EP3189195A1 - High-rise building with a number of n floors and a vent shaft - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention relates to a high-rise building comprising: - a number of n floors, - a stairwell which is connected to the individual floors via stairwell doors, - an antechamber for each floor, said antechamber being connected to the stairwell via one of the stairwell doors, - a vent shaft which has a geometrically open cross-sectional area of at least 0.6 sq. m and which has a shaft head above the highest floor and a shaft base below the ground floor (EG), - a motor-driven venting means at the shaft head, - a motor-driven venting device for each floor, the venting device being fitted between the usable area and the vent shaft and being normally closed, - a smoke detector for each floor, each smoke detector being fitted in the usable area, and - a controller, which is connected to the smoke detectors, the venting devices, and the venting means, and which in the event of a fire on a given floor activates the venting device of said floor and the venting means at the shaft head.

Description

 High-rise with a number of n floors and with a discharge shaft

The invention relates to a high-rise building with a number n of floors, with a staircase that is connected via stairwell doors to the individual floors and with an anteroom per floor, the one of the stairwell doors with the stairwell and an entrance door with an IMU Floor is connected. In the fire fail, the escape routes, ie the stairwell, must be kept smoke-free. To keep the escape routes free of smoke, so-called overpressure ventilation systems (pressure differential systems) are used in high-rise buildings. The stairwells are pressurized. For this purpose, supply air via fans is introduced as homogeneously as possible over the entire height into the stairwell. A device suitable for this purpose is known from EP 2 337 912 B1. In this case, the stairwell is vertically divided by at least one bulkhead into a plurality of subspaces and is provided for a passage from a subspace in the adjacent subspace each have a door. The mentioned EP 2 337 912 Bl belongs fully to the disclosure content of the present application. It describes a skyscraper with an overpressure system. In the event of a fire, an overpressure is created in the stairwell in relation to the usage units, so that smoke from a usage unit can not penetrate into the stairwell. A supply air duct is used.

In order to comply with the respective applicable regulations, see for example EN 12101-6 or draft pr EN 12101-13 and national building regulations, the introduced air must be controlled via an anteroom located between the stairwell and a usage unit and the usage unit, preferably a front room the usage unit, outflow. Depending on the scenario, the technical regulations demand a flow velocity of more than 1 m / s or 2 m / s through the open door of the vestibule. For such outflow is possible, structural Abströmmöglichkeiten be created. Outflow can take place via the open windows in the façade or via internal discharge shafts with floor-to-ceiling normally closed outflow devices. According to the prior art, see, for example, DE 198 48 736 A1, an elevator shaft is used as the discharge shaft. It has a small, constantly open opening in the area of the shaft head and is closed at the bottom. Fresh air is blown into the stairwell from below via a ventilator if a fire occurs. To ensure that the air pressure in the stairwell is always greater than in the adjoining rooms, at least one overpressure flap is provided in the outflow path. It opens only so far that the pressure in the staircase is greater than in the adjacent rooms of the floors. A disadvantage is the use of the elevator shaft as Abströmschacht, since the path of the outflowing air depends on the position of the elevator and is not predictable.

According to another solution, a separate Abströmschacht is provided in him a fan is introduced, which is turned on in case of fire and generates a negative pressure in the discharge shaft. As a result, it causes a flow of air in the fire floor.

It is problematic in both cases that the outflow conditions over the height are strongly influenced by the geometry of the outflow shaft. With a fan, due to the increasing resistance of the shaft and outflow openings with increasing suction height, the flow velocity on the lower levels will be lower than in the upper levels, possibly completely coming to a standstill in the lower levels. In the solution according to the cited DE 198 48 736 AI, it can lead to different pressure conditions in the stairwell, which can lead to doors are difficult to open.

In particular, when no pressure sensors are provided for the outflow from a floor, it can lead to the formation of negative pressure in the fire floor. This can lead to smoke from the fire area getting into the escape routes and being even sucked. Thus, the escape routes are lost, a rescue without the aid of the fire department is no longer possible.

According to the prior art, there is a relationship between supply air and exhaust air such that, when a door rises from the staircase, the fan in the shaft correspondingly has a higher running speed. is set so that the air flow starts. At the moment when the door is closed again, the entire control system must regulate the speed both in the supply air as well as in the exhaust air area again, if possible within 3 seconds. That's the norm. This is an immense regulatory effort, because the regulation refers to the overall system and related to fire.

Critical and disadvantageous in the prior art is in particular the complicated control technology of supply air, flow rates and height-dependent suction of fans. It works with very low differential pressures less than 5 Pa between the supply and exhaust side. The control must be designed accordingly sensitively. This technique is complex and also prone to failure. There are always problems with the control due to the many individual, dependent on the pressure control processes of supply fan, exhaust fan, closing and opening devices of the doors in the stairwell and in the anteroom, etc ..

This is where the invention begins. It has set itself the task of developing the discharge of high-rise buildings to the effect that the control operations are significantly simplified, that less and simpler sensors can be used and therefore significantly reduced wiring, and that the outflow device is largely independent of the inflow, such as the latter eg from EP 2 337 912 Bl is known. This object is achieved by a high-rise building with a number of n floors, with a staircase that is connected via staircase doors to the individual floors, with an anteroom per floor, the one of the staircase doors with the stairwell, with a discharge shaft, a geometric free cross-sectional area of at least 0.6 square meters, which has a shaft head above the highest floor and a shaft foot below the zeroth floor (ground floor), with a motor driven Abströmmitte! at the shaft head, each with a motorized discharge device per floor, which is arranged between the utilization unit and the discharge shaft, wherein the

Outlet device is normally closed, with a smoke detector per floor, which is arranged in each case in the utilization unit, and with a control device connected to the smoke detectors, the outflow devices and the Outflow medium is connected and activated in Brandfaü in the fire floor the local outflow device and the outflow at the shaft head.

Further developments are the subject of dependent claims.

This high-rise is characterized by the fact that it takes account of a manhole effect in the discharge shaft, uses it and modifies it so that there are favorable conditions for the introduction of air from a fire floor into the discharge shaft. For example, a suction effect should occur, as is known from water jet pumps. According to the known barometric height formula, a pressure difference between the shaft head and manhole foot is established in a vertical shaft, that is also in the discharge shaft. This leads to a flow in the shaft when manhole base and shaft head are not closed. The current is generally directed from bottom to top, but it may also reverse, especially in winter.

For skyscrapers with a building height of less than 40 m, the manhole effect can be neglected. It is sufficient to create sufficiently large outflow openings of the provided therein, at least one outflow device in the fire floor and to allow the shaft head a flow with the largest possible cross section by the discharge means provided there is opened accordingly or actively promotes air. Since no manhole effect is to be expected, the outflow conditions on each floor are not so different from each other that one would have to take countermeasures.

This is different for building heights over 40 meters. Here, the barometric pressure conditions in the discharge shaft must be taken into account. The manhole effect must be influenced and modified. For this purpose, the air flow in the outflow shaft is monitored, this is done by at least one Luftrichtungs- and speed flow meter, which is arranged in the discharge shaft and there detects the flow velocity and direction of the ascending or descending flow. The regulation again makes sure that the outflow in the individual floors does not differ significantly. Reference is the above case of a house under 40 m. In contrast to the prior art it is achieved that the outflow conditions are substantially independent of the number of floors and thus the height of the respective fire floors. For high-rise buildings less than 40 meters high, the differences in the height of the individual levels are not noticeable. In other words, the differences that may occur between the first and last floors are considered tolerable. For higher skyscrapers, these differences should occur at most. The increasing differences with increasing Geschoßzahi differences is counteracted. Care is taken to ensure that a flow is always maintained in the discharge shaft. The flow must not be zero, but it should not be greater than a maximum value, this in both directions. This ensures that, regardless of the height of the fire floor always entrainment of the effluent from the fire floor air. The regulation is made so that the differences remain in the range, as they occur at a building height up to about 40 meters.

A homogeneity of the inflow into the discharge shaft is achieved, regardless of the height of the fire floor. There is preferably in each case a homogeneous outflow velocity in the discharge chute, no matter in which direction the air flows in the discharge chute. The discharge shaft preferably has a constant cross section over the entire height. He may also have a non-constant cross-section.

In kinematic reversal, it is also possible to work with negative pressure instead of overpressure. There is a distinction between overpressure and vacuum systems, see EN 12101 part 6. In continental Europe, overpressure systems prevail, whereas in England or other countries partial vacuum systems are used. Basically, it is the reverse system of the overpressure system. In this case, you can do without the supply air in the staircase as ventilator-supported supply air, since it is assumed that the supply air flows freely, eg on the fire floor via the open doors between the stairwell anteroom and the antechamber. This means that you build a vacuum in the area of the fire floor and thus trying to keep the rescue route, so the stairwell, smoke-free. It is therefore only necessary to apply a reversed logic to the case of assuming an overpressure in the stairwell and, due to this overpressure, the smoke does not flow into it Stairwell can penetrate. In both cases, attempts are made to keep the stairwell free of smoke and to let air flow off via a vacuum system or through an overpressure system. Under one floor is understood a floor with a usage unit. In a usage unit people can stay. Preferably belongs to Be ^{¬ handle} floor also a technical floor. The discharge shaft is preferably fire ^¬ resistant. Preferably, it has a vertical shaft axis. The specified area of at least 0.6 m ² or at least 1 m ² for houses over 40 m depends on the ventilation design of the entire system.

The outflow device is preferably designed as a wing flap or flap. The outflow device is also referred to as Schachtabströmklappe be ^¬ . It is standardized according to DIN EN 12101-8. Normally, it is tightly closed. It has a motor drive to move it in case of fire in the Öff ^¬ tion position. A manual emergency release is provided.

The outflow at the shaft head is preferably designed as a dome light or double flap, it is released in each case the entire cross section in the opening state. Alternatively, a fan may be provided instead of the dome light or Doppetklappe, optionally in addition to a Lichtkuppei or double flap. For building heights of up to approx. 40 m, a wind-driven, permanently rotating fan is preferably placed on the shaft head in order to start or support the flow in the shaft. In high-rise buildings over 40 m, an electrically driven, preferably reversible fan can be placed on the shaft head or placed in the immediate vicinity of the shaft head under the skylight or double flap additionally. The flow in the shaft is set in motion with this fan depending on the density of the air. If the flow in the discharge shaft is too strong, the fan will be used as the center of deceleration! (Brake element) used. Alternatively, at least one electric motor driven, preferably reversible directional thrust fan can be used to initiate the Schachtabströmeffektes depending on the shaft height. It is preferably arranged in the shaft at 1/3 or 2/3 of the shaft height or in between. It occupies as little as possible cross-sectional area of the discharge shaft, for example less than 20%, preferably less than 10%. Preferably, the outflow device can be brought into intermediate positions between a closed and a full opening state. Preferably, the closing means is designed to be controllable at the shaft foot, so that intermediate positions can also be set between the complete opening and the normally present, complete closure. This is preferably motor feasible. The supply air opening at the manhole base is preferably adjustable, it may for example be provided with adjustable elements Gliederlementen.

Airflow and velocity flowmeters can be any of the sensors that detect airflow and its direction simultaneously or in combination. Normally anemometers are used. Airflow and velocity flowmeters are also referred to as anemometers; they are measuring instruments for the local measurement of the velocity of a gaseous flow and its direction, possibly also of the detected flow.

Thrust fans are blowers. They have a strong air projection and blow air in one direction. They are also used for example in tunnels, parking garages and underground garages, where they blow smoke and combustion gases specifically in one direction or in those areas of the building in which mechanical smoke extraction systems are provided. Shear fans are also referred to as JET fans. They are standardized in EN 12101-3.

By regulating the flow velocity in the shaft, the flow rate at the level of the fire floor is regulated in such a way that permanent overpressure in the floor is prevented. It is thus avoided that smoke from the fire floor can penetrate into the rescue route.

The data determined by the air-direction and velocity flow meters are processed in the controller. As a result, it can control the outflow devices, the outflow means and, if appropriate, existing fans as well as the supply air opening so that a modified shaft effect occurs. Modified manhole effect means the manhole effect is fixed. It should be achieved a flow in the discharge shaft, which in no Flow direction is above a predetermined value. Its value lies within ^¬ what is present in a building under 40 m as a shaft flow. Preferably, this flow is greater than zero. Embodiments of the invention, which are not intended to be limiting, are explained and described in more detail below with reference to the drawing. In the drawing show:

1 shows a schematic, sectional representation of a skyscraper with n = 13 floors, shown are essential parts of this house, a discharge shaft has a double top on

FIG. 2 shows a basic representation of a roof hood which can be used instead of the double flap according to FIG. 1,

FIG. 3 shows a basic illustration of a wind-driven fan which can be used instead of the double flap according to FIG.

Figure 4: a sectional image similar to Figure 1 of a skyscraper, now with n = 23 floors.

The skyscraper of Figure 1 has a number of n = 13 floors. The total height is less than 40 m. Shown is the condition with a fire on the first floor.

The skyscraper has a stairwell 20 that runs through all floors, including a basement level with n = minus 1. To the left of the staircase 20 is a Zuluftschacht 22. He is assigned in the basement a suction device 24, it has weather protection grid 26, a jalousie flap 28 with motor and a first fan 30. In the area between the floors 1 and 2, an inlet flap 32 is provided between the Zuluftschaft 22 and the stairwell 20. It is also referred to as Zuluftöffnung. It can preferably be opened and closed by a motor. Preferably, it can also be brought into intermediate positions between the open state and closed state. Usually it is in the closed state. Above the highest floor, a skylight 34 is provided in the staircase 20, it is arranged in Dachberetch. Through it light falls from above into the staircase 20. It is drawn in the open state. It is assigned a servomotor.

Via the suction device 24, air in the direction of the arrow 36 is injected into the supply air shaft 22 as soon as a fire failure is detected. Air then flows through the supply air duct 22, enters the staircase 20 in the region of the at least one inlet flap 32, see arrow 38. This results in the staircase 20, an overpressure relative to the atmospheric pressure. From the staircase 20, the air can flow through the open dome light 34 according to the arrow 40 upwards. Other ways of entering the supply air in and the outlet of the supply air from the staircase 20 are possible. Thus, Fig. 1 also shows an influx of air according to the arrow 41 directly into the stairwell 20. This solution is advantageous if no supply air duct 22 is provided. It can be combined with the blowing through a supply duct 22.

The staircase 20 is connected to the individual floors 42 each via a stairwell door 44. Each floor 42, which is designed as a utility floor, has an anteroom 46, also called a lobby, and a usage unit 48. The stairwell door connects each of the staircase 20 with de associated vestibule 36 of the respective floor 42. An anteroom 46 is connected via an anteroom door 50 with the associated use unit 52 of the floor. Normally, the doors 44, 50 are closed. They each open to the staircase 20, see Fig. 1.

In the area of the utilization units 52, a discharge shaft 54 is provided. It has a shaft head 56 above the highest floor and a shaft foot 58 in the area of the lowest floors, preferably below the zeroth floor. The discharge shaft 54 extends over the height of the building. Preferably, it extends over a height, as it has the supply air duct 22.

Between a utilization unit 52 and the discharge chute 54, a discharge device 60 is provided. It is a motorized flap. Normally, the outflow device 60 is closed. In the Brandfail it is open, see floor n = 1. Furthermore, 48 units are in each use unit a smoke detector 62 or other suitable device for detecting a fire in the utilization unit provided.

In the area of the shaft head 56, a discharge means is provided. According to FIG. 1, it has a double ski 64. It is associated with motor drives, one drive for each flap. In the open state, the double flap 64 releases the entire cross section of the discharge shaft 54. In the normal case, the double flap ^¬ 64 is closed. Furthermore, the outflow means has a second Ventila ^¬ tor 66. It is arranged below the double flap 64 in the discharge chute 54. With open double flap 64, it can promote air up or down. It is preferably reversible. In the region of the shaft base 58, the discharge shaft 54 is closed. Preferably, in contrast to FIG. 1, a discharge device 60 is also provided in the basement floor. At a suitable location, for example in the stairwell of the basement, a control device 68 is housed. It is equipped with all the described mechanical ^¬ African parts, that the intake device 24 and its constituent parts 26, 28 and 30, the connected at least one Einströmklappe 32, the dome 34, the individual Abströmeinrichtungen 60, of the double flap 64, the second fan 66th

In a fire in the floor n = 1, the fire condition is communicated by the local smoke detector 62 of the controller 68. This controls the suction device 24, so that air is blown into the Zuiuftschacht 22, as described above. The staircase 20 is now under pressure over atmospheric pressure. Through the open doors, namely stairwell door 44 and vestibule door 50 of the floor n = 1 air flows into the utilization unit, from there via the open outflow device 60 of this floor through the discharge chute 54 upwards. It leaves the discharge chute 54 through the at least partially opened double flap 54. It can be promoted by the second fan 66 or braked. The airflow in the fire floor should be greater than 1.0 m / s, it may be 2.0 m / s.

In the embodiment of Figure 2, instead of the double flap 64, a shaft light dome 70 is provided, which is similar to the Lichtkuppei 34 and also driven by a motor. The fan 66 may be omitted. In the embodiment according to FIG. 3, a wind-driven ventilator 80 is provided instead of the double flap 64 according to FIG. For this solution, it is advantageous to provide a closing device in addition, which closes the discharge shaft at the shaft head 56, if there is a fire.

The embodiment of Figure 4 has broad agreement with the embodiment of Figure 1. Everything that is already provided there is also present in the exemplary embodiment according to FIG. Due to the larger building height, there are several additional facilities, which will be discussed below:

There is now a larger number of inlet valves 32 are provided. It has proven to be advantageous to provide inflow flaps 32 every two to twelve or every two to eight levels.

The floor n = minus 1 is now designed as an underground car park, see car. The manhole foot 48 is located on this floor. Between the floor n = minus 1 and the discharge shaft 54 is a supply air flap 82, also called supply air opening provided. It is normally closed. It can be opened via an assigned engine. The supply air flap 82 may be of any desired design, for example as a blind, single-leaf or multi-leaf flap. Preferably, it is adjustable between the state of full opening and in the normal state complete Schüeßens in intermediate positions. In the region of the shaft base 58, the discharge shaft 54 is thus no longer permanently closed, as in FIG. 1, but rather can be opened.

At least one air-directional and velocity flow meter 84 is provided in the discharge chute 54, in concrete terms two such sensors are drawn in, namely in n = 23 and n = 0.

There are not shown in both figures 1 and 4 some floors, in Figure 4, there are the floors 4 to 20. Also in these distributed sensors 84 and knives can be provided. It is advantageous to provide such a sensor 84 every two to every twelve, preferably every two to every eight floors. As sensor 84 Anemometers, anemometers, and other flow direction and flow sensing means are contemplated.

Finally, at least one thrust fan 86 is arranged in the discharge chute 54. It occupies only a small portion of the cross-sectional area of the discharge shaft 54. Specifically, such a thrust fan 86 between the floor n = 2 and 3 and between the floor n = 21 and 22 is arranged. Before ^¬ preferably the thrust fans 86 are arranged distributed equally in the discharge chute 54. It is preferable to provide a thrust fan every three to fifteen, preferably every four to ten floors. The thrust fan 86 is preferably reversible in its working direction. Preferably, its power can be adjusted, at least in stages.

In contrast to FIG. 1, in FIG. 4 the floor n = 21 is the fire floor. However, a change does not result from the description of FIG. 1.

Thus, the differences between the houses according to Figures 4 and 1 are explained.

As in the house of Figure 1, also in the house of Figure 4, the outflow device can be configured differently, for example with the devices of Figure 2 and / or Figure 3. The discharge shaft 54 has in a house with less than 40 meters in total height, so accordingly Figure 1, a clear cross section of at least 0.6 m ² , at higher houses, as shown in Figure 4, at least 1 m ² . The discharge shaft 54 is fireproof. The outflow devices 60 are also formed fireproof

As can be seen from Figure 4, the air flow rate in the fire floor n = 21 is greater than 2.0 m / s. At least 18,000 cubic meters of air per hour are conveyed through the outflow device 60 of the fire floor into the discharge shaft 54. The term flap is understood to mean any valve. It is normally in the closed state and can be opened, driven by the control device 65. There are other designs than the above-described embodiments of the valve possible and known in the art.

The Applicant reserves the right to combine any features, including partial features, from each individual sentence of the description and / or claims. A supply chute (22) as shown in the two embodiments may be present but need not necessarily be present.

Claims

claims

1st skyscraper

 - with a number of n floors,

 - with a staircase (20) which is connected via staircase doors (44) with the individual floors (42),

 - With an anteroom (46) per floor (42), via one of the staircase doors (44) with the staircase (20),

- With a discharge shaft (54) having a geometrically free cross-sectional area of at least 0.6 square meters, a shaft head (56) above the highest floor (42) and a manhole ^¬ foot (58) below the zeroth floor (42) (42) ( EG),

 with a motor-driven outflow means at the shaft head (56)

 each having a motorized outflow device (60) per level (42), which is arranged between the utilization unit (48) and the outflow shaft (54), wherein the outflow device (60) is normally closed,

 - With a smoke detector (62) per floor (42), which is arranged in the use unit (48), and

 - With a control device (68) which is connected to the smoke detectors (62), the outflow means (60) and the outflow means and in the event of fire in the fire floor the local outflow device (60) and the outflow means at the shaft head (56) activated.

2. skyscraper according to claim 1, characterized in that it has a building height of more than 40 meters, that at the manhole base (58) a supply air flap (82) is provided in size of the shaft cross-section that in Abströmschacht (54) at least one Lufträchtungs- and Velocity flow meter (84) is installed, which detects the flow velocity and the direction of the flow in the discharge chute (54) and connected to the control device (68).

3. skyscraper according to claim 2, characterized in that the supply air opening at the manhole base (58) has a closing means that the Supply air opening is normally closed, and that the supply air opening can be opened by a motor.

4. skyscraper according to claim 2 or 3, characterized in that the discharge shaft (54) has a geometrically free cross-sectional area of at least 1 square meter

5. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the skyscraper has a positive pressure system that in a fire in the staircase (20) overpressure against the use unit (48) s manufactures so that smoke from a use unit (48) not in the staircase (20) can penetrate.

6. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in a fire, the outflow at the shaft head (56) in the open state, the entire cross section of the discharge shaft (54) releases.

7. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the outflow means comprises a flap, double flap (64), dome light (34) and / or a fan (30).

8. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in the discharge shaft (54) at least one thrust fan (86) is arranged, which is normally switched off, which is turned on in a Brandfali and can be preferably switched in its direction of rotation.

9. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that in a fire in Abströmschacht (54) an air flow exists, that the speed of this air flow is not above a predetermined value in any flow direction, and that the speed of the air flow is greater than zero.

10. skyscraper according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the vestibule (46) via an anteroom door with a use unit (48) of the floor (42) is connected.