EP3666978B1 - Ramp for a sheet element - Google Patents

Description

The subject of the invention is a ramp for a plate element, for example a steel plate, which can be used to cover excavations on traffic routes.

According to common practice, steel plates are placed on the excavation pit to cover it. To prevent the steel plate from shifting when vehicles drive over the steel plate, the edges of the steel plate are secured with asphalt to form a ramp. It has been found that this fastening often needs to be replaced because the asphalt can become brittle and lose its holding function. After the construction work has been completed, the asphalt must be disposed of, so that there is an effort involved in fastening the steel plate, repairs and maintenance work may be required, and dismantling work and disposal of the asphalt may be necessary after the construction work has been completed. Therefore, considerations were made to reduce this effort. For example, in the US 20020184718 A1 discloses a reusable ramp that is attached to the edges of the steel plate and enables the vehicles to drive smoothly over the ramp and the steel plate adjoining it largely without initiating an abrupt impact force. The ramp has a shoulder element which is designed as a groove into which the steel plate can be inserted. The base of the groove is chosen to match the thickness of the steel plate and the boundary of the groove is formed by a projection that is elastically prestressed so that the projection can exert a compressive force on the steel plate and so that the steel plate is held fixed in the ramp. With this solution, the above-mentioned effort in creating and removing such a cover is eliminated. However, because of its precise fit, this ramp is only suitable for steel plates of a certain thickness. This means that for steel plates of different thicknesses, ramps with different groove dimensions must be kept in stock. The ramps are placed in such a way that the groove extends essentially transversely to the direction of travel. This means that the ramp essentially extends across the width of the road. In the event of precipitation, rainwater can therefore occur or jammed after a ramp. This rainwater cannot flow away because the weight of the steel plate means that the ramp rests tightly on the road surface. The ramp according to CH711063 B2 Although it allows for an improvement since a lead is no longer needed. However, the holding element has a surface that is essentially parallel to the ground, so that a film of water can still form at least on the holding element. In particular, if the holding element in the vicinity of the shoulder is subject to greater loads than in the area of the edge opposite the shoulder over a longer period of use, dents can form in which water can accumulate. In addition, from the GB 2 531 245 A to remove a ramp that is made of a polymer.

There is therefore a need for an improved ramp that has increased grip even in rain or snowfall.

This problem is solved by the subject matter of claim 1. Advantageous exemplary embodiments result from the subject matter of the dependent claims.

The following detailed description contains various exemplary embodiments of the ramp according to the invention. The description of a specific ramp is only to be viewed as an example. In the description and claims, the terms "include", "comprise", "comprise" are interpreted as "including, but not limited to".

A ramp includes a ramp element and a holding element. The ramp element has an edge which has a first height and a shoulder which has a second height. The first height is smaller than the second height. A support surface which forms the underside of the ramp element extends between the edge and the shoulder and an inclined surface which forms the top of the ramp element extends between the edge and the shoulder. The holding element has a top and a bottom. The holding element connects to the paragraph. The height between the top of the holding element and the bottom of the holding element is smaller than the height of the shoulder. The height is understood to mean the dimension in a direction that extends normal to the support surface, i.e. in particular normal to the underside of the Ramp element and extends to the underside of the holding element. The height is therefore measured from the support surface in the normal direction to this support surface. The ramp includes a first elastomer and a second elastomer. The use of two elastomers not only increases the shock-absorbing properties of the ramp, but also allows it to be used safely in any weather conditions, especially when wet.

The proportion of the first elastomer in the ramp is 25% by weight to 35% by weight. According to one exemplary embodiment, the proportion of the second elastomer in the ramp is 10% by weight to 25% by weight. In particular if the proportion of the first elastomer is greater than the proportion of the second elastomer, the properties of the first elastomer can contribute to improving the grip of the surface of the ramp.

According to one exemplary embodiment, the proportion of highly volatile substances is a maximum of 7% by weight. The low proportion of volatile substances allows the ramp to be used safely even in enclosed spaces, such as halls, parking garages and the like. Even when exposed to high heat, the proportion of volatile substances that can evaporate is low, meaning that the ramp can also be used safely in closed rooms. According to one embodiment, the proportion of fillers is 33% by weight to 65% by weight. Due to the high filler content, the ramp can achieve sufficient hardness and abrasion resistance so that the ramp can also be used on construction sites for several years. In particular, according to one exemplary embodiment, carbon black and calcium carbonate can be used as fillers. According to a further exemplary embodiment, the fillers contain carbon black and silicon dioxide. According to one exemplary embodiment, the fillers contain carbon black and calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium, iron or aluminum.

According to the invention, the first elastomer contains acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR). NBR has a high resistance to oils, fats and hydrocarbons. NBR is also characterized by being cheap aging behavior so that weather-resistant ramps can be produced. The low abrasion increases the lifespan of the ramp.

According to the invention, the second elastomer contains styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). The addition of styrene-butadiene rubber can improve the weather resistance of the ramp.

According to one exemplary embodiment, the holding element or the ramp element has openings which are suitable for draining liquids, for example water. In particular, the openings can be connected to recesses for draining liquids.

According to one embodiment, the ramp element or the holding element contains a porous material. In particular, the openings can be formed by pores of the porous material. According to one embodiment, the pores have a pore size in the range from 0.001 to 5 mm. In particular, the pores can have a pore size of 0.01 to 5 mm. According to one embodiment, the pores can have a pore size of 0.01 to 2 mm. According to one embodiment, the pores can have a pore size of 0.01 to 1 mm.

The height of the holding element can be greater in the area of the shoulder than at the end of the holding element, which is opposite the shoulder.

The ramp element is essentially wedge-shaped, particularly in cross section. According to this exemplary embodiment, the ramp element forms a wedge, the cross section of which can be essentially triangular, square or trapezoidal.

The height of the ramp element increases gradually in the direction of travel before the vehicle reaches the plate element, so that a vehicle can roll over the ramp element without significant shocks being transmitted to the wheels.

According to one embodiment, the angle of inclination of the incline surface can be different. In particular, the inclined surface can have a first inclined surface section and a second inclined surface section. The first inclined surface section can include a larger angle of inclination with the support surface than the second inclined surface section. In particular, the maximum inclination angle of the second inclination surface section can be less than 20 degrees, preferably less than 15 degrees. The minimum inclination angle of the first inclination surface section can be at least 3 degrees greater than the minimum inclination angle of the second inclination surface section. Preferably, the minimum inclination angle of the first incline surface section can be at least 10 degrees.

The holding element then connects to the side of the wedge that has the greatest overall height. The plate element is placed on the holding element. The height of the holding element and the thickness of the plate element advantageously correspond to the height of the wedge at its highest point, that is to say the height of the shoulder. However, the thickness of the plate element can also be less or greater than the optimal thickness, so that the ramp can also be used for plate elements of different thicknesses.

The plate element can in particular be a steel plate. The ramp can also be used for panel elements made of other materials, such as plastic panels, boards or the like.

According to one exemplary embodiment, the underside of the holding element and the support surface lie on a common plane. This embodiment is advantageous if the entire support element is to rest sealingly on a flat surface. This level contact surface on the level surface can prevent rainwater from getting into the pit from the road. Due to the weight of the plate element, the holding element is pressed onto the surface in such a way that a seal can be created when the ramp extends completely around the plate element.

In particular, the top side of the holding element can be designed essentially parallel to the underside of the holding element. As a result, the plate element can rest flat on the holding element and the weight of the plate element can be introduced evenly into the holding element. The ramp element is preferably manufactured together with the holding element in one piece, that is to say designed as a single component, whereby the entire ramp can be made of the same material. The ramp preferably contains an elastic material, for example an elastic plastic, in particular rubber or rubber compounds.

The underside of the ramp element and/or the underside of the holding element can have at least one recess. Such a recess serves as a collecting channel for liquid, in particular water, which can enter between the support surface, i.e. the underside of the ramp element and the surface of the ground, for example due to unevenness in the ground. The liquid is collected in this recess and can, for example, be drained towards a water collection system located at the edge of the road. The road itself often has a slope that encourages fluid to run off. According to a further embodiment variant, the liquid accumulating in the recess can be removed by compressing the channel due to the loading of the ramp element by a vehicle driving over it in such a way that the channel is compressed and the liquid in it is consequently displaced from the channel. The channel may have a rectangular, semicircular, polygonal, trapezoidal, slot-like, triangular or polygonal cross-section.

According to one embodiment, the top of the ramp element may have a marking. This marking can in particular serve to make the ramp element more visually recognizable for approaching vehicles, so that vehicle drivers can take note of the ramp element before they reach the ramp element and can adjust the driving speed accordingly.

In particular, the marking can be designed as an optical marking, which in particular includes security strips. Optionally, the marking can also be designed as part of a traffic control system. The marking can be luminous, luminous or reflective. In particular, the ramp element can contain a fluorescent material that stores daylight and glows in the dark.

According to one embodiment, the ramp can be composed of several sub-elements. This allows the ramp to be adapted to the dimensions of different plate elements. If necessary, the ramp can also be used for wooden boards, for example to create temporary pedestrian crossings.

In particular, the ramps can be designed such that they can accommodate a corner of a plate element, such as a steel plate or a wooden board. Furthermore, several ramps can be put together in a modular manner according to each of the exemplary embodiments, so that a different number of ramps can be used depending on the length or width of the plate element.

According to one embodiment, the surface of the incline surface and/or the holding element can be rough or water-repellent. By increasing the roughness of the surface, the adhesion can be improved so that slipping off the support element is not possible. In particular, this can reduce the risk of two-wheeler riders falling.

According to one embodiment, a seal can be provided to protect against water draining into the excavation pit. Furthermore, recesses can also be provided on the inclined surfaces in order to drain away liquid. The Recesses can, for example, be designed as grooves which extend parallel to the front surface or at an angle thereto over at least part of the inclined surface.

• Fig. 1a eine Ansicht einer Rampe nach einem ersten Ausführungsbeispiel von oben,
• Fig. 1b einen Schnitt durch die Rampe gemäss Fig. 1,
• Fig. 2 eine Ansicht einer Rampe nach einem zweiten Ausführungsbeispiel,
• Fig. 3 eine Ansicht einer Rampe nach einem dritten Ausführungsbeispiel,
• Fig. 4 eine Ansicht einer Anordnung von mehreren Rampen nach einem vierten Ausführungsbeispiel,
• Fig. 5 ein Detail eines Halteelements nach einem fünften Ausführungsbeispiel,
• Fig. 6 eine schematische Darstellung einer Änderung des Porendurchmessers für eine Rampe nach einem der vorhergehenden Ausführungsbeispiele,
• Fig. 7 Resultate einer TGA-Analyse für eine Rampe einer ersten exemplarischen Zusammensetzung,
• Fig. 8 Resultate einer TGA-Analyse für eine Rampe einer zweiten exemplarischen Zusammensetzung,
• Fig. 9 Resultate einer TGA-Analyse für eine Rampe einer dritten exemplarischen Zusammensetzung,
• Fig. 10 Resultate einer TGA-Analyse für eine Rampe einer vierten exemplarischen Zusammensetzung.

The ramp according to the invention is shown below using an exemplary embodiment. Show it

• Fig. 1a a view of a ramp according to a first exemplary embodiment from above,
• Fig. 1b a section through the ramp according to Fig. 1 ,
• Fig. 2 a view of a ramp according to a second exemplary embodiment,
• Fig. 3 a view of a ramp according to a third exemplary embodiment,
• Fig. 4 a view of an arrangement of several ramps according to a fourth exemplary embodiment,
• Fig. 5 a detail of a holding element according to a fifth exemplary embodiment,
• Fig. 6 a schematic representation of a change in the pore diameter for a ramp according to one of the previous exemplary embodiments,
• Fig. 7 Results of a TGA analysis for a ramp of a first exemplary composition,
• Fig. 8 Results of a TGA analysis for a ramp of a second exemplary composition,
• Fig. 9 Results of a TGA analysis for a ramp of a third exemplary composition,
• Fig. 10 Results of a TGA analysis for a ramp of a fourth exemplary composition.

Fig. 1a shows a view of a ramp 10 according to a first exemplary embodiment. The ramp 10 according to Fig. 1 comprises a ramp element 1 and a holding element 2. The ramp element 1 has an edge 3, which has a first height, and a shoulder 4, which has a second height. The first height is smaller than that second height. In particular, the first height can be 0 cm if the edge 3 forms a point. A support surface 5 extends between the edge 3 and the shoulder 4 and is at least partially formed by the underside of the ramp element 1. Between the edge 3 and the shoulder 4 extends an inclined surface 6, which forms the top of the ramp element 1. The holding element 2 has a top 7 and a bottom 8. The holding element 2 adjoins paragraph 4. The height between the top 7 of the holding element and the bottom 8 of the holding element is smaller than the height of the paragraph 4.

According to an exemplary embodiment, not shown, the angle of inclination of the incline surface 6 can be different. In particular, the inclined surface can have a first inclined surface section and a second inclined surface section. The first inclined surface section can include a larger angle of inclination with the support surface than the second inclined surface section. In particular, the maximum inclination angle of the second inclination surface section can be less than 20 degrees, preferably less than 15 degrees. The minimum inclination angle of the second inclination surface section can preferably be at least 3 degrees, in particular at least 5 degrees. The minimum inclination angle of the first inclination surface section can be at least 3 degrees greater than the minimum inclination angle of the second inclination surface section. Preferably, the minimum inclination angle of the first incline surface section can be at least 10 degrees.

The ramp element 1 is essentially wedge-shaped in cross section. The ramp element ensures that: Fig. 1 a wedge is formed, the cross section of which is essentially triangular, square, or trapezoidal.

The height of the ramp element 1 gradually increases in the direction of travel until the vehicle reaches the plate element 100 (see Fig. 5 ) is achieved so that a vehicle can roll over the ramp element 1 without significant shocks being transmitted to the wheels. The holding element 2 connects to the side of the wedge that has the greatest overall height. The plate element 100 is on the holding element 2 hung up. The height of the holding element 2 and the thickness of the plate element 100 advantageously correspond to the height of the wedge at its highest point, that is to say the height of the shoulder 4. However, the thickness of the plate element 100 can also be less or greater than the optimal thickness, so that the Ramp 10 can also be used for plate elements 100 of different thicknesses.

The plate element 100 can in particular be a steel plate, but the ramp 10 can also be used for other plate elements 100, such as plastic plates, boards or the like.

According to one exemplary embodiment, the underside 8 of the holding element 2 and the support surface 5 lie on a common plane. This exemplary embodiment is advantageous if the entire ramp 10 is to rest sealingly on a flat surface. This level support surface on a level surface can prevent rainwater from getting into the pit or excavation area from the roadway. Due to the weight of the steel plate, the holding element 2 is pressed onto the surface in such a way that a seal can be created when the ramp 10 surrounds the plate element 100.

In particular, the top 7 of the holding element 2 can be formed essentially parallel to the underside 8 of the holding element 2, which is shown, for example, in section in the Fig. 1b is shown. As a result, the plate element 100 can rest flat on the holding element 2 and the own weight of the plate element 100 can be introduced evenly into the holding element 2. The ramp element 1 and the holding element 2 are preferably designed in one piece, with the ramp 10 in particular containing a first elastomer and a second elastomer. By using a mixture of a first and two elastomers, it has surprisingly been shown that the slip resistance in rain or snowfall can be significantly increased.

The holding element 2 or the ramp element 1 can have openings 25 which are suitable for draining water. The openings can have any shape; for example, openings 25 with a cuboid or cylindrical volume are shown.

The underside of the ramp element 1 and/or the underside of the holding element 2 can have at least one recess 9, 19. Such a recess serves as a collecting channel for liquid, in particular water, which can enter between the support surface 5 of the ramp element 1 and the surface of the ground, for example due to unevenness in the ground. Such a recess 9, 10 can be in fluid-conducting connection with at least one opening 25. In the two in Fig. 1b Recesses 9, 19 shown are used to collect liquid striking the ramp element 1 or the holding element 2 and can be diverted, for example, in the direction of a water collection system located on the edge of the road. The road itself often has a slope that encourages fluid to run off. The recesses 9, 19 are components of channels which can extend, for example, along the entire support surface 5. The channels can extend parallel to the edge 3 of the ramp element 1 inside the ramp element. Such a channel can run in a straight line or have a curvature.

According to a further embodiment variant, the liquid accumulating in the recess 9, 19 can be removed by compressing the channel due to the loading of the ramp element 1 by a vehicle driving over it in such a way that the channel is compressed and the liquid contained therein is removed from the channel is displaced. The channel can have a rectangular, semicircular, polygonal, trapezoidal, slot-like, triangular or polygonal cross section.

Fig. 2 shows a view of a ramp 20 according to a second exemplary embodiment, which is used to accommodate a corner of a plate element 100 (see Fig. 4 ) is trained. The ramp 20, like the ramp 10 according to the previous exemplary embodiment, has a ramp element 1 and a holding element 2. The ramp element 1 has an incline surface 6 and a support surface 5. The support surface 5 and the inclined surface 6 extend from the edge 3 to the shoulder 4. The shoulder 4 forms a stop for the plate element. The ramp 20 has a further ramp element 11. The ramp element 11 has a Inclination surface 16 and a support surface 15. The support surface 15 and the inclined surface 16 extend from the edge 13 to the shoulder 14. The shoulder 14 forms a stop for the plate element 100. A connecting element 12 can be arranged between the ramp element 1 and the ramp element 11. According to the present exemplary embodiment, the edge 3 continues to the connecting element 12, and the edge 13 also continues to the connecting element 12. The thickness of the connecting element increases from the continuations of the edge 3, 13 to the intersection line of the planes of the paragraphs 4, 14. This results in a substantially smooth transition to the inclined surfaces 6, 16.

According to the in Fig. 4 In the embodiment variant shown, instead of a connecting element 12 with a triangular inclined surface 16, a connecting element can be provided which has a curve.

Fig. 3 shows a view of a ramp 30 according to a third exemplary embodiment, which is designed to accommodate a corner of a plate element 100. This ramp faces one Fig. 2 simplified embodiment. All elements that are also in Fig. 2 shown are labeled the same. For the description of these elements see Fig. 2 referred. In contrast to Fig. 2 is in Fig. 3 the connecting element 12 is omitted. So that a sharp edge is not formed, particularly in the area of the intersection of paragraph 4 with paragraph 14, the inclined surface can not only have an inclination from the respective edges 3, 13 to paragraph 4, 14, but also an inclination from the front surface 18 to the opposite rear surface 27 and an inclination from the front surface 18 to the opposite rear surface 28.

Each of the exemplary embodiments according to Fig. 2 or Fig. 3 is equipped with openings 25, 35 and recesses 9, 19 on the support surface in order to be able to drain away liquid.

Fig. 4 shows a view of an arrangement of several ramps 10 according to one of Fig. 1a or 1b, as well as a variant of the embodiments according to Fig. 2 or Fig. 3 . According to this exemplary embodiment, the ramp 40 is made up of several composed of partial elements. This allows the ramp 40 to be adapted to the dimensions of different plate elements 100. If necessary, the ramp can also be used for wooden boards, for example to create temporary pedestrian crossings. The ramps 10, 20, 30 of each of the exemplary embodiments according to Fig. 1 to Fig. 3 can therefore be combined with each other as desired.

In particular, the ramps 20, 30, 40 can be designed such that they can accommodate a corner of a plate element 100, such as a steel plate or a wooden board. Furthermore, several ramps 10, 20, 30 can be put together in a modular manner, for example to form a ramp 40, so that depending on the length or width of the plate element 100, a different number and/or different embodiments of ramps can be used.

According to each of the exemplary embodiments, the top of the ramp element 1 can have a marking 21. Such a marking is for the ramps 10, 20, 30, 40 according to one of the Fig. 1a, 1b , 2, 3 , 4 shown. This marking can serve in particular to make the support element 10, 30, 40 more visually recognizable for approaching vehicles, so that the vehicle drivers can take note of the position of the ramp element before reaching the ramp element and can adjust the driving speed accordingly.

In particular, the marking 21 can be designed as an optical marking, which in particular includes security strips. The marking can be luminous, luminous or reflective. In particular, the ramp element can contain a fluorescent material that stores daylight and glows in the dark.

According to each of the exemplary embodiments, the marker 21 may include a collection channel to introduce liquid into one of the openings 25.

According to one embodiment, the surface of the inclined surface 6, 16 and/or the top 7 of the holding element can be rough or water-repellent. By increasing the roughness of the surface, the adhesion can be improved, so that the plate element cannot slip on the support element. In particular, this can reduce the risk of two-wheeler riders falling.

According to one embodiment, a seal can be provided to protect against water draining into the pit. This seal can be designed, for example, as a projection on the support surface. In particular, the edge of the recess 9, 19 that is closer to the shoulder can have a greater length than the length of the edge that is further away from the shoulder. This edge is pressed against the ground by the weight of the plate element, which prevents the passage of liquid from the roadway towards the pit. A liquid barrier is thus created by the projection or extended edge.

According to one exemplary embodiment, the ramp element 1 or the holding element 2 has openings which are suitable for the drainage of liquids, for example water. In particular, the openings 25, 35 can be connected to recesses 9, 19 for draining away the liquids.

According to one embodiment, the ramp element or the holding element contains a porous material. A detail of a holding element 2 containing a porous material is shown in Fig. 5 shown. In particular, the openings or recesses can be formed by pores of the porous material. According to one exemplary embodiment, the pores have an average pore diameter in the range from 0.001 to 5 mm. In particular, the pores can have an average pore diameter of 0.01 to 5 mm. According to one embodiment, the pores can have an average pore diameter of 0.1 to 5 mm. According to one embodiment, the pores can have an average pore diameter of 0.1 to 2 mm.

According to the in Fig. 6a In the exemplary embodiment shown, the average pore diameter of the holding element 2 can be variable in relation to the length L of the ramp. For example, the holding element 2 can contain a first section 22 in which the average pore diameter is smaller than in a second section 23.

In Fig. 6a is shown that the average pore diameter drops abruptly from the second section 23 to the first section 22. In the second section 23 there can be recesses 9, not shown here, similar to those shown in the previous exemplary embodiments. The average pore diameter in the second section 23 can be essentially constant. The first section 22 can thus be designed to be essentially liquid-tight. If the first section 22 comes to rest against the edge of an excavation pit, it can be prevented that liquid gets into the excavation pit. The liquid is collected in the second section 23 and can flow out through the larger pores, openings or recesses.

According to the in Fig. 6b In the exemplary embodiment shown, the average pore diameter can be variable in relation to the length L of the ramp of both the holding element 2 and the ramp element 1. For example, the holding element 2 can contain a first section 22 in which the average pore diameter decreases continuously. The average pore diameter becomes smaller in the direction of the edge 33 of the holding element 2. In particular, it can be reduced by more than half with respect to the average pore diameter of the second section 23. In Fig. 6b is shown that the average pore diameter gradually decreases from the second section 23 to the edge 33. In the second section 23 there can be recesses 9, not shown here, similar to those shown in the previous exemplary embodiments. The average pore diameter in the second section 23 can be essentially constant. The first section 22 can thus be designed to be essentially liquid-tight. If the first section 22 comes to rest against the edge of an excavation pit, it can be prevented that liquid gets into the excavation pit. The liquid is collected in the second section 23 and can flow out through the larger pores, openings or recesses. Additionally or alternatively, the ramp element 1 can contain a second section 26 in which the average pore diameter decreases continuously or abruptly (not shown in the drawing). The average pore diameter becomes smaller in the direction of the edge 3 of the ramp element 1. In particular, the average pore diameter can be reduced by more than half with respect to the average pore diameter of the first section 24.

The average pore diameter in the first section 24 can be essentially constant.

The ramp 10, 20, 30, 40 in each case contains a first elastomer and a second elastomer.

The proportion of the first elastomer is 25% by weight to 35% by weight.

Furthermore, the proportion of the second elastomer is 10% to 25% by weight.

According to one exemplary embodiment, the ramp contains highly volatile substances, the proportion of highly volatile substances being a maximum of 7% by weight. According to one exemplary embodiment, the ramp contains fillers, the proportion of fillers being 33% by weight to 65% by weight.

According to one embodiment, the fillers contain carbon black and calcium carbonate.

According to one embodiment, the fillers contain carbon black and silicon dioxide.

According to one embodiment, the fillers contain carbon black and calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide and traces of zinc oxide, magnesium, iron or aluminum.

According to the invention, the first elastomer contains acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR).

According to the invention, the second elastomer contains styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR).

example 1

A ramp according to Example 1 contains 26% by weight of NBR and 12% by weight of SBR. The ramp contains 7% by weight of volatile substances such as water or plasticizers. The soot content is 24% by weight. The proportion of calcium carbonate is 20% by weight. The proportion of silicon dioxide is 5% by weight. The proportion of zinc oxide is 1 wt.%. The remaining 5% by weight includes aluminum-containing, magnesium-containing and iron-containing fillers.

The chemical composition of the elastomers was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). An ATR Golden Gate spectrometer with a wave number range of 4000 1/cm to 600 1/cm, a resolution of 4 1/cm and a number of 10 scans was used. The IR spectra of the samples were compared with reference spectra from the IR database. The highest agreement was found with the reference spectrum of acrylintrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The main filler of the ramp according to Example 1 was calcium carbonate. For a more precise determination of the elastomer content and the elastomer composition, a thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) was carried out. The measurement program for the ramp according to Example 1 included heating the sample to 550 ° C at 10 ° C / min, after which the temperature is kept isothermal for 40 min. The system then switches to oxygen flow and is heated to a temperature of 850°C at 10°C/min. This temperature was maintained for 15 min in isothermal operation.

Fig. 7 shows the measurement results of the TGA for the ramp according to Example 1. The separation of different temperature-dependent mass losses is shown with the first derivative 31 and the second derivative 32. At lower temperatures, volatile substances such as water or plasticizers evaporate. According to Example 1, the mass loss is 7% by weight. The tolerance range is ± 0.5% by weight. The elastomer decomposes at temperatures between 300°C and 500°C. The first and second derivatives 31, 32 show a double peak. There are therefore a first and a second elastomer, in Example 1 26% by weight of NBR and 12% by weight of SBR. At a temperature of 550°C, the system switches to oxygen flow. There is a further weight loss of 24% by weight, which is due to the oxidation of soot to CO ₂ . According to Example 1, the carbon black content is 24% by weight. At temperatures in the range from 630 °C to 680 °C there is a further decrease in weight, which corresponds to the thermal-oxidative decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide. This results in a calcium carbonate content of 4-5% for Example 1. An ignition residue of 24% by weight was further examined using semi-quantitative X-ray fluorescence (XCF) analysis. The fillers contained in the ignition residue include 16% by weight of calcium carbonate, 5% by weight of silicon dioxide, 1% by weight of zinc oxide and other fillers, especially magnesium-containing, iron-containing and aluminum-containing fillers.

Example 2

A ramp according to Example 2 contains 42% by weight of NBR and 17% by weight of SBR. The ramp contains 6% by weight of volatile substances such as water or plasticizers. The soot content is 29% by weight. The proportion of calcium carbonate is 0.5 to 1% by weight. The proportion of silicon dioxide is 2% by weight. The proportion of zinc oxide is 1% by weight. The remaining 2% - 3.5% by weight includes aluminum-containing, magnesium-containing and iron-containing fillers.

The chemical composition of the elastomers was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). An ATR Golden Gate spectrometer with a wave number range of 4000 1/cm to 600 1/cm, a resolution of 4 1/cm and a number of 10 scans was used. The IR spectra of the samples were compared with reference spectra from the IR database. The highest agreement was found with the reference spectrum of acrylintrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The main filler of the ramp according to Example 2 was silicon dioxide. For a more precise determination of the elastomer content and the elastomer composition, a thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) was carried out. The measurement program for the ramp according to Example 2 included heating the sample to 550 ° C at 10 ° C / min, after which the temperature is kept isothermal for 40 min. The system then switches to oxygen flow and is heated to a temperature of 850°C at 10°C/min. This temperature was maintained for 15 min in isothermal operation.

Fig. 8 shows the measurement results of the TGA for the ramp according to Example 2. The separation of different temperature-dependent mass losses is shown with the first derivative 31 and the second derivative 32. At lower temperatures, volatile substances such as water or plasticizers evaporate. According to Example 2, the mass decrease is 6% by weight. The Tolerance range is ± 0.5% by weight. The elastomer decomposes at temperatures between 300°C and 500°C. The first and second derivatives 31, 32 show a double peak. There are therefore a first and a second elastomer, namely 42% by weight of NBR and 17% by weight of SBR. At a temperature of 550°C, the system switches to oxygen flow. There is a further weight loss of 29% by weight, which is due to the oxidation of soot to CO ₂ . According to Example 2, the carbon black content is 29% by weight. At temperatures in the range from 630 °C to 680 °C there is a further decrease in weight, which corresponds to the thermal-oxidative decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide. This results in a calcium carbonate content of less than 0.1% for Example 2. An ignition residue of 6 wt% was further examined using semi-quantitative X-ray fluorescence (XCF) analysis. The fillers contained in the ignition residue include 0.5 to 1% by weight of calcium carbonate, 2% by weight of silicon dioxide, 1% by weight of zinc oxide and other, especially magnesium-containing, iron-containing and aluminum-containing fillers.

Example 3

A ramp according to Example 3 contains 34% by weight of NBR and 24% by weight of SBR. The ramp contains 6% by weight of volatile substances such as water or plasticizers. The soot content is 20% by weight. The proportion of calcium carbonate is 0.5 to 1% by weight. The proportion of silicon dioxide is 12% by weight. The proportion of zinc oxide is 1% by weight. The remaining 2% - 2.5% by weight includes aluminum-containing, magnesium-containing and iron-containing fillers.

The chemical composition of the elastomers was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). An ATR Golden Gate spectrometer with a wave number range of 4000 1/cm to 600 1/cm, a resolution of 4 1/cm and a number of 10 scans was used. The IR spectra of the samples were compared with reference spectra from the IR database. The highest agreement was found with the reference spectrum of acrylintrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The main filler of the ramp according to Example 3 was silicon dioxide. For a more precise determination of the elastomer content and the elastomer composition, a thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) was used. carried out. The measurement program for the ramp according to Example 3 included heating the sample to 550 ° C at 10 ° C / min, after which the temperature is kept isothermal for 40 min. The system then switches to oxygen flow and is heated to a temperature of 850°C at 10°C/min. This temperature was maintained for 15 min in isothermal operation.

Fig. 9 shows the measurement results of the TGA for the ramp according to Example 3. The separation of different temperature-dependent mass losses is shown with the first derivative 31 and the second derivative 32. At lower temperatures, volatile substances such as water or plasticizers evaporate. According to Example 3, the mass decrease is 6% by weight. The tolerance range is ± 0.5% by weight. The elastomer decomposes at temperatures between 300°C and 500°C. The first and second derivatives 31, 32 show a double peak. There are therefore a first and a second elastomer, namely 34% by weight of NBR and 24% by weight of SBR. At a temperature of 550°C, the system switches to oxygen flow. There is a further weight loss of 20% by weight, which is due to the oxidation of soot to CO ₂ . According to Example 3, the carbon black content is 20% by weight. At temperatures in the range from 630 °C to 680 °C there is a further decrease in weight, which corresponds to the thermal-oxidative decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide. This results in a calcium carbonate content of less than 1% by weight for Example 3. An ignition residue of 15 wt.% was further examined using semi-quantitative X-ray fluorescence (XCF) analysis. The fillers contained in the ignition residue include 0.5 to 1% by weight of calcium carbonate, 12% by weight of silicon dioxide, 1% by weight of zinc oxide and other, especially magnesium-containing, iron-containing and aluminum-containing fillers.

Example 4

A ramp according to Example 4 contains 30% by weight of NBR and 15% by weight of SBR. The ramp contains 6% by weight of volatile substances such as water or plasticizers. The soot content is 26% by weight. The proportion of calcium carbonate is 1% by weight. The remaining 22% by weight includes silicon dioxide, zinc oxide and aluminum-containing, magnesium-containing and iron-containing fillers.

The chemical composition of the elastomers was determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). An ATR Golden Gate spectrometer with a wave number range of 4000 1/cm to 600 1/cm, a resolution of 4 1/cm and a number of 10 scans was used. The IR spectra of the samples were compared with reference spectra from the IR database. The highest agreement was found with the reference spectrum of acrylintrile butadiene rubber (NBR). The main filler of the ramp according to Example 4 is calcium carbonate. For a more precise determination of the elastomer content and the elastomer composition, a thermal gravimetry analysis (TGA) was carried out. The measurement program for the ramp according to Example 4 included heating the sample to 550 ° C at 10 ° C / min, after which the temperature is kept isothermal for 40 min. The system then switches to oxygen flow and is heated to a temperature of 850°C at 10°C/min. This temperature was maintained for 15 min in isothermal operation.

Fig. 10 shows the measurement results of the TGA for the ramp according to Example 4. The separation of different temperature-dependent mass losses is shown with the first derivative 31 and the second derivative 32. At lower temperatures, volatile substances such as water or plasticizers evaporate. According to Example 4, the mass decrease is 6% by weight. The tolerance range is ± 0.5% by weight. The elastomer decomposes at temperatures between 300°C and 500°C. The first and second derivatives 31, 32 show a double peak. There is therefore a first and a second elastomer, in the present case 30% by weight of NBR and 15% by weight of SBR. At a temperature of 550°C, the system switches to oxygen flow. There is a further weight loss of 26% by weight, which is due to the oxidation of soot to CO ₂ . According to Example 4, the carbon black content is 26% by weight. At temperatures in the range from 630 °C to 680 °C there is a further decrease in weight, which corresponds to the thermal-oxidative decomposition of calcium carbonate to calcium oxide. This results in a calcium carbonate content of 1% for Example 4. The fillers contained in the ignition residue of 21% by weight include calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide, zinc oxide and other fillers, especially magnesium-containing, iron-containing and aluminum-containing fillers.

It is obvious to the person skilled in the art that many other variants are possible in addition to the exemplary embodiments described without deviating from the inventive concept. The subject matter of the invention is therefore not limited by the foregoing description and is determined by the scope of protection defined by the claims.

Claims (13)

1. Ramp (10, 30, 40) comprising a ramp element (1) and a retaining element (2), wherein the ramp element has an edge (3) which has a first height and has a shoulder (4) which has a second height, wherein the first height is smaller than the second height, wherein between the edge (3) and the shoulder (4) a supporting surface (5) extends which forms the lower side of the ramp element (1), and wherein between the edge (3) and the shoulder (4) a sloping surface (6) extends which forms the upper side of the ramp element (1), wherein the retaining element (2) has a top (7) and a bottom (8), wherein the retaining element (2) adjoins the shoulder (4), wherein the height between the top (7) of the retaining element (2) and the bottom (8) of the retaining element (2) is less than the height of the shoulder, characterized in that the ramp contains a first elastomer and a second elastomer, wherein the proportion of the first elastomer in the ramp is 25% to 35% by weight, the first elastomer comprising acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, the second elastomer comprising styrene-butadiene rubber, wherein the proportion of the first elastomer is greater than the proportion of the second elastomer.
2. The ramp of claim 1, wherein the proportion of the second elastomer in the ramp is from 10% to 25% by weight.
3. The ramp of one of the preceding claims, wherein the ramp contains highly volatile substances, wherein the proportion of highly volatile substances in the ramp is at most 7% by weight, wherein the highly volatile substances comprise water or plasticizers.
4. The ramp of one of the preceding claims, wherein the ramp contains fillers, wherein the proportion of the fillers in the ramp is from 33% to 65% by weight.
5. The ramp of claim 4, wherein the fillers comprise carbon black and calcium carbonate.
6. The ramp of claim 4, wherein the fillers comprise carbon black and silicon dioxide.
7. The ramp of one of claims 4 to 6, wherein the fillers comprise carbon black and calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide, zinc oxide, magnesium, iron or aluminum.
8. The ramp of one of the preceding claims, wherein the retaining element (2) or the ramp element (1) has openings (25, 35) suitable for the drainage of liquids.
9. The ramp of claim 8, wherein the openings (25, 35) are connected to recesses (9, 19) for draining liquids.
10. The ramp of one of the preceding claims, wherein the ramp element (1) or the retaining element (2) contains a porous material.
11. The ramp of claims 8 and 10, wherein the openings (25, 35) are formed by pores of the porous material.
12. The ramp of claim 11, wherein the pores have an average pore diameter in the range of 0.001 to 5 mm.
13. The ramp of one of the preceding claims, wherein the ramp element (1) together with the retaining element (2) is manufactured in one piece, i.e., is configured as a single component.

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