EP3189195B1 - High-rise building with a number of n floors and a vent shaft - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a high-rise building with a number n of floors, with a staircase that is connected via staircase doors to the individual floors and with an anteroom per floor, the one of the staircase doors connected to the stairwell and an entrance door with a use unit of the floor, as well as a method for operating this high-rise building.

From the EP 2 5 00663 A1 are a high-rise building according to the preamble of claim 1 and a method according to the preamble of claim 12 are known.

In case of fire, the escape routes, ie the stairwell, must be kept smoke-free. In order to keep the escape routes free from smoke, so-called overpressure ventilation systems (pressure differential systems) are used in high-rise buildings. The stairwells are pressurized. For this purpose, supply air via fans is introduced as homogeneously as possible over the entire height into the stairwell. A suitable device is made of EP 2 337 912 B1 known. In this case, the stairwell is vertically divided by at least one bulkhead into a plurality of subspaces and is provided for a passage from a subspace in the adjacent subspace each have a door.

The named EP 2 337 912 B1 belongs fully to the disclosure of the present application. It describes a skyscraper with an overpressure system. In the event of a fire, an overpressure is created in the stairwell in relation to the usage units, so that smoke from a usage unit can not penetrate into the stairwell. A supply air duct is used.

In order to comply with the applicable regulations, see eg EN 12101-6 or draft pr EN 12101-13 and national building regulations, the air introduced must be controlled by an entrance hall located between the stairwell and a use unit and the usage unit, preferably an anteroom of the usage unit , flow away. Depending on the scenario, the technical regulations demand a flow velocity of more than 1 m / s or 2 m / s through the open door of the vestibule. For such outflow is possible, structural Abströmmöglichkeiten be created. Outflow can take place via the open windows in the façade or via internal discharge shafts with floor-to-ceiling normally closed outflow devices.

According to the prior art, see for example DE 198 48 736 A1 An elevator shaft is used as the discharge shaft. It has a small, constantly open opening in the area of the shaft head and is closed at the bottom. Fresh air is blown into the stairwell from below via a fan if a fire occurs. So that the air pressure in the stairwell is always greater than in the adjacent rooms, at least one overpressure flap is provided in the outflow path. It opens only so far that the pressure in the staircase is greater than in the adjacent rooms of the floors. A disadvantage is the use of the elevator shaft as Abströmschacht, since the path of the outflowing air depends on the position of the elevator and is not predictable.

According to another solution, a separate Abströmschacht is provided in him a fan is introduced, which is turned on in case of fire and generates a negative pressure in the discharge shaft. As a result, it causes a flow of air in the fire floor.

It is problematic in both cases that the outflow conditions over the height are strongly influenced by the geometry of the outflow shaft. With a fan, due to the increasing resistance of the shaft and outflow openings with increasing suction height, the flow velocity on the lower levels will be lower than in the upper levels, possibly completely coming to a standstill in the lower levels. In the solution according to the above DE 198 48 736 A1 This can lead to different pressure conditions in the stairwell, which can lead to doors being difficult to open.

In particular, when no pressure sensors are provided for the outflow from a floor, it can lead to the formation of negative pressure in the fire floor. This can lead to smoke from the fire area getting into the escape routes and being even sucked. Thus, the escape routes are lost, a rescue without the aid of the fire department is no longer possible.

According to the prior art, there is a relationship between supply air and exhaust air in such a way that, when viewed from the stairwell, a door rises, the fan is correspondingly set to a higher running speed in the shaft, so that the air flow is set in motion. At the moment when the door is closed again, the entire control system must regulate the speed both in the supply air as well as in the exhaust air area again, if possible within 3 seconds. That's the norm. This is an immense regulatory effort, because the regulation refers to the overall system and related to fire.

Critical and disadvantageous in the prior art is in particular the complicated control technology of supply air, flow rates and height-dependent suction of fans. It works with very low differential pressures less than 5 Pa between the supply and exhaust side. The control must be designed accordingly sensitively. This technique is complex and also prone to failure. There are always problems in the control due to the many individual, dependent on the pressure control processes of supply fan, exhaust fan, closing and opening devices of the doors in the stairwell and in the anteroom, etc ..

This is where the invention begins. It has set itself the task of developing the discharge of high-rise buildings to the effect that the control operations are significantly simplified, that less and simpler sensors can be used and therefore significantly saved on wiring, and that the outflow device is largely independent of the inflow, such as the latter eg from the EP 2 337 912 B1 is known.

This object is achieved by a skyscraper having the features of claim 1 and the method having the features of claim 12.

Further developments are the subject of dependent claims.

This skyscraper is characterized by the fact that it takes account of a manhole effect in the discharge shaft, uses it and modifies it so that there are favorable conditions for the introduction of air from a fire floor into the discharge shaft. It should, for example, a suction effect can occur, as he from water jet pumps is known. According to the known barometric height formula, a pressure difference between the shaft head and manhole foot is established in a vertical shaft, that is also in the discharge shaft. This leads to a flow in the shaft when manhole base and shaft head are not closed. The current is generally directed from bottom to top, but it may also reverse, especially in winter.

For building heights over 40 meters, the air flow in the outflow is preferably monitored, this is done by at least one Luftrichtungs- and speed flow meter, which is arranged in the discharge shaft and there detects the flow velocity and direction of the ascending or descending flow. The control is again so that the outflow in the individual floors does not differ significantly. Reference is the case of a house under 40 m.

In contrast to the prior art it is achieved that the outflow conditions are substantially independent of the number of floors and thus the height of the respective fire floors. For high-rise buildings less than 40 meters high, the differences in the height of the individual floors are not noticeable. In other words, the differences that may occur between the first and last floors are considered tolerable. For higher skyscrapers, these differences should occur at most. The increasing differences with increasing number of floors will be counteracted. Care is taken to ensure that a flow is always maintained in the discharge shaft. The flow must not be zero, but it should not be greater than a maximum value, this in both directions. This ensures that, regardless of the height of the fire floor always entrainment of the effluent from the fire floor air. The regulation is such that the differences remain in the range, as they occur at a building height of up to 40 meters.

A homogeneity of the inflow into the discharge shaft is achieved, regardless of the height of the fire floor. There is preferably in each case a homogeneous outflow velocity in the discharge chute, no matter in which direction the air flows in the discharge chute. The discharge shaft preferably has a constant cross section over the entire height. He may also have a non-constant cross-section.

In kinematic reversal, it is also possible to work with negative pressure instead of overpressure. There is a distinction between positive and negative pressure systems, see EN 12101 part 6. In continental Europe, overpressure systems prevail, whereas where e.g. in England or in other countries is partly worked with vacuum systems. Basically, it is the reverse system of the overpressure system. In this case, it is possible to dispense with the supply air in the stairwell as fan-assisted supply air, since it is assumed that the supply air flows freely, e.g. on the fire floor over the open doors between the stairwell anteroom and entrance hall usage. This means that you build a vacuum in the area of the fire floor and thus trying to keep the rescue route, so the stairwell, smoke-free. It is therefore only a reverse logic to apply in the event that it is assumed that an overpressure in the stairwell and by this overpressure, the smoke can not penetrate into the stairwell. In both cases, attempts are made to keep the stairwell free of smoke and to let air flow off via a vacuum system or through an overpressure system.

Under one floor is understood a floor with a usage unit. In a usage unit people can stay. Preferably, the term floor also includes a technical floor. The discharge shaft is preferably fire-resistant. Preferably, it has a vertical shaft axis. The specified area of at least 0.6 m ² or at least 1 m ² for houses over 40 m depends on the ventilation design of the entire system.

The outflow device is preferably designed as a wing flap or flap. The outflow device is also referred to as Schachtabströmklappe. It is standardized according to DIN EN 12101-8. Normally it is tightly closed. It has a motor drive to move it in case of fire in the open position. A manual emergency release is provided.

The outflow at the shaft head is preferably designed as a dome light or double flap, it is released in each case the entire cross-section in the open state. Alternatively, a fan may be provided instead of the dome light or double flap, possibly also in addition to a dome light or double flap. For building heights up to about 40 m is preferably a wind-driven permanently rotating fan placed on the shaft head to start the flow in the shaft or support. In high-rise buildings over 40 m, an electrically driven, preferably reversible fan can be placed on the shaft head or placed in the immediate vicinity of the shaft head under the skylight or double flap additionally. The flow in the shaft is set in motion with this fan depending on the density of the air. If there is too much flow in the discharge shaft, the fan is used as a deceleration device (brake element). Alternatively, at least one electric motor driven, preferably reversible directional thrust fan can be used to initiate the Schachtabströmeffektes depending on the shaft height. It is preferably arranged in the shaft at 1/3 or 2/3 of the shaft height or in between. It occupies as little as possible cross-sectional area of the discharge shaft, for example less than 20%, preferably less than 10%.

Preferably, the outflow device can be brought into intermediate positions between a closed and a full opening state. Preferably, the closing means is designed to be controllable at the shaft foot, so that intermediate positions can also be set between the complete opening and the normally present, complete closure. This is preferably motor feasible. The supply air opening at the manhole base is preferably adjustable, it may for example be provided with adjustable elements Gliederlementen.

Airflow and velocity flowmeters can be any of the sensors that detect airflow and its direction simultaneously or in combination. Normally anemometers are used. Air direction and velocity flow meters are also referred to as anemometers, they are measuring instruments for the local measurement of the velocity of a gaseous flow and its direction, possibly also of the detected current.

Thrust fans are blowers. They have a strong air projection and blow air in one direction. They are also used, for example, in tunnels, multi-storey car parks and underground garages, where they blow smoke and combustion gases specifically in one direction or in those areas of the building in which machines are used Smoke evacuation systems are provided. Shear fans are also referred to as JET fans. They are standardized in EN 12101-3.

By regulating the flow velocity in the shaft, the flow rate at the level of the fire floor is regulated in such a way that permanent overpressure in the floor is prevented. It is thus avoided that smoke from the fire floor can penetrate into the rescue route.

The data determined by the air-direction and velocity flow meters are processed in the controller. As a result, it can control the outflow devices, the outflow means and possibly existing fans, as well as the supply air opening, so that a modified shaft effect occurs. Modified manhole effect means the manhole effect is fixed. It should be achieved a flow in the discharge shaft, which is not above a predetermined value in any flow direction. Its value lies within what is known as a shaft flow in a building under 40 m. Preferably, this flow is greater than zero.

• Figur 1: eine prinzipielle, schnittbildliche Darstellung eines Hochhauses mit n=13 Geschossen, gezeigt sind wesentliche Teile dieses Hauses, ein Abströmschacht weist oben eine Doppelklappe auf,
• Figur 3: eine prinzipielle Darstellung einer Dachhaube, die anstelle der Doppelklappe gemäß Fig. 1 eingesetzt werden kann,
• Figur 2: eine prinzipielle Darstellung eines windangetriebenen Ventilators, der anstelle der Doppelklappe gemäß Figur 1 eingesetzt werden kann,
• Figur 4: eine schnittbildliche Darstellung ähnlich Figur 1 eines Hochhauses, nunmehr mit n=23 Geschossen.

Embodiments of the invention, which are not intended to be limiting, are explained and described in more detail below with reference to the drawing. In the drawing show:

• FIG. 1 : a schematic, sectional representation of a skyscraper with n = 13 floors, shown are essential parts of this house, a discharge shaft has a double flap on top,
• FIG. 3 : a schematic representation of a roof hood, which instead of the double flap according to Fig. 1 can be used
• FIG. 2 : a schematic representation of a wind-driven fan, instead of the double flap according to FIG. 1 can be used
• FIG. 4 : a sectional image similar FIG. 1 a skyscraper, now with n = 23 floors.

The skyscraper after FIG. 1 has a number of n = 13 floors. The total height is less than 40 m. Shown is the condition with a fire on the first floor.

The skyscraper has a stairwell 20 that runs through all floors, including a basement level with n = minus 1. To the left of the stairwell 20 there is a supply air duct 22. He is in the basement floor associated with a suction device 24, it has weather protection grid 26, a shutter flap 28 with motor and a first fan 30. In the area between the floors 1 and 2, an inlet flap 32 is provided between the Zuluftschaft 22 and the stairwell 20. It can preferably be opened and closed by a motor. Preferably, it can also be brought into intermediate positions between the open state and closed state. Usually it is in the closed state.

Above the highest floor, a light dome 34 is provided in the staircase 20, it is arranged in the roof area. Through it light falls from above into the staircase 20. It is drawn in the open state. It is assigned a servomotor.

Air in the direction of arrow 36 is blown into the supply air duct 22 via the intake device 24 as soon as a fire is detected. Air then flows through the supply air duct 22, enters the staircase 20 in the region of the at least one inlet flap 32, see arrow 38. This results in the staircase 20, an overpressure relative to the atmospheric pressure. From the staircase 20, the air can flow through the open dome light 34 according to the arrow 40 upwards. Other ways of entering the supply air into the stairwell and the exit of the supply air from the staircase 20 are possible. So shows Fig. 1 also an inflow of air according to the arrow 41 directly into the staircase 20. This solution is advantageous if no supply air duct 22 is provided. It can be combined with the blowing through a supply duct 22.

The staircase 20 is connected to the individual floors 42 each via a stairwell door 44. Each floor 42, which is designed as a utility floor, has an anteroom 46, also called a lobby, and a usage unit 52. The stairwell door connects each of the staircase 20 with the associated Anteroom 36 of the respective floor 42. An anteroom 46 is connected via an anteroom door 50 with the associated use unit 52 of the floor. Normally, the doors 44, 50 are closed. They each open to the staircase 20, see Fig. 1 ,

In the area of the utilization units 52, a discharge shaft 54 is provided. It has a shaft head 56 above the highest floor and a shaft foot 58 in the area of the lowest floors, preferably below the zeroth floor. The discharge shaft 54 extends over the height of the building. Preferably, it extends over a height, as it has the supply air duct 22.

Between a utilization unit 52 and the discharge chute 54, a discharge device 60 is provided. It is a motorized flap. Normally, the outflow device 60 is closed. In case of fire, it is open, see floor n = 1. Furthermore, in each use unit 52, a smoke detector 62 or other suitable device for detecting a fire in the usage unit is provided.

In the area of the shaft head 56, a discharge means is provided. According to Fig. 1 it has a double flap 64. It is associated with motor drives, one drive for each flap. In the open state, the double flap 64 releases the entire cross section of the discharge shaft 54. Normally, the double flap 64 is closed. Furthermore, the outflow means has a second fan 66. It is arranged below the double flap 64 in the discharge chute 54. With open double flap 64, it can promote air up or down. It is preferably reversible. In the region of the shaft base 58 of the discharge shaft 54 is normally closed. Preferably, unlike Fig. 1 also provided in the basement a discharge 60.

At a suitable location, for example in the stairwell of the basement, a control device 68 is housed. It is connected to all the described mechanical parts, ie the suction device 24 and its individual parts 26, 28 and 30, the at least one inlet flap 32, the dome 34, the individual outflow devices 60, the double flap 64, the second fan 66.

In a fire in the floor n = 1, the fire condition is communicated by the local smoke detector 62 of the controller 68. This controls the suction device 24, so that air is blown into the supply air duct 22, as described above. The staircase 20 is now under pressure over atmospheric pressure. Through the open doors, namely stairwell door 44 and vestibule door 50 of the floor n = 1 air flows into the utilization unit, from there via the open outflow device 60 of this floor through the discharge chute 54 upwards. It leaves the discharge chute 54 through the at least partially opened double flap 64. It can be promoted by the second fan 66 or braked. The airflow in the fire floor should be greater than 1.0 m / s, it may be 2.0 m / s.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 3 Instead of the double flap 64, a shaft light dome 70 is provided, which is similar to the dome light 34 and also driven by a motor. The second fan 66 may be omitted.

In the embodiment according to FIG. 2 instead of the double flap 64 according to FIG. 1, a wind-driven ventilator 80 is provided. For this solution, it is advantageous to provide a closing device in addition, which closes the discharge shaft at the shaft head 56, if there is a fire.

The embodiment according to the invention FIG. 4 indicates extensive agreement with the embodiment FIG. 1 on. Everything that is already provided there, is also in the exemplary embodiment FIG. 4 available. Due to the larger building height, there are several additional facilities, which will be discussed below:
There is now a larger number of inlet valves 32 are provided. It has proven to be advantageous to provide inflow flaps 32 every two to twelve or every two to eight levels.

The floor n = minus 1 is now designed as an underground car park, see car. The shaft base 58 is located on this floor. Between the floor n = minus 1 and the discharge shaft 54 is a supply air flap 82, also called supply air opening provided. It is normally closed. It can be opened via an assigned engine. The supply air flap 82 can be configured as desired, for example, as a blind, one or mehrflüglige flap. Preferably, it is adjustable between the state of complete opening and in the normal state complete closing in intermediate positions.

At least one air-directional and velocity flow meter 84 is provided in the discharge chute 54; in concrete terms, two such sensors are shown, namely in n = 23 and n = 0.

It's in both FIGS. 1 and 4 some floors not shown, in FIG. 4 it is the floors 4 to 20. Also in these distributed sensors 84 and knives can be provided. It is advantageous to provide such a sensor 84 every two to every twelve, preferably every two to every eight floors. As sensor 84 come anemometer, anemometer and other, the flow direction and the flow flow detecting means into consideration.

Finally, at least one thrust fan 86 is arranged in the discharge chute 54. It occupies only a small portion of the cross-sectional area of the discharge shaft 54. Specifically, such a thrust fan 86 between the floor n = 2 and 3 and between the floor n = 21 and 22 is arranged. Preferably, the thrust fans 86 are arranged distributed equally in the discharge chute 54. It is preferable to provide a thrust fan every three to fifteen, preferably every four to ten floors. The thrust fan 86 is preferably reversible in its working direction. Preferably, its power can be adjusted, at least in stages.

In contrast to FIG. 1 is now in FIG. 4 the floor n = 21 the fire floor. A change results from this but compared to the description FIG. 1 Not.

Thus, the differences between the houses after the FIGS. 4 and 1 explained.

As in the house after FIG. 1 , also in the house after FIG. 4 the outflow device 60 are configured differently, for example, with the devices according to FIG. 2 and / or after FIG. 3 ,

The discharge shaft 54 has in a house with less than 40 meters in total height, so accordingly FIG. 1 , a clear cross-section of at least 0.6 m ² , in higher houses, as in FIG. 4 shown, at least 1 m ² . The discharge shaft 54 is fireproof. The outflow devices 60 are also formed fireproof.

How out FIG. 4 is apparent, the air flow rate in the fire floor n = 21 is greater than 2.0 m / s. At least 18,000 cubic meters of air per hour are conveyed through the outflow device 60 of the fire floor into the discharge shaft 54.

The term flap is understood to mean any valve. It is normally in the closed state and can be opened, driven by the control device 68. There are other designs than the above-described embodiments of the valve possible and known in the art.

The Applicant reserves the right to combine any features, including partial features, from each individual sentence of the description and / or claims.

A supply duct 22 as shown in the two embodiments may be present, but need not necessarily be present.

LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

20

stairwell

22

supply air duct

24

suction

26

Louvres

28

damper

30

fan

32

Einströmklappe

34

dome light

36,38,40,41

arrow

42

single floor

44

Stairwell door

46

anteroom

50

hall door

52

utilization unit

54

Abströmschacht

56

wellhead

58

shaft bottom

60

discharge arrangement

62

smoke detector

64

double flap

66

second fan

68

control device

70

Schacht dome light

80

fan

82

Supply air opening, supply air flap

84

Velocity flow meter / sensor

86

thrust fan

Claims (14)

1. A high-rise building

   - with a number of n floors,

   - with a stairwell (20) connected to the individual floors (42) via stairwell doors (44),

   - with one anteroom (46) per floor (42), which is connected to the stairwell (20) via one of the stairwell doors (44),

   - with a vent shaft (54) having a shaft head (56) above the highest floor (42) and a shaft base (58) below the zeroth floor (42) (G),

   - with a motor-driven venting means on the shaft head (56),

   - with one motor-powered venting device (60) for each floor (42), which device is disposed between the functional unit (52) and the vent shaft (54), wherein the venting device (60) is normally closed,

   - with one smoke detector (62) per floor (42), which is in each case disposed in the functional unit (52), and

   - with a control device (68), which is connected to the smoke detectors (62), the venting devices (60) and the venting means and which, in case of fire on the fire-affected floor, activates the venting device (60) thereon and the venting means on the shaft head (56),

   characterized in that the vent shaft (54) has at the shaft base (58) an air inlet hatch (82), which a) is normally closed, and b) is opened by a motor in case of fire on a fire-affected floor and enables a flow in the vent shaft (54) between the shaft base (58) and the shaft head (56), and that the vent shaft (54) has a geometrically free cross-sectional area of at least 0.6 m².
2. The high-rise building according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a building height of more than 40 meters, and that the air inlet hatch (82) is provided to have the size of the shaft cross section.
3. The high-rise building according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that it has a building height of more than 40 meters, and that at least one air direction and speed flow meter (84) is installed in the vent shaft (54), which detects the flow speed and the direction of the flow in the vent shaft (54) and is connected to the control device (68).
4. A high-rise building according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the air inlet hatch (82) on the shaft base (58) can be adjusted to be completely opened in case of fire and be completely closed in the normal case.
5. The high-rise building according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the high-rise building has an overpressure system which produces an overpressure in the stairwell (20) relative to the functional units (52) in case of fire, so that smoke from a functional unit (52) cannot enter the stairwell (20).
6. The high-rise building according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, in case of fire, the venting means on the shaft head (56) unblocks the entire cross section of the vent shaft (54) in the opened state.
7. The high-rise building according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the venting means has a hatch, a double hatch (64), a light dome (34) and/or a fan (30).
8. The high-rise building according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that at least one impulse fan (86) is disposed in the vent shaft (54), which is normally switched off, which is switched on in case of fire, and whose direction of revolution can preferably be switched over.
9. The high-rise building according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that an air flow exists in the vent shaft (54) in case of fire, that the speed of this air flow does not exceed a predetermined value in any flow direction, and that the speed of the air flow is greater than zero.
10. The high-rise building according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the anteroom (46) is connected to a functional unit (52) of the floor (42) via an anteroom door.
11. The high-rise building according to claim 1, characterized in that a venting device (60) is provided in a floor below the zeroth floor (42).
12. A method for operating a high-rise building with a number of n floors,

    - with a stairwell (20) connected to the individual floors (42) via stairwell doors (44),

    - with one anteroom (46) per floor (42), which is connected to the stairwell (20) via one of the stairwell doors (44),

    - with a vent shaft (54) having a shaft head (56) above the highest floor (42) and a shaft base (58) below the zeroth floor (42),

    - with a venting means on the shaft head (56),

    - with one motor-powered venting device (60) for each floor (42), which device is disposed between the functional unit (52) and the vent shaft (54), wherein the venting device (60) is normally closed,

    - with one smoke detector (62) per floor (42), which is in each case disposed in the functional unit (52), and

    - with a control device (68), which is connected to the smoke detectors (62), the venting devices (60) and the venting means and which, in case of fire on the fire-affected floor, activates the venting device (60) thereon and the venting means on the shaft head (56),

    characterized in that the vent shaft (54) has a geometrically free cross-sectional area of at least 0.6 m², that the control device (68), in case of fire, opens a normally closed air inlet hatch (82) on the shaft base (58), that, in case of fire on the fire-affected floor, the venting device (60) of that floor is opened, and that a flow is produced in the vent shaft (54) by opening the shaft base (58) and the shaft head (56).
13. The method according to claim 12, characterized in that the flow in the vent shaft (54) takes along the air flowing from the fire-affected floor.
14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that, in a high-rise building with a building height of more than 40 m, the flow in the vent shaft (54) is controlled in such a way that the differences stay within the range as they occur with a building height of up to 40 m.

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