EP3626899B1 - Multi-layer building with secure access and escape routes in case of fire - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a multi-storey building with safe access and escape routes in the event of fire according to the preamble of patent claim 1.

Multi-storey buildings above a height that cannot be reached with the ladder of a fire engine pose particular challenges in the event of a fire. On the one hand, a fire in the lower part of the building must be prevented from spreading upwards. On the other hand, people must also be able to be evacuated from above the fire and, finally, firefighters should also be able to fight the fire, which is no longer possible from outside the building above a certain height or is only possible with airplanes, helicopters or other aircraft.

Replacement page for page 2 of the description

In the prior art, these problems are solved by combinations of structural and technical measures. In order to limit fires, fire protection segments are formed in the vertical direction, which can be sealed off in such a way that the fire cannot spread from one segment to the next. In order to ensure safe escape routes, smoke protection pressure systems (RDA) are installed, which keep the stairwells smoke-free so that the people to be evacuated can be evacuated vertically past the fire zones with minimal risk. Finally, specially designed fire brigade lifts are installed, which enable the fire brigade to get close to the fire in the building with little danger and at high speed.

These measures are time-consuming and cost-intensive and are often only introduced at a late planning stage, which in each case causes considerable additional costs and delays. Problems are often only discovered during the fire protection inspection by the authorities, which means that the legal requirements can be met by subsequent structural measures.

the CH704824A2 discloses a smoke suppression printing system. In the event of a fire, fresh air is blown into the areas of a building to be protected via ducts. In order to discharge the fresh air, a flap to an outflow shaft is opened on the fire floor. In order to support the flow of fresh air out of the building, the chimney effect as well as the wind pressure on the windward side and the suction effect on the leeward side of the building are used.

the DE102017202543A1 discloses a multi-storey building with core zones, with a fire door being provided between a stairwell and the usable areas, with a door between the lift lobby and the usable areas being locked via a fire control in the event of a fire.

The present invention now sets itself the task of designing a multi-storey building with safe access and escape routes in the event of a fire, which ensures right from the start of the planning phase that the legal requirements can be fully met, so that costly subsequent replanning and additions are no longer necessary.

This task is solved by a multi-storey building with safe access and escape routes in the event of fire with the features of claim 1. Other Features and exemplary embodiments emerge from the dependent claims and their advantages are explained in the following description.

Fig. 1a

Grundstruktur des Gebäudes, Draufsicht im Schnitt

Fig. 1b

Grundstruktur des Gebäudes, Seitenansicht im Schnitt

Fig. 2a

Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen Brandriegeln, Draufsicht im Schnitt

Fig. 2b

Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen Brandriegeln, Seitenansicht im Schnitt

Fig. 3a

Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen und vertikalen Brandriegeln, Seitenansicht im Schnitt

Fig. 3b

Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen und vertikalen Brandriegeln, vereinfachte Seitenansicht im Schnitt

Fig. 4

Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen und vertikalen Brandriegeln und RDA-Systeme, Seitenansicht im Schnitt

Fig. 5

Mündungsbremse, Seitenansicht im Schnitt

Fig. 6

Detail eines Gebäudes mit Doppelfassade, Seitenansicht im Schnitt

Fig. 7a

Brandschutztür, Draufsicht im Schnitt

Fig. 7a

Detail der Brandschutztür, Seitenansicht im Schnitt

In the figures shows:

Fig. 1a

Basic structure of the building, plan view in section

Fig. 1b

Basic structure of the building, side view in section

Figure 2a

Basic structure of the building with horizontal fire breaks, plan view in section

Figure 2b

Basic structure of the building with horizontal fire breaks, side view in section

Figure 3a

Basic structure of the building with horizontal and vertical fire breaks, side view in section

Figure 3b

Basic structure of the building with horizontal and vertical fire breaks, simplified side view in section

4

Basic structure of the building with horizontal and vertical fire breaks and RDA systems, side view in section

figure 5

Muzzle brake, side view in section

6

Detail of a building with double facade, sectional side view

Figure 7a

Fire door, top view in section

Figure 7a

Detail of the fire door, side view in section

The figures represent possible exemplary embodiments which are explained in the following description.

Multi-storey buildings, in particular those with a large number of floors or a large height, have so-called core zones 1, in which stairwells 11 and/or lift shafts 12 for elevators F are accommodated in order to enable the transport of people or goods in the vertical direction. The side areas of the floors outside of the core zone 1 are available as usable areas 2 and can be divided and set up differently depending on the desired use of the building ( Fig. 1ab ).

In order to limit the spread of fires in a horizontal direction, the usable areas 2 are separated from the core zone 1 with horizontal fire bars 31 such as fire protection walls 311 and fire protection doors 312a, 312b, which prevent the fire from spreading in the event of a fire ( Fig. 2a-b ). According to the invention, it is provided that these horizontal fire breaks 31, in addition to providing fire protection, also serve as a barrier against water or other extinguishing agents, in order to ensure that the core zone 1 is not flooded.

So that any toxic gases and smoke from the fire that may be present do not penetrate into the core zone 1, it is also provided that a smoke protection pressure system (RDA) 4 generates an overpressure in the core zone 1, so that when it is opened of the fire protection doors 312a, 312b no gases or smoke can penetrate into the core zone 1. In the prior art, such RDAs are used to keep safety stairwells smoke-free. As part of the present invention, it is provided that due to the combination of safety staircase 11 with elevator shaft 12 and elevator lobby 13 in a core zone 1, the RDA 4 can also be used for the elevator systems, so that the normal elevators F can also be used safely in the event of a fire can. This is only possible if the lift shaft 12 is also sealed against water. The big advantage is that fire brigade and evacuation lifts are not required in addition to the normal lift systems, which have to be planned and installed separately at great expense and effort and are sealed off with additional measures against the ingress of water, smoke and gases or with other safety measures are set up in such a way that, in particular, the ingress of water does not impair operation or make it impossible.

In order to limit the spread of fires in the vertical direction, vertical fire and water resistant fire bars 32 are provided in addition to the horizontal fire and water resistant fire bars 31 . These can be designed as floor slabs 32 installed in the horizontal direction, which are each arranged after a specific number of floors in the area of the usable areas 2 . The present invention provides that the vertical fire bars 32 arranged in the horizontal direction are set up as mezzanines 32a, with these mezzanines 32a being fireproof and watertight sealed off from the usable areas 2 above and below ( Figure 3a ).

The combination of the horizontal and vertical fire breaks 31, 32 divides the building according to the invention into segments that are completely sealed off from the rest of the building in the event of a fire: in the vertical direction, the usable areas 2 are divided into several fire protection segments 2', and the core zone 1 is divided into several core segments 1' ( Figure 3b ). In one possible embodiment of the invention, the core segments 1' and fire protection segments 2' are approximately 70 to 80 meters high. The core zone 1 acts as a shaft, which opens up the fire protection segments 2' and intermediate floors 32a in the vertical direction.

Each core segment 1' is connected to at least the mezzanine floor 32a above or below in such a way that the RDA 4 for this core segment 1' can also keep this mezzanine floor 32a smoke-free in addition to the stairwell 11, the elevator shaft 12 and any elevator lobby 13. In order for the RDA 4 to work well and ensure its effectiveness even in extreme weather and wind conditions with different air pressures on different sides and at different heights outside the building, it is advisable to use several RDA 4s per building, preferably one RDA 4 per fire protection segment 2 '. If there are several core segments 1' in a building, separate RDAs 4 should also be used for each core segment 1'. This makes it possible for a core segment 1' and the associated mezzanine 32a, which is above or below, to be kept at least partially smoke-free with a single RDA 4 in the event of a fire.

The proposed arrangement also has the advantage that the RDA 4 and the inlets and outlets 41 required for the RDA 4 for the air from outside the building can be installed in these mezzanines 32a. With that achieved that the usable areas 2 are completely independent of the fire protection measures and can be planned freely and without restrictions by the architect.

The mezzanines 32a are preferably designed as technical floors 32a, which can be used in addition to the function as a vertical fire bar 32 and as a location for the RDA 4 and for other additional functions. For optimal functioning of the RDA 4 of a fire protection segment 2' or core segment 1', it is advantageous if it is separated from the rest of the building on at least two sides of the building at both the top and bottom of the fire protection segment 2' or core segment 1' Has channels 41, which are used depending on the weather and wind conditions outside the building either as outflow or post-flow channels 41 ( 4 ). Since the technology storeys 32a extend over the entire building area, a duct 41 or several such ducts 41 can be arranged on each side of the building without any problems. In or at the edge of each core segment 1 ′, the outflow and post-flow channels 41 are connected in the vertical direction to a continuous air shaft, it also being possible for several such air shafts to be arranged around the core zone 1 . In the preferred embodiment variant, several outflow or night-flow channels 41 are arranged on different sides in each technology floor 32a, with these being present once for the core segment 1' above and once for the core segment 1' below.

As described above, it is provided that outflow and post-flow ducts 41 are present on different sides of the building. Because these point in different directions, the outflow path can vary depending on the wind conditions. If, for example, there is high wind pressure on the west facade, you can still open the east or south side, the outflow can take place outwards. At high altitudes, where the wind load is naturally higher, or in extreme wind conditions, the wind pressure can be so strong on one side that it has a negative impact on the outflow. This influence can be caused, for example, by turbulence or undesired pressure conditions in the outflow channels 41 . In order to avoid such influences, the outflow and post-flow channels 41 can optionally be equipped with a muzzle brake 5. A possible embodiment of the muzzle brake 5 is in figure 5 shown, with a kind of zigzag-shaped labyrinth being arranged near the mouth of the channel 41 by means of permanently installed components. Since these components contain no moving parts, they are maintenance-free. The built-in labyrinth, which acts on one side, dissipates the energy of the wind loads inwards, but still enables it to function as an air flow opening. The special shape of the labyrinth enables the laminar flow from the outflow duct 41 to the outside without the risk of extreme wind conditions causing undesired pressure conditions in the outflow ducts.

The design of the labyrinth can, as in 4 shown, done by a combination of built-in components with the outer dimension of the channel 41, or only by built-in components that can have different shapes and dimensions. The only important thing here is that if there is a correspondingly strong wind pressure from the outside, the flow inwards through the labyrinth is slowed down, so that an influence on the pressure conditions in the outflow channel 41 is completely avoided as far as possible.

Regardless of these outflow and post-flow ducts 41, each RDA 4 has at least one air supply duct 42 for the air supply from the outside, which is also arranged on the technical floor. In addition, a supply air shaft 43 (separate from the air shaft for the outflow) is arranged inside or next to the core zone 1, which conveys the supply air from the RDA 4 to the floors above or below. The safety stairwell 11 is connected to the supply air shaft 43 with air outlets 44 in order to generate the RDA overpressure in the stairwell. In addition, air outlets 44 can also be routed from the supply air shaft 43 into each elevator shaft 12 . These air outlets 44 can be located either in the technical floors 32a or in the floors above and below and are separated from the elevator shaft 12 with flaps. In addition to the flushing of the safety stairwell 11, it is also possible in this way for each elevator shaft 12 to be flushed in parallel with the RDA operation of the safety stairwell 11 if necessary. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the flaps can be controlled individually or in groups, so that different ventilation and flushing scenarios can be carried out. Such a control allows the activation of the flushing of the elevator shafts 12 via the user interfaces of the elevator systems, or via a central controller that can be located on the technology floor 32a. With additional pressure sensors, which are installed at the top and bottom of the elevator shaft 12, it can be determined whether there is lift (in winter) or downforce (in summer / foehn pressure), so that the flap can be opened via the user interface either at the lower end of elevator shaft 12 (in winter) or at the upper end (Summerfall) is opened. At the same time, the RDA 4 is started if it is not already in operation, so that the elevator shaft 12 is flushed with fresh air. This flushing function also enables the entire RDA system, including the elevator systems that have been converted into evacuation and fire brigade elevators in the event of a fire, to be tested simply at the push of a button and serviced if necessary can. In this way, the most important components of the RDA 4 and the elevator systems can be moved without great effort, and their interactions can also be checked.

General technical equipment for a building in normal operation can of course also be accommodated in the technical floors 32a, such as the power supply with fuse boxes etc. In the event of a fire, this has the advantage that unnecessary or dangerous equipment can be switched off from the mezzanine floors 32a. Special equipment for the event of a fire, such as the water supply for sprinkler systems or the control of the water supply in general, is ideally located on these service floors 32a.

In a preferred embodiment, areas of the technical storeys 32a are provided as emergency rooms and fire service bases for the fire service. Other areas can be used as evacuation rooms for people from the floors below or above, so that they can be evacuated from the building in an orderly manner via the safety stairwells 11 or the likewise fireproof lift systems.

Due to the possibility of arranging all fire protection devices in the core segments 1' and in the mezzanine floors 32a, there are no restrictions whatsoever for the architect and builder with regard to the design within the usable areas. In addition, it is a great advantage that the requirements of fire protection through the design of the building according to the present invention, already in an early planning phase, at least from the Arrangement and space requirements are completely covered and no complex and expensive structural changes have to be made at a later date due to legal regulations, as is unfortunately often the case today.

The present invention can be implemented not only in building concepts with a simple facade skin, but also in buildings with a curtain wall or double facade 6. In modern buildings with double facades 6, these can fulfill several functions. In addition to the aspect of aesthetic design, the curtain wall 6 can also be useful for energy optimization, as a wind deflector, soundproofing or for shading. The double facade 6 also favors the functioning of the RDA 4 according to the present invention. 6 shows how the outflow or afterflow over the joints 61 of the curtain wall 6 takes place. The outflow thus takes place from the buffer zone 62 in the space between the double façade to the outside without any control; up in winter, down in summer.

As an additional advantage, the outer facade skin 6 also acts as a wind deflector. The wind forces, which can be very strong especially in tall buildings, are absorbed by the outer facade shell 6 so that unwanted turbulence and unfavorable pressure conditions in the outflow channels are avoided and further measures such as the muzzle brake 5 are not necessary.

Like on the 6 shown, the segmentation in the area of the buffer zone of the double facade with fins 63 can be either without fire resistance

(RF1) or supplemented with fire resistance. Such swords 63 can be installed either in the technical floors 32a or in each individual floor. The execution and materialization of the swords 63 are based on the basic fire protection concept of the building. The design of the swords 63 is of great importance. The effectiveness of the vertical fire breaks 32 and thus the fire safety of the entire building can be significantly increased by, for example, fire-resistant fins 63 which protrude beyond the outer building shell 6. In combination with the use of refractory materials in the curtain wall 6, a vertical spread of a fire to floors above can be largely prevented.

Compared to conventional systems in connection with an RDA and fire protection measures, the present invention also has the advantage, due to its simplicity and flexibility, that less measurement and control technology is required to ensure the functions. Natural physical phenomena such as uplift and downforce are exploited or problems caused by these phenomena, such as wind pressure, are avoided, particularly with regard to the outflow and afterflow systems. This avoids costs, both during construction and later in maintenance.

According to the invention, it is also provided that the core segments 1′, which connect the various storeys and vertical building segments to one another during normal operation, can be safely used in full for firefighting and/or for evacuation in the event of a fire. They therefore serve as a vertical access axis, both in normal operation and in the event of a fire, which connects all fire protection segments 2' and technical floors 32a with one another. This is achieved by the Core zone 1 and the mezzanines 32a are sealed off from the usable areas 2 with fire protection walls 311, fire doors 312a, 312b and locks or other water and fire-resistant measures or are automatically sealed off in the event of a fire via the fire control system.

An important feature of the invention is that each building unit consisting of a fire protection segment 2', the horizontally adjacent core segment 1' and the upper or lower mezzanine 32a connected thereto functions autonomously, i.e. independently of the other building units. It makes sense that the planned RDA 4 and the outer shell of the double facade 6 are not unitary. Only the lift shafts 12 and the safety stairwell 11 are continuous and unitary, with the safety stairwell 11 in each mezzanine 32a being partitioned with a wall with built-in doors and two barometric flaps to allow the RDA 4 to function as desired.

Another central feature of the invention is the consistent separation of the core zone 1 from the usable areas 2 in the event of a fire by the fire protection walls 311 and the fire protection doors 312a, 312b. The aim is to seal core zone 1 absolutely tight against heat, smoke and (extinguishing) water so that not only the users of the elevators are effectively protected in the event of a fire, but also all sensitive components of the elevator systems. the Fig. 7a-b show a possible door construction for the fire protection doors 312a, 312b, which can be achieved in the combination of a wing door 71 with a sliding door 72 maximum security. With a door sword 73, which is guided in a channel 75 equipped with a drain 74, the complete, watertight separation of the core zone 1 from the surrounding usable areas 2 can be realized.

According to the invention, the fire protection doors 312a between the lift lobby 13 and the usable areas 2 can be controlled and locked in the event of a fire, so that the lift shafts 12 and the lift lobby 13 can only be entered in the event of a fire via the pressurized safety staircase 11 and its upstream fire protection door 312b. Together with the safety stairwell 11, the lift shafts 12 and the lift lobby 13 in the core zone 1 are structurally separated from the usable areas 2 as a "shaft with external climate". However, core zone 1 only acts as a closed shaft in the event of a fire. In normal everyday life, the elevator lobby 13 can be entered from the usable areas 2, e.g. directly via open fire protection doors 312a. Depending on the fire protection concept, different security levels can be implemented. A level difference between the lift lobby 13 and the safety stairwell 11 can prevent extinguishing water from being able to get into the lift lobby 13 and thus into the lift shafts 12 via the safety stairwell 11 . Any extinguishing water penetrating into the safety stairwell 11 runs down the flights of stairs before it can overcome the difference in level into the lift lobby 13. In the lower area of the safety stairwell 11, the water can be drained away from the core zone 1 via a pipe through watertight connections of a flight of stairs and the corresponding platform to the stairwell walls.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the door between the safety stairwell 11 and the lift lobby on the fire floor is locked in the event of a fire. According to the EN standard on RDAs, which is currently being processed, the systems must generate a fresh air flow directed vertically from bottom to top with a capacity of 7,500m3/h during the pressure maintenance phase. A weak point On the fire floor there is always the possibility that the movement of fleeing people could open several doors at the same time for a short time and the required flow of fresh air would be lost as a result. By locking the door between the safety staircase 11 and the elevator lobby 13 on the fire floor, the safety of all elevators is significantly increased. Those fleeing are guided down one floor with pictograms. There you can open the door to the lift lobby 13 without the risk of smoke entering the lift lobby 13 and the lift shafts 12. This downward escape movement from the fire floor is supported by the above-mentioned upward flow of fresh air through the safety stairwell 11 . These measures are also ideal because those fleeing from the fire floor move down towards the fresh air.

A major advantage of this use of the stairwells and lifts, both in normal operation and in the event of a fire, is that people can use the routes they are used to even in the event of a fire. Experience shows that it is more difficult to behave correctly in a stressful situation, so that despite appropriate instruction, training and marking, it is not always easy for the people concerned to find escape routes. If these escape routes are the same as those used every day, this is much easier and the corresponding instruction and training in the event of a fire is simplified.

Claims (13)

1. Multi-storey building with safe means of access and escape in the event of fire, with:

   - a core zone (1) in which at least one safety staircase (11) and at least one elevator shaft (12) for an elevator F are located;

   - horizontal fire- and water-resistant fire barriers (31), which seal off the core zone (1) in the horizontal direction from surrounding usage areas (2) against fire and water; and

   - vertical fire and water-resistant fire barriers (32), which separate the core zone (1) in the vertical direction into core segments (1') and seal off the usage areas (2) in the vertical direction in fire protection segments (2') against fire and water,

   wherein:

   - the vertical fire barriers (32) are designed as intermediary floors (32a);

   - each core segment (1') is protected by a smoke prevention pressure system (4) and is connected to at least the intermediary floor (32a) above or below in such a way that the smoke prevention pressure system (4) keeps, besides this core segment (1'), also this above or below adjoining intermediary floor (32) smoke-free in the event of fire;

   the horizontal fire and water-resistant fire barriers (31) include a fire protection door (312a) between an elevator lobby (13) and the usage areas (2) and a fire protection door (312b) between the safety staircase (11) and the usage areas (2),

   characterized in that

   the fire protection door (312a) between the lift lobby (13) and the usage areas (2) is controllable via a fire control system, and the fire control system is designed in such a way that the fire protection door (312a) between the lift lobby (13) and the usage areas (2) is locked in the event of fire, so that in the event of fire, the at least one elevator shaft (12) and the lift lobby (13) can only be accessed via the safety staircase (11) and its upstream fire protection door (312b) to the usage areas (2).
2. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
   characterized in that
   all fire facilities of a fire protection segment (2') are located in the horizontally adjacent core segment (1') and/or in the intermediary floor (32a) connected to it, and put no restrictions on the layout within the fire protection segment (2').
3. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
   characterized in that
   the smoke prevention pressure system (4) protecting a core segment (1') is located in the intermediary floor floor (32a) connected thereto and has channels (41) both at the top and at the bottom of the core segment (1') on at least two sides of the building, which are separated from the rest of the building and serve as outflow or post-flow channels (41).
4. Multi-storey building according to claim 3,
   characterized in that
   near the aperture of the channels (41) a kind of zigzag-shaped labyrinth is arranged by means of fixed components, which breaks down the energy of the inward wind loads.
5. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
   characterized in that
   the smoke prevention pressure system (4) which protects a core segment (1') is arranged in the intermediary floor (32a) connected to it, and has at least one supply air duct (42) for the air supply from the outside, which is also arranged in this intermediary floor (32a).
6. Multi-storey building according to claim 5,
   characterized in that
   an air supply shaft (43) is arranged inside or next to the core segment (1') and conveys the air supply from the smoke prevention pressure system (4) into the safety stairwell (11) on the floors above.
7. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
   characterized in that
   the building has a double facade (6) with a buffer zone (62) in the space between the double facade, the vertical fire barriers (32) being supplemented with blades (63) in the area of the buffer zone (62).
8. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
   characterized in that
   the horizontal fire and water-resistant fire barriers (31) comprise fire doors (312a), (312b) combining a hinged door (71) with a sliding door (72) as well as a door blade (73) led along a channel (75) equipped with a drain (74).
9. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
   characterized in that
   a level difference is provided between a lift lobby (13) and the safety stairwell (11), so that no extinguishing water can get into the lift lobby (13) and into the elevator shafts (12) via the safety stairwell (11).
10. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterized in that
    in the event of fire, the door between the safety staircase (11) and a lift lobby (13) on the fire floor is adapted to be locked completely.
11. Procedure for controlling a multi-storey building with safe access and escape routes in the event of fire,

    the building comprising:

    - a core zone (1) in which at least one staircase (11) and/or at least one elevator shaft (12) for an elevator F are located;

    - horizontal fire and water-resistant fire barriers (31), which seal off the core zone (1) in the horizontal direction from surrounding usage areas (2) against fire and water; and

    - vertical fire and water-resistant fire barriers (32), which separate the core zone (1) in the vertical direction into core segments (1') and seal off the usage areas (2) in the vertical direction in fire protection segments (2') against fire and water,

    wherein:

    - the vertical fire barriers (32) are designed as intermediary floors (32a);

    - each core segment (1') is protected by a smoke prevention pressure system (4) and is connected to at least the intermediary floor (32a) above or below in such a way that in the event of fire, the smoke prevention pressure system (4) keeps, besides this core segment (1'), also the above or below adjoining intermediary floor (32) smoke-free;

    - the horizontal fire- and water-resistant fire barriers (31) include a fire protection door (312a) between a lift lobby (13) and the usage areas (2) and a fire protection door (312b) between the safety stairwell (11) and the usage areas (2),

    characterized in that in case of fire

    the fire protection door (312a) between the lift lobby (13) and the usage areas (2) is locked, and the building is designed in such a way that the elevator shafts (12) and the lift lobby (13) can only be accessed via the safety staircase (11) and its upstream fire door (312b) to the usage areas (2).
12. The method according to claim 11,
    characterized in that
    in the event of fire, the door between the safety staircase (11) and the lift lobby (13) on the fire floor is completely locked.
13. The method according to claim 11 or 12,
    characterized in that
    in the event of fire, the people fleeing are guided down one floor from the fire floor and into the lift lobby (13) using pictograms in the safety stairwell (11).

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