EP0707117B1

EP0707117B1 - Modular block retaining wall construction

Info

Publication number: EP0707117B1
Application number: EP95117143A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Peter L. Anderson; Michael L. Cowell; Dan J. Hotek
Original assignee: Societe Civile des Brevets Henri Vidal
Current assignee: Societe Civile des Brevets Henri Vidal
Priority date: 1993-03-31
Filing date: 1994-03-21
Publication date: 2002-07-10
Anticipated expiration: 2014-03-21
Also published as: EP0707117A1; MY131935A

Description

This invention relates to an improved retaining wall construction and, more particularly, to a retaining wall construction comprised of modular blocks, in combination with tie-back and/or mechanically stabilized earth elements and compacted particulate or soil.

In U.S. Patent No. 3,686,873 and No. 3,421,326, Henri Vidal discloses a constructional work now often referred to as a mechanically stabilized earth structure. The referenced patents also disclose methods for construction of mechanically stabilized earth structures such as retaining walls, embankment walls, platforms; foundations, etc. In a typical Vidal construction, particulate earthen material interacts with longitudinal elements such as elongated steel strips positioned at appropriately spaced intervals in the earthen material. The elements are generally arrayed for attachment to reinforced precast concrete wall panels and, the combination forms a cohesive embankment and wall construction. The longitudinal elements, which extend into the earthen work, interact with compacted soil particles principally by frictional interaction and thus mechanically stabilize the earthen work. The longitudinal elements may also perform a tie-back or anchor function.

Various embodiments of the Vidal development have been commercially available under various trademarks including the trademarks, REINFORCED EARTH embankments and RETAINED EARTH embankments. Moreover, other constructional works of this general nature have been developed. By way of example and not by way of limitation, Hilfiker in U.S. Patent No. 4,324,508 discloses a retaining wall comprised of elongated panel members with wire grid mats attached to the backside of the panel members projecting into an earthen mass.

Vidal, Hilfiker and others generally disclose large precast, reinforced concrete wall panel members cooperative with strips, mats, etc. to provide a mechanically stabilized earth construction. Vidal, Hilfiker and others also disclose or use various shapes of wall panel members. It is also noted that in constructions disclosed by Vidal and Hilfiker, the elements interactive with the compacted earth or particulate behind the wall panels or blocks, are typically rigid steel strips or mats which rely upon friction and/or anchoring interaction with the particulate, although ultimately, all interaction between such elements and the earth or particulate is dependent upon friction.

It is sometimes difficult or not practical to work with large panel members like those disclosed in Vidal or Hilfiker inasmuch as heavy mechanical lifting equipment is often required to position such panels. In such circumstances, smaller blocks rather than panels may be used to define the wall. Forsberg in U.S. Patent No. 4,914,876 discloses the use of smaller retaining wall blocks in combination with flexible plastic netting as a mechanically stabilizing earth element to thereby provide a mechanically stabilized earth retaining wall construction. Using flexible plastic netting and smaller, specially constructed blocks arranged in rows superimposed one upon the other, reduces the necessity for large or heavy mechanical lifting equipment during the construction phase of such a wall.

Others have also suggested the utilization of facing blocks of various configurations with concrete anchoring and/or frictional netting material to build an embankment and wall. Among the various products of this type commercially available is a product offered by Rockwood Retaining Walls, Inc. of Rochester, Minnesota and a product offered by Westblock Products, Inc. and sold under the trade name, Gravity Stone. Common features of these systems appear to be the utilization of various facing elements in combination with backfill, wherein the backfill is interactive with plastic or fabric reinforcing and/or anchoring means which are attached to the facing elements. Thus, there is a great diversity of such combinations available in the marketplace or disclosed in various patents and other references.

Nonetheless, there has remained the need to provide an improved system utilizing anchoring and/or frictional interaction of backfill and elements positioned in the backfill wherein the elements are cooperative with and attachable to facing elements, particularly blocks which are smaller and lighter than large facing panels such as utilized in many installations. The present invention comprises an improved combination of elements of this general nature and provides enhanced versatility in the erection of retaining walls and embankments, as well as in the maintenance and cost of such structures.

In DE-A-2 753 224 stabilizing elements for connection to a facing of a mechanically stabilized earth structure are proposed. In one proposal, shown in Figure 5, the stabilizing element comprises first and second longitudinally extending, parallel and laterally spaced tensile portions and a plurality of longitudinally spaced cross members connecting the first and second tensile portions and maintaining them at their lateral spacing.

According to the invention there is provided a wall construction comprising a facing assembled from a plurality of facing elements, compacted particulate material behind the facing, and a plurality of stabilizing elements extending rearwardly into the particulate material to stabilize said material, each stabilizing element comprising first and second longitudinally extending, parallel and laterally spaced tensile portions and a plurality of longitudinally spaced cross members connecting the first and second tensile portions and maintaining them at their lateral spacing, and each stabilizing element being connected to the facing, characterised in that each stabilizing element is connected to the facing by means of first and second connecting portions provided respectively at the forward ends of the first and second tensile portions, the first and second connecting portions each engaging with a respective pin projecting vertically from a bore in a facing element so as to connect the stabilizing element to the facing, and in that the facing elements comprise facing block members arranged in overlapping courses one upon the other, each block member having a front face, side faces, a back face and generally parallel top and bottom surfaces, and each block member having a pair of laterally spaced counterbores in the top or bottom surface each extending through the back face to define channels aligned with respective pins which project vertically into the counterbores, the first and second tensile portions being received in the channels and extending rearwardly from the respective pins and generally perpendicularly thereto out through the back face.

The facing block members may be unreinforced and dry cast. The front faces of the facing block members may be generally planar, but may be configured in almost any desired finish and shape. The facing block members may also includes generally converging side walls. Special comer block and cap block constructions are also disclosed.

The ends of the tensile portions or rods are configured to fit within the counterbores defined in the top or bottom surface of the facing block member. Angled or transverse cross members connect the parallel tensile rods and are preferably arrayed not only to enhance the anchoring characteristics, but also the frictional characteristics of interaction of the tensile rods with earth or particulate material comprising the embankment. The vertical pins may be in the form of vertical anchoring rods that interact both with the stabilizing elements and also with the described block members by extending vertically through the throughbores in those block members while simultaneously engaging the stabilizing elements.

The following are objects of at least the preferred forms of the invention:

to provide an improved retaining wall construction comprised of modular blocks and cooperative stabilizing elements that project into an earthen work or particulate material;

to provide an improved and unique modular block construction for utilization in the construction of an improved retaining wall construction;

to provide a modular block construction which may be easily fabricated utilizing known casting or molding techniques;

to provide a substantially universal modular wall block which is useful in combination with earth retaining or stabilizing elements as well as anchoring elements;

to provide unique earth anchoring and/or stabilizing elements that are cooperative with a modular wall or facing block;

to provide a combination of components for manufacture of a retaining wall system or construction which is inexpensive, efficient, easy to use and which may be used in designs susceptible to conventional design or engineering techniques;

to provide a design for a modular block which may be used in a mechanically stabilized earth construction or an anchor wall construction wherein the block may be unreinforced and/or manufactured by dry cast or pre-cast methods, and/or interactive with rigid, metal stabilizing elements.

Certain preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIGURE 1 is an isometric, cut away view of an embodiment and example of the modular block retaining wall construction of the invention incorporating various alternative elements or components;

FIGURE 2 is an isometric view of the improved standard modular wall block utilized in the retaining wall construction of the invention;

FIGURE 3 is an isometric view of an earthen stabilizing and/or anchor element which is used in combination with the modular block of Figure 2 and which cooperates with and interacts with earth or particulate by means of friction and/or anchoring means or both;

FIGURE 4 is an isometric view of a typical anchoring rod which interacts with the wall block of Figure 2 and the earth stabilizing element of Figure 3 in the construction of the improved retaining wall of the invention;

FIGURE 4A is an alternate construction of the rod of Figure 4;

FIGURE 5 is a bottom plan view of the block of Figure 2;

FIGURE 6 is a rear elevation of the block of Figure 5;

FIGURE 7 is a side elevation of the block of Figure 5;

FIGURE 8 is a top plan view of a comer block as contrasted with the wall block of Figure 5;

FIGURE 9 is a rear elevation of the block of Figure 8;

FIGURE 10 is a side elevation of the block of Figure 8;

FIGURE 11 is a top plan view of an alternative comer block construction;

FIGURE 12 is a rear elevation of the block of Figure 11;

FIGURE 13 is a side elevation of the block of Figure 11;

FIGURE 13A is a top plan view of an alternate throughbore pattern for a comer block;

FIGURE 14 is a top plan view of a typical earth stabilizing element or component of the type depicted in Figure 3;

FIGURE 15 is a bottom plan view of the element shown in Figure 14 in combination with a block of the type shown in Figure 2;

FIGURE 16 is a front elevation of a typical assembly of the modular wall blocks of Figure 2 and corner blocks such as shown in Figure 8 in combination with the other components and elements forming a retaining wall;

FIGURE 17 is a sectional view of the wall of Figure 16 taken substantially along the line 17--17;

FIGURE 18 is a sectional view of the wall of Figure 16 taken along line 18--18 in Figure 16;

FIGURE 19 is a cross sectional view of the wall of Figure 16 taken substantially along the line 19--19;

FIGURE 20 is a side sectional view of a combination of elements of the type depicted in Figure 15;

FIGURE 21 is a top plan view of a typical retaining wall construction depicting the arrangement of the modular block elements to form an outside curve;

FIGURE 22 is a top plan view of modular block elements arranged so as to form an inside curve;

FIGURE 23 is a front elevation depicting a typical retaining wall in accord with the invention;

FIGURE 24 is an enlarged front elevation of a retaining wall illustrating the manner in which a slip joint may be constructed utilizing the invention;

FIGURE 25 is a sectional view of the wall shown in Figure 24 taken substantially along the lines 25--25;

FIGURE 26 is a sectional view of the wall of Figure 24 taken substantially along the line 26--26;

FIGURE 27 is a bottom plan view of the modular facing block of the invention as it is initially dry cast in a mold for a pair of facing blocks;

FIGURE 28 is a bottom plan view similar to Figure 27 depicting the manner in which the cast blocks of Figure 27 are separated to provide a pair of separate modular facing blocks;

FIGURE 29 is a top plan view of the cast formation of the corner blocks;

FIGURE 30 is a top plan view of the corner blocks of Figure 29 after they have been split or separated;

FIGURE 31 is a plan view of an alternative casting array for corner blocks;

FIGURE 32 is a plan view of corner blocks of Figure 21 separated;

FIGURE 33 is a front elevation of a wall construction with a cap block;

FIGURE 33A is a top plan view of cap blocks forming a corner;

FIGURE 34 is a side elevation of an alternative wall construction utilizing anchor type stabilizing elements;

FIGURE 35 is a bottom plan view of the wall construction of Figure 34 taken along the line 35--35;

FIGURE 36 is a top plan view of another stabilizing element construction;

FIGURE 37 is a bottom plan view of an alternative cap block construction;

FIGURE 38 is a cross-sectional view of the alternative cap block construction of Figure 37 taken along the line 38--38;

FIGURE 39 is a side sectional view of a further alternative construction depicting an alternative facing block construction;

FIGURE 40 is a top sectional view of the construction of Figure 39;

FIGURE 41 is a top plan sectional view of another alternative embodiment of the invention utilizing tension arms and tension members in combination with facing blocks and various connector pins and a cast in place counterfort;

FIGURE 42 is a side sectional of the construction depicted in Figure 41;

FIGURE 43 is a top plan view of an alternative design and the form for the cast in place counterfort similar to the construction shown in Figure 41; and

FIGURE 44 is a side elevation of the forms of Figure 43.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS General Description

Figure 1 generally depicts the combination of components or elements which define the modular block retaining wall construction of the invention. Modular blocks 40 are arranged in courses one upon the other in an overlapping array. Generally rigid earth retaining or stabilizing elements 42 and/or flexible stabilizing elements 44 are cooperative with or interact with the blocks 40. Also, anchoring elements such as tie back elements may be utilized in cooperation with blocks 40. The stabilizing or anchoring

elements

42, 44 are attached to blocks 40 by means of vertical anchoring rods 46. The elements 42 and/or 44 project from the back face of blocks 40 into compacted soil 48 and interact with the soil 48 as anchors and/or frictionally.

It is noted that interaction between the

elements

42 and 44 and soil or particulate 48 depends ultimately upon frictional interaction of particulate material comprising the soil 48 with itself and with elements, such as

elements

42 and 44. Conventionally, that interaction may be viewed as an anchoring interaction in many instances rather than a frictional interaction. Thus, for purposes of the disclosure of the present invention, both frictional and anchoring types of interaction of compacted soil 48 with stabilizing and/or anchor elements are considered to be generally within the scope of the invention.

The invention comprises a combination of the described components including the blocks 40, stabilizing elements 42 and/or 44, anchoring rods 46 and soil 48 as well as the separate described components themselves, the method of assembly thereof, the method of manufacture of the separate components and various ancillary or alternative elements and their combination. Following is a description of these various components, combinations and methods.

Facing Block Construction

Figure 2, as well as Figures 5 through 13, 13A, 27 through 33A, 36 and 37 illustrate in greater detail the construction of standard modular or facing blocks 40 and various other blocks. Figure 2, as well as Figures 5 through 7, depict the basic modular block 40 which is associated with the invention. Figures 27 and 28 are also associated with the basic or standard modular block 40 in Figure 2. The remaining figures relate to other block constructions.

Standard Modular Block

As depicted in Figures 2 and 5 through 7, the standard modular block 40 includes a generally planar front face 50. The front face 50, in its preferred embodiment, is typically aesthetically textured as a result of the manufacturing process. Texturing is, however, not a limiting characteristic of the front face 50. The front face 50 may include a precast pattern. It may be convex or concave or some other desired cast or molded shape. Because the block 40 is manufactured principally by casting techniques, the variety of shapes and configurations, surface textures and the like for the front face 50 is not generally a limiting feature of the invention.

The front face 50, however, does define the outline of the modular blocks comprising the wall as shown in Figure 1. Thus, the front face 50 defines a generally rectangular front elevation configuration, and because the blocks 40 are typically manufactured by means of casting techniques, the dimensions of the perimeter of front face 50 are typically those associated with a standard concrete block construction. The size or dimension, however, is not a limiting feature of the invention.

Spaced from and generally parallel to the front face 50 is a back face 52. The back face 52 is connected to the front face 50 by means of

side walls

54 and 56 which generally converge towards one another from the front face 50. The convergence is generally uniform and equal on both sides of the block 40. Convergence may commence from

front edges

51, 53, or may commence a distance from front face 50 toward back face 52. Convergence may be defined by a single flat side surface or multiple flat or curved side surfaces. The convergence angle is generally in the range of 7° to 15°, in the preferred embodiment of the invention, though, a range of convergence of 0° to about 30° is useful.

The thickness of the block 40, or in other words the distance between the front face 50 and back face 52, may be varied in accord with engineering and structural considerations. Again, typical dimensions associated with concrete block constructions are often relied upon by casters and those involved in precast or dry cast operations of block 40. Thus, for example, if the dimensions of the front face 50 are 16 inches wide by 8 inches high, the width of the back face would be approximately 12 inches and the depth or distance between the

faces

50, 52 would be approximately 8, 10 or 12 inches.

In the embodiment shown, the

side walls

54 and 56 are also rectangular as is the back face 52. Parallel top and

bottom surfaces

58 and 60 each have a trapezoidal configuration and intersect the

faces

50, 52 and

walls

54, 56. In the preferred embodiment, the

surfaces

58, 60 are congruent and parallel to each other and are also at generally right angles with respect to the front face 50 and book face 52.

The block 40 includes a first vertical passage or throughbore 62 and a second vertical passage or throughbore 64.

Throughbores

62, 64 are generally parallel to one another and extend between

surfaces

58, 60. As depicted in Figure 5 the cross-sectional configurations of the

throughbores

62 and 64 are preferably uniform along their length. The

throughbores

62, 64 each include a

centerline axis

66 and 68, respectively. The cross-sectional shape of each of the

throughbores

62 and 64 is substantially identical and comprises an elongated or elliptical configuration or shape.

Each of the

throughbores

62 and 64 and, more particularly, the

axis

66 and 68 thereof, is precisely positioned relative to the side edges 51 and 53 of the front face 50. The side edges 51 and 53 are defined by the intersection respectively of the side wall 54 and front face 50 and side wall 56 and front face 50. The axis 66 is one-quarter of the distance between the side edge 53 and the side edge 51. The axis 68 is one-quarter of the distance between the side edge 51 and the side edge 53. Thus the

axes

66 and 68 are arrayed or spaced one from the other by a distance equal to the sum of the distances that the

axes

66, 68 are spaced from the side edges 51 and 53.

The

throughbores

62 and 64 are positioned intermediate the front face 50 and back face 52 approximately one-quarter of the distance from the front face 50 toward the back face 52, although this distance may be varied depending upon engineering and other structural considerations associated with the block 40. As explained below, compressive forces on the block 40 result when an anchoring rod 46, which fits within each one of the

throughbores

62 and 64, engages against a surface of each throughbore 62 or 64 most nearly adjacent the back face 52. The force is generally a compressive force on the material comprising the block 40. Thus, it is necessary, from a structural analysis viewpoint, to ensure that the throughbores 62 and 64 are appropriately positioned to accommodate the compressive forces on block 40 in a manner which will maintain the integrity of the block 40.

A counterbore 70 is provided with the throughbore 62. Similarly, a counterbore 72 is provided with the throughbore 64. Referring first to the counterbore 70, the counterbore 70 is defined in the surface 58 and extends from back face 52 over and around the throughbore 62. Importantly, the counterbore 70 defines a pathway between the throughbore 62 end the back face 52 wherein a tensile member (described below) may be placed in a manner such that the tensile member may remain generally perpendicular to an element, such as rod 46, positioned in the throughbore 62.

In a similar fashion, the counterbore 72 extends from the back face 52 in the surface 58 and around the throughbore 64. In the preferred embodiment, the

counterbores

70 and 72 are provided in the top face 58 uniformly for all of the blocks 40. However, it is posible to provide the counterbores in the bottom face 60 or in both faces 58 and 60. Note that since the blocks 40 may be inverted, the

faces

58 and 60 may be inverted between a top and bottom position. In sum, the

counterbores

70 and 72 are aligned with and constitute counterbores for the throughbores 62 and 64, respectively.

In the preferred embodiment, a rectangular cross-section passage 74 extends parallel to the

throughbores

62 and 64 through the block 40 from the top surface 58 to the bottom surface 60. The passage 74 is provided to eliminate weight and bulk of the block 40 without reducing the structural integrity of the block. It also provides a transverse

counterbore connecting counterbores

70 and 72. The passage 74 is not necessarily required in the block 40. The particular configuration and orientation, shape and extent of the passage 74 may be varied considerably in order to eliminate bulk and material from the block 40.

The general cross-section of the

throughbores

62 and 64 may be varied. Importantly, it is appropriate and preferred that the cross-sectional shape of the

throughbores

62 and 64 permits lateral movement of the block 40 relative to anchoring rods 46, for example, which are inserted in the

throughbores

62 and 64. Thus, the dimension of the

throughbores

62 and 64 in the direction parallel to the back face 52 in the embodiment shown is chosen so as to be greater than the diameter of a rod 46. The transverse (or front to back) dimension of the

throughbores

62 and 64 more closely approximates the diameter of the rod 46 so that the blocks 40 will not be movable from front to back into and out of a position. That is, the front face 50 of each of the blocks 40 in separate courses and on top of each other can be maintained in alignment because of the size and configuration of

throughbores

62, 64. Consequently, the blocks 40 can be preferably adjusted from side to side as one builds a wall of the type depicted in Figure 1, though the blocks 40 are not adjustable inwardly or outwardly to any great extent. This maintains the planar integrity of the assembly comprising the retaining wall so that the blocks 40 will be maintained in a desired and generally planar array. Side to side adjustment insures that any gap between the blocks 40 is maintained at a minimum and also permits, as will be explained below, various adjustments such as required for formation of inside and outside curvature of the wall construction.

The depth of the

counterbores

70 and 72 is variable. It is preferred that the depth be at least adequate to permit the elements 42 and/or 44 to be maintained below or no higher than the level of surface 58, so that when an additional course of blocks 40 is laid upon a lower course of blocks 40, the elements 42 and/or 44 are appropriately and properly recessed so as not to interfere with an upper course of blocks 40.

Referring briefly to Figures 27 and 28, there is illustrated a manner in which the standard modular blocks of Figures 2 and 5 can be manufactured. Typically, such blocks may be cast in pairs using dry casting techniques with the front face of the blocks 40 cast in opposition to each other with a split line such as split line 75 as depicted in Figure 27. Then after the blocks 40 are cast, a wedge or shear may be utilized to split or separate blocks 40 one from the other revealing a textured face such as illustrated in Figure 28. Appropriate drag and draft angles are incorporated in the molds with respect to such a casting operation as will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Also note, the dry cast blocks 40 are not typically reinforced. However, the dry cast blocks may include reinforcing fibers. Lack of reinforcement and manufacture by dry casting techniques of a block 40 for use with metallic and/or generally rigid stabilizing elements is not known to be depicted or used in the prior art.

Corner and/or Split Face Blocks

Figures 8 through 13A, and 29 through 33A depict blocks that are used to form corners and/or caps of the improved retaining wall construction of the invention or to define a boundary or split face in such a retaining wall. Figures 8, 9 and 10 disclose a first corner block 80 which is similar to, but dimensionally different from the corner blocks of Figures 11, 12 and 13 and the corner block 110 of Figure 13A.

Referring, therefore, to Figures 8, 9 and 10, corner block 80 comprises a front face 82, a back face 84, a finished side surface 86 and a unfinished side surface 88. A top surface 90 is parallel to a bottom surface 92. The surfaces and faces generally define a rectangular parallelpiped. The front face 82 and the finished side surface 86 are generally planar and may be finished with a texture, color, composition and configuration which is compatible with or identical to the surface treatment of blocks 40. The corner block 80 includes a first throughbore 94 which extends from the top surface 90 through the bottom surface 92. The throughbore 94 is generally cylindrical in shape; however, the throughbore 94 may include a funnel shaped or frusto-conical section 96 which facilitates cooperation with a rod, such as rod 46, as will be explained below.

The cross-sectional area of the throughbore 94 is slightly larger than the cross-sectional area and configuration of a compatible rod, such as rod 46, which is designed to fit through the throughbore 94. Importantly, the cross-sectional shape of the throughbore 94 and the associated rod, such as rod 46, are generally congruent to preclude any significant alteration and orientation of a positioned corner block 80 once a rod 46 is inserted through a throughbore 94.

The position of the first throughbore 94 relative to the

surfaces

82, 84 and 86 is an important factor in the design of the corner block 80. That is, the throughbore 94 includes a centerline axis 98. The axis 98 is substantially an equal distance from each of the

surfaces

82, 84 and 86, thus rendering the distances x, y and z in Figure 8 substantially equal, where x is the distance between the axis 98 and the surface 82, y is the distance between the axis 98 and the surface 84, and z is the distance between the axis 98 and the surface 86.

The corner block 80 further includes a second throughbore 100 which extends from the top surface 90 through the bottom surface 92. The second throughbore 100 may also include a funnel shaped or frusto-conical section 104. The cross-sectional shape of the throughbore 100 generally has an elongated or elliptical form and has a generally central axis 102 which is parallel to the

surfaces

82, 84, 86 and 88. The longitudinal dimension of the cross-sectional configuration of the second throughbore 100 is generally parallel to the front face 82. The axis 102 is specially positioned relative to the side surface 88 and the front face 82. Thus the axis 102 is positioned a distance w from the front face 82 which is substantially equal to the distance w which axis 66 is positioned from front face 50 of the block 40 as depicted in Figure 5. The axis 102 is also positioned a distance v from the unfinished side surface 88 which is substantially equal to the distance c which the axis 62 is positioned from the edge 53 of the front face 50 of the block 40 as depicted again in Figure 5. A counterbore 103 may be provided for throughbore 100. Counterbore 103 extends from back surface 84 and around bore 100. The counterbore 103 may be provided in both top and

bottom surfaces

90 and 92.

The distance u between the axis 102 and the axis 98 for the corner block 80 is depicted in Figure 8 and is equal to the distance u between the axis 66 and the axis 68 for the block 40 in Figure 5. The distance u is substantially two times the distance v. The distance v between the axis 102 and the side surface 88 is substantially equal to the distance z between the axis 98 and the side surface 86. The correlation of the various ratios of the distances for the

various blocks

40, 80 and 110 set forth above is summarized in the following Table No. 1:

For Block 40	2v = u
For Corner Block 80	x = y = z
	x + y = u
	v + z = u
For Corner Block 110	a = b = c
	d = v + c

It is to be noted that the corner block 80 of Figures 8, 9 and 10 is a corner block 80 wherein the perimeter of the front face 82 is dimensionally substantially equal to the front face 50 of the block 40. Figures 11, 12 and 13 illustrate an alternative corner block construction wherein the front face and finished side face or surface are different dimensionally from that of the corner block 80 in Figures 8, 9 and 10.

Referring therefore to Figures 11, 12 and 13, a corner block 110 includes a front face 112, a back face 114, a finished side surface 116, an unfinished side surface 118, top and bottom parallel surfaces 120 and 122. The block 110 has a rectangular, parallelpiped configuration like the block 80. The block 110 includes a first throughbore 124, having a shape and configuration substantially identical to that of the first throughbore 94 previously described including the frusto-conical section 126, and an axis 128. Similarly, the block 110 includes a second throughbore 130 having an axis 132 with a cross-sectional configuration substantially identical to that of the second throughbore 100 and also including a frusto-conical or funnel shaped section 134. Also, counterbores 131 may be provided in the top and bottom surfaces 120, 122. The front face 112 and finished side surface 116 are finished, as previously described with respect to front face 50, in any desired fashion. The front face 112 has a height dimension as illustrated in Figure 13 as height h which is substantially equal to the height h of the block 40 in Figure 7, as well as the height h of the block 80 as illustrated in Figure 10.

The axis 128 is again equally spaced from the face 112, surface 116 and surface 114 as illustrated in Figure 11. Thus, the distance a from the surface 112 to axis 128 equals the distance b from the face 114 to the axis 128 which also equals the distance c from the surface 116 to the axis 128. The axis 132 is spaced from the front face 112 by the distance w which again is equal to the distance w of spacing of axis 66 from face 50 of block 40 as shown in Figure 5. Similarly, the axis 132 is spaced a distance v front the unfinished side surface 118 which is equal to the distance c associated with the block 40 as depicted in Figure 5. The distance between the axis 132 and the axis 128 represented by d in Figure 11 equals the distance v between axis 132 and surface 118 plus distance c, the distance between axis 128 and finished side surface 116. Again, these dimensional relationships are set forth in Table 1.

Figure 13A illustrates the configuration of a corner block which is reversible and includes

throughbores

99, 101 which are shaped with an L shaped cross section so as to function as though they are a combination of

throughbores

124, 130 of the embodiment of Figure 11. Thus, bores 99 and 101 each include an axis 128a which is equivalent to axis 128 of the corner block of Figure 11 and a second axis 132a which is equivalent to the axis 132 of the block of Figure 11.

Other alternative block constructions are possible within the scope of the invention and some modifications and alternatives are discussed below. However, the aforedescribed block 40 as well as the corner blocks 80 and 110 are principal modular blocks to practice the preferred embodiment of the invention.

Stabilizing Elements

The second major component of the retaining wall construction comprises retaining elements which are interactive with and cooperate with the

blocks

40, 80, and 110, particularly the basic block 40. Figures 14 and 15 illustrate stabilizing elements. Referring first to Figure 14, there is illustrated a stabilizing element 42 which is comprised of a first parallel reinforcing bar 140 and a second parallel reinforcing bar 142. The

bars

140 and 142 each have a

loop

144 and 146 respectively formed at an inner end thereof. Typically, the

bars

140 and 142 are deformed to form the

loops

144, 146 and the ends of the

loops

144, 146 are welded back onto the

bar

140 and 142.

Importantly, each

loop

144 and 146 is connected to a

tension arm

148 and 150 defined by the

bars

140 and 142. The

tension arms

148 and 150 are parallel to one another and are of such a length so as to extend beyond the back face of any of the blocks previously described. A cross member 152, positioned beyond the back face of the block 40, connects the

arms

148 and 150 to ensure their appropriate spacing and alignment. A second cross member 154 ensures that the

arms

148 and 150, as well as the

bars

140 and 142, remain generally parallel.

There are

additional cross members

154 and 156 provided along the length of the

bars

140 and 142. The spacing of the

cross members

154 and 156 is preferably generally uniform in accordance with the principles of mechanically stabilized earth structures essentially based on friction. However, this is not a limiting feature and cross members 156 may preferably be uniformly spaced from the other at generally closer intervals in a so called passive or resistive zone, than the cross members 154 in front, if the stabilizing elements are rather considered as anchors. In this case, the bars and cross members 154, as well as cross members 152, are not necessarily closely spaced or even required so long as the

bars

140 and 142 are maintained in a substantially parallel array.

It is noted that in the preferred embodiment, that just two

bars

140 and 142 are required or are provided. However, stabilizing elements having one or more longitudinal members (e.g. bars 140, 142) may be utilized. The stabilizing element depicted and described with respect to Figure 14 relies upon frictional interaction but could be configured to rely, as well, upon anchoring interaction with compacted soil. The cross members 156, thus, could be configured to act as a collection of anchors. The

bars

140 and 142 and cross members 156 in the preferred embodiment provide frictional interaction with compacted soil.

Referring to Figure 15, there is depicted a stabilizing element 42. The element 42 and more particularly the

tension arms

148 and 150 are positioned in the

counterbores

70 and 72 of block 40 with the

loops

144 and 146 positioned over the throughbores 64 and 62, respectively.

The

tension arms

148 and 150 of the element 42 are sufficiently recessed within the

counterbores

70 and 72 to be below the plane or no higher than the plane of the top surface 58 of the block 40.

Figure 15 illustrates a generally rigid element. The element 42 is cooperative with a block 40 as described.

Connectors

Depicted in Figure 4 is a typical connector which comprises a reinforcing rod or bar, normally a steel reinforcing bar 46, which is generally cylindrical in shape and which is fitted through loops, for example loops 170 and 172 in Figure 17 and associated throughbores 62 and 64 of block 40 to thereby serve to retain the element 44 and more particularly the connector 160 cooperatively engaged with block 40. The rod 46, which is depicted as the preferred embodiment, is cylindrical as previously mentioned. However, any desired size may be utilized. It is to be noted that the steel reinforcing bars, which are recommended in order to practice the invention, are also utilized in cooperation with the specially configured

first throughbores

94, 124 of the corner blocks 80, 110. For example first throughbore 124 of the corner block 110 illustrated in Figure 12 cooperates with a rod such as rod 46 illustrated in Figure 4. The rods 46 are of a sufficient length so that they will project through at least two adjacent blocks 40 which are stacked one on top of the other thus distributing the compressive forces resulting from the elements 44 interacting with the blocks 40 to blocks of adjacent courses forming a wall.

As depicted in Figure 4A, the rod 46 may include a small stop or cross bar 47 welded or attached at its midpoint. Cross bar 47 insures that the rod 46 will be positioned properly and retained in position to engage blocks 40 above and below the block 40 in which rod 46 is positioned to cooperate with

elements

42, 44. Thus, the rod 46 will not fall or slip downward into

throughbores

62, 64.

Retaining Wall System

Figures 16 through 26 illustrate the manner of assembly of the components heretofore described to provide a retaining wall. Referring first to Figure 16, there is depicted an array of three courses of modular blocks 40 and corner blocks 80 to define a section or portion of a wall using the components of the invention. Note that each of the courses provide that the blocks 40 are overlapping. Note further that the front face dimensions of the corner block 80 are equal to the front face dimensions of the modular blocks 40. The side face or surface dimensions of the corner blocks 80 are equal to one half of the dimensions of the basic blocks 40.

Figure 17, which is a sectional view of the wall of Figure 16, illustrates the manner of positioning the corner blocks 80 and modular basic building blocks 40 with respect to each other to define the first course of the wall depicted in Figure 16. Note that elements 42, which are the rigid stabilizing elements, are cooperatively positioned for interaction with the blocks 40. In the preferred embodiment, stabilizing elements 42 are provided for use in association with each and every one of the modular blocks 40 and the elements 42 include only two parallel reinforcing bars. It is possible to provide for constructions which would have a multiple number of reinforcing bars or special anchoring elements attached to the bars. The preferred embodiment is to use just two bars in order to conserve with respect to cost, and further, the two bar construction provides for efficient distribution of tensile forces and anchoring forces on the element 42, and torsional forces are significantly reduced.

Figure 18 illustrates the manner in which the corner block 80 may be positioned in order to define an edge or corner of the wall depicted in Figure 16. Thus, the block 80, which is a very symmetrical block as previously described, may be alternated between positions shown in Figures 17 and 18. Moreover, the corner blocks 80 may be further oriented as depicted and described with respect to Figures 24 through 26 below. The element 44, which is a stabilizing element utilizing a flexible polymeric or geotextile material, is depicted as being used with respect to the course or layer of blocks 40 defining or depicted in Figure 18.

Figure 19 is a side sectional view of the wall construction of Figure 16. As known to those of ordinary skill in the art, construction of such walls and the analysis thereof calls for the defining of a resistive zone 190 and an active zone 192. As explained above, in some cases the cross members 156 are preferably closer in the resistive zone; however, this is not a limiting feature.

Figure 19 illustrates also the use of the polymeric grid material 180. It is to be noted that all of the elements 42 and/or 44 are retained in a compacted soil or compacted earth in a manner described in the previously referenced prior art patents.

In Figure 19, there is illustrated the placement of a stabilizing element, such as

elements

42 or 44, in association with each and every course of

blocks

40, 80. In actual practice, however, the stabilizing elements 42 and/or 44 may be utilized in association with separate layers or courses, eg. every second, third or fourth course of

blocks

40, 80 and/or at separate blocks, eg. every second or third block horizontally in accord with good design principles. This does not, however, preclude utilization of the stabilizing

elements

42, 44 in association with each and every course and each and every

block

40, 80. Thus, it has been found that the mechanically stabilized earth reinforcement does not necessarily require stabilizing elements at every possible block position. Again, calculations with respect to this can be provided using techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art such as referenced herein.

During construction, a course of blocks 40 are initially positioned in a line on a desired footing 200, which may consist of granular fill, earthen fill, concrete or other leveling material. Earthen backfill material 202 is then placed behind the blocks 40. An element, such as stabilizing element 42, may then be positioned in the

special counterbores

70, 72 in a manner previously described and defined in the

blocks

40, 80. Rods 46 may then be inserted to maintain the elements 42 in position with respect to the blocks 40. The rods 46 should, as previously described, interact with at least two adjacent courses of blocks 40. A layer of sealant, fabric or other material (not shown) may be placed on the blocks. Subsequently, a further layer of blocks 40 is positioned onto the rods 46. Additional soil or backfill 202 is placed behind the blocks 40, and the process continues as the wall is erected.

In practice, it has been found preferable to orient the

counterbores

70, 72 facing downward rather than upward during construction. This orientation facilitates keeping the

counterbores

70, 72 free of debris, etc. during construction.

Figure 20 illustrates a side elevation of the construction utilizing a rigid stabilizing element 42. The element 42 is cooperative with blocks 40, rods 46 and compacted soil 202 as previously described.

Referring next to Figures 21 and 22, as previously noted, the

throughbores

62, 64 in the blocks 40 have an elongated cross-sectional configuration. Such elongation permits a slight adjustable movement of the blocks 40 laterally with respect to each other to ensure that any tolerances associated with the manufacture of the blocks 40 are accommodated. It was further noted that the blocks 40 are defined to include converging side surfaces 54, 56. Because the side surfaces 54, 56 are converging, it is possible to form a wall having an outside curve as depicted in Figure 21 or an inside curve as depicted in Figure 22. In each instance, the mode of assembly and the cooperative interaction of the stabilizing

elements

42, 44 and rods 46 as well as blocks 40 are substantially as previously described with respect to a wall having a flat front surface.

Figure 23 illustrates the versatility of the construction of the present invention. Walls of various shapes, dimensions and heights may be constructed. It is to be noted that with the combination of the present invention the front face of the wall may be substantially planar and may rise substantially vertically from a footing. Though it is possible to set back the wall or tilt the wall as it ascends, that requirement is not necessary with the retaining wall system of the present invention. Also, the footing may be tiered. Also, the block 40 may be dry cast and is useful in combination with a rigid stabilizing element, such as element 42, as contrasted with geotextile materials.

Figures 24, 25 and 26 illustrate the utilization of corner blocks to provide for a slip joint in a conventional wall of the type depicted in Figure 23. As shown in Figure 24, a slip joint or vertical slot 210 is defined between

wall sections

212 and 214. Sectional views of the

walls

212 and 214 are depicted in Figures 25 and 26. There it will be seen that the corner blocks 80, which may be turned in either a right handed or left handed direction, may be spaced from one another or positioned as closely adjacent as desired or required. A fabric or other flexible material 216 may be positioned along the back side of the blocks 80 and then backfill 202 positioned against the flexible material 216.

Figure 26 illustrates the arrangement of these elements including the flexible barrier 216 and the blocks 80 for the next course of materials. It is to be noted that the first throughbore 94 of the corner blocks 80 as well as for the corner block 110 always align vertically over one another as each of the courses are laid. Thus, a rod 46 may be passed directly through the first throughbores 94 to form a rigidly held corner which does not include the capacity for adjustment which is built into the

throughbores

62, 64 associated with the blocks 40 or the second throughbore 100 associated with corner blocks 80. The positioning of the throughbores 94 facilitates the described assembly. The blocks 80 may include a molded split line 81 during manufacture. The line 81 facilitates fracture of the block 80 and removal of the inside half 83 as shown in Figure 25.

Figures 29, 30 and 31 illustrate a possible method for casting corner blocks 80. Corner blocks 80 may be cast in an assembly comprising four corner blocks wherein the mold provides that the

faces

82, 85 of the corner blocks 80 will be in opposition along

split lines

182, 185 so that, as depicted in Figure 29, four corner blocks 80 may be simultaneously cast, or as shown in Figure 31, two corner blocks 80 may be cast. Then as depicted in Figure 30, the corner blocks may be split from one another along the molded split lines to provide four (or two) corner blocks 80.

The stabilizing

elements

42, 44, may also be cooperative with the

counterbores

103, 131 of the corner blocks 80, 110. In practice, such construction is suggested to stabilize corners of a wall. The

elements

42, 44 would thus simultaneously cooperate with

counterbores

103, 131 of a

corner block

80, 110 and

counterbores

70 or 72 of a modular block 40.

The described components and the mode of assembly of those components constitutes a preferred embodiment of the invention. It is to be noted that the corner blocks 80 as well as the standard modular blocks 40 may be combined in a retaining wall having various types of stabilizing elements and utilizing various types of analysis in calculating the bill of materials. That is, the stabilizing elements have both anchoring capabilities as well as frictional interactive capabilities with compacted soil or the like. Thus, there is a great variety of stabilizing elements beyond those specifically described which are useful in combination with the invention.

For example, the stabilizing elements may comprise a mat of reinforcing bars comprised of two or more parallel bars which are designed to extend into compacted soil. Rather than forming the loops on the ends of those bars to interact with vertical rods 46, the rods 46 may be directly welded to longitudinal tensile arms in the throughbores, thus, eliminating the necessity of forming a loop in the ends of the tension arms.

Though two tensions arms and thus two reinforcing bars are the preferred embodiment, a multiplicity of tension arms may be utilized. Additionally, as pointed out in the description above, the relative size of the corner blocks may be varied and the dimensional alternatives in that regard were described. The shapes of the rods 46 may be varied. The attachment to the rods 46 may be varied.

Also, cap blocks 250 may be provided as illustrated in Figure 32 and 33. Such blocks 250 could have a plan profile like that of modular blocks 40 but with a longer lateral dimension and four throughbores 252, which could be aligned in pairs with

throughbores

62, 64. The cap blocks 250 may then be alternated in orientation, as depicted in Figure 32, with rods 46 fitting in proper pairs of openings 252. Mortar in openings 252 would lock the cap blocks 250 in place. Cap blocks 250 could also be split into

halves

254, 256, as shown in Figure 32, to form a corner. An alternative cap block construction comprises a rectangular shaped cap with a longitudinal slot on the underside for receipt of the ends of rods 46 projecting from the top course of a row of blocks 40. Other constructions are also possible.

Figures 34 and 35 depict a wall construction comprised of blocks 40 in combination with anchor type stabilizing elements. The anchor type stabilizing elements are, in turn, comprised of double ended tensile elements 300 analogous to elements 42 previously described. The elements 300 are fastened to blocks 40 at each end by means of vertical rods 46. The blocks 40 form an outer wall 302 and an inner anchor 304 connected by elements 300. Anchors 304 are imbedded in compacted soil 305. The inside surface of the outer wall 302 may be lined with a fabric liner 306 to prevent soil erosion. This design for a wall construction utilizes the basic components previously described and may have certain advantages especially for low wall constructions.

Figure 36 illustrates a variation wherein a stabilizing element 324 is comprised of

arms

326 and 327 which cooperate with reinforcing bars 46 positioned in block 40 in the manner previously described. Cross members 329 are again configured to define a generally truss shaped pattern in which the cross members 329 are connected to the

arms

326 and 327 at an angle. Thus it can be seen that the construction of the stabilizing element may be varied significantly while still providing a rather rigid stabilizing element cooperative with blocks 40 and comer blocks as previously described.

Figures 37 and 38 illustrate an alternative to the cap block construction previously described. In Figure 37, the bottom plan view of the cap block has substantially the same configuration as a face block 40. Thus cap block 340 includes

counterbores

70 and 72 which are designed to be cooperative with stabilizing elements in the manner previously described. The passageways through the cap block 340, however, do not pass entirely through the block. Thus, as illustrated in Figure 38, the cap block 340 includes

counterbores

72 and 70 as previously described. A passageway for the reinforcing bars 46; namely, passage 342 and 344 extends only partially through the block 340. Similarly, the passage 346 extends only partially through the cap block 340. In this manner, the cap block 340 will define a cap that does not have any openings at the top thereof. The cap block 340 as depicted in Figures 37 and 38 may, when in a position on the top of the wall, have gaps between the sides of the blocks because of their tapered shape. Thus it may be appropriate and desirable to mold or cast the cap blocks in a rectangular, parallelpiped configuration as illustrated in dotted lines in Figure 37. Alternatively, the space between the blocks 340 forming the cap may be filled with mortar or earthen fill or other fill.

Alternative Wall Constructions

Figures 39 and 40 illustrate a variation of the wall construction utilizing horizontal rows of facing blocks 550 which are offset inwardly one with respect to the other. As depicted in Figure 39, blocks 550 include a lower depending lip 552 adjacent to the back face or wall 553 of the block 550. The blocks 550 also include a first set of vertical throughbores 554 and a second set of vertical throughbores 555 behind the first set 554. As shown in Figure 40, the

throughbores

554 and 555 are arranged in position within counterbores 556 and are arranged one behind the other between the front wall 551 and the back wall 553. As in any of the blocks which are described herein, a throughbore or core 558 may be provided to reduce the weight of the block.

In any event, the lip 552 associated with the blocks 550 necessitates offsetting the horizontal rows of blocks 550 as the horizontal courses are laid one upon the other. The offset associated with the lip 552 equals to the offset of the centers of the vertical throughbores 554 and 555. In this manner, vertical pins or rods 562 may be inserted through the first throughbore 554 of a block 550 and downwardly into the second throughbore 555 of the next lower block 550. This will lock the blocks 550 together and also hold a horizontal stabilizing element, such as element 564, in position. The stabilizing element 564 is similar to that depicted in Figure 14, for example, although numerous types of stabilizing elements as described herein may be utilized in combination with the block 550.

Reference is next directed to Figures 41, 42, 43 and 44 wherein the concepts of the invention are incorporated with and combined with a cast in place counterfort. Thus, referring to these figures, there is depicted a wall in Figure 41 having a series of facing blocks 620 which are arrayed in horizontal layers one over the other with the blocks being offset with respect to each other. The blocks 620 may be any one of the particular constructions heretofore described. The block described and depicted in Figure 2, for example, may be used along with stabilizing members 622 of the type depicted in Figure 14. The stabilizing member 622 includes

tension arms

624 and 626 which are positioned within counterbores in the manner previously described to cooperate with vertical pin members again in the manner previously described. As shown in Figure 41 the stabilizing members 622 may be used to connect the horizontally adjacent blocks 620 or may be connected to one of such blocks 620. The stabilizing members 622 include a connecting cross member 628 which is positioned some distance from the back of the blocks 622.

To construct a counterfort, a series of the stabilizing elements 622 are arrayed vertically one over the other in the manner depicted in Figure 42. The entire assembly is preferably positioned on a precast footing 630 having reinforcing bars 632 projecting from the footing 630 upwardly and retained between the loops or bars forming the stabilizing elements 622. It should be noted that, with respect to the counterfort construction of Figures 41 through 44, the vertical reinforcing members 632 which extend upwardly into the cast in place counterfort member are preferably included and are preferably connected with the cast in place footing 630.

A concrete form such as the form 634 depicted in Figures 43 and 44 is fitted over the stabilizing elements 622 and against the back side of facing blocks 620. Form 634 includes a back wall 631,

side walls

633, 635 and block engaging ends 637, 639. A cast in place counterfort 638 is then cast. The form 634 may have the width of a single facing block 620 to provide a counterfort 633, or the width of more than one block 620. Inasmuch as the facing blocks 620 overlap one another in vertically adjacent rows, the form 634 of Figure 43 will, in fact, engage with and interact with single and adjacent facing blocks 620 at different vertical elevations of the counterfort 638.

Additionally, it should be noted that the facing block 620 may interact with and be utilized with all of the various types of stabilizing and anchor elements heretofore described. For example, a ladder reinforcing element 640 may include tension rods 642 and cross members 644 which extend laterally beyond the generally parallel tension rods 642. The stabilizing member may also be, as depicted in Figure 41, a member 650 which includes a single tension arm 652 having cross members 654 attached thereto.

Still another form of stabilizing element used in combination with blocks 620 is depicted in Figure 41. Specifically, one or more concrete blocks 658 are connected, end to end, to the back side of a facing block 620. Metal clips or other fasteners 660 connect the blocks 658 together as depicted.

Thus, there are numerous variations of the construction. The invention, therefore, has many variations and is only to be limited by the following claims and equivalents.

Claims

A wall construction comprising a facing assembled from a plurality of facing elements (40;80;116;340;480; 550), compacted particulate material (48;202;305) behind the facing, and a plurality of stabilizing elements (42; 44;300;324;506) extending rearwardly into the particulate material to stabilize said material, each stabilizing element comprising first and second longitudinally extending, parallel and laterally spaced tensile portions (140,142;162,164;206,262;326,327) and a plurality of longitudinally spaced cross members (154, 156;329) connecting the first and second tensile portions and maintaining them at their lateral spacing, and each stabilizing element being connected to the facing, characterised in that each stabilizing element is connected to the facing by means of first and second connecting portions (144,146;170,172) provided respectively at the forward ends of the first and second tensile portions, the first and second connecting portions each engaging with a respective pin (46) projecting vertically from a bore (62,64;94,100;55,555) in a facing element so as to connect the stabilizing element to the facing, and in that the facing elements (40;340;550) comprise facing block members arranged in overlapping courses one upon the other, each block member having a front face (50), side faces (54,56), a back face (52) and generally parallel top and bottom surfaces (58,60), and each block member having a pair of laterally spaced counterbores (70,72;556) in the top or bottom surface each extending through the back face to define channels aligned with respective pins (46) which project vertically into the counterbores, the first and second tensile portions being received in the channels and extending rearwardly from the respective pins (46) and generally perpendicularly thereto out through the back face.
A wall construction as claimed in claim 1, wherein the pin (46) engages in a bore (62,64;94,100;554,555) in a vertically adjacent facing element.
A wall construction as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein each bore (62,64;100;554,555) is vertical and has a horizontal cross-sectional shape which is elongate in the lateral direction of the facing.
A wall construction as claimed in claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein one bore (555) is arranged behind another bore (554).
A wall construction as claimed in claim 4, wherein the block members (40) are narrower at the back than at the front.
A wall construction as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the cross members (154,156) are perpendicular to the longitudinal direction.
A wall construction as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein each stabilizing element consisting of the first and second tensile portions and the plurality of cross members is a generally rigid element.
A wall construction as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the first and second tensile portions are a pair of parallel bars.
A wall construction as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein the first and second connecting portions comprise first and second substantially horizontal loops.