁇ 1, 0 ⁇ z ⁇ 1, and 0
  • the effects obtained through these ingredients may be further improved.
  • each of the inorganic particles is not particularly restricted. In order to form a film having a uniform thickness and to achieve appropriate porosity, however, each of the inorganic particles may have a size of 0.001 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m. In the case in which the size of each of the inorganic particles is less than 0.001 ⁇ m, dispersibility is reduced, whereby it is difficult to adjust the physical properties of the porous separator. In the case in which the size of each of the inorganic particles is greater than 10 ⁇ m, the thickness of a separator manufactured with the same content of a solid body is increased, whereby the mechanical properties of the separator are deteriorated. In addition, a short circuit may easily occur in the battery when the battery is charged and discharged due to excessively large-sized pores.
  • the binder may also be commonly referred to as a polymer binder and may become a gel when the binder is impregnated with a liquid electrolytic solution, whereby the binder may have a characteristic of exhibiting high rate of electrolytic solution impregnation (degree of swelling).
  • the polymer binder is a polymer having a high rate of electrolytic solution impregnation
  • an electrolytic solution injected after the assembly of a battery permeates into the polymer, and the polymer impregnated with the electrolytic solution exhibits electrolyte ion transfer ability.
  • the binder may have a polymer with solubility parameter of 15 MPa 1/2 to 45 MPa 1/2 , preferably 15 MPa 1/2 to 25 MPa 1/2 and 30 MPa 1/2 to 45 MPa 1/2 .
  • solubility parameter of the binder is less than 15 MPa 1/2 and greater than 45 MPa 1/2 , it is difficult to impregnate the binder with a conventional electrolytic solution for batteries.
  • the binder may be at least one selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride-trichloroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride-chlorotrifluoroethylene (PVdF-CTFE), polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl acetate, ethylene-co-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene oxide, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate butyrate, cellulose acetate propionate, cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl sucrose, pullulan, carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene copolymer, polyimide, polyacrylonitrile
  • the binder material may further comprise at least one selected from among baicalin, luteolin, taxifolin, myricetin, quercetin, rutin, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, butein, piceatannol, a phenolic-based compound comprising tannic acid, pyrogallic acid, amylose, amylopectin, xanthan gum, an aqueous or non-aqueous polymer consisting of fatty acid system.
  • a binder material includes a large amount of OH groups, thereby enhancing the adhesive strength of the binder-inorganic material and the substrate-binder.
  • it may prevent a short circuit in a battery through self-healing function against partial damage to the separator, improve the adhesion between the separator and the positive electrode and between the separator and the negative electrode, and cope with elution of the positive electrode material transition metal.
  • the content of the binder may comprise 5 to 45 percent of a weight of the inorganic particles, preferably 10 to 40 percent of a weight of the inorganic particles.
  • a solvent for manufacturing the separator according to the present invention may be used any conventional solvent known in the art without limitation, preferably acetone, tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylacetamide, N-Methylpyrrole, or water may be used, or a mixture of two or more thereof may be used.
  • the solvent may comprise 60 to 85 percent of a weight of a slurry composition for coating of the separator.
  • the content ratio (weight%) of the inorganic material to the binder is 60 to 90:40 to 10.
  • the present invention also provides an electrochemical device including a positive electrode, a negative electrode, the separator interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and an electrolyte.
  • the electrochemical device may be a lithium secondary battery.
  • the positive electrode may be manufactured by applying a mixture of a positive electrode active material, a conductive agent, and a binder to a positive electrode current collector and drying the mixture.
  • a filler may be further added to the mixture as needed.
  • the positive electrode current collector is manufactured so as to have a thickness of 3 to 500 ⁇ m.
  • the positive electrode current collector is not particularly restricted, as long as the positive electrode current collector exhibits high conductivity while the positive electrode current collector does not induce any chemical change in a battery to which the positive electrode current collector is applied.
  • the positive electrode current collector may include stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, or plastic carbon.
  • the positive electrode current collector may include aluminum or stainless steel, the surface of which is treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, or silver.
  • the positive electrode current collector may have a micro-scale uneven pattern formed on the surface thereof so as to increase the force of adhesion of the positive electrode active material.
  • the positive electrode current collector may be configured in various forms, such as those of a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam body, and a non-woven fabric body.
  • the conductive agent is generally added in an amount of 1 to 30 wt% based on the total weight of the compound including the positive electrode active material.
  • the conductive agent is not particularly restricted, as long as the conductive agent exhibits high conductivity without inducing any chemical change in a battery to which the conductive agent is applied.
  • graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite
  • carbon black such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, or summer black
  • conductive fiber such as carbon fiber or metallic fiber
  • metallic powder such as carbon fluoride powder, aluminum powder, or nickel powder
  • conductive whisker such as a zinc oxide or potassium titanate
  • a conductive metal oxide such as a titanium oxide
  • conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives, may be used as the conductive agent.
  • the binder is a component assisting in binding between the active material and the conductive agent and in binding with the current collector.
  • the binder is generally added in an amount of 1 to 30 wt% based on the total weight of the compound including the positive electrode active material.
  • the binder there may be used polyvinylidene fluoride, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, tetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymer (EPDM), sulfonated EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber, fluoro rubber, and various copolymers.
  • the filler is an optional component used to inhibit expansion of the positive electrode.
  • the filler there is no particular limit to the filler, as long as it does not cause any chemical change in a battery to which the filler is applied and is made of a fibrous material.
  • the filler there may be used olefin polymers, such as polyethylene and polypropylene; and fibrous materials, such as glass fiber and carbon fiber.
  • the negative electrode may be manufactured by applying a negative electrode material to a negative electrode current collector and drying the same.
  • the above-described components may be selectively further included as needed.
  • the negative electrode current collector is manufactured so as to have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m.
  • the negative electrode current collector is not particularly restricted, as long as the negative electrode current collector exhibits high conductivity while the negative electrode current collector does not induce any chemical change in a battery to which the negative electrode current collector is applied.
  • the negative electrode current collector may include copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, or plastic carbon.
  • the negative electrode current collector may include copper or stainless steel, the surface of which is treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, or silver, or an aluminum-cadmium alloy.
  • the negative electrode current collector may have a micro-scale uneven pattern formed on the surface thereof so as to increase the force of adhesion of the negative electrode active material, in the same manner as the positive electrode current collector.
  • the negative electrode current collector may be configured in various forms, such as those of a film, a sheet, a foil, a net, a porous body, a foam body, and a non-woven fabric body.
  • the negative electrode active material for example, there may be used carbon, such as a hard carbon or a graphite-based carbon; a metal composite oxide, such as Li x Fe 2 O 3 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), Li x WO 2 (0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1), Sn x Me 1-x Me' y O z (Me: Mn, Fe, Pb, Ge; Me': Al, B, P, Si, Group 1, 2 and 3 elements of the periodic table, halogen; 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1; 1 ⁇ y ⁇ 3; 1 ⁇ z ⁇ 8); lithium metal; lithium alloy; silicon-based alloy; tin-based alloy; a metal oxide, such as SnO, SnO 2 , PbO, PbO 2 , Pb 2 O 3 , Pb 3 O 4 , Sb 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 4 , Sb 2 O 5 , GeO, GeO 2 , Bi 2 O 3 , Bi 2 O 4 , or Bi 2 O 5 ; a conductive polymer, such as poly
  • a battery pack including the electrochemical device.
  • the battery pack may be used as a power source for a device requiring the ability to withstand high temperatures, a long lifespan, high rate characteristics, etc.
  • the device may include a mobile electronic device, a wearable electronic device, a power tool driven by a battery-powered motor; an electric automobile, such as an electric vehicle (EV), a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV); an electric two-wheeled vehicle, such as an electric bicycle (E-bike) or an electric scooter (E-scooter); an electric golf cart; and an energy storage system.
  • EV electric vehicle
  • HEV hybrid electric vehicle
  • PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicle
  • E-bike electric bicycle
  • E-scooter electric scooter
  • an electric golf cart and an energy storage system.
  • the present invention is not limited thereto.
  • the slurry was coated on a separator substrate and dried to complete a separator.
  • a separator was manufactured using the same method as in Example 1, except that only gibbsite was used as the flame retardant inorganic material without bayerite in Example 1.
  • FIG. 3 provides graphs showing the changes in voltage and temperature over time and photographs of the test result.
  • the nail diameter was 3 mm, the slope was 30 degree, and the speed through the nail was 80 mm / sec.
  • Example 1 in the case of Comparative Example 1, the surface temperature of the battery rose sharply, indicating that the safety of the battery was very poor.
  • Example 1 according to the present invention it was confirmed that the Example 1 showed excellent flame retardant performance by maintaining the surface temperature of the battery at 20 °C. As a result of disassembling each battery, it was observed that all of the inner substrate was melted and the pores of the substrate itself were all gone.
  • Example 1 also rose to 135 °C or more, which is the melting point of separator substrate. Nevertheless, it has been confirmed that the battery with the flame retardant added according to the present invention was very stable even for very serious damage such as nail penetration by maintaining the external temperature very stable.
  • Example 1 In order to analyze the structure of the metal hydroxide used in Example 1 and Comparative Example 1, XRD measurement was performed and the results are shown in FIG. 4 .
  • Example 1 the aluminum hydroxide using in Example 1 was analyzed to contain a gibbsite phase and a bayerite phase. It can be seen that the aluminum hydroxide used in Comparative Example 1 contained only gibbsite.
  • a separator for secondary batteries according to the present invention is advantageous in that 1) the flame retardant property is always exhibited, and 2) similar electrochemical properties can be maintained compared to conventional inorganic coating separators.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
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  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
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  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Cell Separators (AREA)
EP19799898.2A 2018-05-11 2019-05-08 Nichtbrennbarer sekundärbatterieseparator Pending EP3667770A4 (de)

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JP7048852B2 (ja) 2022-04-06
CN111183534B (zh) 2022-10-28
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EP3667770A4 (de) 2021-01-20
KR102277377B1 (ko) 2021-07-14
KR20190129623A (ko) 2019-11-20
CN111183534A (zh) 2020-05-19
JP2020530185A (ja) 2020-10-15
US11594782B2 (en) 2023-02-28

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