EP3853425B1 - Multi-storey building with secure access routes and escape routes in the event of fire - Google Patents

Multi-storey building with secure access routes and escape routes in the event of fire Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3853425B1
EP3853425B1 EP19783196.9A EP19783196A EP3853425B1 EP 3853425 B1 EP3853425 B1 EP 3853425B1 EP 19783196 A EP19783196 A EP 19783196A EP 3853425 B1 EP3853425 B1 EP 3853425B1
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Prior art keywords
fire
elevator
storey building
building according
event
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EP19783196.9A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3853425A1 (en
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Regli Bernhard
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Bernhard Regli
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04H—BUILDINGS OR LIKE STRUCTURES FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSES; SWIMMING OR SPLASH BATHS OR POOLS; MASTS; FENCING; TENTS OR CANOPIES, IN GENERAL
    • E04H1/00—Buildings or groups of buildings for dwelling or office purposes; General layout, e.g. modular co-ordination or staggered storeys
    • E04H1/02—Dwelling houses; Buildings for temporary habitation, e.g. summer houses
    • E04H1/04—Apartment houses arranged in two or more levels
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24F—AIR-CONDITIONING; AIR-HUMIDIFICATION; VENTILATION; USE OF AIR CURRENTS FOR SCREENING
    • F24F11/00—Control or safety arrangements
    • F24F11/0001—Control or safety arrangements for ventilation
    • F24F2011/0002—Control or safety arrangements for ventilation for admittance of outside air
    • F24F2011/0004—Control or safety arrangements for ventilation for admittance of outside air to create overpressure in a room

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a multi-story building with safe access and escape routes in the event of a fire according to the preamble of patent claim 1.
  • the CH 704824 A2 reveals a smoke protection pressure system.
  • fresh air is blown into the areas of a building that need to be protected via ducts.
  • a flap is opened on the fire floor to form an outflow shaft.
  • the chimney effect as well as the wind pressure on the windward side and the suction effect on the leeward side of the building are used. 1
  • the DE102017202543A1 discloses a multi-story building with core zones, with a fire door being provided between a stairwell and the usage areas, with a door between the elevator lobby and the usage areas being locked via a fire control system in the event of a fire.
  • the present invention now sets itself the task of designing a multi-story building with safe access and escape routes in the event of a fire, which ensures right from the beginning of the planning phase that the legal requirements can be fully met, so that complex subsequent replanning and additions are no longer necessary.
  • Multi-story buildings especially those with a large number of floors or a large height, have so-called core zones 1, in which stairwells 11 and / or elevator shafts 12 for elevators F are accommodated in order to enable the transport of people or goods in the vertical direction.
  • the side areas of the floors outside core zone 1 are available as usage areas 2 and can be divided and set up differently depending on the desired use of the building ( Fig. 1a-b ).
  • the usage areas 2 are separated from the core zone 1 with horizontal fire barriers 31 such as fire protection walls 311 and fire doors 312a, 312b, which prevent the spread of fire in the event of a fire ( Fig. 2a-b ).
  • horizontal fire barriers 31 serve not only as fire protection but also as a barrier against water or other extinguishing agents in order to ensure that the core zone 1 is not flooded.
  • a smoke protection pressure system (RDA) 4 generates excess pressure in the core zone 1 so that no gases or gases are released when the fire doors 312a, 312b are opened Smoke can penetrate into core zone 1.
  • RDAs smoke protection pressure system
  • such RDAs are used to keep security stairwells (stairwells with locks in front) smoke-free.
  • the RDA 4 can also be used for the elevator systems, so that the normal elevators F can also be used safely in the event of a fire can.
  • vertical fire- and water-proof fire bars 32 are also provided. These can be designed as floor ceilings 32 installed in the horizontal direction, each of which is arranged after a certain number of floors in the area of usable areas 2.
  • the present invention provides that the vertical fire bars 32 arranged in the horizontal direction are set up as mezzanines 32a, these mezzanines 32a being sealed off from the usage areas 2 above and below in a fireproof and watertight manner ( Fig. 3a ).
  • the building according to the invention is divided into segments, which are completely sealed off from the rest of the building in a fire-safe manner in the event of a fire:
  • the usage areas 2 are divided into several fire protection segments 2'
  • the core zone 1 is divided into several core segments 1' ( Fig. 3b ).
  • the core segments 1' and fire protection segments 2' have a height of approximately 70 to 80 meters.
  • the core zone 1 acts as a shaft, which opens up the fire protection segments 2 'and mezzanines 32a in the vertical direction.
  • Each core segment 1' is connected to at least the mezzanine 32a above or below in such a way that the RDA 4 for this core segment 1' can keep this mezzanine 32a smoke-free in addition to the stairwell 11, the elevator shaft 12 and any elevator lobby 13.
  • the RDA 4 In order for the RDA 4 to function well and to ensure its effectiveness even in extreme weather and wind conditions with different air pressure on different sides and at different heights outside the building, it is recommended to use several RDA 4s per building, preferably one RDA 4 per fire protection segment 2 '. If there are several core segments 1' in a building, separate RDA 4 should be used for each core segment 1'. This makes it possible for a core segment 1' and the associated mezzanine 32a, which is located above or below, to be kept smoke-free at least partially with a single RDA 4 in the event of a fire can be.
  • the proposed arrangement also has the advantage that the RDA 4, as well as the inlets and outlets 41 required for the RDA 4 for the air from outside the building, can be installed in these mezzanines 32a. This ensures that the usable areas 2 are completely independent of the fire protection measures and can be planned freely and without restrictions by the architect.
  • the mezzanines 32a are preferably designed as technical floors 32a, which can be used in addition to the function as vertical fire barriers 32 and as a location for the RDA 4 and for other additional functions.
  • the RDA 4 of a fire protection segment 2' or core segment 1' it is advantageous if it is separated from the rest of the building on at least two sides of the building at both the upper and lower end of the fire protection segment 2' or core segment 1' Channels 41 which, depending on the weather and wind conditions, are used outside the building either as outflow or as afterflow channels 41 ( Fig. 4 ). Since the technical floors 32a are extended over the entire building area, one or more such channels 41 can easily be arranged on each side of the building.
  • each core segment 1 ' the outflow and afterflow channels 41 are connected in the vertical direction to a continuous air shaft, and several such air shafts can also be arranged around the core zone 1.
  • several outflow or afterflow channels 41 are arranged on different sides in each technical floor 32a, each of which is present once for the core segment 1 'above it and once for the core segment 1 'below.
  • outflow and afterflow channels 41 are present on different sides of the building. Because they point in different directions, the outflow path can vary depending on wind conditions. For example, if there is high wind pressure on the west facade, the outflow can still occur on the east or south side. At high altitudes, where the wind load is naturally higher, or in extreme wind conditions, the wind pressure on one side can be so strong that it has a negative influence on the outflow. This influence can be caused, for example, by turbulence or undesirable pressure conditions in the outflow channels 41. In order to avoid such influences, the outflow and afterflow channels 41 can optionally be equipped with a muzzle brake 5. A possible Embodiment of the muzzle brake 5 is in Fig.
  • labyrinth a kind of zigzag-shaped labyrinth being arranged near the mouth of the channel 41 by means of permanently installed components. Since these components contain no moving parts, they are maintenance-free.
  • the built-in, one-way labyrinth dissipates the energy of the wind loads inwards, but still allows it to function as an afterflow opening.
  • the special shape of the labyrinth enables the laminar flow from the outflow channel 41 to the outside, without the risk that extreme wind conditions could create undesirable pressure conditions in the outflow channels.
  • the design of the labyrinth can be as in Fig. 4 shown, by a combination of built-in components with the outer dimension of the channel 41, or just by built-in components that can have different shapes and dimensions. The only important thing is that when there is a correspondingly strong wind pressure from outside, the flow inwards through the labyrinth is slowed down, so that an influence on the pressure conditions in the outflow channel 41 is, if possible, completely avoided.
  • each RDA 4 has at least one supply air channel 42 for the air supply from the outside, which is also in the Technical floor is arranged.
  • a supply air shaft 43 (separate from the air shaft for the outflow) is arranged within or next to the core zone 1, which conveys the supply air from the RDA 4 to the floors above or below.
  • the safety stairwell 11 is connected to the supply air shaft 43 with air outlets 44 in order to generate the RDA overpressure in the stairwell.
  • air outlets 44 can be guided from the supply air shaft 43 into each elevator shaft 12. These air outlets 44 can be located either in the technical floors 32a or in the floors above and below and are separated from the elevator shaft 12 with flaps.
  • each elevator shaft 12 can be flushed parallel to the RDA operation of the safety stairwell 11 if necessary.
  • the flaps can be controlled individually or in groups, so that various ventilation and flushing scenarios can be carried out. Such a control allows the activation of the flushing of the elevator shafts 12 via the user interfaces of the elevator systems, or via a central control, which can be located on the technical floor 32a.
  • General technical equipment for a building in normal operation can of course also be accommodated in the technical floors 32a, such as the power supply with fuse boxes, etc. In the event of a fire, this has the advantage that unnecessary or dangerous equipment can be switched off from the intermediate floors 32a. Special facilities for the event of a fire, such as the water supply to sprinkler systems or the general control of the water supply, are ideally arranged on these technical floors 32a.
  • areas of the technical floors 32a are intended as fire preparedness rooms and fire brigade bases for the fire brigade.
  • Other areas can be used as evacuation rooms for people from the floors below or above so that they can be evacuated from the building in an orderly manner via the safety stairwells 11 or the fire-safe elevator systems.
  • the present invention can be implemented not only in building concepts with a simple facade skin, but also in buildings with a curtain wall or double facade 6. In modern buildings with double facades 6, these can fulfill several functions.
  • the curtain wall 6 can also be useful for energy optimization, as a wind deflector, sound insulation or for shading.
  • the double facade 6 also promotes the functionality of the RDA 4 according to the present invention.
  • Fig. 6 shows how the outflow and inflow takes place via the joints 61 of the curtain wall 6. The flow therefore takes place from the buffer zone 62 in the space between the double facade to the outside without any control; upwards in winter and downwards in summer.
  • the outer facade skin 6 also acts as a wind deflector.
  • the wind forces which can be very strong, especially in tall buildings, are absorbed by the outer facade shell 6, so that undesirable turbulence and unfavorable pressure conditions in the outflow channels are avoided and further measures, such as the muzzle brake 5, are not necessary.
  • the segmentation in the area of the buffer zone of the double facade can be supplemented with swords 63 either without fire resistance (RF1) or with fire resistance.
  • swords 63 can either be in the area of the technical floors 32a or can also be installed on each individual floor.
  • the design and materialization of the swords 63 is based on the basic fire protection concept of the building.
  • the structural design of the swords 63 is of great importance. For example, by fire-resistant swords 63 that protrude over the outer building shell 6, the effectiveness of the vertical fire bars 32 and thus the fire safety of the entire building can be significantly increased. In combination with the use of fireproof materials in the curtain wall 6, a vertical spread of a fire to floors above can be largely prevented.
  • the present invention also has the advantage over conventional systems in connection with an RDA and fire protection measures that less measurement and control technology is required to ensure the functions.
  • RDA and fire protection measures that less measurement and control technology is required to ensure the functions.
  • outflow and wake systems natural physical phenomena such as lift or downforce are exploited or problems due to these phenomena, such as wind pressure, are avoided. This avoids costs, both during construction and later maintenance.
  • Core segments 1 ' which in normal operation connect the different floors and vertical building segments, can be safely used completely for fire fighting and / or evacuation in the event of a fire. They therefore serve as a vertical access axis both in normal operation and in the event of a fire, which connects all fire protection segments 2 'and technical floors 32a with one another. This is achieved by sealing off the core zone 1 and the intermediate floors 32a from the usage areas 2 with fire protection walls 311, doors 312a, 312b and locks or other measures that are water and fire resistant or are automatically sealed off in the event of a fire via the fire control system.
  • each building unit consisting of a fire protection segment 2 ', the core segment 1' adjacent in the horizontal direction and the upper or lower mezzanine 32a connected to it functions self-sufficiently, ie independently of the other building units. It makes sense that the planned RDA 4 and the outer shell of the double facade 6 are not unit-wide. Only the elevator shafts 12 and the safety stairwell 11 are continuous and unit-wide, with the safety stairwell 11 being divided on each mezzanine 32a with a wall with built-in doors and two barometric flaps so that the RDA 4 each works as intended.
  • Another central feature of the invention is the consistent separation of the core zone 1 from the usage areas 2 in the event of a fire by the fire protection walls 311 and the fire protection doors 312a, 312b.
  • the aim is to seal core zone 1 absolutely tightly against heat, smoke and (extinguishing) water, so that not only the users of the elevators in the event of a fire, but also all sensitive components of the elevator systems are effectively protected.
  • the Fig. 7a-b show a possible door construction for the fire doors 312a, 312b, which allows maximum security to be achieved by combining a hinged door 71 with a sliding door 72. With a door blade 73, which is guided in a gutter 75 equipped with a drain 74, the complete, watertight separation of the core zone 1 from the surrounding usage areas 2 can be achieved.
  • the fire doors 312a between the lift lobby 13 and the usage areas 2 can be controlled and are locked in the event of a fire, so that in the event of a fire, the lift shafts 12 and the lift lobby 13 can only be accessed via the pressurized safety stairwell 11 and its upstream fire door 312b.
  • Lift shafts 12 and the lift lobby 13 in the core zone 1 are structurally separated from the usage areas 2 as a “shaft with outdoor climate”.
  • core zone 1 only acts as a closed shaft in the event of a fire.
  • the lift lobby 13 can be accessed from the usage areas 2, for example directly via open fire doors 312a.
  • different security levels can be implemented.
  • a difference in level between the lift lobby 13 and the safety stairwell 11 can prevent extinguishing water from reaching the lift lobby 13 and thus into the lift shafts 12 via the safety stairwell 11. Any extinguishing water that gets into the safety stairwell 11 runs down the stairs before it can overcome the difference in level into the lift lobby 13. In the lower area of the safety stairwell 11, the water can be led away from the core zone 1 via a pipe through waterproof connections of a flight of stairs and the corresponding platform to the stairwell walls.
  • the systems must generate a fresh air flow directed vertically from bottom to top with an output of 7,500 m 3 /h in the pressure maintenance phase.
  • a weak point is always the possibility that several doors may be temporarily blocked due to the movement of fleeing people can be open at the same time and the required fresh air flow is thereby lost.
  • Another weak point is that escapees on the fire floor can take smoke from the burning areas 2 through open doors not only into the security stairwell 11, but also into the elevator lobby 13 and the elevator shafts 12.
  • a first solution to this problem is to ensure that the door between the security stairwell 11 and the elevator lobby 13 on the fire floor is locked so that only part of the core zone 1 is accessible on the fire floor.
  • the refugees are guided down one floor through the security stairwell 11 with pictograms. There the refugees can open the door to the lift lobby 13 without the risk of smoke entering the lift lobby 13 and the lift shafts 12.
  • This measure is additionally supported by the above-mentioned upward flow of fresh air through the safety stairwell 11: Since the escapees move downwards from the fire floor, towards the fresh air, no smoke can be carried into the lift lobby 13 and into the lift shafts 12. If necessary, this door between the security stairwell 11 and the elevator lobby 13 could also be locked on one or more floors above the fire floor.
  • the core zone 1 has a lock 14 between the security stairwell 11 and the usage areas 2 or between the elevator lobby 13 and the usage areas 2 ( Figure 8 ).
  • This lock 14 has at least one door to the usage areas 2 and at least one door to the security stairwell 11 or to the elevator lobby 13, which cannot be opened at the same time and are not open at the same time. As soon as one of these two doors is opened, the other door is locked so that it cannot be opened.
  • the invention is optimized for the evacuation of refugees with mobility restrictions. For example, bedridden patients in a hospital and wheelchair users in a retirement home cannot escape via the safety stairwell 11, but only via the elevators F.
  • a waiting zone 7 is provided in the usage areas 2 next to the core zone 1, in which bedridden patients and Wheelchair users can be collected in a first step and can protect themselves from the fire before they are evacuated in a second step using the elevators F ( Figure 9 ).
  • the waiting zone 7 can, for example, consist of one or more bed rooms that are located next to the core zone 1 and, like the core zone 1, have fire protection walls 311 and Fire doors 312b can be sealed off.
  • the waiting zone 7 can be directly connected to the security stairwell 11 and/or to the elevator lobby 13 and/or to a lock 14. It is important that the waiting zone 7 can also be protected against the ingress of smoke with the excess pressure prevailing in the safety stairwell 11 or in the elevator lobby 13. It is advantageous if a lock effect is also provided in the waiting zone 7, ie that the door of the waiting zone 7 to the usage areas 2 cannot be opened at the same time and is not open at the same time to the door of the waiting zone 7 to the security stairwell 11 or to the elevator lobby 13 or to the lock 14.
  • a ventilation flap is also provided in the waiting zone 7, through which the smoke that penetrates into the waiting zone 7 when the door to the usage areas 2 is opened can escape from the waiting zone 7 can. Due to the excess pressure prevailing in the safety stairwell 11 or in the lift lobby 13 or in the lock 14, the smoke in the waiting zone 7 is blown away through the ventilation flap as soon as the door to the safety stairwell 11 or to the lift lobby 13 or to the lock 14 is opened is, and without in the core zone 1 to penetrate.
  • a major advantage of the invention is the use of the stairwells and lifts both in normal operation and in the event of a fire, so that those fleeing can use the routes they are used to even in the event of a fire.
  • Experience shows that it is more difficult to behave correctly in a stressful situation, so that it is not always easy for those affected to find escape routes despite appropriate instructions, training and marking. If these escape routes are the same ones that are used every day, this is much easier and the appropriate instruction and training in the event of a fire is simplified.
  • the full potential of the invention is particularly evident in hospital use. With a single RDA 4, the security stairwell 11, the lift shafts 12, the lift lobby 13, the locks 14 and the waiting areas 7 are effectively protected against smoke.
  • Moving elevators cause a piston effect that changes the pressure conditions in the elevator shafts 12:
  • the elevator F builds up excess pressure in front of it.
  • the moving elevator F builds up a negative pressure or suction effect behind itself.
  • elevators F are moved at speeds of up to over 70 km/h
  • the lift shafts 12 therefore generate significant pressure differences.
  • the lift shafts are therefore connected to the outside in each mezzanine 32 via a first and a second pressure equalization channel 51, 52 so that they are in permanent pressure equalization with the outside climate.
  • the first pressure equalization channel 51 serves to relieve the excess pressure of the piston action of the elevator F to the outside.
  • the second pressure compensation channel 52 is used for the follow-up air from outside to compensate for the negative pressure of the piston action of the elevator F.
  • the first pressure compensation channel 51 has a check valve, which only allows excess pressure to be released to the outside.
  • the second pressure compensation channels 52 each have a controllable valve, which can be opened and closed by the fire control system. In order to avoid smoke being drawn into the lift shafts 12 via the second pressure compensation channel 52, the valve of the second pressure compensation channel 52 of all mezzanines 32, which are located above the fire floor, is closed by the fire control system.

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Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein mehrgeschossiges Gebäude mit sicheren Zugangs- und Fluchtwegen im Brandfall gemäss Oberbegriff des Patentanspruchs 1.The present invention relates to a multi-story building with safe access and escape routes in the event of a fire according to the preamble of patent claim 1.

Mehrgeschossige Gebäude ab einer Höhe, die nicht mehr mit der Leiter eines Feuerwehrfahrzeugs erreicht werden kann, stellen im Brandfall besondere Herausforderungen. Einerseits muss verhindert werden, dass ein Brand im unteren Teil des Gebäudes sich frei nach oben ausdehnen kann. Andererseits müssen Personen auch von oberhalb des Brandes am Brand vorbei evakuiert werden können und schliesslich sollen Feuerwehrleute auch den Brand bekämpfen können, was von ausserhalb des Gebäudes ab einer bestimmten Höhe nicht mehr oder nur mit Flugzeugen oder Helikoptern oder anderen Fluggeräten möglich ist.Multi-story buildings above a height that can no longer be reached with the ladder of a fire engine pose particular challenges in the event of a fire. On the one hand, it must be prevented that a fire in the lower part of the building can spread freely upwards. On the other hand, people must also be able to be evacuated past the fire from above the fire and, ultimately, firefighters should also be able to fight the fire, which is no longer possible from outside the building above a certain height or can only be done with airplanes or helicopters or other aircraft.

Im Stand der Technik werden diese Probleme durch Kombinationen von baulichen und technischen Massnahmen gelöst. Um Brände einzugrenzen, werden in vertikaler Richtung Brandschutzsegmente gebildet, die derart abgeschottet werden können, dass der Brand möglichst nicht von einem Segment auf ein nächstes übergreifen kann. Um sichere Fluchtwege zu gewährleisten, werden Rauchschutz-Druckanlagen (RDA) eingebaut, welche die Treppenhäuser rauchfrei halten, damit die zu evakuierenden Personen mit minimalem Risiko vertikal an den Brandzonen vorbei evakuiert werden können. Schliesslich werden speziell konstruierte Feuerwehraufzüge eingebaut, welche der Feuerwehr ermöglichen, sich im Gebäude mit geringer Gefahr und grosser Geschwindigkeit in die Nähe des Brandes zu begeben.In the state of the art, these problems are solved by combinations of structural and technical measures. In order to limit fires, fire protection segments are formed in the vertical direction, which can be sealed off in such a way that the fire cannot spread from one segment to the next. In order to ensure safe escape routes, smoke protection pressure systems (RDA) are installed, which keep the stairwells smoke-free so that the people to be evacuated are with them can be evacuated vertically past the fire zones with minimal risk. Finally, specially designed fire brigade lifts are installed, which enable the fire brigade to get close to the fire in the building with little danger and at high speed.

Diese Massnahmen sind aufwändig und kostenintensiv und werden oft erst in einem späten Planungsstadium eingeführt, was jeweils erhebliche Mehrkosten und Verzögerungen verursacht. Oft werden sogar erst bei der Brandschutzabnahme durch die Behörden Probleme entdeckt, die bedingen, dass durch nachträgliche bauliche Massnahmen die gesetzlichen Forderungen erfüllt werden können.These measures are complex and costly and are often only introduced at a late planning stage, which causes considerable additional costs and delays. Often it is only during the fire protection inspection by the authorities that problems are discovered that mean that the legal requirements can be met through subsequent structural measures.

Die CH 704824 A2 offenbart eine Rauchschutz-Druckanlage. Im Brandfall wird über Kanäle Frischluft in die zu schützenden Bereiche eines Gebäudes eingeblasen. Um die Frischluft abzuführen, wird im Brandgeschoss eine Klappe zu einem Abströmschacht geöffnet. Um die Abströmung der Frischluft aus dem Gebäude zu unterstützen, werden der Kamineffekt sowie zusätzlich der Winddruck auf der Luvseite und die Sogwirkung auf der Leeseite des Gebäudes ausgenützt. 1The CH 704824 A2 reveals a smoke protection pressure system. In the event of a fire, fresh air is blown into the areas of a building that need to be protected via ducts. In order to remove fresh air, a flap is opened on the fire floor to form an outflow shaft. To support the flow of fresh air out of the building, the chimney effect as well as the wind pressure on the windward side and the suction effect on the leeward side of the building are used. 1

Die DE102017202543A1 offenbart ein mehrgeschossiges Gebäude mit Kernzonen, wobei eine Brandschutztür zwischen einem Treppenhaus und den Nutzungsflächen vorgesehen ist, wobei im Brandfall eine Tür zwischen der Liftlobby und den Nutzungsflächen über eine Brandfallsteuerung verriegelt wird.The DE102017202543A1 discloses a multi-story building with core zones, with a fire door being provided between a stairwell and the usage areas, with a door between the elevator lobby and the usage areas being locked via a fire control system in the event of a fire.

Die vorliegende Erfindung stellt sich nunmehr die Aufgabe, ein mehrgeschossiges Gebäude mit sicheren Zugangs- und Fluchtwegen im Brandfall zu konzipieren, welches bereits am Anfang der Planungsphase sicherstellt, dass die gesetzlichen Anforderungen vollumfänglich erfüllt werden können, so dass aufwändige nachträgliche Umplanungen und Ergänzungen entfallen.The present invention now sets itself the task of designing a multi-story building with safe access and escape routes in the event of a fire, which ensures right from the beginning of the planning phase that the legal requirements can be fully met, so that complex subsequent replanning and additions are no longer necessary.

Diese Aufgabe löst ein mehrgeschossiges Gebäude mit sicheren Zugangs- und Fluchtwegen im Brandfall mit den Merkmalen des Patentanspruches 1. Weitere Merkmale und Ausführungsbeispiele gehen aus den abhängigen Ansprüchen hervor und deren Vorteile sind in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung erläutert.This task is solved by a multi-story building safe access and escape routes in the event of a fire with the features of patent claim 1. Further features and exemplary embodiments emerge from the dependent claims and their advantages are set out below Description explained.

In den Figuren zeigt:

Fig. 1a
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes, Draufsicht im Schnitt
Fig. 1b
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 2a
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen Brandriegeln, Draufsicht im Schnitt
Fig. 2b
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen Brandriegeln, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 3a
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen und vertikalen Brandriegeln, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 3b
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen und vertikalen Brandriegeln, vereinfachte Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 4
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen und vertikalen Brandriegeln und RDA-Systeme, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 5
Mündungsbremse, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 6
Detail eines Gebäudes mit Doppelfassade, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 7a
Brandschutztür, Draufsicht im Schnitt
Fig. 7a
Detail der Brandschutztür, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 8
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen Brandriegeln und Schleuse, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 9
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit horizontalen Brandriegeln, Schleuse und Wartezone, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Fig. 10
Grundstruktur des Gebäudes mit Druckausgleichkanälen und Luftkanälen, Seitenansicht im Schnitt
Shown in the figures:
Fig. 1a
Basic structure of the building, top view in section
Fig. 1b
Basic structure of the building, side view in section
Fig. 2a
Basic structure of the building with horizontal fire bars, top view in section
Fig. 2b
Basic structure of the building with horizontal fire bars, side view in section
Fig. 3a
Basic structure of the building with horizontal and vertical fire barriers, side view in section
Fig. 3b
Basic structure of the building with horizontal and vertical fire barriers, simplified side view in section
Fig. 4
Basic structure of the building with horizontal and vertical fire barriers and RDA systems, side view in section
Fig. 5
Muzzle brake, side view in section
Fig. 6
Detail of a building with a double facade, side view in section
Fig. 7a
Fire door, top view in section
Fig. 7a
Detail of the fire door, side view in section
Fig. 8
Basic structure of the building with horizontal fire barriers and lock, side view in section
Fig. 9
Basic structure of the building with horizontal fire barriers, lock and waiting area, side view in section
Fig. 10
Basic structure of the building with pressure equalization channels and air ducts, side view in section

Die Figuren stellen mögliche Ausführungsbeispiele dar, welche in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung erläutert werden.The figures represent possible exemplary embodiments, which are explained in the following description.

Mehrgeschossige Gebäude, insbesondere solche mit einer grossen Anzahl Stockwerke bzw. einer grossen Höhe, weisen sogenannte Kernzonen 1 auf, in welchen Treppenhäuser 11 und/oder Liftschächte 12 für Fahrstühle F untergebracht werden, um den Transport von Personen oder Gütern in vertikaler Richtung zu ermöglichen. Die seitlichen Bereiche der Stockwerke ausserhalb der Kernzone 1 stehen als Nutzungsflächen 2 zur Verfügung und können je nach der gewünschten Nutzung des Gebäudes unterschiedlich eingeteilt und eingerichtet werden (Fig. 1a-b).Multi-story buildings, especially those with a large number of floors or a large height, have so-called core zones 1, in which stairwells 11 and / or elevator shafts 12 for elevators F are accommodated in order to enable the transport of people or goods in the vertical direction. The side areas of the floors outside core zone 1 are available as usage areas 2 and can be divided and set up differently depending on the desired use of the building ( Fig. 1a-b ).

Um die Ausdehnung von Bränden in horizontaler Richtung zu begrenzen, werden die Nutzungsflächen 2 von der Kernzone 1 jeweils mit horizontalen Brandriegeln 31 wie z.B. Brandschutzwänden 311 und Brandschutztüren 312a, 312b abgetrennt, die im Brandfall die Ausbreitung des Feuers verhindern (Fig. 2a-b). Erfindungsgemäss ist vorgesehen, dass diese horizontalen Brandriegel 31 neben dem Feuerschutz auch als Abschottung gegen Wasser oder andere Löschmittel dienen, um sicherzustellen, dass die Kernzone 1 jeweils nicht überflutet wird.To limit the spread of fires horizontally To limit the direction, the usage areas 2 are separated from the core zone 1 with horizontal fire barriers 31 such as fire protection walls 311 and fire doors 312a, 312b, which prevent the spread of fire in the event of a fire ( Fig. 2a-b ). According to the invention, it is provided that these horizontal fire barriers 31 serve not only as fire protection but also as a barrier against water or other extinguishing agents in order to ensure that the core zone 1 is not flooded.

Damit auch allenfalls vorhandene giftige Gase und der Rauch des Brandes nicht in die Kernzone 1 eindringen, ist zudem vorgesehen, dass eine Rauchschutz-Druckanlage (RDA) 4 in der Kernzone 1 einen Überdruck erzeugt, damit beim öffnen der Brandschutztüren 312a, 312b keine Gase oder Rauch in die Kernzone 1 eindringen können. Im Stand der Technik werden solche RDA eingesetzt, um Sicherheitstreppenhäuser (Treppenhäuser mit vorgelagerten Schleusen) rauchfrei zu halten. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass aufgrund der Zusammenführung von Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 mit Liftschacht 12 und Liftlobby 13 in einer Kernzone 1, die RDA 4 zusätzlich auch für die Liftanlagen eingesetzt werden kann, so dass die normalen Fahrstühle F auch im Brandfall sicher benutzt werden können. Dies ist nur möglich, wenn der Liftschacht 12 auch gegen Wasser abgeschottet ist. Der grosse Vorteil liegt darin, dass nicht zusätzlich zu den normalen Aufzugsanlagen noch Feuerwehr- und Evakuationsaufzüge notwendig sind, die mit grossen Kosten und Aufwand separat geplant und eingebaut werden müssen und mit zusätzlichen Massnahmen gegen das Eindringen von Wasser, Rauch und Gasen abgeschottet sind oder mit anderen Sicherheitsmassnahmen derart eingerichtet sind, dass insbesondere auch ein Eindringen von Wasser den Betrieb nicht beeinträchtigt oder verunmöglicht.To ensure that any toxic gases and smoke from the fire do not penetrate into the core zone 1, it is also provided that a smoke protection pressure system (RDA) 4 generates excess pressure in the core zone 1 so that no gases or gases are released when the fire doors 312a, 312b are opened Smoke can penetrate into core zone 1. In the prior art, such RDAs are used to keep security stairwells (stairwells with locks in front) smoke-free. In the context of the present invention it is provided that due to the combination of the safety stairwell 11 with the elevator shaft 12 and the elevator lobby 13 in a core zone 1, the RDA 4 can also be used for the elevator systems, so that the normal elevators F can also be used safely in the event of a fire can. This is only possible if the lift shaft 12 is also sealed off from water. The big advantage is that In addition to the normal elevator systems, fire service and evacuation elevators are not necessary, which have to be planned and installed separately at great expense and effort and are sealed off with additional measures against the ingress of water, smoke and gases or are set up with other safety measures in such a way that In particular, the ingress of water does not impair or make operation impossible.

Um die Ausdehnung von Bränden in vertikaler Richtung zu begrenzen, sind neben den horizontalen feuer- und wasserfesten Brandriegeln 31 auch vertikale feuer- und wasserfeste Brandriegel 32 vorgesehen. Diese können als in horizontaler Richtung eingebaute Geschossdecken 32 gestaltet werden, welche jeweils nach einer bestimmten Anzahl Stockwerke im Bereich der Nutzungsflächen 2 angeordnet sind. Die vorliegende Erfindung sieht vor, dass die in horizontaler Richtung angeordneten vertikalen Brandriegel 32 als Zwischengeschosse 32a eingerichtet sind, wobei diese Zwischengeschosse 32a gegenüber den Nutzungsflächen 2 ober- und unterhalb Brandsicher und Wasserdicht abgeschottet sind (Fig. 3a).In order to limit the spread of fires in the vertical direction, in addition to the horizontal fire- and water-resistant fire bars 31, vertical fire- and water-proof fire bars 32 are also provided. These can be designed as floor ceilings 32 installed in the horizontal direction, each of which is arranged after a certain number of floors in the area of usable areas 2. The present invention provides that the vertical fire bars 32 arranged in the horizontal direction are set up as mezzanines 32a, these mezzanines 32a being sealed off from the usage areas 2 above and below in a fireproof and watertight manner ( Fig. 3a ).

Durch die Kombination der horizontalen und vertikalen Brandriegel 31, 32 wird das erfindungsgemässe Gebäude in Segmente aufgeteilt, die vom restlichen Gebäude im Brandfall komplett brandsicher abgeschottet werden: In vertikaler Richtung sind die Nutzungsflächen 2 in mehrere Brandschutzsegmente 2' aufgeteilt, und die Kernzone 1 in mehrere Kernsegmente 1' (Fig. 3b). In einer möglichen Ausführungsvariante der Erfindung weisen die Kernsegmente 1' und Brandschutzsegmente 2' eine Höhe von ca. 70 bis 80 Metern auf. Die Kernzone 1 wirkt als Schacht, welcher die Brandschutzsegmente 2' und Zwischengeschosse 32a in vertikaler Richtung erschliesst.By combining the horizontal and vertical fire bars 31, 32, the building according to the invention is divided into segments, which are completely sealed off from the rest of the building in a fire-safe manner in the event of a fire: In In the vertical direction, the usage areas 2 are divided into several fire protection segments 2', and the core zone 1 is divided into several core segments 1' ( Fig. 3b ). In a possible embodiment variant of the invention, the core segments 1' and fire protection segments 2' have a height of approximately 70 to 80 meters. The core zone 1 acts as a shaft, which opens up the fire protection segments 2 'and mezzanines 32a in the vertical direction.

Jedes Kernsegment 1' ist mit mindestens dem Zwischengeschoss 32a ober- oder unterhalb derart verbunden, dass die RDA 4 für dieses Kernsegment 1' neben dem Treppenhaus 11, dem Liftschacht 12 und einer allfälligen Liftlobby 13 auch noch dieses Zwischengeschoss 32a rauchfrei halten kann. Damit die RDA 4 gut funktioniert und deren Wirkung auch in extremen Wetter- und Windverhältnissen mit unterschiedlichem Luftdruck an verschiedenen Seiten und in verschiedenen Höhen ausserhalb des Gebäudes sichergestellt werden kann, ist empfehlenswert, pro Gebäude mehrere RDA 4 einzusetzen, vorzugsweise eine RDA 4 pro Brandschutzsegment 2'. Bei mehreren Kernsegmenten 1' in einem Gebäude sollten pro Kernsegment 1' auch jeweils separate RDA 4 eingesetzt werden. Damit wird ermöglicht, dass jeweils ein Kernsegment 1' und das dazugehörige Zwischengeschoss 32a, welches ober- oder unterhalb liegt, zumindest teilweise mit einer einzelnen RDA 4 im Brandfall rauchfrei gehalten werden kann.Each core segment 1' is connected to at least the mezzanine 32a above or below in such a way that the RDA 4 for this core segment 1' can keep this mezzanine 32a smoke-free in addition to the stairwell 11, the elevator shaft 12 and any elevator lobby 13. In order for the RDA 4 to function well and to ensure its effectiveness even in extreme weather and wind conditions with different air pressure on different sides and at different heights outside the building, it is recommended to use several RDA 4s per building, preferably one RDA 4 per fire protection segment 2 '. If there are several core segments 1' in a building, separate RDA 4 should be used for each core segment 1'. This makes it possible for a core segment 1' and the associated mezzanine 32a, which is located above or below, to be kept smoke-free at least partially with a single RDA 4 in the event of a fire can be.

Die vorgesehene Anordnung hat zudem den Vorteil, dass die RDA 4, sowie die für die RDA 4 benötigten Zu- und Abgänge 41 für die Luft von ausserhalb des Gebäudes in diesen Zwischengeschossen 32a eingebaut werden können. Damit wird erreicht, dass die Nutzungsflächen 2 vollkommen unabhängig von den Brandschutzmassnahmen sind und vom Architekten frei und ohne Einschränkungen geplant werden können.The proposed arrangement also has the advantage that the RDA 4, as well as the inlets and outlets 41 required for the RDA 4 for the air from outside the building, can be installed in these mezzanines 32a. This ensures that the usable areas 2 are completely independent of the fire protection measures and can be planned freely and without restrictions by the architect.

Die Zwischengeschosse 32a werden bevorzugt als Technikgeschosse 32a gestaltet, die neben der Funktion als vertikale Brandriegel 32 und als Standort für die RDA 4 und für weitere zusätzliche Funktionen genutzt werden können. Für ein optimales Funktionieren der RDA 4 eines Brandschutzsegments 2' oder Kernsegments 1' ist von Vorteil, wenn diese sowohl am oberen als auch am unteren Ende des Brandschutzsegments 2' bzw. Kernsegments 1' auf mindestens zwei Seiten des Gebäudes von dem Rest des Gebäudes abgetrennte Kanäle 41 aufweist, welche je nach Wetter- und Windverhältnissen ausserhalb des Gebäudes entweder als Abström- oder als Nachströmkanäle 41 eingesetzt werden (Fig. 4). Da die Technikgeschosse 32a über die gesamte Gebäudefläche ausgedehnt sind, können problemlos auf jeder Seite des Gebäudes ein Kanal 41 oder mehrere solcher Kanäle 41 angeordnet sein. In oder am Rand jedes Kernsegments 1' sind die Abström- und Nachströmkanäle 41 in vertikaler Richtung mit einem durchgehenden Luftschacht verbunden, wobei auch mehrere solcher Luftschächte um die Kernzone 1 herum angeordnet sein können. In der bevorzugten Ausführungsvariante sind also in jedem Technikgeschoss 32a mehrere Abström- bzw. Nachtrömkanäle 41 auf verschiedenen Seiten angeordnet, wobei diese jeweils einmal für das darüberliegende Kernsegment 1' und einmal für das darunterliegende Kernsegment 1' vorhanden sind.The mezzanines 32a are preferably designed as technical floors 32a, which can be used in addition to the function as vertical fire barriers 32 and as a location for the RDA 4 and for other additional functions. For optimal functioning of the RDA 4 of a fire protection segment 2' or core segment 1', it is advantageous if it is separated from the rest of the building on at least two sides of the building at both the upper and lower end of the fire protection segment 2' or core segment 1' Channels 41 which, depending on the weather and wind conditions, are used outside the building either as outflow or as afterflow channels 41 ( Fig. 4 ). Since the technical floors 32a are extended over the entire building area, one or more such channels 41 can easily be arranged on each side of the building. In or on the edge Each core segment 1 ', the outflow and afterflow channels 41 are connected in the vertical direction to a continuous air shaft, and several such air shafts can also be arranged around the core zone 1. In the preferred embodiment variant, several outflow or afterflow channels 41 are arranged on different sides in each technical floor 32a, each of which is present once for the core segment 1 'above it and once for the core segment 1 'below.

Wie oben beschrieben ist vorgesehen, dass auf verschiedenen Seiten des Gebäudes Abström- und Nachströmkanäle 41 vorhanden sind. Dadurch, dass diese in verschiedene Richtungen zeigen, kann der Abströmweg je nach Windverhältnissen variieren. Besteht z.B. auf der Westfassade ein hoher Winddruck, kann trotzdem auf der Ost- oder Südseite die Abströmung nach aussen erfolgen. In grossen Höhen, wo die Windbelastung naturgemäss höher ist, oder auch bei extremen Windverhältnissen, kann der Winddruck auf einer Seite so stark sein, dass er auf die Abströmung einen negativen Einfluss hat. Dieser Einfluss kann z.B. durch Turbulenzen oder unerwünschte Druckverhältnisse in den Abströmkanälen 41 verursacht werden. Um solche Einflüsse zu vermeiden, können die Abström- und Nachströmkanäle 41 optional mit einer Mündungsbremse 5 ausgerüstet werden. Eine mögliche Ausführungsform der Mündungsbremse 5 ist in Fig. 5 gezeigt, wobei eine Art zickzack-förmiges Labyrinth mittels fest eingebauter Bauteile in der Nähe der Mündung des Kanals 41 angeordnet ist. Da diese Bauteile keine beweglichen Teile enthalten, sind sie wartungsfrei. Das eingebaute, einseitig wirkende Labyrinth baut die Energie der Windlasten nach innen ab, ermöglicht jedoch immer noch die Funktion als Nachströmöffnung. Die spezielle Formgebung des Labyrinths ermöglicht die laminare Strömung aus dem Abströmkanal 41 ins Freie, ohne die Gefahr, dass durch extreme Windverhältnisse unerwünschte Druckverhältnisse in den Abströmkanälen entstehen können.As described above, it is provided that outflow and afterflow channels 41 are present on different sides of the building. Because they point in different directions, the outflow path can vary depending on wind conditions. For example, if there is high wind pressure on the west facade, the outflow can still occur on the east or south side. At high altitudes, where the wind load is naturally higher, or in extreme wind conditions, the wind pressure on one side can be so strong that it has a negative influence on the outflow. This influence can be caused, for example, by turbulence or undesirable pressure conditions in the outflow channels 41. In order to avoid such influences, the outflow and afterflow channels 41 can optionally be equipped with a muzzle brake 5. A possible Embodiment of the muzzle brake 5 is in Fig. 5 shown, with a kind of zigzag-shaped labyrinth being arranged near the mouth of the channel 41 by means of permanently installed components. Since these components contain no moving parts, they are maintenance-free. The built-in, one-way labyrinth dissipates the energy of the wind loads inwards, but still allows it to function as an afterflow opening. The special shape of the labyrinth enables the laminar flow from the outflow channel 41 to the outside, without the risk that extreme wind conditions could create undesirable pressure conditions in the outflow channels.

Die Gestaltung des Labyrinths kann, wie in Fig. 4 gezeigt, durch eine Kombination von eingebauten Bauteilen mit der äusseren Dimension des Kanals 41 erfolgen, oder auch nur durch eingebaute Bauteile, die unterschiedliche Formen und Dimensionen aufweisen können. Wesentlich ist dabei nur, dass bei entsprechend starkem Winddruck von aussen die Strömung nach innen durch das Labyrinth abgebremst wird, so dass ein Einfluss auf die Druckverhältnisse im Abströmkanal 41 nach Möglichkeit vollständig vermieden wird.The design of the labyrinth can be as in Fig. 4 shown, by a combination of built-in components with the outer dimension of the channel 41, or just by built-in components that can have different shapes and dimensions. The only important thing is that when there is a correspondingly strong wind pressure from outside, the flow inwards through the labyrinth is slowed down, so that an influence on the pressure conditions in the outflow channel 41 is, if possible, completely avoided.

Unabhängig von diesen Abström- und Nachströmkanälen 41 hat jede RDA 4 mindestens einen Zuluftkanal 42 für die Luftzufuhr von aussen, welcher ebenfalls im Technikgeschoss angeordnet ist. Zusätzlich ist innerhalb oder neben der Kernzone 1 ein Zuluftschacht 43 (separat vom Luftschacht für die Abströmung) angeordnet, welcher die Zuluft von der RDA 4 in die darüber- oder darunterliegenden Stockwerke befördert. Das Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 ist mit Luftaustritten 44 mit dem Zuluftschacht 43 verbunden, um den RDA-Überdruck im Treppenhaus zu erzeugen. Zusätzlich können noch Luftaustritte 44 vom Zuluftschacht 43 in jeden Aufzugsschacht 12 geführt werden. Diese Luftaustritte 44 können entweder in den Technikgeschossen 32a oder in den darüber und darunterliegenden Stockwerken liegen und sind vom Aufzugsschacht 12 mit Klappen abgetrennt. Neben der Spülung des Sicherheitstreppenhauses 11 wird so ermöglicht, dass auch jeder Aufzugsschacht 12 im Bedarfsfall parallel zum RDA-Betrieb des Sicherheitstreppenhauses 11 gespült werden kann. In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsvariante der Erfindung können die Klappen einzeln oder in Gruppen angesteuert werden, so dass verschiedene Lüftungs- und Spülszenarien durchgeführt werden können. Eine solche Steuerung erlaubt die Aktivierung der Spülung der Aufzugsschächte 12 über die Bedienoberflächen der Aufzugsanlagen, oder über eine zentrale Steuerung, die sich im Technikgeschoss 32a befinden kann. Mit zusätzlichen Druckmessfühlern, welche oben und unten in den Aufzugsschächten 12 installiert sind, kann ermittelt werden, ob Auftrieb (Winterfall) oder Abtrieb (Sommerfall / Föhndruck) herrscht, so dass über die Bedienoberfläche die Klappe entweder am unteren Ende des Aufzugschachtes 12 (Winterfall) oder am oberen Ende (Sommerfall) geöffnet wird. Gleichzeitig wird die RDA 4 gestartet, falls diese nicht bereits in Betrieb ist, damit der Aufzugsschacht 12 mit Frischluft durchgespült wird. Mit dieser Spülfunktion wird zudem ermöglicht, dass das RDA-Gesamtsystem inkl. der im Brandfall zu Evakutaions- und Feuerwehraufzügen umfunktionierten Aufzugsanlagen, einfach per Knopfdruck getestet und im Bedarfsfall gewartet werden können. In dieser Weise können ohne grossen Aufwand die wichtigsten Komponenten der RDA 4 und der Aufzugsanlagen bewegt werden, und damit auch deren Wechselwirkungen geprüft werden.Regardless of these outflow and afterflow channels 41, each RDA 4 has at least one supply air channel 42 for the air supply from the outside, which is also in the Technical floor is arranged. In addition, a supply air shaft 43 (separate from the air shaft for the outflow) is arranged within or next to the core zone 1, which conveys the supply air from the RDA 4 to the floors above or below. The safety stairwell 11 is connected to the supply air shaft 43 with air outlets 44 in order to generate the RDA overpressure in the stairwell. In addition, air outlets 44 can be guided from the supply air shaft 43 into each elevator shaft 12. These air outlets 44 can be located either in the technical floors 32a or in the floors above and below and are separated from the elevator shaft 12 with flaps. In addition to flushing the safety stairwell 11, this also makes it possible for each elevator shaft 12 to be flushed parallel to the RDA operation of the safety stairwell 11 if necessary. In a preferred embodiment variant of the invention, the flaps can be controlled individually or in groups, so that various ventilation and flushing scenarios can be carried out. Such a control allows the activation of the flushing of the elevator shafts 12 via the user interfaces of the elevator systems, or via a central control, which can be located on the technical floor 32a. With additional pressure sensors installed at the top and bottom of the elevator shafts 12 are, it can be determined whether there is buoyancy (winter fall) or downforce (summer fall / foehn pressure), so that the flap is opened either at the lower end of the elevator shaft 12 (winter fall) or at the upper end (summer fall) via the user interface. At the same time, the RDA 4 is started, if it is not already in operation, so that the elevator shaft 12 is flushed with fresh air. This flushing function also makes it possible for the entire RDA system, including the elevator systems that are converted into evacuation and fire service elevators in the event of a fire, to be tested simply at the push of a button and maintained if necessary. In this way, the most important components of the RDA 4 and the elevator systems can be moved without much effort and their interactions can also be checked.

Allgemeine technische Einrichtungen für ein Gebäude im Normalbetrieb können natürlich ebenfalls in den Technikgeschossen 32a untergebracht werden, wie z.B. die Stromversorgung mit Sicherungskästen etc. Dies hat im Brandfall den Vorteil, dass von den Zwischengeschossen 32a aus, nicht benötigte oder gefährliche Einrichtungen ausgeschaltet werden können. Auch spezielle Einrichtungen für den Brandfall, wie z.B. die Wasserversorgung von Sprinkleranlagen oder allgemein die Steuerung der Wasserversorgung werden idealerweise in diesen Technikgeschossen 32a angeordnet.General technical equipment for a building in normal operation can of course also be accommodated in the technical floors 32a, such as the power supply with fuse boxes, etc. In the event of a fire, this has the advantage that unnecessary or dangerous equipment can be switched off from the intermediate floors 32a. Special facilities for the event of a fire, such as the water supply to sprinkler systems or the general control of the water supply, are ideally arranged on these technical floors 32a.

In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsvariante sind Bereiche der Technikgeschosse 32a als Brandbereitschaftsräume und Feuerwehrstützpunkte für die Feuerwehr vorgesehen. Andere Bereiche können als Evakuationsräume für Personen aus den darunter- oder darüberliegenden Stockwerken genutzt werden, damit diese geordnet über die Sicherheitstreppenhäuser 11 oder die ebenfalls brandsicheren Liftanlagen aus dem Gebäude evakuiert werden können.In a preferred embodiment variant, areas of the technical floors 32a are intended as fire preparedness rooms and fire brigade bases for the fire brigade. Other areas can be used as evacuation rooms for people from the floors below or above so that they can be evacuated from the building in an orderly manner via the safety stairwells 11 or the fire-safe elevator systems.

Durch die Möglichkeit, sämtliche Einrichtungen für den Brandschutz in den Kernsegmenten 1', sowie in den Zwischengeschossen 32a anzuordnen, bestehen für den Architekten und Bauherren keinerlei Einschränkungen bezüglich der Gestaltung innerhalb der Nutzungsflächen. Zudem ist es ein grosser Vorteil, dass die Anforderungen des Brandschutzes durch die Gestaltung des Gebäudes gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung, bereits in einer frühen Planungsphase zumindest von der Anordnung und dem Platzbedarf her vollständig abgedeckt sind und zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt keine aufwändigen und teuren baulichen Änderungen aufgrund gesetzlicher Vorschriften gemacht werden müssen, wie dies Heute leider oft der Fall ist.Due to the possibility of arranging all fire protection facilities in the core segments 1 ', as well as in the mezzanine floors 32a, there are no restrictions for the architect and builder with regard to the design within the usage areas. In addition, it is a great advantage that the fire protection requirements are completely covered by the design of the building according to the present invention in an early planning phase, at least in terms of the arrangement and space requirements, and no complex and expensive structural changes are required at a later point in time legal regulations must be made, as is unfortunately often the case today.

Die vorliegende Erfindung kann nicht nur in Gebäudekonzepten mit einfacher Fassadenhaut umgesetzt werden, sondern auch in Gebäuden mit einer Vorhängefassade bzw. Doppelfassade 6. In modernen Gebäuden mit Doppelfassaden 6 können diese mehrere Funktionen erfüllen. Neben dem Aspekt der ästhetischen Gestaltung kann die Vorhängefassade 6 auch für die Energieoptimierung, als Windabweiser, Schallschutz oder zur Beschattung nützlich sein. Die Doppelfassade 6 begünstigt zudem die Funktionsweise der RDA 4 gemäss der vorliegenden Erfindung. Fig. 6 zeigt, wie die Ab- bzw. Nachströmung über die Fugen 61 der Vorhängefassade 6 erfolgt. Die Abströmung erfolgt also aus der Pufferzone 62 im Zwischenraum der Doppelfassade ganz ohne Steuerung ins Freie; im Winterfall nach oben, im Sommerfall nach unten.The present invention can be implemented not only in building concepts with a simple facade skin, but also in buildings with a curtain wall or double facade 6. In modern buildings with double facades 6, these can fulfill several functions. In addition to the aesthetic design aspect, the curtain wall 6 can also be useful for energy optimization, as a wind deflector, sound insulation or for shading. The double facade 6 also promotes the functionality of the RDA 4 according to the present invention. Fig. 6 shows how the outflow and inflow takes place via the joints 61 of the curtain wall 6. The flow therefore takes place from the buffer zone 62 in the space between the double facade to the outside without any control; upwards in winter and downwards in summer.

Als zusätzlicher Vorteil wirkt die äussere Fassadenhaut 6 auch als Windabweiser. Die Windkräfte, die vor allem bei hohen Gebäuden sehr stark sein können, werden von der äusseren Fassadenhülle 6 aufgenommen, so dass unerwünschte Turbulenzen und ungünstige Druckverhältnisse in den Abströmkanälen vermieden werden und weitere Massnahmen, wie zum Beispiel die Mündungsbremse 5 nicht nötig sind.As an additional advantage, the outer facade skin 6 also acts as a wind deflector. The wind forces, which can be very strong, especially in tall buildings, are absorbed by the outer facade shell 6, so that undesirable turbulence and unfavorable pressure conditions in the outflow channels are avoided and further measures, such as the muzzle brake 5, are not necessary.

Wie auf der Fig. 6 dargestellt, kann die Segmentierung im Bereich der Pufferzone der Doppelfassade mit Schwertern 63 entweder ohne Feuerwiderstand (RF1) oder mit Feuerwiderstand ergänzt werden. Derartige Schwerter 63 können entweder im Bereich der Technikgeschosse 32a oder auch bei jedem einzelnen Stockwerk eingebaut werden. Die Ausführung und Materialisierung der Schwerter 63 richtet sich nach dem Basis-Brandschutzkonzept des Gebäudes. Die konstruktive Ausgestaltung der Schwerter 63 ist von grosser Bedeutung. Durch z.B. feuerwiderstandsfähig ausgeführte Schwerter 63, die über die äussere Gebäudehülle 6 auskragen, kann die Wirkungsweise der vertikalen Brandriegel 32 und damit die Brandsicherheit des ganzen Gebäudes signifikant erhöht werden. In Kombination mit der Verwendung von feuerfesten Materialen bei der Vorhängefassade 6 kann so eine vertikale Ausdehnung eines Brandes auf darüberliegende Stockwerke weitgehend verhindert werden.Like on the Fig. 6 shown, the segmentation in the area of the buffer zone of the double facade can be supplemented with swords 63 either without fire resistance (RF1) or with fire resistance. Such swords 63 can either be in the area of the technical floors 32a or can also be installed on each individual floor. The design and materialization of the swords 63 is based on the basic fire protection concept of the building. The structural design of the swords 63 is of great importance. For example, by fire-resistant swords 63 that protrude over the outer building shell 6, the effectiveness of the vertical fire bars 32 and thus the fire safety of the entire building can be significantly increased. In combination with the use of fireproof materials in the curtain wall 6, a vertical spread of a fire to floors above can be largely prevented.

Die vorliegende Erfindung hat gegenüber konventionellen Anlagen im Zusammenhang mit einer RDA und Brandschutzmassnahmen aufgrund der Einfachheit und Flexibilität zudem den Vorteil, dass weniger Mess- und Regeltechnik benötigt wird, um die Funktionen sicherzustellen. Insbesondere bezüglich der Abström- und Nachströmsysteme werden natürliche physikalische Phänomene wie Auf- oder Abtrieb ausgenützt oder Probleme aufgrund dieser Phänomene, wie z.B. Winddruck, vermieden. Das vermeidet Kosten, sowohl beim Bau also auch später im Unterhalt.Due to its simplicity and flexibility, the present invention also has the advantage over conventional systems in connection with an RDA and fire protection measures that less measurement and control technology is required to ensure the functions. Particularly with regard to the outflow and wake systems, natural physical phenomena such as lift or downforce are exploited or problems due to these phenomena, such as wind pressure, are avoided. This avoids costs, both during construction and later maintenance.

Erfindungsgemäss ist zudem vorgesehen, dass die Kernsegmente 1', welche im Normalbetrieb die verschiedenen Stockwerke und vertikalen Gebäudesegmente miteinander verbinden, im Brandfall vollständig zur Brandbekämpfung und/oder zur Evakuation sicher genutzt werden. Sie dienen also sowohl im Normalbetrieb als auch im Brandfall als vertikale Erschliessungsachse, welche alle Brandschutzsegmente 2' und Technikgeschosse 32a miteinander verbindet. Dies wird erreicht, indem die Kernzone 1 und die Zwischengeschosse 32a von den Nutzungsflächen 2 mit Brandschutzwänden 311, -türen 312a, 312b und Schleusen oder anderen Massnahmen Wasser- und Feuerresistent abgeschottet sind bzw. im Brandfall über die Brandfallsteuerung automatisch abgeschottet werden.According to the invention it is also provided that Core segments 1 ', which in normal operation connect the different floors and vertical building segments, can be safely used completely for fire fighting and / or evacuation in the event of a fire. They therefore serve as a vertical access axis both in normal operation and in the event of a fire, which connects all fire protection segments 2 'and technical floors 32a with one another. This is achieved by sealing off the core zone 1 and the intermediate floors 32a from the usage areas 2 with fire protection walls 311, doors 312a, 312b and locks or other measures that are water and fire resistant or are automatically sealed off in the event of a fire via the fire control system.

Ein wichtiges Merkmal der Erfindung ist, dass jede Gebäudeeinheit bestehend aus einem Brandschutzsegment 2', dem in horizontaler Richtung benachbarten Kernsegment 1' und das damit verbundene obere oder untere Zwischengeschoss 32a autark, d.h. unabhängig von den anderen Gebäudeeinheiten funktioniert. Sinnvollerweise sind die vorgesehenen RDA 4 und die äussere Hülle der Doppelfassade 6 nicht einheitsübergreifend. Nur die Liftschächte 12 und das Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 sind durchgehend und einheitsübergreifend, wobei das Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 in jedem Zwischengeschoss 32a mit einer Wand mit eingebauten Türen und zwei barometrische Klappen unterteilt ist, damit die RDA 4 jeweils wunschgemäss funktioniert.An important feature of the invention is that each building unit consisting of a fire protection segment 2 ', the core segment 1' adjacent in the horizontal direction and the upper or lower mezzanine 32a connected to it functions self-sufficiently, ie independently of the other building units. It makes sense that the planned RDA 4 and the outer shell of the double facade 6 are not unit-wide. Only the elevator shafts 12 and the safety stairwell 11 are continuous and unit-wide, with the safety stairwell 11 being divided on each mezzanine 32a with a wall with built-in doors and two barometric flaps so that the RDA 4 each works as intended.

Ein weiteres zentrales Merkmal der Erfindung ist die konsequente Trennung der Kernzone 1 von den Nutzungsflächen 2 im Brandfall durch die Brandschutzwände 311 und die Brandschutztüren 312a, 312b. Ziel ist es, die Kernzone 1 gegen Hitze, Rauch und (Lösch-) Wasser absolut dicht abzuschliessen, damit nicht nur die Nutzer der Aufzüge im Brandfall, sondern auch alle sensitiven Komponenten der Aufzugsanlagen wirksam geschützt werden. Die Fig. 7a-b zeigen eine mögliche Türkonstruktion für die Brandschutztüren 312a, 312b, welche in der Kombination einer Flügeltür 71 mit einer Schiebetür 72 höchste Sicherheit erzielen lässt. Mit einem Türenschwert 73, der in einer mit Abfluss 74 ausgestatteten Rinne 75 geführt ist, ist die vollständige, wasserdichte Trennung der Kernzone 1 gegen die umgebenden Nutzungsflächen 2 realisierbar.Another central feature of the invention is the consistent separation of the core zone 1 from the usage areas 2 in the event of a fire by the fire protection walls 311 and the fire protection doors 312a, 312b. The aim is to seal core zone 1 absolutely tightly against heat, smoke and (extinguishing) water, so that not only the users of the elevators in the event of a fire, but also all sensitive components of the elevator systems are effectively protected. The Fig. 7a-b show a possible door construction for the fire doors 312a, 312b, which allows maximum security to be achieved by combining a hinged door 71 with a sliding door 72. With a door blade 73, which is guided in a gutter 75 equipped with a drain 74, the complete, watertight separation of the core zone 1 from the surrounding usage areas 2 can be achieved.

Erfindungsgemäss ist vorgesehen, dass die Brandschutztüren 312a zwischen der Liftlobby 13 und den Nutzungsflächen 2 steuerbar sind und im Brandfall verriegelt werden, so dass die Liftschächte 12 und die Liftlobby 13 im Brandfall ausschliesslich über das überdruckbelüftete Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 und dessen vorgelagerte Brandschutztür 312b betreten werden können. Zusammen mit dem Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 werden die Liftschächte 12 und die Liftlobby 13 in der Kernzone 1 somit als "Schacht mit Aussenklima" baulich gegen die Nutzungsflächen 2 abgetrennt. Als abgeschlossener Schacht wirkt die Kernzone 1 jedoch nur im Brandfall. Im normalen Alltag kann die Liftlobby 13 von den Nutzungsflächen 2 z.B. direkt über offen stehende, Brandschutztüren 312a betreten werden. Je nach Brandschutzkonzept können verschiedene Sicherheitsstufen realisiert werden. Mit einem Niveauunterschied zwischen der Liftlobby 13 und dem Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 kann verhindert werden, dass Löschwasser über das Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 in die Liftlobby 13 und damit in die Liftschächte 12 gelangen kann. Allenfalls ins Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 eindringendes Löschwasser läuft über die Treppenläufe nach unten, bevor es den Niveauunterschied in die Liftlobby 13 überwinden könnte. Im unteren Bereich des Sicherheitstreppenhauses 11 kann durch wasserdichte Anschlüsse eines Treppenlaufes sowie des entsprechenden Podests an die Treppenhauswände, das Wasser über eine Leitung aus der Kernzone 1 weggeleitet werden.According to the invention, it is provided that the fire doors 312a between the lift lobby 13 and the usage areas 2 can be controlled and are locked in the event of a fire, so that in the event of a fire, the lift shafts 12 and the lift lobby 13 can only be accessed via the pressurized safety stairwell 11 and its upstream fire door 312b. Together with the security stairwell 11 Lift shafts 12 and the lift lobby 13 in the core zone 1 are structurally separated from the usage areas 2 as a “shaft with outdoor climate”. However, core zone 1 only acts as a closed shaft in the event of a fire. In normal everyday life, the lift lobby 13 can be accessed from the usage areas 2, for example directly via open fire doors 312a. Depending on the fire protection concept, different security levels can be implemented. A difference in level between the lift lobby 13 and the safety stairwell 11 can prevent extinguishing water from reaching the lift lobby 13 and thus into the lift shafts 12 via the safety stairwell 11. Any extinguishing water that gets into the safety stairwell 11 runs down the stairs before it can overcome the difference in level into the lift lobby 13. In the lower area of the safety stairwell 11, the water can be led away from the core zone 1 via a pipe through waterproof connections of a flight of stairs and the corresponding platform to the stairwell walls.

Nach der in Bearbeitung befindlichen EN-Norm über RDA's müssen die Anlagen in der Druckhaltephase eine vertikal von unten nach oben gerichtete Frischluft-Strömung mit einer Leistung von 7'500 m3/h erzeugen. Ein Schwachpunkt ist immer die Möglichkeit, dass durch die Bewegung flüchtender Personen kurzzeitig mehrere Türen gleichzeitig geöffnet sein können und die geforderte Frischluft-Strömung dadurch verloren geht. Ein weiterer Schwachpunkt ist, dass Flüchtende im Brandgeschoss Rauch aus den brennenden Nutzungsflächen 2 über geöffnete Türen nicht nur ins Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11, aber auch bis in die Liftlobby 13 und in die Liftschächte 12 mitnehmen können.According to the EN standard on RDAs that is currently being worked on, the systems must generate a fresh air flow directed vertically from bottom to top with an output of 7,500 m 3 /h in the pressure maintenance phase. A weak point is always the possibility that several doors may be temporarily blocked due to the movement of fleeing people can be open at the same time and the required fresh air flow is thereby lost. Another weak point is that escapees on the fire floor can take smoke from the burning areas 2 through open doors not only into the security stairwell 11, but also into the elevator lobby 13 and the elevator shafts 12.

Eine erste Lösung zu diesem Problem ist sicherzustellen, dass die Tür zwischen dem Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 und der Liftlobby 13 im Brandgeschoss verriegelt wird, so dass im Brandgeschoss nur ein Teil der Kernzone 1 zugänglich ist. Dafür werden die Flüchtenden mit Piktogrammen durch das Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 um ein Stockwerk nach unten geleitet. Dort können die Flüchtenden die Tür zur Liftlobby 13 öffnen, ohne die Gefahr, dass Rauch in die Liftlobby 13 und in die Liftschächte 12 eindringt. Diese Massnahme wird zusätzlich durch die erwähnte, nach oben steigende Durchströmung des Sicherheitstreppenhauses 11 mit Frischluft unterstützt: Da die Flüchtenden sich aus dem Brandgeschoss nach unten bewegen, der Frischluft entgegen, kann kein Rauch in die Liftlobby 13 und in die Liftschächte 12 mitgenommen werden. Bei Bedarf könnte diese Tür zwischen dem Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 und der Liftlobby 13 zusätzlich auch noch in einem oder mehreren Geschossen oberhalb des Brandgeschosses verriegelt werden.A first solution to this problem is to ensure that the door between the security stairwell 11 and the elevator lobby 13 on the fire floor is locked so that only part of the core zone 1 is accessible on the fire floor. To do this, the refugees are guided down one floor through the security stairwell 11 with pictograms. There the refugees can open the door to the lift lobby 13 without the risk of smoke entering the lift lobby 13 and the lift shafts 12. This measure is additionally supported by the above-mentioned upward flow of fresh air through the safety stairwell 11: Since the escapees move downwards from the fire floor, towards the fresh air, no smoke can be carried into the lift lobby 13 and into the lift shafts 12. If necessary, this door between the security stairwell 11 and the elevator lobby 13 could also be locked on one or more floors above the fire floor.

Eine insbesondere für Spitalbauten oder spitalähnliche Nutzungen wichtige alternative oder zusätzliche Lösung gegen das Eindringen von Rauch aus den Nutzungsflächen 2 in die Kernzone 1 ist die besondere Schliessvorrichtung der Türen aller sich vor den Zugängen zum Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 oder zur Liftlobby 13 befindlichen Räume. In einer Ausführungsvariante der Erfindung weist die Kernzone 1 eine Schleuse 14 zwischen dem Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 und den Nutzungsflächen 2 oder zwischen der Liftlobby 13 und den Nutzungsflächen 2 (Figur 8). Diese Schleuse 14 weist zumindest eine Tür zu den Benutzungsflächen 2, und zumindest eine Tür zum Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 bzw. zur Liftlobby 13 auf, die nicht gleichzeitig geöffnet werden können und nicht gleichzeitig offen stehen. Sobald eine dieser beiden Türen geöffnet wird, wird die andere Tür verriegelt, so dass sie nicht geöffnet werden kann. Erst die Schliessung der geöffneten Tür bewirkt die sofortige Freigabe der anderen Tür, sei es mechanisch oder durch eine elektrische Überwachung. Mit dieser Lösung, die auch nur im Brandfall aktiv ist, wird eine Rauchübertragung von den Nutzungsflächen 2 in die Kernzone 1 durch eine durchgehend offene Verbindung der Nutzungsflächen 2 mit der Kernzone 1 vermieden. Bei Bedarf kann das Sicherheitspersonal des Spitals diese gegenseitige Blockierung der Türen mit einem Spezialschlüssel überbrücken. Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn in der Schleuse 14 zumindest eine Entrauchungsklappe vorgesehen ist, durch welche der Rauch, der bei der Öffnung der Tür zu den Nutzungsflächen 2 in die Schleuse 14 eindringt, aus der Schleuse 14 entweichen kann. Aufgrund des im Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 bzw. in der Liftlobby 13 herrschenden Überdrucks wird der sich in der Schleuse 14 befindende Rauch durch die Entlüftungsklappe weggeblasen, sobald die Tür zum Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 bzw. zur Liftlobby 13 geöffnet wird, und ohne in den Raum einzudringen.An alternative or additional solution against the penetration of smoke from the usage areas 2 into the core zone 1, which is particularly important for hospital buildings or hospital-like uses, is the special locking device for the doors of all rooms located in front of the entrances to the security stairwell 11 or the elevator lobby 13. In an embodiment variant of the invention, the core zone 1 has a lock 14 between the security stairwell 11 and the usage areas 2 or between the elevator lobby 13 and the usage areas 2 ( Figure 8 ). This lock 14 has at least one door to the usage areas 2 and at least one door to the security stairwell 11 or to the elevator lobby 13, which cannot be opened at the same time and are not open at the same time. As soon as one of these two doors is opened, the other door is locked so that it cannot be opened. Only the closing of the opened door causes the other door to be released immediately, be it mechanically or through electrical monitoring. With this solution, which is only active in the event of a fire, smoke transfer from the usage areas 2 into the core zone 1 is avoided by a continuously open connection between the usage areas 2 and the core zone 1. If necessary, the hospital's security staff can bridge this mutual blocking of the doors with a special key. Is particularly advantageous it if at least one smoke extraction flap is provided in the lock 14, through which the smoke that penetrates into the lock 14 when the door to the usage areas 2 is opened can escape from the lock 14. Due to the excess pressure prevailing in the safety stairwell 11 or in the lift lobby 13, the smoke in the lock 14 is blown away through the ventilation flap as soon as the door to the safety stairwell 11 or the lift lobby 13 is opened, and without entering the room.

In einer besonderen Ausführungsvariante ist die Erfindung zur Evakuation von Flüchtenden mit Mobilitätseinschränkungen optimiert. Zum Beispiel können bettlägerige Patienten eines Krankenhauses und Rollstuhlfahrer eines Altersheims nicht über das Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 flüchten, sondern nur über die Fahrstühle F. In einer Ausführungsvariante der Erfindung ist in den Nutzungsflächen 2 neben der Kernzone 1 also eine Wartezone 7 vorgesehen, in welcher bettlägerige Patienten und Rollstuhlfahrer in einem ersten Schritt gesammelt werden können und sich vor dem Brand schützen können, bevor sie in einem zweiten Schritt mit den Fahrstühlen F evakuiert werden (Figur 9). Die Wartezone 7 kann beispielsweise aus einem oder mehreren Bettenzimmern bestehen, die sich neben der Kernzone 1 befinden, und die wie die Kernzone 1 mit Brandschutzwänden 311 und Brandschutztüren 312b abgeschottet werden können. Im betrieblichen Alltag behalten diese Bettenzimmer ihre angestammte Nutzung, und nehmen ihre Funktion als Wartezone 7 erst im Brandfall an. Die Wartezone 7 kann mit dem Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 und/oder mit der Liftlobby 13 und/oder mit einer Schleuse 14 direkt verbunden sein. Wichtig ist, dass die Wartezone 7 auch mit dem im Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 bzw. in der Liftlobby 13 herrschenden Überdruck gegen das Eindringen von Rauch geschützt werden kann. Von Vorteil ist es, wenn in der Wartezone 7 auch eine Schleusenwirkung vorgesehen ist, d.h., dass die Tür der Wartezone 7 zu den Nutzungsflächen 2 nicht gleichzeitig geöffnet werden kann und nicht gleichzeitig offen steht zur Tür der Wartezone 7 zum Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 bzw. zur Liftlobby 13 bzw. zur Schleuse 14. Von Vorteil ist es ausserdem, wenn auch in der Wartezone 7 eine Entlüftungsklappe vorgesehen ist, durch welche der Rauch, der bei der Öffnung der Tür zu den Nutzungsflächen 2 in die Wartezone 7 eindringt, aus der Wartezone 7 entweichen kann. Aufgrund des im Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 bzw. in der Liftlobby 13 bzw. in der Schleuse 14 herrschenden Überdrucks wird der sich in der Wartezone 7 befindende Rauch durch die Entlüftungsklappe weggeblasen, sobald die Tür zum Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11 bzw. zur Liftlobby 13 bzw. zur Schleuse 14 geöffnet wird, und ohne in die Kernzone 1 einzudringen.In a special embodiment variant, the invention is optimized for the evacuation of refugees with mobility restrictions. For example, bedridden patients in a hospital and wheelchair users in a retirement home cannot escape via the safety stairwell 11, but only via the elevators F. In an embodiment variant of the invention, a waiting zone 7 is provided in the usage areas 2 next to the core zone 1, in which bedridden patients and Wheelchair users can be collected in a first step and can protect themselves from the fire before they are evacuated in a second step using the elevators F ( Figure 9 ). The waiting zone 7 can, for example, consist of one or more bed rooms that are located next to the core zone 1 and, like the core zone 1, have fire protection walls 311 and Fire doors 312b can be sealed off. In everyday operations, these bed rooms retain their traditional use and only assume their function as a waiting zone 7 in the event of a fire. The waiting zone 7 can be directly connected to the security stairwell 11 and/or to the elevator lobby 13 and/or to a lock 14. It is important that the waiting zone 7 can also be protected against the ingress of smoke with the excess pressure prevailing in the safety stairwell 11 or in the elevator lobby 13. It is advantageous if a lock effect is also provided in the waiting zone 7, ie that the door of the waiting zone 7 to the usage areas 2 cannot be opened at the same time and is not open at the same time to the door of the waiting zone 7 to the security stairwell 11 or to the elevator lobby 13 or to the lock 14. It is also advantageous if a ventilation flap is also provided in the waiting zone 7, through which the smoke that penetrates into the waiting zone 7 when the door to the usage areas 2 is opened can escape from the waiting zone 7 can. Due to the excess pressure prevailing in the safety stairwell 11 or in the lift lobby 13 or in the lock 14, the smoke in the waiting zone 7 is blown away through the ventilation flap as soon as the door to the safety stairwell 11 or to the lift lobby 13 or to the lock 14 is opened is, and without in the core zone 1 to penetrate.

Ein grosser Vorteil der Erfindung ist die Nutzung der Treppenhäuser und Liftanlagen sowohl im Normalbetrieb als auch im Brandfall, damit die Flüchtende auch im Brandfall die Wege benutzen können, welche Sie gewohnt sind. Die Erfahrung zeigt, dass es in einer Stresssituation schwieriger ist, sich richtig zu verhalten, so dass es trotz entsprechender Instruktion, Ausbildung und Markierung für die betroffenen Personen nicht immer einfach ist, die Fluchtwege zu finden. Sind diese Fluchtwege die selben, welche täglich benutzt werden, ist dies wesentlich einfacher und die entsprechende Instruktion und Ausbildung für den Brandfall wird vereinfacht. Insbesondere in der Spitalnutzung zeigt sich das ganze Potential der Erfindung. Mit einer einzelnen RDA 4 werden zugleich das Sicherheitstreppenhaus 11, die Liftschächte 12, die Liftlobby 13, die Schleusen 14, die Wartezonen 7 wirksam gegen Verrauchung geschützt.A major advantage of the invention is the use of the stairwells and lifts both in normal operation and in the event of a fire, so that those fleeing can use the routes they are used to even in the event of a fire. Experience shows that it is more difficult to behave correctly in a stressful situation, so that it is not always easy for those affected to find escape routes despite appropriate instructions, training and marking. If these escape routes are the same ones that are used every day, this is much easier and the appropriate instruction and training in the event of a fire is simplified. The full potential of the invention is particularly evident in hospital use. With a single RDA 4, the security stairwell 11, the lift shafts 12, the lift lobby 13, the locks 14 and the waiting areas 7 are effectively protected against smoke.

Fahrende Aufzüge bewirken einen Kolbeneffekt, der die Druckverhältnisse in den Liftschächten 12 verändert: In Fahrtrichtung baut der Fahrstuhl F vor sich einen Überdruck auf. Hinter sich baut der fahrende Fahrstuhl F einen Unterdruck bzw. eine Saugwirkung auf. Bei modernen Aufzugsanlagen in sehr hohen Gebäuden werden Fahrstühle F mit Geschwindigkeiten von bis über 70 km/h bewegt und in den Liftschächten 12 daher erhebliche Druckunterschiede erzeugt. Die Liftschächte sind also in jedem Zwischengeschoss 32 über einen ersten und einen zweiten Druckausgleichkanal 51, 52 mit dem Freien verbunden, damit diese im permanenten Druckausgleich mit dem Aussenklima stehen. Der erste Druckausgleichkanal 51 dient zur Entlastung des Überdrucks der Kolbenwirkung des Fahrstuhls F ins Freie. Der zweite Druckausgleichkanal 52 dient der Nachströmluft aus dem Freien zum Ausgleich des Unterdrucks der Kolbenwirkung des Fahrstuhls F. Falls im Brandfall aber über ein geborstenes Fenster eine Rauchsäule entlang der Fassade hochsteigt, besteht die Gefahr, dass Rauch über die Druckausgleichkanäle 51, 52 in die Liftschächte 12 gelangt, was für die Insassen der Fahrstühle F gefährlich oder sogar tödlich sein kann. Um dies zu vermeiden, weist der erste Druckausgleichkanal 51 ein Rückschlagventil auf, welches nur die Entlastung eines Überdrucks ins Freie zulässt. Die zweiten Druckausgleichkanäle 52 weisen jeweils ein steuerbares Ventil auf, welches durch die Brandfallsteuerung geöffnet und geschlossen werden kann. Um zu vermeiden, dass Rauch über den zweiten Druckausgleichkanal 52 in die Liftschächte 12 nachgezogen wird, wird das Ventil des zweiten Druckausgleichkanals 52 aller Zwischengeschosse 32, welche sich über dem Brandgeschoss befinden, durch die Brandfallsteuerung geschlossen. Damit Nachströmluft aus dem Freien zum Ausgleich des Unterdrucks der Kolbenwirkung des Fahrstuhls F doch in den Liftschächte 12 gelangen kann, wenn der Fahrstuhl F sich oberhalb des Brandgeschosses bewegt, sind zwischen den Zwischengeschossen 32 vertikale, oben und unten offene Luftkanäle 53 installiert. Der Druckausgleich erfolgt von unten durch diese Luftkanäle 53 und durch die zweiten Druckausgleichkanäle 52, die sich unterhalb des Brandgeschosses befinden und dessen Rückschlagventil daher nicht geschlossen ist.Moving elevators cause a piston effect that changes the pressure conditions in the elevator shafts 12: In the direction of travel, the elevator F builds up excess pressure in front of it. The moving elevator F builds up a negative pressure or suction effect behind itself. In modern elevator systems in very tall buildings, elevators F are moved at speeds of up to over 70 km/h The lift shafts 12 therefore generate significant pressure differences. The lift shafts are therefore connected to the outside in each mezzanine 32 via a first and a second pressure equalization channel 51, 52 so that they are in permanent pressure equalization with the outside climate. The first pressure equalization channel 51 serves to relieve the excess pressure of the piston action of the elevator F to the outside. The second pressure compensation channel 52 is used for the follow-up air from outside to compensate for the negative pressure of the piston action of the elevator F. However, if in the event of a fire a column of smoke rises along the facade via a broken window, there is a risk that smoke will enter the elevator shafts via the pressure compensation channels 51, 52 12, which can be dangerous or even fatal for the occupants of elevator F. To avoid this, the first pressure compensation channel 51 has a check valve, which only allows excess pressure to be released to the outside. The second pressure compensation channels 52 each have a controllable valve, which can be opened and closed by the fire control system. In order to avoid smoke being drawn into the lift shafts 12 via the second pressure compensation channel 52, the valve of the second pressure compensation channel 52 of all mezzanines 32, which are located above the fire floor, is closed by the fire control system. So that afterflow air is out In order to compensate for the negative pressure of the piston action of the elevator F, the outside can get into the elevator shafts 12 when the elevator F moves above the fire floor, 32 vertical air ducts 53 that are open at the top and bottom are installed between the mezzanines. The pressure equalization takes place from below through these air channels 53 and through the second pressure equalization channels 52, which are located below the fire floor and whose check valve is therefore not closed.

Auch für kleinere Hochhäuser, deren Fahrstühle F mit weniger hohen Geschwindigkeiten fahren, ist dieser Abbau der Druckunterschiede infolge deren Kolbenwirkungen sehr wichtig. Durch den Umstand, dass erfindungsgemäss alle Fahrstühle F als Fluchtweg im Brandfall weiter betrieben werden, ist ein deutlich höheres Sicherheitsniveau erforderlich, als es üblicherweise erzielt wird. In der Kernzone 1 sind alle Druckunterschiede sicherheitsrelevant. Deshalb ist es nicht zulässig, wenn die fahrenden Fahrstühle F ihre Kolbenwirkungen über Leckagen wie Schachttüren oder andere Gebäudeundichtigeiten ausgleichen. Erst durch den gezielten, gesteuerten Ausgleich der Druckunterschiede wie in der vorliegenden Erfindung können die Fahrstühle F auch im Brandfall so sicher betrieben werden, dass sie auch einem Spitalbetrieb gerecht werden.This reduction in pressure differences as a result of their piston effects is also very important for smaller high-rise buildings whose elevators F travel at less high speeds. Due to the fact that, according to the invention, all elevators F continue to be operated as an escape route in the event of a fire, a significantly higher level of safety is required than is usually achieved. In core zone 1, all pressure differences are relevant to safety. It is therefore not permitted for the moving elevators F to compensate for their piston effects via leaks such as shaft doors or other building leaks. Only through the targeted, controlled compensation of the pressure differences as in the present invention can the elevators F be operated so safely, even in the event of a fire, that they can also be used in a hospital.

Claims (14)

  1. Multi-storey building with safe means of access and escape in the event of fire, with:
    - a core zone (1) in which at least one safety staircase (11) and at least one elevator shaft (12) for an elevator (F) and an elevator lobby (13) are located;
    - horizontal fire- and water-resistant fire barriers (31), which seal off the core zone (1) in the horizontal direction from surrounding usage areas (2) against fire and water; and
    - vertical fire and water-resistant fire barriers (32), which separate the core zone (1) in the vertical direction into core segments (1') and seal off the usage areas (2) in the vertical direction in fire protection segments (2') against fire and water,
    wherein:
    - the vertical fire barriers (32) are designed as intermediary floors (32a);
    - each core segment (1') is protected by a smoke prevention pressure system (4) and is connected to at least the intermediary floor (32a) above or below in such a way that the smoke prevention pressure system (4) keeps, besides this core segment (1'), also the above or below adjoining intermediary floor (32a) smoke-free in the event of fire;
    characterised in that
    the elevator shafts (12) are connected to the outside in each intermediary floor (32a) via a first and a second pressure compensation duct (51, 52),
    wherein the first pressure compensation duct (51) has a check valve which only allows excess pressure to be released to the outside,
    wherein the second pressure compensation duct (52) has a controllable valve which can be opened and closed,
    and wherein the valves of the second pressure compensation ducts (52) of all intermediary floors (32a) which are located above the burning floor can be closed automatically.
  2. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the core zone (1) between the safety staircase (11) and the usage areas (2) or between the elevator lobby (13) and the usage areas (2) comprises a lock (14) which has at least one door to the usage areas (2) and at least one door to the safety staircase (11) or to the elevator lobby (13), which can not be open simultaneously.
  3. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    next to the core zone (1), a waiting zone (7) is arranged within the usage areas (2), in which people fleeing the fire can gather and protect themselves before they escape via the elevators (F) or via the safety staircase (11).
  4. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    vertical air ducts (53) open at the top and at the bottom are installed between the intermediary floors (32a).
  5. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    all fire facilities of a fire protection segment (2') are located in the horizontally adjacent core segment (1') and/or in the intermediary floor (32a) connected thereto, and put no restrictions on the layout within the fire protection segment (2').
  6. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the smoke prevention pressure system (4) protecting a core segment (1') is located in the intermediary floor (32a) connected thereto and has channels (41) both at the top and at the bottom of the core segment (1') on at least two sides of the building, which are separated from the rest of the building and serve as outflow or inflow channels (41).
  7. Multi-storey building according to claim 6,
    characterised in that
    near the aperture of the channels (41) a kind of zigzag-shaped labyrinth is arranged by means of fixed components, which breaks down the energy of the inward wind loads.
  8. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the smoke prevention pressure system (4) which protects a core segment (1') is arranged in the intermediary floor (32a) connected to it, and has at least one supply air duct (42) for the air supply from the outside, which is also arranged in this intermediary floor (32a).
  9. Multi-storey building according to claim 8,
    characterised in that
    an air supply shaft (43) is arranged inside or next to the core segment (1') and conveys the air supply from the smoke prevention pressure system (4) into the safety stairwell (11) on the floors above.
  10. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the building has a double facade (6) with a buffer zone (62) in the space between the double facade, the vertical fire barriers (32) being supplemented with blades (63) in the area of the buffer zone (62).
  11. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the horizontal fire and water-resistant fire barriers (31) comprise fire doors (312a), (312b) combining a hinged door (71) with a sliding door (72) as well as a door blade (73) led along a channel (75) equipped with a drain (74).
  12. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the horizontal fire and water-resistant fire barriers (31) include a fire protection door (312a) between the elevator lobby (13) and the usage areas (2) and a fire protection door (312b) between the safety staircase (11) and the usage areas (2),
    the fire protection door (312a) between the elevator lobby (13) and the usage areas (2) is controllable and lockable in the event of fire, so that in the event of fire, the elevator shaft (12) and the elevator lobby (13) can only be accessed via the safety staircase (11) and its upstream fire protection door (312b) to the usage areas (2).
  13. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    a door between the elevator lobby (13) and the safety staircase (11) in the burning floor is controllable and lockable in the event of a fire, so that in the event of a fire, the elevator lobby (13) and the elevator shafts (12) are not accessible from the burning floor.
  14. Multi-storey building according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    a level difference is provided between the elevator lobby (13) and the safety stairwell (11), so that no extinguishing water can get into the elevator lobby (13) and into the elevator shafts (12) via the safety stairwell (11).
EP19783196.9A 2018-09-20 2019-09-20 Multi-storey building with secure access routes and escape routes in the event of fire Active EP3853425B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH01133/18A CH715361A1 (en) 2018-09-20 2018-09-20 Multi-storey building with safe access and escape routes in the event of a fire.
PCT/CH2019/050023 WO2020056533A1 (en) 2018-09-20 2019-09-20 Multi-storey building with secure access routes and escape routes in the event of fire

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3853425A1 EP3853425A1 (en) 2021-07-28
EP3853425B1 true EP3853425B1 (en) 2023-10-25

Family

ID=63896039

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP18197588.9A Active EP3626899B1 (en) 2018-09-20 2018-09-28 Multi-layer building with secure access and escape routes in case of fire
EP19783196.9A Active EP3853425B1 (en) 2018-09-20 2019-09-20 Multi-storey building with secure access routes and escape routes in the event of fire

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP18197588.9A Active EP3626899B1 (en) 2018-09-20 2018-09-28 Multi-layer building with secure access and escape routes in case of fire

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (2) EP3626899B1 (en)
CH (1) CH715361A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2020056533A1 (en)

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19755807C2 (en) * 1997-12-16 2000-04-20 Gerhard Bauer Building with a curtained glass facade
DE10227194A1 (en) * 2002-06-18 2004-01-15 I.F.I. Institut für Industrieaerodynamik GmbH Method to maintain pressure in safety staircase esp. in tall buildings calculates pressure filed within building, taking into consideration unretentiveness, floor on fire, and losses at throttle flap, to secure access
DE202004016229U1 (en) * 2004-10-19 2005-01-05 Leithner, Hans Joachim Overpressure of air generator e.g. for emergency and escape stair cases, has blower, with mechanism for maintaining given excess air pressure in escape stairway
DE102005053590B4 (en) * 2005-11-10 2008-11-13 Eidmann, Fritz Jürgen Smoke protection system and method for removing smoke from fire areas of a building and the smoke-free escape of escape routes of the building
CH704824B1 (en) * 2011-03-31 2015-06-30 Bernhard Regli Multistory, segmented building with smoke-free escape routes.
EP3189195B1 (en) * 2014-09-05 2019-10-16 Swiss Raltec GmbH High-rise building with a number of n floors and a vent shaft
CH712252A2 (en) * 2016-03-14 2017-09-15 Regli Bernhard Smoke-free fire-fighter lifts and evacuation lifts in multi-storey, segmented buildings.
DE102017202543A1 (en) * 2017-02-16 2018-08-16 Roland Weber High-rise with core

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP3626899A1 (en) 2020-03-25
WO2020056533A1 (en) 2020-03-26
EP3626899B1 (en) 2022-12-28
CH715361A1 (en) 2020-03-31
EP3853425A1 (en) 2021-07-28

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