EP3655592B1 - Retaining wall comprising blocs and reinforcement - Google Patents

Retaining wall comprising blocs and reinforcement Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3655592B1
EP3655592B1 EP18742768.7A EP18742768A EP3655592B1 EP 3655592 B1 EP3655592 B1 EP 3655592B1 EP 18742768 A EP18742768 A EP 18742768A EP 3655592 B1 EP3655592 B1 EP 3655592B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
block
blocks
structure according
wall
level
Prior art date
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Application number
EP18742768.7A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3655592A1 (en
Inventor
Julien Lorentz
Jean-Philippe Jarrin
Lucas Meignan
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Geolithe Innov
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Geolithe Innov
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Publication of EP3655592A1 publication Critical patent/EP3655592A1/en
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F7/00—Devices affording protection against snow, sand drifts, side-wind effects, snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks; Anti-dazzle arrangements ; Sight-screens for roads, e.g. to mask accident site
    • E01F7/04—Devices affording protection against snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks, e.g. avalanche preventing structures, galleries
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F7/00—Devices affording protection against snow, sand drifts, side-wind effects, snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks; Anti-dazzle arrangements ; Sight-screens for roads, e.g. to mask accident site
    • E01F7/04—Devices affording protection against snowslides, avalanches or falling rocks, e.g. avalanche preventing structures, galleries
    • E01F7/045—Devices specially adapted for protecting against falling rocks, e.g. galleries, nets, rock traps
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D17/00—Excavations; Bordering of excavations; Making embankments
    • E02D17/20—Securing of slopes or inclines
    • E02D17/205—Securing of slopes or inclines with modular blocks, e.g. pre-fabricated
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/025—Retaining or protecting walls made up of similar modular elements stacked without mortar

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a structure, in particular a structure for supporting or protecting against falling rocks.
  • Structures are frequently used to stabilize land and protect people and property against possible damage caused by land movements or falling materials.
  • some are fixed to a slope such as a retaining wall or a net making it possible to stop falling masses such as rocks detached from a wall and offering good dissipation of kinetic energy.
  • These structures are fixed either by guy ropes or by bolts fixed in the slope.
  • Other structures are made up of a stack of blocks, materials or gabions and, by virtue of their mass, make it possible to hold back the ground or to stop the course of falling blocks.
  • the document EP 0 707 117 A describes a retaining wall of modular construction.
  • An aim of the invention is therefore to provide a structure which requires a small footprint, while being simple and quick to set up or to dismantle and while allowing good dissipation of the kinetic energy.
  • a structure in particular for supporting or protecting against falling materials, the structure comprising a metal frame and a plurality of blocks distributed in several levels superimposed in a vertical direction, each block having an upper face. and a lower face, each block having at least one upper cavity formed in the upper face and at least one lower cavity formed in the lower face, each upper cavity being connected to a lower cavity of the same block by a duct formed in the block, and the metal frame comprising a set of locking elements and a set of connecting elements, each locking element being accommodated jointly in the upper cavity of a block and in a corresponding lower cavity of a block of the level immediately above the block considered to prevent a relative horizontal translation of these two blocks, two blocking elements accommodated in upper and lower cavities of the same block, being fixed simultaneously to the same connecting element accommodated in the duct and exerting on the two locking elements considered a force tending to bring the locking elements closer to one another.
  • the blocks are effectively joined together to form a structure having great resistance, and requiring little footprint.
  • the structure 10 is, for example, a support structure.
  • the structure 10 rests against a wall or a slope of land or a cliff that the structure 10 is suitable for supporting.
  • the structure 10 is a protective structure against falling materials.
  • the structure 10 is installed at the foot of a slope and is configured to stop material falling, slipping, or tumbling down the slope, such as boulders.
  • the structure 10 is a support structure and protection against falling materials.
  • the structure 10 comprises a plurality of blocks 15 and a metal frame 20.
  • a first direction X, a second direction Y and a vertical direction Z are defined for the structure 10.
  • the first direction X is perpendicular to the second direction Y and to the vertical direction Z.
  • the second direction Y is, moreover, perpendicular. to the vertical direction Z.
  • the first direction X and the second direction Y define a horizontal plane.
  • the blocks 15 are distributed into several superimposed levels in the vertical direction Z.
  • the plurality of levels comprises a first level N1 and at least a second level N2.
  • two levels N1, N2 are shown.
  • the work 10 is likely to have a number of levels greater than two, as required.
  • the first level N1 is the lowest level.
  • the first level N1 is the lowest level of the structure 10 and rests on the ground 17.
  • the second level N2 is immediately higher than the first level N1. It is understood by “immediately higher” that at least one element of the second level N2 is supported by at least one element of the first level N1.
  • the first level N1 is then called “lower level” than the second level N2.
  • the work 10 can be formed by blocks 15 positioned staggered. It is understood by “staggered” that a shift, measured in the second direction Y, between the blocks of two successive levels N1, N2 is strictly greater than zero. For example, the offset is equal to half of the first length L1. Thus, each block 15 belonging to a level N2 different from the first level N1 is supported by two blocks 15 of the immediately lower level N1.
  • each level N1, N2 are aligned with each other in the second direction Y.
  • the structure 10 is a wall having a single thickness of blocks in the third direction X.
  • the structure 10 is a wall having two thicknesses of blocks in the first direction X, or more.
  • the structure 10 can also be considered as the meeting of juxtaposed walls in the first direction X.
  • FIG. 15 An example of block 15 is shown in detail on the figure 2 .
  • Each block 15 is substantially parallelepipedal.
  • each block 15 has side faces 25, a lower face 30 and an upper face 35.
  • At least one duct 37 is provided in each block 15. On the figure 1 , two conduits 37 are formed in each block 15.
  • an anchor hole 38 visible on the figure 2 , is provided in each block 15.
  • Each block 15 has a first length L1, measured in the second direction Y, between 0.3 meter (m) and 4 m.
  • Each block 15 has a first width I1, measured in the first direction X, between 10 centimeters (cm) and 2.5 m.
  • Each block 15 has a first height H1, measured in the vertical direction Z, between 0.2 m and 2.5 m.
  • Each block 15 is made of concrete.
  • concrete is lightweight concrete, that is to say concrete comprising inclusions of a material that is lighter than concrete.
  • the inclusions are for example balls or aggregates of a material lighter than concrete.
  • Concrete is, for example, reinforced concrete.
  • the block 15 is made of a mixture of concrete and a polymer such as polystyrene.
  • the block 15 comprises a metal box filled with a ballast material.
  • a ballast material is a material used to increase the mass of block 15 relative to the mass of the empty cabinet.
  • the ballast material is, for example, a polymer material.
  • the polymeric material is a polymeric foam such as polyurethane foam.
  • the box then comprises a filling member and a vent allowing the injection of the ballast material into the box.
  • the ballast material is water.
  • the box further comprises a drainage device suitable for allowing the water to be evacuated from the box.
  • the ballast material is sand.
  • some blocks 15 include a box containing no ballast material.
  • non-metallic materials are also likely to be used for the cabinet, for example a plastic material.
  • the side faces 25 delimit the block 15 in a horizontal plane.
  • the side faces 25 are, for example, each perpendicular to the second direction Y or to the first direction X.
  • the side faces 25 each have two chamfers 40 and a central part 45 perpendicular to one of the first direction X and of the second direction Y.
  • the central part 45 is perpendicular to the first direction X
  • the two chamfers 40 delimit the central part in the second direction Y and have a slight angle with the first direction X.
  • the two chamfers 40 define the central part in the second direction Y and have a slight angle with the first direction X.
  • Each side face 25 is vertical.
  • the upper face 35 and the lower face 30 of each block 15 are parallel to one another.
  • the upper face 35 and the lower face 30 of each block 15 are both horizontal when the block 15 is integrated into the structure 10 resting on a horizontal floor 17.
  • the upper face 35 and the lower face 30 of each block 15 delimit the block 15 in the vertical direction Z.
  • the lower face 30 presents a set of feet comprising several feet 50.
  • Each foot 50 is a protuberance provided on the lower face 30, so that, when the lower face 30 of a block 15 of the second level N2 rests on the upper face of a block 15 of the first level N1, the feet 50 bear against the upper face 30 of the block 15 of the first level but the portions of the lower face 30 other than the feet are not supported.
  • Each foot 50 has a thickness measured in the vertical direction Z.
  • the thickness is for example between 5 millimeters (mm) and 100mm.
  • the feet 50 of the lower face 30 are distributed over the latter so as to allow the passage of the metal elements of the metal frame 20, in particular the connecting elements which will be described below.
  • the feet 50 also have a geometry allowing the passage of such metal elements.
  • the lower face 30 may include four of the feet 50 arranged at the four corners of the lower face 30.
  • the lower face 30 comprises six feet 50, including four feet 50 arranged at the four corners of the lower face 30, the other two feet 50 each being interposed, in the second direction Y, between two of the feet 50 arranged at the corners.
  • the lower face 30 does not have any feet.
  • At least one lower cavity 55 is formed in the lower face 30 of each block 15.
  • two lower cavities 55 are formed in the lower face 30 of each block 15.
  • Each lower cavity 55 is, for example, equidistant in the first direction X from the two lateral faces 25 which delimit the block 15 in this direction.
  • An axis is defined for each lower cavity 55.
  • the axes of the two lower cavities 55 are distant from each other, in the second direction Y, by a distance greater than or equal to half of the first length of the blocks L1. , between 0.1 m and 2.5 m.
  • Each lower cavity 55 extends in the vertical direction Z.
  • Each lower cavity 55 is delimited in the vertical direction Z by an end wall 60 and in a horizontal plane by one or more peripheral walls 65. Each lower cavity 55 also opens onto the lower face 30 to form a lower opening 67.
  • Each lower cavity 55 has, in a horizontal plane, a polygonal section.
  • the section of the lower cavity 55 is square.
  • this section is hexagonal.
  • the lower cavity 55 is in the form of a truncated pyramid.
  • the end wall 60 and the lower opening 67 are square and a straight line connecting the center of the end wall 60 to the center of the lower opening 67 is parallel to the vertical direction Z.
  • the lower opening 67 has a side length greater than strictly the side length of the end wall 60.
  • a chamfer is formed in the peripheral walls 65 near the lower opening 67.
  • the lower cavity 55 is therefore more flared near the lower opening 67 than near the end wall 60.
  • each lower cavity 55 is prism-shaped.
  • a prism is a geometric solid delimited by two polygons, called the bases of the prism, images of each other by a translation. These bases are linked together by parallelograms.
  • each lower cavity 55 are images of one another by translation in the vertical direction.
  • each lower cavity 55 are square, therefore the lower cavity 55 is parallelepiped.
  • the bases of the lower cavity 55 can be envisaged for example hexagonal.
  • the lower cavity 55 is cylindrical with a circular base.
  • Each lower cavity 55 has a depth, measured in the vertical direction Z, of between 5 cm and 100 cm.
  • Each lower cavity 55 has a minimum lateral dimension.
  • the minimum lateral dimension is the diameter of the largest circle inscribed in the end wall 60 of the lower cavity 55.
  • the minimum lateral dimension is the length of one side of the end wall 60. .
  • each lower cavity 55 is between 20 mm and 500 mm.
  • At least one upper cavity 70 is provided in each upper face 35.
  • two upper cavities 70 are formed in the upper face 35 of each block 15.
  • Each upper cavity 70 is, for example, equidistant in the first direction X from the two lateral faces 25 which delimit the block 15 in this direction.
  • Each upper cavity 70 of a level N1, N2 which is not the highest level of the structure 10 is opposite a lower cavity 55 of a block 15 of the immediately higher level.
  • each lower cavity 55 of a level N1, N2 which is not the lowest level of the structure 10 is opposite an upper cavity 70 of a block 15 of the immediately lower level.
  • Each upper cavity 70 extends in the vertical direction Z.
  • each upper cavity 70 is shaped like a truncated cone.
  • each upper cavity 70 is cylindrical with a circular base.
  • the upper cavity 70 for example a prism or a truncated pyramid extending in the vertical direction Z.
  • An axis is defined for each upper cavity 70.
  • the axes of the two cavities 70 are distant from each other, in the second direction Y, by a distance greater than or equal to half of the first length of the blocks L1, between 0.1 m and 2.5 m.
  • Each upper cavity 70 is delimited in the vertical direction by an end wall 60 and in a horizontal plane by one or more peripheral walls 65. Each upper cavity 70 opens onto the upper face 35 to form an upper opening 72.
  • Each upper cavity 70 has a depth, measured in the vertical direction Z, of between 30 mm and 1000 mm.
  • Each upper cavity 70 has a minimum lateral dimension.
  • the minimum lateral dimension is the diameter of the largest circle inscribed in the end wall 60 of the upper cavity 70.
  • the minimum lateral dimension is the diameter of the upper cavity 70.
  • each upper cavity 70 is between 20 mm and 500 mm.
  • the upper cavity 70 can flare from the end wall 60 towards the upper opening 72.
  • the upper opening 72 can have a diameter strictly greater than the minimum lateral dimension of the upper cavity 70.
  • Each duct 37 connects an upper cavity 70 and a lower cavity 55.
  • each duct 37 opens onto the end wall 60 of the upper cavity 70 and of the corresponding lower cavity 55.
  • each duct 37 opens out at the center of the end walls 60.
  • each duct 37 connects two by two an upper cavity 70 to a lower cavity 55.
  • each duct 37 connects a single upper cavity 70 among the two upper cavities 70 to a single lower cavity 55 among the two. lower cavities 55.
  • Each duct 37 is cylindrical with a circular base.
  • the duct 37 has a diameter of between 20 mm and 240 mm.
  • Each duct 37 extends in the vertical direction.
  • the upper 70 and lower 55 cavities connected by the same duct 37 are aligned in the vertical direction Z.
  • the upper cavity 70, the lower cavity 55 and the duct 37 are coaxial.
  • An anchoring hole 38 passes through the block 15 from one of the side faces 25 to another side face 25, the two side faces 25 considered delimiting the block 15 in the first direction X.
  • Each anchoring hole 38 is, for example, cylindrical with a circular base and has a diameter of between 2 cm and 40 cm.
  • Each anchor hole 38 is configured to allow the passage of a drilling tool and / or an anchor bolt.
  • at least one block 15 is anchored to the ground by an anchor bolt accommodated in an anchor hole 38.
  • the anchor hole 38 opens onto the two corresponding side faces 25 through two openings, the more the bottom of the two openings being provided to face a slope of the land or a cliff.
  • each block 15 is also crossed, in the first direction X, by a fixing duct allowing the connection of two blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2 belonging to two juxtaposed walls in the first direction X.
  • the metal frame 20 is configured to fix the blocks 15 together.
  • the metal frame 20 is, for example, made of raw, galvanized or stainless steel.
  • the metal frame 20 comprises a set of locking elements 75, a set of link elements 80, a set of retaining elements 85 and a set of anchoring elements 90.
  • Each blocking element 75 is received jointly in an upper cavity 70 of a block 15 and in the corresponding lower cavity 55 of a block 15 of the level immediately above the block 15 considered.
  • the locking element 75 has an upper end received in the lower cavity 55 and a lower end received in the upper cavity 70, the two ends being integral with one another.
  • Each blocking element 75 is configured to prevent horizontal translation between the two blocks 15 in which the blocking element 75 is received.
  • each locking element 75 is configured to bear against the peripheral walls 65 which delimit in a horizontal plane the cavities 55, 70 in which the locking element 75 is received when a force tending to generate a horizontal translation between the two corresponding blocks 15 is applied to these blocks 15.
  • each blocking element 75 is spaced from the peripheral walls 65 so as to define between the blocking element 75 and the peripheral walls 65 a horizontal mechanical clearance of between 0 mm and 50 mm.
  • each blocking element 75 is configured to prevent vertical translation between the two blocks 15 in which the blocking element 75 is received.
  • Each locking element 75 is at least partly linked jointly to two linking elements 80.
  • each locking element 75 is at least partly linked jointly to a linking element 80 accommodated in the duct 37 opening into the upper cavity. 70 corresponding and to a connecting element 80 received in the duct 37 opening into the lower cavity 55 corresponding.
  • Each locking element 75 comprises a fastener 95, a plate 100 and a tube 105.
  • the fastener 95 is configured to be fixed together with the two connecting elements 80 to which the locking element 75 is fixed.
  • the fastener 95 is a sleeve.
  • a sleeve is a hollow tube.
  • the fixing member 95 extends in the vertical direction Z.
  • the fixing member 95 is threaded.
  • the fixing member 95 is threaded on its inner surface to allow fixing, in the fixing member 95, one end of each connecting element 80.
  • fixing members 95 can be envisaged.
  • the fastener 95 may be threaded rather than threaded, or else be threaded on its outer surface.
  • the connecting elements 80 are fixed to the fixing member by clamping or else by keying are also possible.
  • the fixing member 95 comprises two threaded sleeves connected by one or two ball joints.
  • the plate 100 is interposed between the fixing member 95 and the end wall 60 of the upper cavity 70 in which the locking element 75 is received.
  • the plate 100 is configured to be pressed by the fixing member 95 against the end wall 60 when a downwardly directed force is exerted by the connecting element 80 received in the duct of the block 15 in which the upper cavity 70 is provided on the fixing member 95.
  • the plate 100 is crossed by the connecting element 80 accommodated in the duct of the block 15 in which the upper cavity 70 is formed. More precisely, the plate 100 has a cylindrical opening, the diameter of which is insufficient to allow the passage of the fixing member 95.
  • the plate 100 is, for example, in the form of a disc.
  • the opening made in the plate 100 is then concentric with the plate 100.
  • the plate 100 is hexagonal, or even square.
  • the plate 100 is configured to distribute over the end wall 60 of the corresponding upper cavity 70 the force exerted on the fixing element 95 by the connecting element 80.
  • the plate 100 has a surface that is strictly greater than the surface. of section of the fixing element 95.
  • the plate 100 has a diameter strictly greater than the outside diameter of the fixing member 95 when the latter is a sleeve.
  • the plate 100 has, for example, a surface area of between 3 and 2000 cm 2 .
  • the plate 100 When the plate 100 is circular, it has for example a diameter of between 20 and 500 mm.
  • the tube 105 surrounds the fastener 95 in a horizontal plane.
  • tube 105 is a cylindrical hollow tube.
  • the tube 105 has two portions of different shapes made integral, each portion being accommodated in a respective cavity 55, 70 and having an outer shape complementary to the cavity 55, 70 in which it is accommodated.
  • the fastener 95 When the fastener 95 is a sleeve, the fastener 95 and the tube 105 are coaxial.
  • Tube 105 is configured to prevent horizontal translation between the two blocks 15 in which tube 105 is accommodated.
  • the tube 105 bears against one or more peripheral walls 65 of the cavities 55, 70 in which the tube 105 is received.
  • the mechanical clearance between the peripheral walls 65 and the locking assembly 75 is measured between the peripheral walls 65 and the tube 105.
  • the tube 105 has a length of between 200 mm and 2200 mm.
  • the tube 105 has an outside diameter of between 20 mm and 500 mm.
  • the tube 105 has an internal diameter of between 5 mm and 450 mm.
  • the inside diameter of the tube 105 is strictly greater than the outside diameter of the plate 100, which is therefore accommodated in the tube 105.
  • the tube 105 is not necessarily linked to the fixing element 95 and / or to the plate 100.
  • the tube 105 is not linked to the fixing element 95 and to the plate 100. Only the fixing element 95 of the locking element 75 is fixed to the linking elements. 80. The fixing element 95 is placed on the plate 100. The tube 105 surrounds the fixing element 95 and the plate 100 with a radial clearance allowing a radial movement of the tube 105 relative to the fixing element 95 and at plate 100.
  • the tube 105 is rigidly fixed to the fixing element 95 and / or to the plate 100.
  • the locking element 75 is for example made up of several separate parts, here the fixing element 95, the plate 100 and the tube 105.
  • the blocking element 75 consists of a single piece configured to prevent horizontal translation between the two blocks 15 in which the element 75 is accommodated, configured to be fixed jointly with the two connecting elements 80 to which the blocking element 75 is fixed, and configured to be pressed against the end wall 60 when a downwardly directed force is exerted by the connecting element 80 received in the duct of the block 15 in which the upper cavity 70 is formed on the locking element 75.
  • a part may consist of a tube, plates and nuts or welded sleeves.
  • such a part is further configured to prevent vertical translation between the two blocks 15 in which the locking element 75 is received.
  • Each connecting element 80 is accommodated in a duct 37 of a block 15.
  • Each connecting element 80 is fixed jointly with the locking elements 75 accommodated in the lower 55 and upper 70 cavities into which the duct 37 opens.
  • Each connecting element 80 is configured to exert on the locking elements 75 to which it is attached a force tending to bring these two locking elements 75 closer to one another. In particular, this force tends so that the fixing element 95 of the blocking element 75 received in the upper cavity 70 presses against the end wall 60 corresponding to the plate 100 of the blocking element 75 in question.
  • Each connecting element 80 is, for example, a metal bar.
  • the bar has a diameter of between 6 mm and 75 mm.
  • the two ends of the bar are then screwed into the fixing element 95.
  • the force bringing the two locking elements 75 together is then generated by the screwing of the fixing elements 95 at both ends of the bar. .
  • the connecting element is a flexible link such as a metal cable.
  • Each holding element 85 is interposed between two levels N1, N2 of blocks 15.
  • Each holding element 85 connects two locking elements 75 inserted in two blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2.
  • the two blocking elements 75 closest to one another among the blocking elements 75 accommodated in two consecutive blocks 15 of the same level are also connected to each other by the same element. hold 85.
  • each locking element blocking 75 is connected to the two blocking elements 75 closest to the same level N1, N2.
  • Each retaining element 85 is able to eliminate at least one degree of freedom between the two locking elements 75 which it connects.
  • the retaining element 85 is suitable for preventing translation in the second direction Y between the two locking elements 75 considered.
  • each retaining element 85 is a horizontal plate, for example rectangular.
  • the plate is pierced with two holes in each of which is accommodated a locking element 75.
  • each hole is cylindrical with a circular base and has a diameter greater than or equal to the external diameter of the tube 105.
  • Each hole is coaxial with the tube. 105 he welcomes.
  • retaining elements 85 can be envisaged, for example bars fixed to the corresponding locking elements 75, or even cables.
  • the retaining element 85 comprises a cable provided at its two ends with rings suitable for being fixed to the corresponding locking elements 75.
  • each locking element 75 is received together in a hole of each of these two retaining elements 85.
  • the retaining elements 85 in which these holes are formed overlap each other in the vertical direction Z so that their holes are aligned for the passage of the locking element 75, here more particularly for the passage of the tube 105.
  • a second width I2, in the first direction X, of each retaining element 85 is between 50 mm and 800 mm.
  • the second width I2 is strictly less than the distance between the feet 50 in the first direction X.
  • Each retaining element 85 has a second length L2, measured in the second direction Y and between 0.2 m and 4 m.
  • Each retaining element 85 has a thickness measured in the vertical direction Z. This thickness is strictly less than the thickness of the feet 50, for example less than half the thickness of the feet 50.
  • each retaining element 85 is interposed, in the first direction X, between the feet 50.
  • At least one retaining element 85 is integrated into a corresponding block 15.
  • a retaining element 85 is cast in the block 15. This element can then consist of a plate or a welded mesh.
  • the two ends of the holding element 85 surround the two fixing elements 75 received in the block 15.
  • At least one retaining element 85 is partially integrated into a corresponding block 15.
  • one end of the retainer 85 is cast in the block 15.
  • This element can then consist of a plate.
  • one end of the retainer 85 surrounds the fastener 75 received in the block 15 in which the end is integrated and the other end, which protrudes out of the block 15, surrounds the other corresponding fixing element 75.
  • Each retaining element 85 is capable of being integrated into the block 15 near the upper face 35 or the lower face 30.
  • each block 15 comprises a retaining element 85 integrated into the block 15 near the. upper face 35 and a retaining element 85 integrated in the block 15 near the lower face 30.
  • the anchoring elements 90 are interposed between the lowest level N1 of blocks 15 and the ground 17. Each anchoring element 90 is configured to be anchored in the ground 17 and to be fixed at the end opening into a cavity. lower 55 of a connecting element 80 of a block 15 of the lowest level N1. Thus, each anchoring element 90 is configured to anchor the metal frame 20 to the ground.
  • each anchoring element 90 comprises an anchor 110 and a head 120 attached to the anchor 110.
  • the anchor 110 is anchored in the ground 17.
  • the head 120 is accommodated in a lower cavity 55 of a block 15 of the first level N1.
  • the head 120 has, for example, an external shape complementary to the cavity 55 to prevent rotation of the block 15 relative to the anchor 110 in a horizontal plane.
  • the head 120 is fixed to the end of the connecting element 80 which opens into the cavity 55 in question.
  • This anchoring mode uses the connecting elements 80 crossing the blocks 15 of the lowest level N1 via the conduits 37.
  • At least one block 15, in particular a block 15 of the first level N1 comprises at least one anchoring hole 125 passing through the corresponding block 15 from the upper face 35 to the lower face 30.
  • Each anchoring hole 125 s 'extends in the vertical direction Z.
  • Each anchoring hole 125 is separate from the or each duct 37 of the block 15.
  • Each anchoring hole 125 is for example cylindrical, in particular with a circular base.
  • Each anchor hole 125 is configured for anchoring the block 15 to the ground, for example using an anchor bolt or an anchor cable passing through the anchor hole 125.
  • Each anchor hole 125 is configured to allow the passage, through the anchor hole 125, of a drilling tool from the upper face 35 to the lower face 30.
  • the drilling tool is, for example , a forest.
  • each block of the first type 15 of the first level N1 is fixed to the ground by an anchor bolt accommodated through the anchor hole 125.
  • the blocks 15 are effectively linked to each other to form a strong structure 10 and simple to manufacture.
  • the metal frame 20 allows good dissipation of the kinetic energy of any masses coming into abutment against the structure 10.
  • the structure 10 has a small footprint on the ground.
  • the locking elements 75 allow good resistance to the shear forces between the blocks 15 of different levels N1, N2.
  • the connecting elements 80 ensure good interlocking of the blocks 15 of the different levels N1, N2. In particular, since they exert a force bringing the two locking elements 75 to which they are linked closer to one another, the structure 10 is prestressed, which reinforces its resistance.
  • the blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2 are integral with one another, which gives a good capacity for lateral diffusion of the stresses between the different blocks 15 and therefore for dissipation of kinetic energy at the end. book 10.
  • structure 10 has been described in the role of supporting structure or protection against falling materials. However, it should be noted that the book 10 is also suitable for other roles.
  • structure 10 is a perimeter wall of a property.
  • the structure 10 has been described in an example in which the blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2 are aligned in the second direction Y and the structure 10 therefore forms a rectilinear wall.
  • the structure 10 is also likely, as required, to form a curved wall in which the blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2 do not are not aligned.
  • the small width of the retaining elements 85 relative to the distance between the feet 50 in the X direction, associated with the presence of the chamfers 40 allows an offset between the blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2.
  • the structure 10 is likely to have a structure other than a staggered structure.
  • the blocks 15 are aligned in the vertical direction Z to form a set of columns.
  • the blocks 15 of the same column are aligned with each other in the vertical direction Z.
  • the columns are for example aligned with each other, each block of a column being located at the level of a block of each other adjacent column, or, alternatively the columns are not aligned with each other, each block of a column being offset horizontally with respect to each adjacent block of an adjacent column.
  • the columns are interconnected by retaining elements 85.
  • the geometry of the retaining elements is adapted as appropriate.
  • the dimensions or the shapes of the blocks 15 are liable to vary, as can the number of cavities 55, 70.
  • the structure comprises two types of blocks 15, one of the two types of which has a length, first length L1, equal to half the length L1 of the blocks 15 of the other type.
  • the smaller blocks 15 each comprise a single upper cavity 70 and a single lower cavity 70 connected by a single duct 37.
  • the vertical direction Z is the vertical of the place where the work 10 is placed. It should be noted that the vertical direction Z is likely to differ from the vertical of the place. In all cases, the term "horizontal" is taken to mean a direction or a plane perpendicular to the vertical direction Z.
  • a structure comprises a first wall and a second wall, the blocks 15 of each level N1, N2 of the first wall being aligned in the second direction Y, the blocks 15 of each level N1, N2 of the second wall being aligned in the third direction X, at least one block 15 of the first wall being secured to a block 15 of the second wall.
  • a structure is formed by the joining of at least two walls parallel to one another, each wall being perpendicular to the third direction X and having a thickness of a single block 15 according to the third direction X, at least one block 15 of one wall being secured to a block (15) of the other wall.
  • the joining of two blocks 15 each belonging to a respective wall is carried out for example by the retaining elements 85 or by means of tie rods inserted in anchoring holes 38 of these blocks 15.
  • guying is carried out for example around at least one element of the metal frame emerging from an upper cavity 70 of a block 15 of the highest level.
  • the element of the metal frame is for example a locking element 75, in particular a connecting element 95 or a tube 105.
  • the guying can be carried out around another metal element of the frame 20.
  • Each stay is then fixed simultaneously at one of its ends to the structure 10 and at the other of its ends to the ground, to an anchoring element, or even to another structure to stabilize the structure 10.
  • the structure can be curved, for example, when the blocks 15 of the same level are not aligned with each other.

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Description

La présente invention concerne un ouvrage, notamment un ouvrage de soutènement ou de protection contre les chutes de pierres.The present invention relates to a structure, in particular a structure for supporting or protecting against falling rocks.

Des ouvrages sont fréquemment utilisés pour stabiliser des terrains et protéger les personnes et les biens contre d'éventuels dommages liés à des mouvements du terrain ou à des chutes de matériaux. Parmi ces ouvrages, certains sont fixés à une pente tels qu'un mur de soutènement ou un filet permettant d'arrêter des masses dévalantes tels que des rochers détachés d'une paroi et offrant une bonne dissipation de l'énergie cinétique. Ces ouvrages sont fixés soit par des haubans soit par des boulons fixés dans la pente. D'autres ouvrages sont constitués d'un empilement de blocs, de matériaux ou de gabions et permettent par leur masse de retenir le terrain ou d'arrêter la course de blocs dévalants.Structures are frequently used to stabilize land and protect people and property against possible damage caused by land movements or falling materials. Among these structures, some are fixed to a slope such as a retaining wall or a net making it possible to stop falling masses such as rocks detached from a wall and offering good dissipation of kinetic energy. These structures are fixed either by guy ropes or by bolts fixed in the slope. Other structures are made up of a stack of blocks, materials or gabions and, by virtue of their mass, make it possible to hold back the ground or to stop the course of falling blocks.

Le document EP 0 707 117 A , par exemple, décrit un mur de soutènement de construction modulaire.The document EP 0 707 117 A , for example, describes a retaining wall of modular construction.

Cependant, ces ouvrages ne sont pas optimisés. En effet, les opérations d'ancrage, via des boulons ou des haubans, sont longues et complexes puisqu'elles nécessitent de forer dans la pente des trous qui seront remplis de ciment pour permettre la fixation des boulons ou des haubans. Au cours de ces opérations, les opérateurs travaillant à la mise en place de l'ouvrage ne sont pas protégés. En outre, les ouvrages-poids formés par l'empilement de blocs ou de matériaux nécessitent une grande emprise au sol, qui n'est pas toujours disponible, et permettent une faible dissipation de l'énergie cinétique des blocs dévalants. En outre, ces structures sont longues à réaliser.However, these works are not optimized. Indeed, the anchoring operations, via bolts or shrouds, are long and complex since they require drilling in the slope of holes which will be filled with cement to allow the fixing of the bolts or shrouds. During these operations, the operators working on the installation of the structure are not protected. In addition, the gravity structures formed by the stacking of blocks or materials require a large footprint, which is not always available, and allow low dissipation of the kinetic energy of the falling blocks. In addition, these structures take a long time to produce.

Un but de l'invention est donc de proposer un ouvrage qui nécessite une emprise au sol faible, tout en étant simple et rapide à mettre en place ou à démonter et en permettant une bonne dissipation de l'énergie cinétique.An aim of the invention is therefore to provide a structure which requires a small footprint, while being simple and quick to set up or to dismantle and while allowing good dissipation of the kinetic energy.

A cet effet, il est proposé un ouvrage, notamment de soutènement ou de protection contre les chutes de matériaux, l'ouvrage comprenant une armature métallique et une pluralité de blocs répartis en plusieurs niveaux superposés selon une direction verticale, chaque bloc présentant une face supérieure et une face inférieure, chaque bloc présentant au moins une cavité supérieure ménagée dans la face supérieure et au moins une cavité inférieure ménagée dans la face inférieure, chaque cavité supérieure étant reliée à une cavité inférieure d'un même bloc par un conduit ménagé dans le bloc, et l'armature métallique comportant un ensemble d'éléments de blocage et un ensemble d'éléments de liaison, chaque élément de blocage étant accueilli conjointement dans la cavité supérieure d'un bloc et dans une cavité inférieure correspondante d'un bloc du niveau immédiatement supérieur au bloc considéré pour empêcher une translation horizontale relative de ces deux blocs, deux éléments de blocage accueillis dans des cavités supérieure et inférieure d'un même bloc, étant fixés simultanément à un même élément de liaison accueilli dans le conduit et exerçant sur les deux éléments de blocage considérés une force tendant à rapprocher les éléments de blocage l'un de l'autre.To this end, a structure is proposed, in particular for supporting or protecting against falling materials, the structure comprising a metal frame and a plurality of blocks distributed in several levels superimposed in a vertical direction, each block having an upper face. and a lower face, each block having at least one upper cavity formed in the upper face and at least one lower cavity formed in the lower face, each upper cavity being connected to a lower cavity of the same block by a duct formed in the block, and the metal frame comprising a set of locking elements and a set of connecting elements, each locking element being accommodated jointly in the upper cavity of a block and in a corresponding lower cavity of a block of the level immediately above the block considered to prevent a relative horizontal translation of these two blocks, two blocking elements accommodated in upper and lower cavities of the same block, being fixed simultaneously to the same connecting element accommodated in the duct and exerting on the two locking elements considered a force tending to bring the locking elements closer to one another.

Grâce à l'invention, les blocs sont efficacement solidarisés pour former un ouvrage présentant une grande résistance, et nécessitant peu d'emprise au sol.Thanks to the invention, the blocks are effectively joined together to form a structure having great resistance, and requiring little footprint.

Selon d'autres aspects avantageux mais non obligatoires de l'invention, l'ouvrage comporte une ou plusieurs des caractéristiques suivantes, prise(s) isolément ou suivant toutes les combinaisons techniquement possibles :

  • Chaque élément de liaison est une barre métallique ou un câble.
  • Chaque élément de blocage comprend un organe de fixation fixé conjointement à un élément de liaison de chacun des deux blocs dans les cavités desquels l'élément de blocage est reçu.
  • L'organe de fixation est un manchon fileté dans lequel est vissée une extrémité de chacun des deux éléments de liaison auquel le manchon est fixé.
  • Chaque élément de blocage comprend un tube entourant l'organe de fixation dans un plan horizontal, le tube venant en appui contre des parois périphériques des cavités supérieure et inférieure dans lesquelles le tube est reçu pour empêcher une translation relative des deux blocs dans lesquels le tube est accueilli dans un plan horizontal.
  • Chaque cavité est délimitée selon la direction verticale par une paroi terminale ménagée dans le bloc correspondant, chaque élément de blocage comprenant, en outre, une plaque interposée entre l'organe de fixation et la paroi terminale de la cavité supérieure correspondante.
  • L'armature métallique comprend, en outre, des éléments de maintien reliant deux éléments de blocage insérés dans un même bloc ou dans deux blocs contigus d'un même niveau et propres à supprimer au moins un degré de liberté entre les deux éléments de blocage considérés.
  • Chaque élément de maintien est une plaque horizontale et interposée entre deux niveaux de blocs, la plaque étant percée de deux trous accueillant chacun l'un des deux éléments de blocage reliés par la plaque.
  • Chaque élément de maintien comprend un câble.
  • Au moins un élément de maintien est au moins partiellement intégré dans un bloc.
  • Chaque bloc comprend au moins deux cavités supérieures et deux cavités inférieures reliées deux à deux par des conduits correspondants.
  • Les blocs de chaque niveau sont alignés selon une deuxième direction perpendiculaire à la direction verticale, les blocs formant une structure en quinconce dans laquelle, de préférence, un décalage, mesuré selon la deuxième direction, entre les blocs de deux niveaux successifs est égal à la moitié d'une longueur des blocs prise selon la deuxième direction.
  • Les blocs forment un ensemble de colonnes, les blocs d'une même colonne étant alignés les uns avec les autres selon la direction verticale.
  • Les blocs d'un même niveau ne sont pas alignés les uns avec les autres.
  • L'ouvrage comprend un premier mur et un deuxième mur, les blocs de chaque niveau du premier mur étant alignés selon une deuxième direction perpendiculaire à la direction verticale, les blocs de chaque niveau du deuxième mur étant alignés selon une troisième direction perpendiculaire à la direction verticale et à la deuxième direction, au moins un bloc du premier mur étant solidarisé à un bloc du deuxième mur.
  • L'ouvrage est formé par la réunion d'au moins deux murs parallèles l'un à l'autre, chaque mur étant perpendiculaire à une troisième direction perpendiculaire à la direction verticale et présentant une épaisseur d'un seul bloc selon la troisième direction, au moins un bloc d'un mur étant solidarisé à un bloc de l'autre mur.
  • Au moins un bloc du premier niveau présente un trou d'ancrage traversant le bloc depuis la face supérieure jusqu'à la face inférieure selon la direction verticale, ce bloc étant configuré pour être fixé au sol par un boulon reçu dans le trou d'ancrage.
  • Chaque bloc comprend un coffret, notamment métallique ou plastique, rempli d'un matériau de lest.
  • Au moins un bloc présente, en outre, un trou d'ancrage traversant le bloc depuis une face latérale du bloc jusqu'à une face latérale opposée du bloc.
  • L'ouvrage est haubané autour d'une pièce de l'armature métallique.
According to other advantageous but non-mandatory aspects of the invention, the work comprises one or more of the following characteristics, taken in isolation or in any technically possible combination:
  • Each connecting element is a metal bar or a cable.
  • Each locking element comprises a fixing member fixed jointly with a connecting element of each of the two blocks in the cavities of which the locking element is received.
  • The fixing member is a threaded sleeve into which is screwed one end of each of the two connecting elements to which the sleeve is fixed.
  • Each locking element comprises a tube surrounding the fixing member in a horizontal plane, the tube bearing against peripheral walls of the upper and lower cavities in which the tube is received to prevent relative translation of the two blocks in which the tube. is received in a horizontal plane.
  • Each cavity is delimited in the vertical direction by an end wall formed in the corresponding block, each locking element further comprising a plate interposed between the fixing member and the end wall of the corresponding upper cavity.
  • The metal frame further comprises retaining elements connecting two blocking elements inserted in the same block or in two contiguous blocks of the same level and capable of eliminating at least one degree of freedom between the two blocking elements considered. .
  • Each retaining element is a horizontal plate and interposed between two levels of blocks, the plate being pierced with two holes each accommodating one of the two locking elements connected by the plate.
  • Each retaining element includes a cable.
  • At least one retaining element is at least partially integrated in a block.
  • Each block comprises at least two upper cavities and two lower cavities connected in pairs by corresponding conduits.
  • The blocks of each level are aligned in a second direction perpendicular to the vertical direction, the blocks forming a staggered structure in which, preferably, an offset, measured in the second direction, between the blocks of two successive levels is equal to the half of a length of the blocks taken in the second direction.
  • The blocks form a set of columns, the blocks of the same column being aligned with each other in the vertical direction.
  • Blocks of the same level are not aligned with each other.
  • The work comprises a first wall and a second wall, the blocks of each level of the first wall being aligned in a second direction perpendicular to the vertical direction, the blocks of each level of the second wall being aligned in a third direction perpendicular to the direction vertical and in the second direction, at least one block of the first wall being secured to a block of the second wall.
  • The structure is formed by the joining of at least two walls parallel to one another, each wall being perpendicular to a third direction perpendicular to the vertical direction and having a thickness of a single block in the third direction, at least one block of one wall being secured to a block of the other wall.
  • At least one block of the first level has an anchor hole passing through the block from the upper face to the lower face in the vertical direction, this block being configured to be fixed to the ground by a bolt received in the anchor hole .
  • Each block includes a box, in particular metal or plastic, filled with a ballast material.
  • At least one block further has an anchor hole passing through the block from a side face of the block to an opposite side face of the block.
  • The structure is guyed around a part of the metal frame.

Les caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description qui va suivre, donnée uniquement à titre d'exemple non limitatif et faite en référence aux dessins annexés, sur lesquels :

  • la figure 1 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un ouvrage selon l'invention comprenant un ensemble de blocs et des éléments de blocage reliés les uns aux autres par des éléments de maintien et des éléments de liaison,
  • la figure 2 est une vue en perspective d'un bloc de la figure 1 représenté en transparence, et
  • la figure 3 est une vue en coupe de la zone III de la figure 1, sur laquelle un élément de blocage a été représenté en détails.
The characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent on reading the description which follows, given solely by way of non-limiting example and made with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
  • the figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a structure according to the invention comprising a set of blocks and locking elements connected to each other by holding elements and connecting elements,
  • the figure 2 is a perspective view of a block of the figure 1 represented in transparency, and
  • the figure 3 is a sectional view of zone III of the figure 1 , on which a blocking element has been shown in detail.

Un exemple d'ouvrage 10 est représenté sur la figure 1.An example of book 10 is shown on figure 1 .

L'ouvrage 10 est, par exemple, un ouvrage de soutènement. En particulier, l'ouvrage 10 est en appui contre une paroi ou une pente d'un terrain ou d'une falaise que l'ouvrage 10 est propre à soutenir. En variante, l'ouvrage 10 est un ouvrage de protection contre les chutes de matériaux. Dans ce cas, l'ouvrage 10 est installé au pied d'une pente et est configuré pour arrêter des matériaux chutant, glissant, ou dévalant le long de la pente, tels que des blocs de pierre. Selon une autre variante, l'ouvrage 10 est un ouvrage de soutènement et de protection contre les chutes de matériaux.The structure 10 is, for example, a support structure. In particular, the structure 10 rests against a wall or a slope of land or a cliff that the structure 10 is suitable for supporting. As a variant, the structure 10 is a protective structure against falling materials. In this case, the structure 10 is installed at the foot of a slope and is configured to stop material falling, slipping, or tumbling down the slope, such as boulders. According to another variant, the structure 10 is a support structure and protection against falling materials.

L'ouvrage 10 comprend une pluralité de blocs 15 et une armature métallique 20.The structure 10 comprises a plurality of blocks 15 and a metal frame 20.

Une première direction X, une deuxième direction Y et une direction verticale Z sont définies pour l'ouvrage 10. La première direction X est perpendiculaire à la deuxième direction Y et à la direction verticale Z. La deuxième direction Y est, en outre, perpendiculaire à la direction verticale Z. Ainsi, la première direction X et la deuxième direction Y définissent un plan horizontal.A first direction X, a second direction Y and a vertical direction Z are defined for the structure 10. The first direction X is perpendicular to the second direction Y and to the vertical direction Z. The second direction Y is, moreover, perpendicular. to the vertical direction Z. Thus, the first direction X and the second direction Y define a horizontal plane.

Les blocs 15 sont répartis en plusieurs niveaux superposés selon la direction verticale Z. La pluralité de niveaux comprend un premier niveau N1 et au moins un deuxième niveau N2. Sur la figure 1, deux niveaux N1, N2 sont représentés. Toutefois, l'ouvrage 10 est susceptible de comporter un nombre de niveaux supérieur à deux, selon les besoins.The blocks 15 are distributed into several superimposed levels in the vertical direction Z. The plurality of levels comprises a first level N1 and at least a second level N2. On the figure 1 , two levels N1, N2 are shown. However, the work 10 is likely to have a number of levels greater than two, as required.

Parmi le premier niveau N1 et le deuxième niveau N2, le premier niveau N1 est le niveau le plus bas. Par exemple, le premier niveau N1 est le niveau le plus bas de l'ouvrage 10 et est en appui sur le sol 17. Le deuxième niveau N2 est immédiatement supérieur au premier niveau N1. Il est entendu par « immédiatement supérieur » qu'au moins un élément du deuxième niveau N2 est supporté par au moins un élément du premier niveau N1. Le premier niveau N1 est alors appelé «niveau inférieur» au deuxième niveau N2.Among the first level N1 and the second level N2, the first level N1 is the lowest level. For example, the first level N1 is the lowest level of the structure 10 and rests on the ground 17. The second level N2 is immediately higher than the first level N1. It is understood by “immediately higher” that at least one element of the second level N2 is supported by at least one element of the first level N1. The first level N1 is then called “lower level” than the second level N2.

Comme illustré sur la Figure 1, l'ouvrage 10 peut être formé par des blocs 15 positionnés en quinconce. Il est entendu par « en quinconce » qu'un décalage, mesuré selon la deuxième direction Y, entre les blocs de deux niveaux N1, N2 successifs est strictement supérieur à zéro. Par exemple, le décalage est égal à la moitié de la première longueur L1. Ainsi, chaque bloc 15 appartenant à un niveau N2 différent du premier niveau N1 est supporté par deux blocs 15 du niveau immédiatement inférieur N1.As shown on the Figure 1 , the work 10 can be formed by blocks 15 positioned staggered. It is understood by “staggered” that a shift, measured in the second direction Y, between the blocks of two successive levels N1, N2 is strictly greater than zero. For example, the offset is equal to half of the first length L1. Thus, each block 15 belonging to a level N2 different from the first level N1 is supported by two blocks 15 of the immediately lower level N1.

Les blocs de chaque niveau N1, N2 sont alignés les uns avec les autres selon la deuxième direction Y. Ainsi, l'ouvrage 10 est un mur présentant une seule épaisseur de blocs selon la troisième direction X.The blocks of each level N1, N2 are aligned with each other in the second direction Y. Thus, the structure 10 is a wall having a single thickness of blocks in the third direction X.

Selon une variante, l'ouvrage 10 est un mur présentant deux épaisseurs de blocs selon la première direction X, ou plus. Dans ce cas, l'ouvrage 10 peut également être considéré comme la réunion de murs juxtaposés selon la première direction X.According to one variant, the structure 10 is a wall having two thicknesses of blocks in the first direction X, or more. In this case, the structure 10 can also be considered as the meeting of juxtaposed walls in the first direction X.

Un exemple de bloc 15 est représenté en détail sur la figure 2.An example of block 15 is shown in detail on the figure 2 .

Chaque bloc 15 est sensiblement parallélépipédique. En particulier, chaque bloc 15 présente des faces latérales 25, une face inférieure 30 et une face supérieure 35.Each block 15 is substantially parallelepipedal. In particular, each block 15 has side faces 25, a lower face 30 and an upper face 35.

En outre, au moins un conduit 37 est ménagé dans chaque bloc 15. Sur la figure 1, deux conduits 37 sont ménagés dans chaque bloc 15.In addition, at least one duct 37 is provided in each block 15. On the figure 1 , two conduits 37 are formed in each block 15.

De plus, un trou d'ancrage 38, visible sur la figure 2, est ménagé dans chaque bloc 15.In addition, an anchor hole 38, visible on the figure 2 , is provided in each block 15.

Chaque bloc 15 présente une première longueur L1, mesurée selon la deuxième direction Y, comprise entre 0,3 mètre (m) et 4 m.Each block 15 has a first length L1, measured in the second direction Y, between 0.3 meter (m) and 4 m.

Chaque bloc 15 présente une première largeur I1, mesurée selon la première direction X, comprise entre 10 centimètres (cm) et 2,5 m.Each block 15 has a first width I1, measured in the first direction X, between 10 centimeters (cm) and 2.5 m.

Chaque bloc 15 présente une première hauteur H1, mesurée selon la direction verticale Z, comprise entre 0,2 m et 2,5 m.Each block 15 has a first height H1, measured in the vertical direction Z, between 0.2 m and 2.5 m.

Chaque bloc 15 est réalisé en béton. Par exemple, le béton est un béton allégé, c'est-à-dire un béton comportant des inclusions d'un matériau plus léger que le béton. Les inclusions sont par exemple des billes ou des agrégats d'un matériau plus léger que le béton.Each block 15 is made of concrete. For example, concrete is lightweight concrete, that is to say concrete comprising inclusions of a material that is lighter than concrete. The inclusions are for example balls or aggregates of a material lighter than concrete.

Le béton est, par exemple, un béton armé.Concrete is, for example, reinforced concrete.

En variante, le bloc 15 est réalisé en un mélange de béton et d'un polymère tel que le polystyrène.As a variant, the block 15 is made of a mixture of concrete and a polymer such as polystyrene.

Selon une autre variante, le bloc 15 comporte un coffret métallique rempli d'un matériau de lest. Un matériau de lest est un matériau utilisé pour augmenter la masse du bloc 15 par rapport à la masse du coffret vide. Le matériau de lest est, par exemple, un matériau polymère. Par exemple, le matériau polymère est une mousse polymère telle qu'une mousse de polyuréthane.According to another variant, the block 15 comprises a metal box filled with a ballast material. A ballast material is a material used to increase the mass of block 15 relative to the mass of the empty cabinet. The ballast material is, for example, a polymer material. For example, the polymeric material is a polymeric foam such as polyurethane foam.

Le coffret comporte alors un organe de remplissage et d'un évent permettant l'injection du matériau de lest dans le coffret.The box then comprises a filling member and a vent allowing the injection of the ballast material into the box.

En variante, le matériau de lest est l'eau. Lorsque le matériau de lest est l'eau, le coffret comporte, en outre, un dispositif de vidange propre à permettre l'évacuation de l'eau hors du coffret.Alternatively, the ballast material is water. When the ballast material is water, the box further comprises a drainage device suitable for allowing the water to be evacuated from the box.

En variante, le matériau de lest est du sable.Alternatively, the ballast material is sand.

En variante, certains blocs 15 comportent un coffret ne contenant pas de matériau de lest.As a variant, some blocks 15 include a box containing no ballast material.

Il est à noter que des matériaux non-métalliques sont également susceptibles d'être utilisés pour le coffret, par exemple un matériau plastique.It should be noted that non-metallic materials are also likely to be used for the cabinet, for example a plastic material.

Les faces latérales 25 délimitent le bloc 15 dans un plan horizontal. Les faces latérales 25 sont, par exemple, chacune perpendiculaire à la deuxième direction Y ou à la première direction X.The side faces 25 delimit the block 15 in a horizontal plane. The side faces 25 are, for example, each perpendicular to the second direction Y or to the first direction X.

Sur la figure 2, les faces latérales 25 présentent chacune deux chanfreins 40 et une partie centrale 45 perpendiculaire à l'une de la première direction X et de la deuxième direction Y. Lorsque la partie centrale 45 est perpendiculaire à la première direction X, les deux chanfreins 40 délimitent la partie centrale selon la deuxième direction Y et présentent un léger angle avec la première direction X. Lorsque la partie centrale 45 est perpendiculaire à la deuxième direction Y, les deux chanfreins 40 délimitent la partie centrale selon la deuxième direction Y et présentent un léger angle avec la première direction X.On the figure 2 , the side faces 25 each have two chamfers 40 and a central part 45 perpendicular to one of the first direction X and of the second direction Y. When the central part 45 is perpendicular to the first direction X, the two chamfers 40 delimit the central part in the second direction Y and have a slight angle with the first direction X. When the central part 45 is perpendicular to the second direction Y, the two chamfers 40 define the central part in the second direction Y and have a slight angle with the first direction X.

Chaque face latérale 25 est verticale.Each side face 25 is vertical.

La face supérieure 35 et la face inférieure 30 de chaque bloc 15 sont parallèles l'une à l'autre. En particulier, la face supérieure 35 et la face inférieure 30 de chaque bloc 15 sont toutes les deux horizontales lorsque le bloc 15 est intégré dans l'ouvrage 10 reposant sur un sol 17 horizontal.The upper face 35 and the lower face 30 of each block 15 are parallel to one another. In particular, the upper face 35 and the lower face 30 of each block 15 are both horizontal when the block 15 is integrated into the structure 10 resting on a horizontal floor 17.

La face supérieure 35 et la face inférieure 30 de chaque bloc 15 délimitent le bloc 15 selon la direction verticale Z.The upper face 35 and the lower face 30 of each block 15 delimit the block 15 in the vertical direction Z.

La face inférieure 30 présente un ensemble de pieds comprenant plusieurs pieds 50.The lower face 30 presents a set of feet comprising several feet 50.

Chaque pied 50 est une protubérance ménagée sur la face inférieure 30, de telle sorte que, lorsque la face inférieure 30 d'un bloc 15 du deuxième niveau N2 repose sur la face supérieure d'un bloc 15 du premier niveau N1, les pieds 50 sont en appui contre la face supérieure 30 du bloc 15 du premier niveau mais les portions de la face inférieure 30 autres que les pieds ne sont pas en appui.Each foot 50 is a protuberance provided on the lower face 30, so that, when the lower face 30 of a block 15 of the second level N2 rests on the upper face of a block 15 of the first level N1, the feet 50 bear against the upper face 30 of the block 15 of the first level but the portions of the lower face 30 other than the feet are not supported.

Chaque pied 50 présente une épaisseur mesurée selon la direction verticale Z. L'épaisseur est par exemple comprise entre 5 millimètres (mm) et 100mm.Each foot 50 has a thickness measured in the vertical direction Z. The thickness is for example between 5 millimeters (mm) and 100mm.

Les pieds 50 de la face inférieure 30 sont répartis sur celle-ci de manière à permettre le passage des éléments métalliques de l'armature métallique 20, notamment des éléments de liaison qui seront décrits plus bas. Les pieds 50 présentent également une géométrie permettant le passage de tels éléments métalliques.The feet 50 of the lower face 30 are distributed over the latter so as to allow the passage of the metal elements of the metal frame 20, in particular the connecting elements which will be described below. The feet 50 also have a geometry allowing the passage of such metal elements.

La face inférieure 30 peut comprendre quatre des pieds 50 disposés aux quatre coins de la face inférieure 30.The lower face 30 may include four of the feet 50 arranged at the four corners of the lower face 30.

Dans l'exemple illustré sur la Figure 2, la face inférieure 30 comprend six pieds 50, incluant quatre pieds 50 disposés aux quatre coins de la face inférieure 30, les deux autres pieds 50 étant chacun interposés, selon la deuxième direction Y, entre deux des pieds 50 disposés aux coins.In the example shown on Figure 2 , the lower face 30 comprises six feet 50, including four feet 50 arranged at the four corners of the lower face 30, the other two feet 50 each being interposed, in the second direction Y, between two of the feet 50 arranged at the corners.

En variante, la face inférieure 30 ne présente pas de pieds.As a variant, the lower face 30 does not have any feet.

Au moins une cavité inférieure 55 est ménagée dans la face inférieure 30 de chaque bloc 15. Par exemple, deux cavités inférieures 55 sont ménagées dans la face inférieure 30 de chaque bloc 15.At least one lower cavity 55 is formed in the lower face 30 of each block 15. For example, two lower cavities 55 are formed in the lower face 30 of each block 15.

Chaque cavité inférieure 55 est, par exemple, équidistante selon la première direction X des deux faces latérales 25 qui délimitent le bloc 15 selon cette direction.Each lower cavity 55 is, for example, equidistant in the first direction X from the two lateral faces 25 which delimit the block 15 in this direction.

Un axe est défini pour chaque cavité inférieure 55. Les axes des deux cavités inférieures 55 sont distants l'un de l'autre, selon la deuxième direction Y, d'une distance supérieure ou égale à la moitié de la première longueur des blocs L1, comprise entre 0,1 m et 2,5 m.An axis is defined for each lower cavity 55. The axes of the two lower cavities 55 are distant from each other, in the second direction Y, by a distance greater than or equal to half of the first length of the blocks L1. , between 0.1 m and 2.5 m.

Chaque cavité inférieure 55 s'étend selon la direction verticale Z.Each lower cavity 55 extends in the vertical direction Z.

Chaque cavité inférieure 55 est délimitée selon la direction verticale Z par une paroi terminale 60 et dans un plan horizontal par une ou des parois périphériques 65. Chaque cavité inférieure 55 débouche, en outre, sur la face inférieure 30 pour former une ouverture inférieure 67.Each lower cavity 55 is delimited in the vertical direction Z by an end wall 60 and in a horizontal plane by one or more peripheral walls 65. Each lower cavity 55 also opens onto the lower face 30 to form a lower opening 67.

Chaque cavité inférieure 55 présente, dans un plan horizontal, une section polygonale. Par exemple, la section de la cavité inférieure 55 est carrée. En variante, cette section est hexagonale.Each lower cavity 55 has, in a horizontal plane, a polygonal section. For example, the section of the lower cavity 55 is square. As a variant, this section is hexagonal.

En particulier, la cavité inférieure 55 est en forme de pyramide tronquée. Dans ce cas, la paroi terminale 60 et l'ouverture inférieure 67 sont carrées et une droite reliant le centre de la paroi terminale 60 au centre de l'ouverture inférieure 67 est parallèle à la direction verticale Z. L'ouverture inférieure 67 présente une longueur de côté supérieur strictement à la longueur des côtés de la paroi terminale 60.In particular, the lower cavity 55 is in the form of a truncated pyramid. In this case, the end wall 60 and the lower opening 67 are square and a straight line connecting the center of the end wall 60 to the center of the lower opening 67 is parallel to the vertical direction Z. The lower opening 67 has a side length greater than strictly the side length of the end wall 60.

Selon la figure 3, un chanfrein est ménagé dans les parois périphériques 65 à proximité de l'ouverture inférieure 67. La cavité inférieure 55 est donc plus évasée à proximité de l'ouverture inférieure 67 qu'à proximité de la paroi terminale 60.According to figure 3 , a chamfer is formed in the peripheral walls 65 near the lower opening 67. The lower cavity 55 is therefore more flared near the lower opening 67 than near the end wall 60.

En variante, chaque cavité inférieure 55 est en forme de prisme. Un prisme est un solide géométrique délimité par deux polygones, appelés les bases du prisme, images l'un de l'autre par une translation. Ces bases sont reliées entre elles par des parallélogrammes.Alternatively, each lower cavity 55 is prism-shaped. A prism is a geometric solid delimited by two polygons, called the bases of the prism, images of each other by a translation. These bases are linked together by parallelograms.

En particulier, les bases de chaque cavité inférieure 55 sont images l'une de l'autre par translation selon la direction verticale.In particular, the bases of each lower cavity 55 are images of one another by translation in the vertical direction.

Selon un mode de réalisation, les bases de chaque cavité inférieure 55 sont carrées, donc la cavité inférieure 55 est parallélépipédique.According to one embodiment, the bases of each lower cavity 55 are square, therefore the lower cavity 55 is parallelepiped.

Il est à noter que d'autres formes sont envisageables pour les bases de la cavité inférieure 55, par exemple hexagonales. Selon une autre variante, la cavité inférieure 55 est cylindrique à base circulaire.It should be noted that other shapes can be envisaged for the bases of the lower cavity 55, for example hexagonal. According to another variant, the lower cavity 55 is cylindrical with a circular base.

Chaque cavité inférieure 55 présente une profondeur, mesurée selon la direction verticale Z, comprise entre 5 cm et 100 cm.Each lower cavity 55 has a depth, measured in the vertical direction Z, of between 5 cm and 100 cm.

Chaque cavité inférieure 55 présente une dimension latérale minimale. La dimension latérale minimale est le diamètre du plus grand cercle inscrit dans la paroi terminale 60 de la cavité inférieure 55. Lorsque la cavité inférieure 55 présente une base carrée, la dimension latérale minimale est alors la longueur d'un côté de la paroi terminale 60.Each lower cavity 55 has a minimum lateral dimension. The minimum lateral dimension is the diameter of the largest circle inscribed in the end wall 60 of the lower cavity 55. When the lower cavity 55 has a square base, then the minimum lateral dimension is the length of one side of the end wall 60. .

La dimension latérale minimale de chaque cavité inférieure 55 est comprise entre 20 mm et 500 mm.The minimum lateral dimension of each lower cavity 55 is between 20 mm and 500 mm.

Au moins une cavité supérieure 70 est ménagée dans chaque face supérieure 35.At least one upper cavity 70 is provided in each upper face 35.

Par exemple, deux cavités supérieures 70 sont ménagées dans la face supérieure 35 de chaque bloc 15.For example, two upper cavities 70 are formed in the upper face 35 of each block 15.

Chaque cavité supérieure 70 est, par exemple, équidistante selon la première direction X des deux faces latérales 25 qui délimitent le bloc 15 selon cette direction.Each upper cavity 70 is, for example, equidistant in the first direction X from the two lateral faces 25 which delimit the block 15 in this direction.

Chaque cavité supérieure 70 d'un niveau N1, N2 qui n'est pas le niveau le plus haut de l'ouvrage 10 est en regard d'une cavité inférieure 55 d'un bloc 15 du niveau immédiatement supérieur. De même, chaque cavité inférieure 55 d'un niveau N1, N2 qui n'est pas le niveau le plus bas de l'ouvrage 10 est en regard d'une cavité supérieure 70 d'un bloc 15 du niveau immédiatement inférieur.Each upper cavity 70 of a level N1, N2 which is not the highest level of the structure 10 is opposite a lower cavity 55 of a block 15 of the immediately higher level. Likewise, each lower cavity 55 of a level N1, N2 which is not the lowest level of the structure 10 is opposite an upper cavity 70 of a block 15 of the immediately lower level.

Chaque cavité supérieure 70 s'étend selon la direction verticale Z.Each upper cavity 70 extends in the vertical direction Z.

Par exemple, chaque cavité supérieure 70 est en forme de tronc de cône.For example, each upper cavity 70 is shaped like a truncated cone.

En variante, chaque cavité supérieure 70 est cylindrique à base circulaire.Alternatively, each upper cavity 70 is cylindrical with a circular base.

Il est à noter que d'autres formes sont envisageables pour la cavité supérieure 70, par exemple un prisme ou une pyramide tronquée s'étendant selon la direction verticale Z.It should be noted that other shapes can be envisaged for the upper cavity 70, for example a prism or a truncated pyramid extending in the vertical direction Z.

Un axe est défini pour chaque cavité supérieure 70. Les axes des deux cavités 70 sont distants l'un de l'autre, selon la deuxième direction Y, d'une distance supérieure ou égale à la moitié de la première longueur des blocs L1, comprise entre 0,1 m et 2,5 m.An axis is defined for each upper cavity 70. The axes of the two cavities 70 are distant from each other, in the second direction Y, by a distance greater than or equal to half of the first length of the blocks L1, between 0.1 m and 2.5 m.

Chaque cavité supérieure 70 est délimitée selon la direction verticale par une paroi terminale 60 et dans un plan horizontal par une ou des parois périphériques 65. Chaque cavité supérieure 70 débouche sur la face supérieure 35 pour former une ouverture supérieure 72.Each upper cavity 70 is delimited in the vertical direction by an end wall 60 and in a horizontal plane by one or more peripheral walls 65. Each upper cavity 70 opens onto the upper face 35 to form an upper opening 72.

Chaque cavité supérieure 70 présente une profondeur, mesurée selon la direction verticale Z, comprise entre 30 mm et 1000 mm.Each upper cavity 70 has a depth, measured in the vertical direction Z, of between 30 mm and 1000 mm.

Chaque cavité supérieure 70 présente une dimension latérale minimale. La dimension latérale minimale est le diamètre du plus grand cercle inscrit dans la paroi terminale 60 de la cavité supérieure 70. Lorsque la cavité supérieure 70 est cylindrique, la dimension latérale minimale est alors le diamètre de la cavité supérieure 70.Each upper cavity 70 has a minimum lateral dimension. The minimum lateral dimension is the diameter of the largest circle inscribed in the end wall 60 of the upper cavity 70. When the upper cavity 70 is cylindrical, then the minimum lateral dimension is the diameter of the upper cavity 70.

La dimension latérale minimale de chaque cavité supérieure 70 est comprise entre 20 mm et 500 mm.The minimum lateral dimension of each upper cavity 70 is between 20 mm and 500 mm.

La cavité supérieure 70 peut s'évaser à partir de la paroi terminale 60 vers l'ouverture supérieure 72. Ainsi, l'ouverture supérieure 72 peut présenter un diamètre strictement supérieur à la dimension latérale minimale de la cavité supérieure 70.The upper cavity 70 can flare from the end wall 60 towards the upper opening 72. Thus, the upper opening 72 can have a diameter strictly greater than the minimum lateral dimension of the upper cavity 70.

Chaque conduit 37 relie une cavité supérieure 70 et une cavité inférieure 55. Par exemple, chaque conduit 37 débouche sur la paroi terminale 60 de la cavité supérieure 70 et de la cavité inférieure 55 correspondantes. Selon un mode de réalisation, chaque conduit 37 débouche au centre des parois terminales 60.Each duct 37 connects an upper cavity 70 and a lower cavity 55. For example, each duct 37 opens onto the end wall 60 of the upper cavity 70 and of the corresponding lower cavity 55. According to one embodiment, each duct 37 opens out at the center of the end walls 60.

En particulier, chaque conduit 37 relie deux à deux une cavité supérieure 70 à une cavité inférieure 55. En d'autres termes, chaque conduit 37 relie une unique cavité supérieure 70 parmi les deux cavités supérieures 70 à une unique cavité inférieure 55 parmi les deux cavités inférieures 55.In particular, each duct 37 connects two by two an upper cavity 70 to a lower cavity 55. In other words, each duct 37 connects a single upper cavity 70 among the two upper cavities 70 to a single lower cavity 55 among the two. lower cavities 55.

Chaque conduit 37 est cylindrique à base circulaire. Le conduit 37 présente un diamètre compris entre 20 mm et 240 mm.Each duct 37 is cylindrical with a circular base. The duct 37 has a diameter of between 20 mm and 240 mm.

Chaque conduit 37 s'étend selon la direction verticale. Dans ce cas, les cavités supérieure 70 et inférieure 55 reliées par un même conduit 37 sont alignées selon la direction verticale Z. En particulier, la cavité supérieure 70, la cavité inférieure 55 et le conduit 37 sont coaxiaux.Each duct 37 extends in the vertical direction. In this case, the upper 70 and lower 55 cavities connected by the same duct 37 are aligned in the vertical direction Z. In particular, the upper cavity 70, the lower cavity 55 and the duct 37 are coaxial.

Un trou d'ancrage 38 traverse le bloc 15 depuis l'une des faces latérales 25 jusqu'à une autre face latérale 25, les deux faces latérales 25 considérées délimitant le bloc 15 selon la première direction X. Le trou d'ancrage 38 s'étend selon une direction comprise dans un plan comprenant également les directions X et Z. Dans ce plan, un angle entre la direction selon laquelle le trou d'ancrage 38 s'étend et la première direction X est compris entre 0° et 70°.An anchoring hole 38 passes through the block 15 from one of the side faces 25 to another side face 25, the two side faces 25 considered delimiting the block 15 in the first direction X. The anchoring hole 38 s 'extends in a direction included in a plane also comprising the X and Z directions. In this plane, an angle between the direction in which the anchor hole 38 extends and the first direction X is between 0 ° and 70 ° .

Chaque trou d'ancrage 38 est, par exemple, cylindrique à base circulaire et présente un diamètre compris entre 2 cm et 40 cm.Each anchoring hole 38 is, for example, cylindrical with a circular base and has a diameter of between 2 cm and 40 cm.

Chaque trou d'ancrage 38 est configuré pour permettre le passage d'un outil de forage et/ou d'un boulon d'ancrage. Par exemple, au moins un bloc 15 est ancré au terrain par un boulon d'ancrage accueilli dans un trou d'ancrage 38. En particulier, le trou d'ancrage 38 débouche sur les deux faces latérales 25 correspondantes par deux ouvertures, la plus basse des deux ouvertures étant prévue pour être en regard d'une pente du terrain ou d'une falaise.Each anchor hole 38 is configured to allow the passage of a drilling tool and / or an anchor bolt. For example, at least one block 15 is anchored to the ground by an anchor bolt accommodated in an anchor hole 38. In particular, the anchor hole 38 opens onto the two corresponding side faces 25 through two openings, the more the bottom of the two openings being provided to face a slope of the land or a cliff.

Selon une variante, chaque bloc 15 est également traversé, selon la première direction X, par un conduit de fixation permettant la liaison de deux blocs 15 d'un même niveau N1, N2 appartenant à deux murs juxtaposés selon la première direction X.According to a variant, each block 15 is also crossed, in the first direction X, by a fixing duct allowing the connection of two blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2 belonging to two juxtaposed walls in the first direction X.

Comme visible sur la Figure 3, l'armature métallique 20 est configurée pour fixer entre eux les blocs 15.As visible on the Figure 3 , the metal frame 20 is configured to fix the blocks 15 together.

L'armature métallique 20 est, par exemple, réalisée en acier brut, galvanisé ou inoxydable.The metal frame 20 is, for example, made of raw, galvanized or stainless steel.

L'armature métallique 20 comporte un ensemble d'éléments de blocage 75, un ensemble d'éléments de liaison 80, un ensemble d'éléments de maintien 85 et un ensemble d'éléments d'ancrage 90.The metal frame 20 comprises a set of locking elements 75, a set of link elements 80, a set of retaining elements 85 and a set of anchoring elements 90.

Chaque élément de blocage 75 est accueilli conjointement dans une cavité supérieure 70 d'un bloc 15 et dans la cavité inférieure 55 correspondante d'un bloc 15 du niveau immédiatement supérieur au bloc 15 considéré. Par exemple, l'élément de blocage 75 présente une extrémité supérieure accueillie dans la cavité inférieure 55 et une extrémité inférieure accueillie dans la cavité supérieure 70, les deux extrémités étant solidaires l'une de l'autre.Each blocking element 75 is received jointly in an upper cavity 70 of a block 15 and in the corresponding lower cavity 55 of a block 15 of the level immediately above the block 15 considered. For example, the locking element 75 has an upper end received in the lower cavity 55 and a lower end received in the upper cavity 70, the two ends being integral with one another.

Chaque élément de blocage 75 est configuré pour empêcher une translation horizontale entre les deux blocs 15 dans lesquels l'élément de blocage 75 est accueilli. En particulier, chaque élément de blocage 75 est configuré pour venir en appui contre les parois périphériques 65 qui délimitent dans un plan horizontal les cavités 55, 70 dans lesquelles l'élément de blocage 75 est accueilli lorsqu'une force tendant à générer une translation horizontale entre les deux blocs 15 correspondants est appliquée sur ces blocs 15. Par exemple, chaque élément de blocage 75 est distant des parois périphériques 65 de manière à définir entre l'élément de blocage 75 et les parois périphériques 65 un jeu mécanique horizontal compris entre 0 mm et 50 mm.Each blocking element 75 is configured to prevent horizontal translation between the two blocks 15 in which the blocking element 75 is received. In particular, each locking element 75 is configured to bear against the peripheral walls 65 which delimit in a horizontal plane the cavities 55, 70 in which the locking element 75 is received when a force tending to generate a horizontal translation between the two corresponding blocks 15 is applied to these blocks 15. For example, each blocking element 75 is spaced from the peripheral walls 65 so as to define between the blocking element 75 and the peripheral walls 65 a horizontal mechanical clearance of between 0 mm and 50 mm.

En complément, chaque élément de blocage 75 est configuré pour empêcher une translation verticale entre les deux blocs 15 dans lesquels l'élément de blocage 75 est accueilli.In addition, each blocking element 75 is configured to prevent vertical translation between the two blocks 15 in which the blocking element 75 is received.

Chaque élément de blocage 75 est au moins en partie lié conjointement à deux éléments de liaison 80. En particulier, chaque élément de blocage 75 est au moins en partie lié conjointement à un élément de liaison 80 accueilli dans le conduit 37 débouchant dans la cavité supérieure 70 correspondante et à un élément de liaison 80 accueilli dans le conduit 37 débouchant dans la cavité inférieure 55 correspondante.Each locking element 75 is at least partly linked jointly to two linking elements 80. In particular, each locking element 75 is at least partly linked jointly to a linking element 80 accommodated in the duct 37 opening into the upper cavity. 70 corresponding and to a connecting element 80 received in the duct 37 opening into the lower cavity 55 corresponding.

Chaque élément de blocage 75 comprend un organe de fixation 95, une plaque 100 et un tube 105.Each locking element 75 comprises a fastener 95, a plate 100 and a tube 105.

L'organe de fixation 95 est configuré pour être fixé conjointement aux deux éléments de liaison 80 auxquels l'élément de blocage 75 est fixé. Par exemple, l'organe de fixation 95 est un manchon. Un manchon est un tube creux.The fastener 95 is configured to be fixed together with the two connecting elements 80 to which the locking element 75 is fixed. For example, the fastener 95 is a sleeve. A sleeve is a hollow tube.

L'organe de fixation 95 s'étend selon la direction verticale Z.The fixing member 95 extends in the vertical direction Z.

L'organe de fixation 95 est fileté. En particulier, l'organe de fixation 95 est fileté sur sa surface intérieure pour permettre de fixer, dans l'organe de fixation 95, une extrémité de chaque élément de liaison 80.The fixing member 95 is threaded. In particular, the fixing member 95 is threaded on its inner surface to allow fixing, in the fixing member 95, one end of each connecting element 80.

Il est à noter que d'autres formes d'organes de fixation 95 sont envisageables. Par exemple, l'organe de fixation 95 est susceptible d'être taraudé plutôt que fileté, ou encore d'être fileté sur sa surface extérieure. Des modes de réalisation dans lesquels les éléments de liaison 80 sont fixés à l'organe de fixation par serrage ou encore par clavetage sont également envisageables.It should be noted that other forms of fixing members 95 can be envisaged. For example, the fastener 95 may be threaded rather than threaded, or else be threaded on its outer surface. Embodiments in which the connecting elements 80 are fixed to the fixing member by clamping or else by keying are also possible.

Des organes de fixation 95 s'étendant selon une direction différente de la direction verticale Z, ou encore présentant un coude sont également envisageables. Selon un mode de réalisation, l'organe de fixation 95 comprend deux manchons filetés reliés par une ou deux liaisons rotule.Fasteners 95 extending in a direction different from the vertical direction Z, or else having an elbow, are also possible. According to one embodiment, the fixing member 95 comprises two threaded sleeves connected by one or two ball joints.

La plaque 100 est interposée entre l'organe de fixation 95 et la paroi terminale 60 de la cavité supérieure 70 dans laquelle l'élément de blocage 75 est reçu. La plaque 100 est configurée pour être plaquée par l'organe de fixation 95 contre la paroi terminale 60 lorsqu'une force dirigée vers le bas est exercée par l'élément de liaison 80 accueilli dans le conduit du bloc 15 dans lequel la cavité supérieure 70 est ménagée sur l'organe de fixation 95.The plate 100 is interposed between the fixing member 95 and the end wall 60 of the upper cavity 70 in which the locking element 75 is received. The plate 100 is configured to be pressed by the fixing member 95 against the end wall 60 when a downwardly directed force is exerted by the connecting element 80 received in the duct of the block 15 in which the upper cavity 70 is provided on the fixing member 95.

La plaque 100 est traversée par l'élément de liaison 80 accueilli dans le conduit du bloc 15 dans lequel la cavité supérieure 70 est ménagée. Plus précisément, la plaque 100 présente une ouverture cylindrique dont le diamètre est insuffisant pour permettre le passage de l'organe de fixation 95.The plate 100 is crossed by the connecting element 80 accommodated in the duct of the block 15 in which the upper cavity 70 is formed. More precisely, the plate 100 has a cylindrical opening, the diameter of which is insufficient to allow the passage of the fixing member 95.

La plaque 100 est, par exemple, en forme de disque. L'ouverture ménagée dans la plaque 100 est alors concentrique avec la plaque 100. En variante, la plaque 100 est hexagonale, ou encore carrée.The plate 100 is, for example, in the form of a disc. The opening made in the plate 100 is then concentric with the plate 100. As a variant, the plate 100 is hexagonal, or even square.

La plaque 100 est configurée pour répartir sur la paroi terminale 60 de la cavité supérieure 70 correspondante la force exercée sur l'élément de fixation 95 par l'élément de liaison 80. En particulier, la plaque 100 présente une surface strictement supérieure à la surface de section de l'élément de fixation 95. Par exemple, la plaque 100 présente un diamètre strictement supérieur au diamètre extérieur de l'organe de fixation 95 lorsque celui-ci est un manchon.The plate 100 is configured to distribute over the end wall 60 of the corresponding upper cavity 70 the force exerted on the fixing element 95 by the connecting element 80. In particular, the plate 100 has a surface that is strictly greater than the surface. of section of the fixing element 95. For example, the plate 100 has a diameter strictly greater than the outside diameter of the fixing member 95 when the latter is a sleeve.

La plaque 100 présente, par exemple, une surface d'aire comprise entre 3 et 2000 cm2. Lorsque la plaque 100 est circulaire, elle présente par exemple un diamètre est compris entre 20 et 500 mm.The plate 100 has, for example, a surface area of between 3 and 2000 cm 2 . When the plate 100 is circular, it has for example a diameter of between 20 and 500 mm.

Le tube 105 entoure l'élément de fixation 95 dans un plan horizontal. Par exemple, le tube 105 est un tube creux cylindrique. En variante, le tube 105 présente deux portions de formes différentes venues de matière, chaque portion étant accueillie dans une cavité 55, 70 respective et présentant une forme extérieure complémentaire de la cavité 55, 70 dans laquelle elle est accueillie.The tube 105 surrounds the fastener 95 in a horizontal plane. For example, tube 105 is a cylindrical hollow tube. As a variant, the tube 105 has two portions of different shapes made integral, each portion being accommodated in a respective cavity 55, 70 and having an outer shape complementary to the cavity 55, 70 in which it is accommodated.

Lorsque l'élément de fixation 95 est un manchon, l'élément de fixation 95 et le tube 105 sont coaxiaux.When the fastener 95 is a sleeve, the fastener 95 and the tube 105 are coaxial.

Le tube 105 est configuré pour empêcher une translation horizontale entre les deux blocs 15 dans lesquels le tube 105 est accueilli. Par exemple, le tube 105 est en appui contre une ou des parois périphériques 65 des cavités 55, 70 dans lesquelles le tube 105 est reçu. Le jeu mécanique entre les parois périphériques 65 et l'ensemble de blocage 75 est mesuré entre les parois périphériques 65 et le tube 105.Tube 105 is configured to prevent horizontal translation between the two blocks 15 in which tube 105 is accommodated. For example, the tube 105 bears against one or more peripheral walls 65 of the cavities 55, 70 in which the tube 105 is received. The mechanical clearance between the peripheral walls 65 and the locking assembly 75 is measured between the peripheral walls 65 and the tube 105.

Le tube 105 présente une longueur comprise entre 200 mm et 2200 mm.The tube 105 has a length of between 200 mm and 2200 mm.

Le tube 105 présente un diamètre extérieur compris entre 20 mm et 500 mm.The tube 105 has an outside diameter of between 20 mm and 500 mm.

Le tube 105 présente un diamètre intérieur compris entre 5 mm et 450 mm.The tube 105 has an internal diameter of between 5 mm and 450 mm.

Selon un mode de réalisation, le diamètre intérieur du tube 105 est strictement supérieur au diamètre extérieur de la plaque 100, qui est donc accueillie dans le tube 105.According to one embodiment, the inside diameter of the tube 105 is strictly greater than the outside diameter of the plate 100, which is therefore accommodated in the tube 105.

Le tube 105 n'est pas nécessairement lié à l'élément de fixation 95 et/ou à la plaque 100.The tube 105 is not necessarily linked to the fixing element 95 and / or to the plate 100.

En particulier, dans l'exemple illustré, le tube 105 n'est pas lié à l'élément de fixation 95 et à la plaque 100. Seul l'élément de fixation 95 de l'élément de blocage 75 est fixé aux éléments de liaison 80. L'élément de fixation 95 est posé sur la plaque 100. Le tube 105 entoure l'élément de fixation 95 et la plaque 100 avec un jeu radial permettant un débattement radial du tube 105 par rapport à l'élément de fixation 95 et à la plaque 100.In particular, in the example illustrated, the tube 105 is not linked to the fixing element 95 and to the plate 100. Only the fixing element 95 of the locking element 75 is fixed to the linking elements. 80. The fixing element 95 is placed on the plate 100. The tube 105 surrounds the fixing element 95 and the plate 100 with a radial clearance allowing a radial movement of the tube 105 relative to the fixing element 95 and at plate 100.

Dans une variante, le tube 105 est fixé rigidement à l'élément de fixation 95 et/ou à la plaque 100.In a variant, the tube 105 is rigidly fixed to the fixing element 95 and / or to the plate 100.

L'élément de blocage 75 est par exemple constitué de plusieurs pièces distinctes, ici de l'élément de fixation 95, de la plaque 100 et du tube 105.The locking element 75 is for example made up of several separate parts, here the fixing element 95, the plate 100 and the tube 105.

En variante, l'élément de blocage 75 est constitué d'une seule pièce configurée pour empêcher une translation horizontale entre les deux blocs 15 dans lesquels l'élément 75 est accueilli, configurée pour être fixé conjointement aux deux éléments de liaison 80 auxquels l'élément de blocage 75 est fixé, et configurée pour être plaquée contre la paroi terminale 60 lorsqu'une force dirigée vers le bas est exercée par l'élément de liaison 80 accueilli dans le conduit du bloc 15 dans lequel la cavité supérieure 70 est ménagée sur l'élément de blocage 75. Une telle pièce peut être constituée d'un tube, de plaques et d'écrous ou de manchons soudés. En complément, une telle pièce est en outre configurée pour empêcher une translation verticale entre les deux blocs 15 dans lesquels l'élément de blocage 75 est accueilli.Alternatively, the blocking element 75 consists of a single piece configured to prevent horizontal translation between the two blocks 15 in which the element 75 is accommodated, configured to be fixed jointly with the two connecting elements 80 to which the blocking element 75 is fixed, and configured to be pressed against the end wall 60 when a downwardly directed force is exerted by the connecting element 80 received in the duct of the block 15 in which the upper cavity 70 is formed on the locking element 75. Such a part may consist of a tube, plates and nuts or welded sleeves. In addition, such a part is further configured to prevent vertical translation between the two blocks 15 in which the locking element 75 is received.

Chaque élément de liaison 80 est accueilli dans un conduit 37 d'un bloc 15. Chaque élément de liaison 80 est fixé conjointement aux éléments de blocage 75 accueillis dans les cavités inférieure 55 et supérieure 70 dans lesquelles le conduit 37 débouche.Each connecting element 80 is accommodated in a duct 37 of a block 15. Each connecting element 80 is fixed jointly with the locking elements 75 accommodated in the lower 55 and upper 70 cavities into which the duct 37 opens.

Chaque élément de liaison 80 est configuré pour exercer sur les éléments de blocage 75 auxquels il est fixé une force tendant à rapprocher ces deux éléments de blocage 75 l'un de l'autre. En particulier, cette force tend à ce que l'élément de fixation 95 de l'élément de blocage 75 reçu dans la cavité supérieure 70 plaque contre la paroi terminale 60 correspondante la plaque 100 de l'élément de blocage 75 considéré.Each connecting element 80 is configured to exert on the locking elements 75 to which it is attached a force tending to bring these two locking elements 75 closer to one another. In particular, this force tends so that the fixing element 95 of the blocking element 75 received in the upper cavity 70 presses against the end wall 60 corresponding to the plate 100 of the blocking element 75 in question.

Chaque élément de liaison 80 est, par exemple, une barre métallique. La barre présente un diamètre compris entre 6 mm et 75 mm. Les deux extrémités de la barre sont alors vissées dans l'élément de fixation 95. La force rapprochant les deux éléments de blocage 75 l'un de l'autre est alors générée par le vissage des éléments de fixation 95 aux deux extrémités de la barre.Each connecting element 80 is, for example, a metal bar. The bar has a diameter of between 6 mm and 75 mm. The two ends of the bar are then screwed into the fixing element 95. The force bringing the two locking elements 75 together is then generated by the screwing of the fixing elements 95 at both ends of the bar. .

En variante, l'élément de liaison est un lien souple tel qu'un câble métallique.As a variant, the connecting element is a flexible link such as a metal cable.

Chaque élément de maintien 85 est interposé entre deux niveaux N1, N2 de blocs 15.Each holding element 85 is interposed between two levels N1, N2 of blocks 15.

Chaque élément de maintien 85 relie deux éléments de blocage 75 insérés dans deux blocs 15 d'un même niveau N1, N2. Par exemple, les deux éléments de blocage 75 les plus proches l'un de l'autre parmi les éléments de blocage 75 accueillis dans deux blocs 15 consécutifs d'un même niveau sont également reliés l'un à l'autre par un même élément de maintien 85.Each holding element 85 connects two locking elements 75 inserted in two blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2. For example, the two blocking elements 75 closest to one another among the blocking elements 75 accommodated in two consecutive blocks 15 of the same level are also connected to each other by the same element. hold 85.

En complément facultatif, deux éléments de blocage 75 insérés dans un même bloc 15 sont reliés par un même élément de maintien 85. Ainsi, chaque élément de blocage 75 est relié aux deux éléments de blocage 75 les plus proches du même niveau N1, N2.As an optional addition, two locking elements 75 inserted in the same block 15 are connected by the same retaining element 85. Thus, each locking element blocking 75 is connected to the two blocking elements 75 closest to the same level N1, N2.

Chaque élément de maintien 85 est propre à supprimer au moins un degré de liberté entre les deux éléments de blocage 75 qu'il relie. Par exemple, l'élément de maintien 85 est propre à empêcher une translation selon la deuxième direction Y entre les deux éléments de blocage 75 considérés.Each retaining element 85 is able to eliminate at least one degree of freedom between the two locking elements 75 which it connects. For example, the retaining element 85 is suitable for preventing translation in the second direction Y between the two locking elements 75 considered.

Selon l'exemple de la figure 3, chaque élément de maintien 85 est une plaque horizontale, par exemple rectangulaire. La plaque est percée de deux trous dans chacun desquels est accueilli un élément de blocage 75. Dans ce cas, chaque trou est cylindrique à base circulaire et présente un diamètre supérieur ou égal au diamètre extérieur du tube 105. Chaque trou est coaxial avec le tube 105 qu'il accueille.According to the example of figure 3 , each retaining element 85 is a horizontal plate, for example rectangular. The plate is pierced with two holes in each of which is accommodated a locking element 75. In this case, each hole is cylindrical with a circular base and has a diameter greater than or equal to the external diameter of the tube 105. Each hole is coaxial with the tube. 105 he welcomes.

Il est à noter que d'autres types d'éléments de maintien 85 sont envisageables, par exemple des barres fixées aux éléments de blocage 75 correspondants, ou encore des câbles. Par exemple, l'élément de maintien 85 comprend un câble muni à ses deux extrémités d'anneaux propres à être fixés aux éléments de blocage 75 correspondants.It should be noted that other types of retaining elements 85 can be envisaged, for example bars fixed to the corresponding locking elements 75, or even cables. For example, the retaining element 85 comprises a cable provided at its two ends with rings suitable for being fixed to the corresponding locking elements 75.

Lorsque les éléments de maintien 85 sont des plaques, chaque élément de blocage 75 est accueilli conjointement dans un trou de chacun de ces deux éléments de maintien 85. Comme illustré sur la Figure 3, les éléments de maintien 85 dans lesquels sont ménagés ces trous se recouvrent l'un l'autre selon la direction verticale Z de manière que leurs trous sont alignés pour le passage de l'élément de blocage 75, ici plus particulièrement pour le passage du tube 105.When the retaining elements 85 are plates, each locking element 75 is received together in a hole of each of these two retaining elements 85. As illustrated in FIG. Figure 3 , the retaining elements 85 in which these holes are formed overlap each other in the vertical direction Z so that their holes are aligned for the passage of the locking element 75, here more particularly for the passage of the tube 105.

Une deuxième largeur I2, selon la première direction X, de chaque élément de maintien 85 est comprise entre 50 mm et 800 mm. En particulier, la deuxième largeur I2 est strictement inférieure à la distance entre les pieds 50 selon la première direction X.A second width I2, in the first direction X, of each retaining element 85 is between 50 mm and 800 mm. In particular, the second width I2 is strictly less than the distance between the feet 50 in the first direction X.

Chaque élément de maintien 85 présente une deuxième longueur L2, mesurée selon la deuxième direction Y et comprise entre 0,2 m et 4 m.Each retaining element 85 has a second length L2, measured in the second direction Y and between 0.2 m and 4 m.

Chaque élément de maintien 85 présente une épaisseur mesurée selon la direction verticale Z. Cette épaisseur est strictement inférieure à l'épaisseur des pieds 50, par exemple inférieure à la moitié de l'épaisseur des pieds 50.Each retaining element 85 has a thickness measured in the vertical direction Z. This thickness is strictly less than the thickness of the feet 50, for example less than half the thickness of the feet 50.

Ainsi, chaque élément de maintien 85 est interposé, selon la première direction X, entre les pieds 50.Thus, each retaining element 85 is interposed, in the first direction X, between the feet 50.

Selon un mode de réalisation, au moins un élément de maintien 85 est intégré à un bloc 15 correspondant. Par exemple, un élément de maintien 85 est coulé dans le bloc 15. Cet élément peut alors être constitué d'une plaque ou d'un treillis soudé. Lorsqu'un élément de maintien 85 est intégré à un bloc 15, les deux extrémités de l'élément de maintien 85 entourent les 2 éléments de fixation 75 reçus dans le bloc 15.According to one embodiment, at least one retaining element 85 is integrated into a corresponding block 15. For example, a retaining element 85 is cast in the block 15. This element can then consist of a plate or a welded mesh. When a holding element 85 is integrated into a block 15, the two ends of the holding element 85 surround the two fixing elements 75 received in the block 15.

Selon un mode de réalisation, au moins un élément de maintien 85 est partiellement intégré à un bloc 15 correspondant. Par exemple, une extrémité de l'élément de maintien 85 est coulée dans le bloc 15.According to one embodiment, at least one retaining element 85 is partially integrated into a corresponding block 15. For example, one end of the retainer 85 is cast in the block 15.

Cet élément peut alors être constitué d'une plaque.This element can then consist of a plate.

Lorsqu'un élément de maintien 85 est partiellement intégré à un bloc 15, une extrémité de l'élément de maintien 85 entoure l'élément de fixation 75 reçu dans le bloc 15 dans lequel l'extrémité est intégrée et l'autre extrémité, qui dépasse hors du bloc 15, entoure l'autre élément de fixation 75 correspondant.When a retainer 85 is partially integrated with a block 15, one end of the retainer 85 surrounds the fastener 75 received in the block 15 in which the end is integrated and the other end, which protrudes out of the block 15, surrounds the other corresponding fixing element 75.

Chaque élément de maintien 85 est susceptible d'être intégré dans le bloc 15 à proximité de la face supérieure 35 ou de la face inférieure 30. Par exemple, chaque bloc 15 comporte un élément de maintien 85 intégré dans le bloc 15 à proximité de la face supérieure 35 et un élément de maintien 85 intégré dans le bloc 15 à proximité de la face inférieure 30.Each retaining element 85 is capable of being integrated into the block 15 near the upper face 35 or the lower face 30. For example, each block 15 comprises a retaining element 85 integrated into the block 15 near the. upper face 35 and a retaining element 85 integrated in the block 15 near the lower face 30.

Les éléments d'ancrage 90 sont interposés entre le niveau N1 de blocs 15 le plus bas et le sol 17. Chaque élément d'ancrage 90 est configuré pour être ancré dans le sol 17 et pour être fixé à l'extrémité débouchant dans une cavité inférieure 55 d'un élément de liaison 80 d'un bloc 15 du niveau N1 le plus bas. Ainsi, chaque élément d'ancrage 90 est configuré pour ancrer au sol l'armature métallique 20.The anchoring elements 90 are interposed between the lowest level N1 of blocks 15 and the ground 17. Each anchoring element 90 is configured to be anchored in the ground 17 and to be fixed at the end opening into a cavity. lower 55 of a connecting element 80 of a block 15 of the lowest level N1. Thus, each anchoring element 90 is configured to anchor the metal frame 20 to the ground.

Par exemple, chaque élément d'ancrage 90 comprend une ancre 110 et une tête 120 fixée à l'ancre 110.For example, each anchoring element 90 comprises an anchor 110 and a head 120 attached to the anchor 110.

L'ancre 110 est ancrée dans le sol 17.The anchor 110 is anchored in the ground 17.

La tête 120 est accueillie dans une cavité inférieure 55 d'un bloc 15 du premier niveau N1. La tête 120 présente, par exemple, une forme extérieure complémentaire de la cavité 55 pour empêcher une rotation du bloc 15 par rapport à l'ancre 110 dans un plan horizontal. La tête 120 est fixée à l'extrémité de l'élément de liaison 80 qui débouche dans la cavité 55 considérée.The head 120 is accommodated in a lower cavity 55 of a block 15 of the first level N1. The head 120 has, for example, an external shape complementary to the cavity 55 to prevent rotation of the block 15 relative to the anchor 110 in a horizontal plane. The head 120 is fixed to the end of the connecting element 80 which opens into the cavity 55 in question.

Ce mode d'ancrage utilise les éléments de liaison 80 traversant les blocs 15 du niveau N1 le plus bas via les conduits 37.This anchoring mode uses the connecting elements 80 crossing the blocks 15 of the lowest level N1 via the conduits 37.

En option, comme illustré sur la Figure 2, au moins un bloc 15, notamment un bloc 15 du premier niveau N1, comprend au moins un trou d'ancrage 125 traversant le bloc 15 correspondant depuis la face supérieure 35 jusqu'à la face inférieure 30. Chaque trou d'ancrage 125 s'étend suivant la direction verticale Z. Chaque trou d'ancrage 125 est distinct du ou de chaque conduit 37 du bloc 15.Optional, as shown on Figure 2 , at least one block 15, in particular a block 15 of the first level N1, comprises at least one anchoring hole 125 passing through the corresponding block 15 from the upper face 35 to the lower face 30. Each anchoring hole 125 s 'extends in the vertical direction Z. Each anchoring hole 125 is separate from the or each duct 37 of the block 15.

Chaque trou d'ancrage 125 est par exemple cylindrique, notamment à base circulaire.Each anchoring hole 125 is for example cylindrical, in particular with a circular base.

Chaque trou d'ancrage 125 est configuré pour l'ancrage du bloc 15 au sol, par exemple à l'aide d'un boulon d'ancrage ou d'un câble d'ancrage traversant le trou d'ancrage 125.Each anchor hole 125 is configured for anchoring the block 15 to the ground, for example using an anchor bolt or an anchor cable passing through the anchor hole 125.

Chaque trou d'ancrage 125 est configuré pour permettre le passage, à travers le trou d'ancrage 125, d'un outil de forage depuis la face supérieure 35 jusqu'à la face inférieure 30. L'outil de forage est, par exemple, un foret.Each anchor hole 125 is configured to allow the passage, through the anchor hole 125, of a drilling tool from the upper face 35 to the lower face 30. The drilling tool is, for example , a forest.

Par exemple, chaque bloc du premier type 15 du premier niveau N1 est fixé au sol par un boulon d'ancrage accueilli traversant le trou d'ancrage 125.For example, each block of the first type 15 of the first level N1 is fixed to the ground by an anchor bolt accommodated through the anchor hole 125.

Grâce à l'invention, les blocs 15 sont efficacement liés les uns aux autres pour former un ouvrage 10 résistant et de fabrication simple. En particulier, l'armature métallique 20 permet une bonne dissipation de l'énergie cinétique d'éventuelles masses venant buter contre l'ouvrage 10. De plus, l'ouvrage 10 présente une faible emprise au sol.Thanks to the invention, the blocks 15 are effectively linked to each other to form a strong structure 10 and simple to manufacture. In particular, the metal frame 20 allows good dissipation of the kinetic energy of any masses coming into abutment against the structure 10. In addition, the structure 10 has a small footprint on the ground.

Lors de l'ancrage de l'ouvrage 10 au terrain à travers les trous d'ancrage 38, les opérateurs qui réalisent ces opérations sont protégés contre d'éventuelles chutes de matériaux.When anchoring the structure 10 to the ground through the anchoring holes 38, the operators who carry out these operations are protected against possible falling materials.

Les éléments de blocage 75 permettent une bonne résistance aux efforts de cisaillement entre les blocs 15 de différents niveaux N1, N2.The locking elements 75 allow good resistance to the shear forces between the blocks 15 of different levels N1, N2.

Les éléments de liaison 80 assurent une bonne solidarisation des blocs 15 des différents niveaux N1, N2. En particulier, puisqu'ils exercent une force rapprochant l'un de l'autre les deux éléments de blocage 75 auxquels ils sont liés, l'ouvrage 10 est précontraint, ce qui renforce sa résistance.The connecting elements 80 ensure good interlocking of the blocks 15 of the different levels N1, N2. In particular, since they exert a force bringing the two locking elements 75 to which they are linked closer to one another, the structure 10 is prestressed, which reinforces its resistance.

Grâce aux éléments de maintien 85, les blocs 15 d'un même niveau N1, N2 sont solidaires entre eux, ce qui donne une bonne capacité de diffusion latérale des contraintes entre les différents blocs 15 et donc de dissipation d'énergie cinétique à l'ouvrage 10.Thanks to the retaining elements 85, the blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2 are integral with one another, which gives a good capacity for lateral diffusion of the stresses between the different blocks 15 and therefore for dissipation of kinetic energy at the end. book 10.

Lorsque les éléments de maintien 85 sont intégrés aux blocs 15, la résistance des éléments de maintien 85 à la corrosion se trouve améliorée.When the retainers 85 are integrated with the blocks 15, the resistance of the retainers 85 to corrosion is improved.

Dans l'exemple ci-dessus, l'ouvrage 10 a été décrit dans un rôle d'ouvrage de soutènement ou de protection contre les chutes de matériaux. Toutefois, il est à noter que l'ouvrage 10 est également adapté à d'autres rôles. Par exemple, l'ouvrage 10 est un mur d'enceinte d'une propriété.In the above example, the structure 10 has been described in the role of supporting structure or protection against falling materials. However, it should be noted that the book 10 is also suitable for other roles. For example, structure 10 is a perimeter wall of a property.

En outre, l'ouvrage 10 a été décrit dans un exemple dans lequel les blocs 15 d'un même niveau N1, N2 sont alignés selon la deuxième direction Y et l'ouvrage 10 forme donc un mur rectiligne. Cependant, l'ouvrage 10 est également susceptible, selon les besoins, de former un mur courbe dans lequel les blocs 15 d'un même niveau N1, N2 ne sont pas alignés. En outre, la faible largeur des éléments de maintien 85 par rapport à la distance entre les pieds 50 selon la direction X, associée à la présence des chanfreins 40, permet un désaxage entre les blocs 15 d'un même niveau N1, N2.In addition, the structure 10 has been described in an example in which the blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2 are aligned in the second direction Y and the structure 10 therefore forms a rectilinear wall. However, the structure 10 is also likely, as required, to form a curved wall in which the blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2 do not are not aligned. In addition, the small width of the retaining elements 85 relative to the distance between the feet 50 in the X direction, associated with the presence of the chamfers 40, allows an offset between the blocks 15 of the same level N1, N2.

De plus, l'ouvrage 10 est susceptible de présenter une structure autre qu'une structure en quinconce.In addition, the structure 10 is likely to have a structure other than a staggered structure.

Dans un exemple de réalisation, les blocs 15 sont alignés selon la direction verticale Z pour former un ensemble de colonnes. Les blocs 15 d'une même colonne sont alignés les uns avec les autres selon la direction verticale Z.In an exemplary embodiment, the blocks 15 are aligned in the vertical direction Z to form a set of columns. The blocks 15 of the same column are aligned with each other in the vertical direction Z.

Dans le cas d'un ouvrage composé de plusieurs blocs 15 alignés selon la direction X, les colonnes sont par exemple alignées les unes avec les autres, chaque bloc d'une colonne étant situé au niveau d'un bloc de chaque autre colonne adjacente, ou, en variante les colonnes ne sont pas alignées les unes avec les autres, chaque bloc d'une colonne étant décalé horizontalement par rapport à chaque bloc adjacent d'une colonne adjacente.In the case of a structure composed of several blocks aligned in the X direction, the columns are for example aligned with each other, each block of a column being located at the level of a block of each other adjacent column, or, alternatively the columns are not aligned with each other, each block of a column being offset horizontally with respect to each adjacent block of an adjacent column.

Les colonnes sont reliées entre elles par des éléments de maintien 85. La géométrie des éléments de maintien est adaptée selon le cas.The columns are interconnected by retaining elements 85. The geometry of the retaining elements is adapted as appropriate.

Des modes de réalisation dans lesquels l'élément de blocage 75 est monobloc, ou dans lesquels l'élément de blocage 75 est venu de matière avec l'un des éléments de liaison 80 sont également envisageables.Embodiments in which the locking element 75 is in one piece, or in which the locking element 75 is integral with one of the connecting elements 80 are also conceivable.

Les dimensions ou les formes des blocs 15 sont susceptibles de varier, de même que le nombre de cavités 55, 70. Par exemple, l'ouvrage comporte deux types de blocs 15 dont l'un des deux types présente une longueur première longueur L1 égale à la moitié de la longueur L1 des blocs 15 de l'autre type. Dans ce cas, les blocs 15 les plus petits comprennent chacun une unique cavité supérieure 70 et une unique cavité inférieure 70 reliées par un unique conduit 37.The dimensions or the shapes of the blocks 15 are liable to vary, as can the number of cavities 55, 70. For example, the structure comprises two types of blocks 15, one of the two types of which has a length, first length L1, equal to half the length L1 of the blocks 15 of the other type. In this case, the smaller blocks 15 each comprise a single upper cavity 70 and a single lower cavity 70 connected by a single duct 37.

En outre, la description ci-dessus a été faite dans le cas où la direction verticale Z est la verticale du lieu où l'ouvrage 10 est placé. Il est à noter que la direction verticale Z est susceptible de différer de la verticale du lieu. Dans tous les cas, le terme « horizontal » est pris pour signifier une direction ou un plan perpendiculaire à la direction verticale Z.Furthermore, the above description has been given in the case where the vertical direction Z is the vertical of the place where the work 10 is placed. It should be noted that the vertical direction Z is likely to differ from the vertical of the place. In all cases, the term "horizontal" is taken to mean a direction or a plane perpendicular to the vertical direction Z.

Par ailleurs, il est possible de prévoir un ouvrage formé de plusieurs murs liés entre eux.Furthermore, it is possible to provide a structure formed of several walls linked together.

Dans un exemple de réalisation, un ouvrage comprend un premier mur et un deuxième mur, les blocs 15 de chaque niveau N1, N2 du premier mur étant alignés selon la deuxième direction Y, les blocs 15 de chaque niveau N1, N2 du deuxième mur étant alignés selon la troisième direction X, au moins un bloc 15 du premier mur étant solidarisé à un bloc 15 du deuxième mur.In an exemplary embodiment, a structure comprises a first wall and a second wall, the blocks 15 of each level N1, N2 of the first wall being aligned in the second direction Y, the blocks 15 of each level N1, N2 of the second wall being aligned in the third direction X, at least one block 15 of the first wall being secured to a block 15 of the second wall.

Dans un autre exemple de réalisation, un ouvrage est formé par la réunion d'au moins deux murs parallèles l'un à l'autre, chaque mur étant perpendiculaire à la troisième direction X et présentant une épaisseur d'un seul bloc 15 selon la troisième direction X, au moins un bloc 15 d'un mur étant solidarisé à un bloc (15) de l'autre mur.In another exemplary embodiment, a structure is formed by the joining of at least two walls parallel to one another, each wall being perpendicular to the third direction X and having a thickness of a single block 15 according to the third direction X, at least one block 15 of one wall being secured to a block (15) of the other wall.

La solidarisation de deux blocs 15 appartenant chacun à un mur respectif est réalisée par exemple par les éléments de maintien 85 ou à l'aide de tirants insérés dans des trous d'ancrage 38 de ces blocs 15.The joining of two blocks 15 each belonging to a respective wall is carried out for example by the retaining elements 85 or by means of tie rods inserted in anchoring holes 38 of these blocks 15.

Il est en outre possible d'haubaner un ouvrage formé de blocs. Le haubanage est réalisé par exemple autour d'au moins un élément de l'armature métallique sortant d'une cavité supérieure 70 d'un bloc 15 du niveau le plus élevé. L'élément de l'armature métallique est par exemple un élément de blocage 75, en particulier un élément de liaison 95 ou un tube 105.It is also possible to guy a structure formed of blocks. The guying is carried out for example around at least one element of the metal frame emerging from an upper cavity 70 of a block 15 of the highest level. The element of the metal frame is for example a locking element 75, in particular a connecting element 95 or a tube 105.

En variante, le haubanage peut être réalisé autour d'un autre élément métallique de l'armature 20.As a variant, the guying can be carried out around another metal element of the frame 20.

Chaque hauban est alors fixé simultanément à l'une de ses extrémités à l'ouvrage 10 et à l'autre de ses extrémités au sol, à un élément d'ancrage, ou encore à un autre ouvrage pour stabiliser l'ouvrage 10.Each stay is then fixed simultaneously at one of its ends to the structure 10 and at the other of its ends to the ground, to an anchoring element, or even to another structure to stabilize the structure 10.

Avantageusement, l'ouvrage peut être courbe, par exemple, lorsque les blocs 15 d'un même niveau ne sont pas alignés les uns avec les autres.Advantageously, the structure can be curved, for example, when the blocks 15 of the same level are not aligned with each other.

Claims (19)

  1. A structure (10), in particular for retaining or protecting against falling materials, the structure (10) comprising a metal frame (20) and a plurality of blocks (15) distributed across a plurality of levels (N1, N2) superimposed in a vertical direction (Z), each block (15) having an upper face (35) and a lower face (30), in which:
    - each block (15) has at least one upper cavity (70) in the upper face (35) and at least one lower cavity (55) in the lower face (30), each upper cavity (70) being connected to a lower cavity (55) in the same block (15) by a conduit (37) in the block (15), and
    - the metal frame (20) has a set of locking elements (75) and a set of connecting elements (80), each locking element (75) being jointly received in the upper cavity (70) of a block (15) and in a corresponding lower cavity (55) of a block (15) of the level immediately above the block (15) in question to prevent relative horizontal translation of these two blocks (15),
    the structure (10) being characterised in that two locking elements (75) received in upper (70) and lower (55) cavities of the same block (15) are simultaneously attached to the same connecting element (80) received in the duct and exerting on the two locking elements (75) in question a force tending to bring the locking elements (75) closer to each other,
    and in that each locking element (75) comprises a fastener (95) secured jointly with a connecting element (80) of each of the two blocks (15) in whose cavities (55, 70) the locking element (75) is received.
  2. A structure according to claim 1, wherein each connecting element (80) is a metal bar or a cable.
  3. A structure according to claim 2, wherein the fastener (95) is a threaded sleeve into which is screwed one end of each of the two connecting elements (80) to which the sleeve (95) is attached.
  4. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein each locking element (75) comprises a tube (105) surrounding the connecting element (80) in a horizontal plane, the tube (105) abutting peripheral walls (65) of the upper (70) and lower (55) cavities in which the tube (105) is received to prevent relative translation of the two blocks (15) in which the tube (105) is received in a horizontal plane.
  5. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein each cavity (55, 70) is delimited in the vertical direction by an end wall (60) provided in the corresponding block (15), each locking element (75) further comprising a plate (100) interposed between the fastener (95) and the end wall (60) of the corresponding upper cavity (70).
  6. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the metal frame (20) further comprises holding elements (85) connecting two locking elements (75) inserted in the same block (15) or in two contiguous blocks (15) of the same level and suitable for eliminating at least one degree of freedom between the two locking elements (75) in question.
  7. A structure according to claim 6, wherein each holding element (85) is a horizontal plate interposed between two levels of blocks (15), the plate being pierced with two holes receiving one of the two locking elements (75) connected by the plate.
  8. A structure as claimed in claim 6, wherein each holding element (85) comprises a cable.
  9. A structure according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein at least one holding element (85) is at least partially integrated into a block (15).
  10. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 9, wherein each block (15) comprises at least two upper cavities (70) and two lower cavities (55) connected in pairs by corresponding ducts (37).
  11. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the blocks (15) of each level (N1, N2) are aligned along a second direction (Y) perpendicular to the vertical direction (Z), the blocks (15) forming a staggered structure in which, preferably, an offset, measured along the second direction (Y), between the blocks (15) of two successive levels (N1, N2) is equal to half the length (L1) of the blocks (15) as measured along the second direction (Y).
  12. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the blocks (15) form a set of columns, the blocks (15) of a given column being aligned with each other along the vertical direction (Z).
  13. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 10 or 12, wherein the blocks (15) of a given level are not aligned with each other.
  14. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 13, comprising a first wall and a second wall, the blocks (15) of each level (N1, N2) of the first wall being aligned along a second direction (Y) perpendicular to the vertical direction (Z) the blocks (15) of each level (N1, N2) of the second wall being aligned in a third direction (X) perpendicular to the vertical direction (Z) and to the second direction (Y), at least one block (15) of the first wall being connected to a block (15) of the second wall.
  15. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 14, in which the structure is formed by the joining of at least two walls parallel to each other, each wall being perpendicular to a third direction (X) perpendicular to the vertical direction (Z) and having a thickness of a single block (15) along the third direction (X), at least one block (15) of one wall being integral with a block (15) of the other wall.
  16. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein at least one block (15) of the first level (N1) has an anchoring hole (125) passing through the block (15) from the upper side to the lower side in the vertical direction (Z), this block (15) being configured to be fastened to the ground by a bolt received in the anchoring hole (125).
  17. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein each block (15) comprises a box, in particular a metal or plastic box, filled with ballast material.
  18. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 17, wherein at least one block (15) further has an anchoring hole (38) extending through the block (15) from one lateral face of the block (15) to an opposite lateral face of the block (15).
  19. A structure according to any one of claims 1 to 18, wherein the structure is guyed around a piece of the metal frame (20).
EP18742768.7A 2017-07-17 2018-07-16 Retaining wall comprising blocs and reinforcement Active EP3655592B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1756769A FR3068995B1 (en) 2017-07-17 2017-07-17 WORK INCLUDING A SET OF BLOCKS AND A FRAMEWORK
PCT/EP2018/069219 WO2019016122A1 (en) 2017-07-17 2018-07-16 Structure comprising an assembly of blocks and a frame

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3655592A1 EP3655592A1 (en) 2020-05-27
EP3655592B1 true EP3655592B1 (en) 2021-12-08

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP18742768.7A Active EP3655592B1 (en) 2017-07-17 2018-07-16 Retaining wall comprising blocs and reinforcement

Country Status (4)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3655592B1 (en)
FR (1) FR3068995B1 (en)
MA (1) MA49622A (en)
WO (1) WO2019016122A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR102648739B1 (en) * 2021-12-02 2024-03-18 주식회사 대흥미래기술 Block structure constructing method
KR102599307B1 (en) * 2022-12-14 2023-11-07 주식회사 대흥미래기술 Block structure constructing method

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4726567A (en) * 1986-09-16 1988-02-23 Greenberg Harold H Masonry fence system
EP0707117B1 (en) * 1993-03-31 2002-07-10 Société Civile des Brevets Henri Vidal Modular block retaining wall construction
US5678373A (en) * 1994-11-07 1997-10-21 Megawall Corporation Modular precast wall system with mortar joints
AU8242898A (en) * 1997-07-17 1999-02-10 Rita Engineering Consultants Co., Ltd. Concrete block, joint for the same, and structure of concrete blocks

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3655592A1 (en) 2020-05-27
WO2019016122A1 (en) 2019-01-24
FR3068995A1 (en) 2019-01-18
FR3068995B1 (en) 2020-11-20
MA49622A (en) 2021-03-31

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