EP3635801A1 - Verfahren zum betreiben eines speichers für elektrische energie und vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens - Google Patents
Verfahren zum betreiben eines speichers für elektrische energie und vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrensInfo
- Publication number
- EP3635801A1 EP3635801A1 EP18727261.2A EP18727261A EP3635801A1 EP 3635801 A1 EP3635801 A1 EP 3635801A1 EP 18727261 A EP18727261 A EP 18727261A EP 3635801 A1 EP3635801 A1 EP 3635801A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrolyte
- reactor
- melt
- reservoir
- reactors
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/46—Alloys based on magnesium or aluminium
- H01M4/466—Magnesium based
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/36—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34
- H01M10/39—Accumulators not provided for in groups H01M10/05-H01M10/34 working at high temperature
- H01M10/399—Cells with molten salts
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/42—Methods or arrangements for servicing or maintenance of secondary cells or secondary half-cells
- H01M10/4214—Arrangements for moving electrodes or electrolyte
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/42—Alloys based on zinc
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/64—Carriers or collectors
- H01M4/70—Carriers or collectors characterised by shape or form
- H01M4/80—Porous plates, e.g. sintered carriers
- H01M4/806—Nonwoven fibrous fabric containing only fibres
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
- H01M50/70—Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte
- H01M50/77—Arrangements for stirring or circulating the electrolyte with external circulating path
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M2300/00—Electrolytes
- H01M2300/0017—Non-aqueous electrolytes
- H01M2300/0048—Molten electrolytes used at high temperature
- H01M2300/0054—Halogenides
- H01M2300/0057—Chlorides
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for operating a memory, in particular large memory, for electrical energy for the conversion of electrical energy into chemical energy and storage of the chemical energy and for the reconversion of the stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Furthermore, the present invention relates to an apparatus for carrying out the method according to the invention.
- Wind and solar energy have the disadvantage of a highly fluctuating range of services.
- overcapacities would have to be created and additionally non-regenerative reserve capacities would have to be provided or sufficient storage capacities would have to be provided.
- storage capacity there is a deficit in suitable technologies.
- Liquid metal batteries liquid metal batteries
- These batteries are characterized by a three-layer construction and are operated at elevated temperatures.
- At the top there is a relatively low density alloy AB metal melt, interspersed with a liquid non-metallic electrolyte (A z + -X) which receives A z + ions from AB during discharge, and below that a second metallic melt of alloy AC, into which A z + ions are delivered.
- a z + -X liquid non-metallic electrolyte
- a voltage is applied so that an opposite current flows into the battery and, accordingly, the A z + ions are in turn transported from AC to AB through the electrolyte.
- the aim is to realize the electrolyte layer as thin as possible.
- Liquid metal batteries are characterized by a high efficiency (about 60 - 80% efficiency of the charge-discharge cycle), u. a. because there are no phase transitions associated with entropy jumps. In addition, they have a very long life compared to batteries based on solid electrolytes (such as some lithium-ion batteries).
- the subject invention has a relation to so-called redox flow batteries.
- Characteristic here is a layer structure (not necessarily horizontal) with a liquid A, a solid separation membrane (B) and a second medium C (usually liquid, more rarely gaseous).
- the current is removed by solid electrodes (grids) on both sides of the membrane.
- Media A and C include the component that ionically diffuses through the membrane.
- the component in A and / or C can likewise be present in ionic form.
- the diaphragm is often a polymer film incorporating a liquid electrolyte (PEM) or a solid electrolyte (e.g., doped zirconia).
- Important for a low ion transport resistance is also a thin membrane as possible.
- a and C are pumped through the two halves of the cell.
- the solid membrane prevents large-scale upscaling with multi-square meter reaction areas, with storage capacities and MW capacities currently projected at a few megawatts or
- the subject invention further relates to zinc sulfide electrolysis.
- Zinc sulphide is dissolved in an electrolyte after the reaction ZnS-> Zn 2+ + S 2 "
- the Zn 2+ cations are formed on a zinc melt bath (negative pole) and the S 2 ⁇ anions on a Graphite electrode (positive pole) deposited in gaseous form.
- this process has never been used on an industrial scale, but its feasibility in principle has been proven on a laboratory scale. It has never been considered, as far as we know, as a process for storing energy, although the principle reversibility, ie the recovery of electricity when zinc and sulfur convert to ZnS, is obvious.
- references of the subject invention consist of fixed bed electrodes in which the electrolyte is passed through a conductive bed, so that the electrochemical reaction proceeds on the surface of this bed.
- the object of the invention is to provide a method for operating a memory, in particular a large accumulator, for electrical energy and an apparatus for carrying out the method based on an electrometallurgical method principle, wherein the following requirements are to be met:
- the associated system technology should have large-scale dimensions and allow the storage of several hundred MWh. It is known from pyrometallurgy that large plants are characterized by low specific heat losses and thus by a high thermal efficiency. An example are modern large blast furnaces, which are operated at capacities of up to 10,000 t / day in terms of their efficiency at the limit of the thermodynamically possible.
- the object is solved by the features of the method according to claim 1 and by the features of the device according to claim 28.
- Advantageous embodiments based thereon are each the subject of dependent claims.
- the solution according to the invention consists in that there are at least two reactors, which are spatially distinct from one another, and a charge-carrying electrolyte is circulated between these reactors, so that the charge transport between these reactors is determined mainly by convection.
- melt metallic or electrically neutral components
- metal alloy or sulfur
- liquid electrolyte a melt of metallic or electrically neutral components
- a component A eg of an alloy AB, passes over into the electrolyte as ion A z + and releases z electrons to the melt.
- the electrolyte is exchanged between the two reactors by suitable pumps.
- the ion A z + is released to the melt there, for example an alloy AC, whereby it becomes neutral again by taking up z electrons from the melt.
- a voltage AE ° thus arises which, in the currentless state, is known to be due to the equation
- ⁇ 77O,, Reactor1, Reactor2 ⁇ / J ⁇ h - ⁇ A - A > ( 1 ) zF.
- ⁇ ⁇ is the chemical potential of component A in the respective reactors (melts) and F is the Faraday constant.
- the electrons are exchanged with the likewise conductive reactor wall (for example made of graphite).
- the conductive reactor wall for example made of graphite.
- a three-phase contact between the electrolyte, the melt and a suitable electrode is made possible. The usable current can then flow between the electrodes. In charging mode, all the reactions and currents described are reversed.
- the ion exchange between the first reactor and the second reactor can also take place via two possibly different electrolyte phases. Both electrolytes are brought together in a third reactor in which the separation and separation of the reaction product takes place and, if appropriate, the heterogeneous electrolyte phases are separated again before their recycling.
- reaction product A + B ⁇ to n A and m B in an independent, possibly spatially remote installation (in regions which are particularly suitable for the generation of regenerative energies).
- this system would then take the recording of the preferably regeneratively generated electricity, while the power generation takes place in a plant of the type described near the place where the power is consumed.
- the overall efficiency would be affected by cooling and transport of the corresponding substances, but could still be competitive compared to the lossy overland transport of electricity.
- an electrically neutral, chemical component A in a first reactor, can be converted from a first melt of metallic or electrically neutral components in ionic form A z + or A z - into a liquid electrolyte, the electrolyte being converted into a second Reactor is promoted, wherein in the second reactor, the ions absorbed from the first melt A z + or A z ⁇ turn as a neutral component in a second melt of metallic or electrically neutral components, and the liquid electrolyte can be fed back into the first reactor and thereby a net transport of the ions A z + or A z ⁇ takes place under power supply in one and under current delivery in the other direction.
- the electrolyte enriched with A z + from the first reactor and the electrolyte enriched with B y can be conveyed from the second reactor into a third reactor, in which the precipitation of A n B by temperature changes and / or by the supply of crystallization nuclei m is initiated and the excreted A n B m separated and in turn promoted in a reservoir.
- the electrolyte depleted in A z + from the first reactor and the depleted in B y_ electrolyte from the second reactor get into the third reactor and A n Bm from the reservoir in a mixing reactor, the Is part of the third reactor, conveyed and brought into solution, wherein the supplied amount of A n B m is such that the electrolyte leaving the mixing reactor in the direction of the first reactor and the second reactor, saturated to A n B m , but essentially free of excess portions of excreted A n Bm.
- melt from the second reactor after its B content has reached a set value for spent melt promoted in a reservoir for spent melt and replaced by melt from a reservoir for unconsumed melt and, in the case of current consumption, the melt reverses when a set value of the B content is reached for unused melt conveyed into a reservoir for unconsumed melt and can be replaced by melt from the reservoir for spent melt.
- the melt in the installed position below and the electrolyte are arranged in the installed position above. Furthermore, in at least one of the reactors, the interface between the melt and the electrolyte can be flowed with a defined intensity from the electrolyte.
- melts in the reactors In order to homogenize the melts in the reactors and to increase the mass transfer at the interface between these melts and the electrolyte, it is provided in a further advantageous process step to pass a purge gas through the melt and electrolyte in at least one reactor.
- the melt can be dispersed in the electrolyte to droplets in at least one reactor and the dispersion can be passed through a fixed-bed electrode.
- the fixed bed electrode can be made from a particle bed such as e.g. Ball bed, consist of an electrically conductive material.
- the fixed-bed electrode may be made of a net-like mesh, such as e.g. Felt, consist of electrically conductive fibers in which the dispersed melt droplets can settle.
- an electrolyte distributor having at least two chambers separated by a wall.
- the partition wall between the two chambers of the electrolyte distributor can be designed as a perforated wall, whereby a potential equalization without their appreciable mixing is made possible between the electrolyte in both chambers.
- the dividing wall between the two chambers of the electrolyte distributor may be an electrolyzed, suitably mechanically stabilized felt, whereby a potential equalization without their appreciable mixing is made possible between the electrolytes in both chambers.
- the purge gas can be separated from the electrolyte again.
- the dispersed melt in at least one of the two chambers of the electrolyte distributor, can be separated from the electrolyte.
- the separation of the dispersed melt by gas purging, ie flotation can be accelerated.
- Another possibility for accelerated separation of the dispersed melt is to accelerate it by centrifuging.
- the precipitation of the electrically neutral compound A n B m can be accelerated by cooling the electrolyte and / or by vaccination with dispersed particles consisting of A n B m .
- the melt in the first reactor may consist of an alloy with the main components calcium-copper and the melt in the second reactor may consist of an alloy with the main components antimony-calcium.
- the melt in the first reactor may consist of an alloy with the main components magnesium-copper and the melt in the second reactor may consist of an alloy with the main components antimony-magnesium.
- the electrolyte may be a mixture of CaCl 2 or MgCl 2 with other halides of the alkali and alkaline earth metals.
- the melt in the first reactor may consist of the main component zinc and the melt in the second reactor of sulfur.
- the electrolyte may consist of the main components ZnCl 2 -NaCl-KCl.
- a plurality of individual storages consisting of first reactors and second reactors and a corresponding number of electrolyte distributors and optionally a corresponding number of electrolytic treatment reactors are connected in series.
- the second reactor of the preceding individual storage and the first reactor of the subsequent individual storage are combined to form a structural unit and the respective two melts mechanically separated from each other, but electrically and thermally connected to each other.
- this is as a large memory with a capacity of several megawatts to gigawatts and a capacity of several megawatts to gigawatt hours for storing electrical energy and for converting electrical energy into chemical energy and storage of chemical energy and designed for reconversion of the stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
- the following unit of measure in tonnes refers to a weight in metric tonnes.
- the capacity of the aforementioned reactors can range from more than 10 tons each to more than one hundred tons and the capacity of the reservoirs can be more than a thousand tons.
- smaller intermediate reservoirs are located between the reservoirs and the reactors, which are electrically separated from the respective reactor during filling from the respective reservoir or when emptying into the respective reservoir and when filling from the respective reactor or are electrically separated from the respective reservoir when emptying into the respective reactor, whereby shunts can be avoided in continuous series of multiple individual memories with common reservoirs and continuous operations can be made possible.
- FIG. 1 shows the basic arrangement of the invention
- Figure 2 shows a schematic of a preferred apparatus for a
- Metal-electrolyte-metal system wherein the device outlined consists of two substantially identical reactors (1) and (2);
- Figure 3 shows a device of a plurality of individual memories, which are connected in series in order to achieve a sufficiently high DC voltage for a low-loss direction of change;
- FIG. 4 shows a diagram of a preferred device based on the principle of zinc sulfide electrolysis, which essentially consists of three reactors: a Zn reactor (7), an S reactor (8) and an electrolyte treatment (10).
- the ionic current between the electrolyte spaces consists of a diffusive current and a convective current, which can be considered as parallel currents:
- a large melt / electrolyte interface (T (1) , r (2) large).
- thermodynamic properties and transport properties of the electrolyte (a Al + a ion large, f small, ie in particular a sufficient solubility of A).
- thermodynamic properties of the melts So ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ B) should be large in a wide concentration range of A and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ c) be small in a wide concentration range of A.
- the state of the inverter technology requires for this purpose a higher voltage than can be generated by a single storage system. Therefore, the interconnection of several individual memories in series is required.
- a large material flow density between the respective melt and the electrolyte is ensured by appropriate design and procedural measures. These include:
- the necessary large-scale mass transport in the electrolyte is carried out by convection (circulation), which can be realized by several orders of magnitude higher material flows.
- convection circulation
- the interface-diffusion aspect is modified so that the material flow densities can be smaller because the area available for diffusion is much larger.
- the electric current densities can also be lower, which is advantageous in view of a low electrical conductivity of the melt in the second reactor (eg sulfur).
- the fundamental advantage of the approach according to the invention is its scalability to large-scale dimensions (many square meters of interfaces).
- the described solution thus has the advantage of being realizable on an industrial scale. As a result, large storage capacities of several hundred MWh are possible. At the same time, the size scale increases the efficiency of the processes, for example with regard to heat losses (volume / surface ratio) or also with regard to specific friction losses in flow processes.
- heat losses volume / surface ratio
- specific friction losses in flow processes By using only liquid phases, there are no degradations known from battery systems with solid phases (eg with solid electrolytes).
- Possible reactor materials such as graphite are largely inert to the melts and the electrolyte, so that service lives of about 20 years and more are possible. The substances used (melting, electrolyte) are not lost, so that there is unlimited sustainability. The process is thus long-term stable.
- Figure 2 shows a preferred device. This consists of two essentially identical reactors (1) and (2) and of the electrolyte distributor (3). The structure of the reactors and the processes occurring there are described with reference to reactor (1).
- the melt vessel (1 .2) of reactor (1) containing the first melt (1 .1) (capacity for example 5 t) is connected to two reservoirs (1 .3) and (1 .4).
- (1 .3) there is the A-enriched melt of the alloy AB
- (1 .4) the A-depleted melt of the alloy AB.
- Both reservoirs (capacity eg 1000 t) are very well insulated thermally and can be heated or cooled as required (eg electrically) in a suitable manner.
- melt temperatures are, for example, 700 ° C.
- the filling or emptying of the melt vessel (1 .2) can be done by pumping or electromagnetic conveyors or pressurizing the reservoirs.
- the melt vessel (1 .2) is electrically connected to a reservoir only during filling or emptying.
- the pipe connection between the melting vessel (1 .2) and the reservoirs (1 .3) and (1 .4) are not filled, and a non-conductive pipe section (1 .5) or (1 .6) takes care of for an electrical separation.
- a permanent electrical separation between the melt vessel (1 .2) and the reservoirs (1 .3) and (1 .4) can also be ensured by intermediate reservoirs (not shown in FIG. 2).
- the electrolyte chamber (1 .7) containing the electrolyte (1 .8).
- the molten electrolyte from the heatable / coolable electrolyte reservoir (3.1) is conveyed (by gas pressure or pumping) to the target level of the electrolyte in the electrolyte distributor (3).
- the upper part of the electrolyte chamber (1 .7) consists of the electrolyte pressure chamber (1 .9), in which the electrolyte is conveyed by a pump (3.3) and from which it flows from a plurality of vertical feed tubes (1 .10) at a defined speed against the melt surface (1 .1 1) ,
- an inert gas preferably argon
- the gas can also be introduced from above through lances immersed in the melt.
- the gas passes through the melt surface (1 .1 1) and flows with the back-flowing electrolyte through the electrolyte chamber (1 .7) via a return flow channel (1 .13) in the electrolyte intermediate vessel (3.4). There, the gas escapes from the electrolyte up through the gas outlet (3.6), is compressed and fed back to the gas inlet (1 .12) (not shown in Figure 2).
- the electrolyte flows down in the electrolyte intermediate vessel (3.4) of the electrolyte distributor (3) and is then pumped into the electrolyte pressure chamber (2.9) of reactor (2).
- the effluent in reactor (2) is basically identical to that in reactor (1). However, in the vessel of reactor 2 is the melt of the alloy AC.
- the electrolyte enriched with A z + from reactor (1) is pumped via the electrolyte distributor (3) into the reactor (2), where the depletion of the electrolyte takes place at A z + .
- the depleted electrolyte is then pumped in reverse via the electrolyte distributor (3) into the reactor (1) for re-enrichment. Overall, this results in the net transport of A z + necessary for the power delivery.
- the electrolyte intermediate vessels (3.4) and (3.5) and their associated electrolyte chambers (1 .7) and (2.7) nachire accordingly in height.
- the electrolyte intermediate vessels (3.4) and (3.5) in the electrolyte base vessel (3.7) are movable.
- the supply lines (1, 14) and (2, 14) to the electrolyte pressure chambers (1, 9) and (2, 9) are suitably flexible.
- compensators 3.8 and (3.9) (eg of stainless steel), wherein a gas cushion (3.10) (preferably argon) under the compensator advantageously a direct contact between compensator and Electrolyte avoids.
- the pressures of the gas cushion are readjusted if necessary.
- A-enriched melt AB from the reservoir (1 .3) is conveyed into the melt vessel (1 .2) of reactor 1, and correspondingly into the melt vessel (2.2) of reactor 2
- A-depleted melt AC is conveyed out of the reservoir (2.4) ,
- the sequence of operations described is reversed accordingly and otherwise analog.
- the cross sections of the return flow channels (1 .13) and (2.13) are advantageously large. As a result, the flow rates in the return flow channels are low, which facilitates gas separation and reduces friction losses.
- a large cross section is advantageous for the equipotential bonding in the electrolyte between reactor (1) and reactor (2).
- the dividing wall (3.1 1) in the basic electrolyte vessel (3.7) is optionally designed as a "perforated wall" which largely avoids disadvantageous mass exchange between the two halves of the electrolyte base vessel (3.7), while at the same time substantially unimpeded potential equalization.
- the electric current is removed from both reactors by the metallic melt and the electrically conductive melt vessel wall (eg of graphite) by bus bars (1, 17) and (2.17).
- a plurality of individual memories (4) are connected in series according to FIG.
- the individual melt vessels (1 .2 and 2.2 in Figure 2) can be advantageously designed elongated in the form of grooves or troughs, for example, each having a width of about 1 m and a length of about 10 m.
- two vessels each adjacent individual storage form a structural unit (5), so that the two melts AB and AC of the adjacent individual memory are mechanically separated, but thermally and electrically connected to each other.
- the reservoirs (1 .3, 1 .4, 2.3, 2.4 in Figure 2) can be shared for all individual memory.
- intermediate reservoirs as described above, enable continuous operation even during the filling and emptying of the melt vessels (1 .2) and (2.2).
- the current dissipation or the power supply is done by busbars (6) at the end of the series connection.
- a plurality of parallel busbars are optionally provided at the ends of the series circuit.
- the molten metal AB is a calcium-copper alloy (A corresponds to calcium, B corresponds to copper), the molten metal AC is an antimony (- lead) -calcium alloy (A corresponds to calcium and C corresponds to antimony or an antimony Lead alloy) and used as an electrolyte CaCI 2 -containing salt mixture.
- the open circuit voltage of this system is essentially determined by the binary system Ca- Sb; this combination of a highly electropositive and -negative metal provides a significant reduction in activity and thus according to equation 1, a sufficiently high theoretical open circuit voltage of up to 1 V.
- Calcium is characterized by a broad and cost-effective availability, relatively low risk potential and favorable physicochemical properties its salts.
- antimony is in principle suitable for use in stationary large electric storage systems. Some of the antimony can be replaced by cheaper lead, thereby improving the aforementioned aspects without significantly reducing open circuit voltage.
- the density is significantly increased over that of the electrolyte, without the Ca activity and thus the open circuit voltage are significantly reduced.
- the copper addition allows a reduction in the melting temperature of the alloy and thus the required process temperature.
- the electrolyte is based on CaCl 2 with additions of halides of other alkali and / or alkaline earth metals. Purely chloridic systems such as CaCl2-KCl (-LiCl) are also possible.
- Important target parameters of the electrolyte composition are the minimization of the solubility of metallic (nonionic) calcium, the melting temperature and metal-thermal side reactions (eg Cu carry-over from AB to AC) as well as the maximization of the solubility of calcium ions and the ionic conductivity.
- the process temperature is for example 700 ° C and thus represents an optimal compromise between the following parameters: melting points and homogeneity ranges of the phases involved, theoretical open circuit voltage and Ca solubility in the electrolyte, available processing technology such. For pumping molten salts.
- carbon is preferably provided as a material for the plant parts, which are in contact with the three molten phases.
- Individual components such as pumps, pipelines, etc. may also consist of suitable stainless steel, titanium materials or superalloys.
- the molten phases are protected by inert gas (preferably argon) from reaction with the atmospheric air.
- the halides of copper and antimony are thermodynamically much more unstable than those of calcium and the other alkali and alkaline earth metals.
- copper and antimony are only in very low levels in the electrolyte. Nevertheless, their carryover into the other metal phase in long-term operation can not be completely ruled out.
- a gradual enrichment of the Cu-rich phase with antimony or the Sb-rich phase with copper is not a problem with respect to the respective melting point, but at high levels can adversely affect the Ca activity in these metal phases and thus the achievable voltage. This might require continuous or intermittent action to regenerate the metal phases through selective Sb or Cu removal.
- alkali metal or alkaline earth metal halides such as, for example, NaCl or KCl
- ie alkali metal or alkaline earth metal halides such as, for example, NaCl or KCl
- metallic calcium reduces the aforementioned halides to form CaCl2 and the metal phases thus Alkali valued. Contain alkaline earth metals as an additional component.
- the Charging or discharging the memory next to the Ca 2+ even foreign ions such as Na + or K + transported between the two metal phases.
- Discharge of electrolyte components through the gas purging are low and can be recycled after condensation.
- One possible implementation is a 100 MWh storage system (in principle, the storage capacity is determined only by the reservoir sizes) with a peak power of 10 MW (corresponds to a maximum unloading operation of 10 h).
- a series connection of, for example, 100 individual memories with 5 parallel current taps is required. This estimate is based on the following values: Minimum voltage per individual memory 0.89 V; 100 individual memories (4 in FIG. 3); Line and switching losses (voltage drop) 3 V; Maximum current 25 kA; 5 strands.
- the number of individual memories must be adapted to the real conditions and should be as large as possible.
- the surface area of an individual memory depends on the achievable current density (up to approx. 10 5 A / m 2 , conservatively estimated at 10 4 A / m 2 , as achieved in liquid metal batteries) and is of the order of 10 for the specified parameters m 2 lie.
- a further preferred device is that the molten metal AB is a magnesium-copper alloy (Mg-Cu), the molten metal AC is an antimony (lead) -magnesium alloy (Sb- (Pb) -Mg) and the electrolyte is a MgCl 2 -containing salt mixture can be used.
- Mg-Cu-Sb (-Pb) offers the following advantages over the aforementioned system Ca-Cu-Sb (-Pb): Lower cost of magnesium compared to calcium, lower elemental metal solubility of the electrolyte, lower metal-thermal side reactions due to the lower thermodynamic Stability of MgCl2 in the equal to the other electrolyte components as well as greater homogeneity ranges of the metallic phases.
- FIG. 4 shows a further preferred device. This consists essentially of three reactors: the Zn reactor (7), the S reactor (8) and the electrolyte treatment (10). There is also the electrolyte distributor (9).
- the Zn reactor (7) is in principle similar to the reactor (1 in Figure 2) of the metal-electrolyte-metal system described above. Accordingly, the above descriptions apply to its operation. However, only a single reservoir of molten zinc (7.3) is required because it does not undergo enrichment or depletion. For the same reason, the melt level in the Zn reactor (7) can be kept constant, and it eliminates the need to nachzahren the electrolyte chamber (7.5) vertically.
- An intermediate reservoir (not shown in FIG. 4) between the reservoir for Zn melt (7.3) and the Zn melt vessel (7.2) can, as described above, enable filling and emptying without electrical contact to the reservoir for the Zn melt (7.3), which allows continuous operation even with a series connection of several individual memories.
- the S-reactor (8) consists of a fixed-bed electrode (8.1) through which a dispersion (8.2) of electrolyte (8.3) and sulfur (8.4) flows. Sulfur (8.4) is the dispersed phase.
- the fixed-bed electrode consists, for example, of a bed of graphite balls (8.5), which are prevented from floating upwards by suitable damming.
- Alternative designs for the fixed-bed electrode are perforated trays, wire sponges, nets or carbon fiber felts in which the dispersed drops of sulfur have good adhesion conditions.
- the electrolyte-sulfur dispersion is suitably generated in a mixing chamber (8.6). After flowing through the fixed-bed electrode, the dispersion enters the right-hand chamber (9.1) of the electrolyte distributor (9). There, the sulfur, which has a lower density than the electrolyte, settles upwards as excess sulfur (9.2). The settling of the sulfur may possibly also be favored by a gas purging or by the associated flotation. Alternatively, centrifugation may be performed to aid in sulfur separation.
- the Zn 2+ -enriched electrolyte from the left chamber (9.4) of the electrolyte distributor with the S 2 ⁇ -enriched electrolyte from the right chamber is pumped into the ZnS deposition (10.1) of the electrolyte preparation (10).
- ZnS deposition (10.1) solid ZnS may be precipitated (Zn 2+ + S 2 ⁇ -> ZnS) by adding smaller amounts of ZnS for nucleation and by pre-cooling the electrolyte (10.2) to lower the ZnS solubility promoted as ZnS electrolyte mixture in the ZnS reservoir (10.3).
- the electrolyte content of this mixture is as small as possible, but so large that the mixture remains eligible.
- the electrolyte is again heated as necessary (10.4) and pumped as a prepared electrolyte to the Zn reactor and S-reactor (10.5, 10.6).
- the advantage of combining the electrolyte streams enriched in Zn 2+ and S 2 ⁇ only in the electrolyte treatment is that the solubility product for ZnS formation in the individual electrolyte flows is lower than in the combined guided electrolyte is. This can prevent the premature ZnS formation, which can otherwise lead to blockages.
- Zn 2+ and S 2 ⁇ depleted electrolyte enters the Zn-S accumulation (10.7).
- the electrolyte is mixed there with ZnS promoted from the ZnS reservoir (10.3), with the promoted ZnS levels being chosen so that the ZnS dissolves completely and the electrolyte solution is very close to ZnS saturation.
- the thus enriched electrolyte is then in turn pumped into the Zn and S reactors (10.5, 10.6).
- the zinc is then separated from the electrolyte into the melt and conveyed from there into the Zn reservoir (7.3). Accordingly, the sulfur deposited in the S-reactor (8) from the electrolyte into the dispersed sulfur phase is conveyed into the sulfur reservoir (8.8).
- the preferred device of the zinc sulfide electrolysis consists, as explained, in that the first electrode used is a melt of zinc or of a zinc-rich alloy (eg Zn-Sn), liquid sulfur as the second electrode and a ZnCl 2 -containing salt mixture (eg ZnCl2-NaCl-KCl).
- a zinc-rich alloy eg Zn-Sn
- liquid sulfur as the second electrode
- a ZnCl 2 -containing salt mixture eg ZnCl2-NaCl-KCl
- the chemical composition of the electrolyte is a compromise of the lowest possible melting temperature and solubility for metallic zinc, maximum ionic and minimal electronic conductivity and the highest possible ZnS solubility.
- its components are primarily chlorides and fluorides of the alkali metals and alkaline earth metals.
- the pressure in the reactors (also the pressure of the gas cushion (7.13, 9.7) is set in the range of approximately 1 to 10 bar so that evaporation of the sulfur is largely prevented.
- the materials in contact with the three liquid phases are carbon, stainless steel , Titanium materials or superalloys.
- the zinc sulfide electrolysis has the advantage of a comparatively high no-load voltage and a high energy density for the storage reservoirs.
- a potential disadvantage compared to the metal-electrolyte-metal system is the more complex process technology.
- As described above for the metal-electrolyte-metal system also in the case of zinc sulfide electrolysis advantageously an interconnection of a plurality of individual memories in series, in order to achieve a sufficiently high voltage and a sufficiently low current for the low-loss direction of change.
- Table 1 Theoretical no-load voltage, energy density and masses and volumes of a
- thermodynamic factor with ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ + / dc AZ + x mole fraction of component i
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| DE102017112515.9A DE102017112515B4 (de) | 2017-06-07 | 2017-06-07 | Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Speichers für elektrische Energie und Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens |
| PCT/EP2018/063607 WO2018224319A1 (de) | 2017-06-07 | 2018-05-24 | Verfahren zum betreiben eines speichers für elektrische energie und vorrichtung zur durchführung des verfahrens |
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| EP3635801A1 true EP3635801A1 (de) | 2020-04-15 |
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| DK3058605T3 (da) * | 2013-10-16 | 2024-03-04 | Ambri Inc | Tætninger til anordninger af reaktivt højtemperaturmateriale |
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| DE102017112515B4 (de) | 2020-03-26 |
| WO2018224319A1 (de) | 2018-12-13 |
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