EP3488445B1 - Kaltsprühchrombeschichtung für kernreaktorbrennstäbe - Google Patents

Kaltsprühchrombeschichtung für kernreaktorbrennstäbe Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3488445B1
EP3488445B1 EP16909735.9A EP16909735A EP3488445B1 EP 3488445 B1 EP3488445 B1 EP 3488445B1 EP 16909735 A EP16909735 A EP 16909735A EP 3488445 B1 EP3488445 B1 EP 3488445B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coating
particles
method recited
chromium
carrier gas
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EP16909735.9A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3488445A4 (de
EP3488445A1 (de
Inventor
Edward J. Lahoda
Peng Xu
Zeses Karoutas
Summit RAY
Kumar Sridharan
Benjamin Maier
Greg Johnson
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Westinghouse Electric Co LLC
Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
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Westinghouse Electric Co LLC
Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
    • G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
    • G21C3/02—Fuel elements
    • G21C3/04—Constructional details
    • G21C3/16—Details of the construction within the casing
    • G21C3/20—Details of the construction within the casing with coating on fuel or on inside of casing; with non-active interlayer between casing and active material with multiple casings or multiple active layers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
    • G21C3/00—Reactor fuel elements and their assemblies; Selection of substances for use as reactor fuel elements
    • G21C3/02—Fuel elements
    • G21C3/04—Constructional details
    • G21C3/06—Casings; Jackets
    • G21C3/07—Casings; Jackets characterised by their material, e.g. alloys
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
    • B32B15/01—Layered products comprising a layer of metal all layers being exclusively metallic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C23C24/082—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat without intermediate formation of a liquid in the layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/08—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat
    • C23C24/082—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of heat or pressure and heat without intermediate formation of a liquid in the layer
    • C23C24/085—Coating with metallic material, i.e. metals or metal alloys, optionally comprising hard particles, e.g. oxides, carbides or nitrides
    • C23C24/087—Coating with metal alloys or metal elements only
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21C—NUCLEAR REACTORS
    • G21C21/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted to the manufacture of reactors or parts thereof
    • G21C21/02—Manufacture of fuel elements or breeder elements contained in non-active casings
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E30/00—Energy generation of nuclear origin
    • Y02E30/30—Nuclear fission reactors

Definitions

  • the invention relates to coatings for nuclear fuel rod cladding, and more particularly to the use of cold spray methods for depositing chromium on a zirconium alloy flat, cylindrical, or tubular substrate.
  • Zirconium alloys rapidly react with steam at temperatures of 1100 °C and above to form zirconium oxide and hydrogen.
  • the hydrogen produced from that reaction would dramatically pressurize the reactor and would eventually leak into the containment or reactor building leading to potentially explosive atmospheres and to potential hydrogen detonations, which could lead to fission product dispersion outside of the containment building. Maintaining the fission product boundary is of critical importance.
  • U.S. Patent Application US 2014/0254740 discloses efforts to apply metal oxides, ceramic materials, or metallic alloys that contain chromium to a zirconium alloy cladding tube using a thermal spray, such as a cold spray technique wherein powderized coating materials are deposited with substantial velocity on a substrate in order to plastically deform the particles into a flattened, interlocking material that forms a coating. See U.S. Patent No. 5,302,414 .
  • Metallic chromium is known to provide excellent corrosion resistance. It is a hard and brittle metal, and has not been considered to be a good candidate for deposition by cold spray because of its lack of ductility and high melting point.
  • the method described herein addresses the problem associated with the potential reaction of steam with zirconium in a nuclear reactor.
  • the method described herein provides a corrosion resistant coating that forms a barrier on the zirconium substrate.
  • a method of coating a substrate of a component for use in a water cooled nuclear reactor includes heating a pressurized carrier gas to a temperature between 500 °C and 800 °C, adding particles having an average diameter of 20 microns or less to the heated carrier gas, and spraying the carrier gas with entrained particles onto a substrate at a velocity of 800 to 4000 ft./sec. (about 243.84 to 1219.20 meters/sec) to form a coating on the substrate to a desired thickness, for example, up to 100 or more microns.
  • the particles are selected from pure chromium particles, chromium-based alloys and combinations thereof.
  • the particles When the particles are chromium-based alloys, they may comprise 80 to 99 atom% of chromium.
  • the chromium-based alloy may include at least one element selected from the group consisting of silicon, yttrium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, zirconium, and transition metal elements, at a combined content of 0.1 to 20 atomic %.
  • the carrier gas may be heated at a pressure up to 5.0 MPa.
  • the carrier gas and particles are preferably sprayed continuously at very high rates until the desired coating thickness is reached.
  • the coating thickness may, for example, be between 5 and 100 microns, but greater thicknesses of, for example, several hundred microns, may be deposited.
  • the method further includes annealing the coating.
  • Annealing may impart ductility and may create sub-micron sized grains that, it is believed, will be beneficial for isotropy in properties and resistance to radiation damage.
  • the substrate is preferably a zirconium alloy and the component, in various aspects, may be a cladding tube for a nuclear fuel rod.
  • the substrate may be any shape associated with the component to be coated.
  • the substrate may be cylindrical in shape, curved, or may be flat.
  • the carrier gas is advantageously selected from inert and unreactive gases.
  • the carrier gas may be selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, hydrogen, argon, carbon dioxide, helium, and combinations thereof.
  • the method described herein also provides a cladding tube formed from a zirconium alloy and having a coating deposited thereon, the coating being pure chromium.
  • the coating is of a desired thickness of up to 300 microns.
  • Cold spray coatings can be built up to several hundred microns thick.
  • the coating acts as a corrosion barrier for the substrate.
  • the chromium coating provides a barrier against corrosion at normal operating conditions, for example, between 270 °C and 350 °C in pressurized water reactors and between 200 °C and 300 °C in boiling water reactors.
  • the coating reduces the steam zirconium and air zirconium reactions and hydrogen generation at high temperatures, i.e., those greater than 1100 °C.
  • any numerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-ranges subsumed therein.
  • a range of "1 to 10" is intended to include all sub-ranges between (and including) the recited minimum value of 1 and the recited maximum value of 10, that is, having a minimum value equal to or greater than 1 and a maximum value of equal to or less than 10.
  • chromium (Cr) or chromium-based alloys onto the surface of a substrate, including tubular surfaces.
  • substrates used as components in nuclear reactors and more specifically, zirconium alloy substrates, such as fuel rod cladding tubes used in water cooled nuclear reactors.
  • Pure Cr means 100% metallic chromium that may include trace amounts of unintended impurities that do not serve any metallurgical function. For example, pure Cr may contain a few ppm of oxygen.
  • Cr-alloy refers to alloys with Cr as the dominant or majority element together with small but reasonable amounts of other elements that serve a specific function.
  • the Cr alloy may comprise 80% to 99 atom% of chromium.
  • Other element in the Cr alloy may include at least one chemical element selected from silicon, yttrium, aluminum, titanium, niobium, zirconium, and other transition metal elements. Such elements may be present for example at a content of 0.1 atomic % to 20 atomic %.
  • Cr-containing alloys or "chromium-containing alloys” are those where Cr is added in smaller quantities than the majority element or elements.
  • 316 stainless steel which is an iron-based alloy that contains 16 to 18% Cr and 10 to 14% Ni, would be classified as Cr-containing, but not Cr-based.
  • the improved coating method improves the integrity of the cladding tube coating under high temperature accident conditions and equally as important, under normal operating conditions. Even under normal operating conditions hydrogen may form due to Zr oxidation or may be present in water. This hydrogen diffuses into the Zr-cladding (called hydriding) and causes brittleness in the cladding.
  • the improved Cr coated cladding tube will be less susceptible to hydriding of Zr-cladding which would contribute to increased cycle length, and thus, improve the economics of operating the reactor.
  • the Cr coated cladding tube is also expected to resist delayed hydride cracking, so it would perform better in subsequent dry cask storage.
  • the Cr or Cr-based alloy coating provided by the method described herein will reduce hydriding by way of reduced oxidation and by acting as a diffusion barrier to hydrogen in the water from entering the cladding. There are important benefits to having such a Cr coating even under normal conditions, but the role of the Cr or Cr-based coating becomes indispensable during higher temperature accident conditions.
  • the method proceeds by delivering a carrier gas to a heater where the carrier gas is heated to a temperature sufficient to maintain the gas at a reasonable temperature (e.g., 100 °C to 500 °C) after expansion in the nozzle.
  • the expansion of the gas propels the particles.
  • the carrier gas may be heated to a temperature between 200 °C and 1200 °C, with a pressure, for example, of 5.0 MPa.
  • the carrier gas may be heated to a temperature between 200 °C and 800 °C or between 300 °C and 800°C however, according to the invention, the carrier gas is heated to a temperature between 500 °C and 800 °C.
  • the temperature to which the gas is preheated depends on the gas used as the carrier and on the Joule -Thomson cooling coefficient of the particular gas. Whether or not a gas cools upon expansion or compression when subjected to pressure changes depends on the value of its Joule-Thomson coefficient. For positive Joule-Thomson coefficients, the carrier gas cools and must be preheated to prevent excessive cooling which can affect the performance of the cold spray process. Those skilled in the art can determine the degree of heating using well known calculations to prevent excessive cooling. See, for example, for N 2 as a carrier gas, if the inlet temperature is 130 °C, the Joule-Thomson coefficient is 0.1 °C/bar.
  • the gas For the gas to impact the tube at 130 °C if its initial pressure is 10 bar ( ⁇ 146.9 psia) and the final pressure is 1 bar ( ⁇ 14.69 psia), then the gas needs to be preheated to about 9 bar * 0.1 °C/bar or about 0.9 C to about 130.9 °C.
  • the temperature for helium gas as the carrier is preferably 450 °C at a pressure of 3.0 to 4.0 MPa
  • the temperature for nitrogen as the carrier may be 1100 °C at a pressure of 5.0 MPa, but may also be 600 °C - 800 °C at a pressure of 3.0 to 4.0 MPa.
  • the temperature and pressure variables may change depending on the type of the equipment used and that equipment can be modified to adjust the temperature, pressure and volume parameters.
  • Suitable carrier gases are those that are inert or are not reactive, and those that particularly will not react with the Cr or Cr-based alloy particles or the substrate.
  • Exemplary carrier gases include nitrogen (N 2 ), hydrogen (H 2 ), argon (Ar), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), and helium (He).
  • a cold spray assembly 10 is shown.
  • Assembly 10 includes a heater 12, a powder or particle hopper 14, a gun 16, nozzle 18 and delivery conduits 34, 26, 32 and 28.
  • High pressure gas enters conduit 24 for delivery to heater 12, where heating occurs quickly; substantially instantaneously.
  • the gas is directed through conduit 26 to gun 16.
  • Particles held in hopper 14 are released and directed to gun 16 through conduit 28 where they are forced through nozzle 18 towards the substrate 22 by the pressurized gas jet 20.
  • the sprayed particles 36 are deposited onto substrate 22 to form a coating 30 comprised of particles 24.
  • the cold spray process relies on the controlled expansion of the heated carrier gas to propel the particles onto the substrate.
  • the particles impact the substrate or a previous deposited layer and undergo plastic deformation through adiabatic shear. Subsequent particle impacts build up to form the coating.
  • the particles may also be warmed to temperatures one-third to one-half the melting point of powder expressed in degrees Kelvin before entering the flowing carrier gas in order to promote deformation.
  • the nozzle is rastered (i.e., sprayed in a pattern in which an area is sprayed from side to side in lines from top to bottom) across the area to be coated or where material buildup is needed.
  • Coating a tubular or cylindrical geometry requires the tube be rotated as the nozzle moves lengthwise across the tube or cylinder. The nozzle traverse speed and tube rotation are in synchronized motion so that uniform coverage is achieved. The rate of rotation and speed of traverse can vary substantially as long as the movement is synchronized for uniform coverage.
  • the tube may require some surface preparation such as grinding or chemical cleaning to remove surface contamination to improve adherence and distribution of the coating.
  • the particles are pure metallic chromium particles that have an average diameter of less than 20 microns.
  • average diameter those skilled in the art will recognize that the particles may be both spherical and non-spherical so that the “diameter” will be the longest dimension of the regularly or irregularly shaped particles, and the average diameter means that there will be some variation in the largest dimension of any given particle above or below 20 microns, but the average of the longest dimension of all particles used in the coating are together, 20 microns or less.
  • the chromium or chromium-based alloy particles are solid particles.
  • the chromium particles become entrained in the carrier gas when brought together in gun 16.
  • the nozzle 18 narrows to force the particles and gas together and to increase the velocity of the gas jet 20 exiting nozzle 18.
  • the particles are sprayed at a velocity sufficient to provide a compact, impervious, or substantially impervious, Cr and/or Cr-based alloy layers.
  • the velocity of the jet spray is from 800 to 4000 ft./sec. (about 243.84 to 1219.20 meters/sec.).
  • the particles 24 are deposited onto the surface of the substrate at a rate sufficient to provide the desired production rate of coated tubing, at a commercial or research level.
  • the rate of particle deposition depends on the powder apparent density (i.e., the amount of powder vs. the air or empty space in a specific volume) and the mechanical powder feeder or hopper used to inject the powder particles into the gas stream. Those skilled in the art can readily calculate the rate of deposition based on the equipment used in the process, and can adjust the rate of deposition by altering the components that factor into the rate. In certain aspects of the method, the rate of particle deposition may be up to 1000 kg/hour. An acceptable rate is between 1 and 100 kg/hour, and in various aspects, between 10 and 100 kg/hour, but higher and lower rates, such as 1.5 kg/hour, have been successfully used.
  • the rate of deposition is important from the standpoint of economics when more tubes can be sprayed per unit of time at higher deposition rates.
  • the repetitive hammering of particles one after the other has a beneficial effect on improving interparticle bonding (and particle-substrate bonding) because of the longer duration of transient heating.
  • Transient heating occurs over micro- or even nano-second time scale and over nanometer length scales. It can also result in in the fragmentation and removal of nanometer thickness oxide layers that are inherently present on all powder and substrate surfaces.
  • the spray continues until a desired thickness of the coating on the substrate surface is reached.
  • a desired thickness may be several hundred microns, for example, from 100 to 300 microns, or may be thinner, for example, from 5 to 100 microns.
  • the coating should be thick enough to form a barrier against corrosion.
  • the coating barrier reduces, and in various aspects may eliminate, any steam zirconium and air zirconium reactions, and reduces, and in various aspects eliminates, zirconium hydride formation at temperatures of about 1000 °C and above.
  • a Zr-alloy (Zircaloy-4) tube was coated on the outer side with Cr by the cold spray method described herein.
  • the tube was not coated on the inner side, which therefore remains a Zircaloy-4 surface.
  • This low magnification photomicrograph shows the entire tube cross-section from outer surface to the inner surface of the tube. Note that the inner uncoated Zr-alloy surface is highly oxidized but the outer surface that was Cr coated shows very little oxidation. Cr loss due to oxidation is about 5 microns, but Zircaloy-4 loss is 400 microns.
  • the cold spray method of depositing Cr or Cr based alloy coating onto Zr-alloy tube provides notable benefits over other coating techniques. For example, certain coating methods may not be feasible because of the presence of a native oxide layer on the Zr-alloy surface which interferes with deposition. Other coating methods have to be performed in vacuum chambers and result in low deposition rates which may not be economical. Yet other coating methods involve high temperatures or intense heat which may alter the microstructure of the Zr-alloy. Moreover, the Cr or Cr-based alloy coating does not thermally diffuse into the underlying Zr-alloy substrate under normal operating conditions, but it has been found that some thermal diffusion will occur under accident conditions, which is useful to better anchor the coating to the substrate exactly when it is needed most.
  • the method of the invention further includes annealing the coating.
  • Annealing modifies mechanical properties and microstructure of the coated tube. Annealing involves heating the coating in the temperature range of 200 °C to 800 °C, and preferably between 350 °C to 550 °C. It relieves the stresses in the coating and imparts ductility to the coating which is necessary to sustain internal pressure in the cladding. As the tube bulges, the coating should also be able to bulge. Another important effect of annealing is the deformed grains formed during cold spray process get recrystallized to form fine sub-micron sized equiaxed grains which may be beneficial for isotropic properties and radiation damage resistance.
  • FIG. 3 shows high magnification images of the cold spray Cr coating in the as-deposited condition.
  • FIG. 3a shows a deformed grain structure and after annealing at 450 °C for 8 hours
  • FIG. 3b shows a fine grained recrystallized structure.
  • the high strain rate plastic deformation or flattening of particles leads to adiabatic shear (i.e, heat stays within the system) which causes transient heating at the interfaces (again at nanometer length scales and nanosecond time scales).
  • the adiabatic shear also fragments nanometer oxide layer that is inevitably present on powders and leads to metal-to-metal contact. Solid state diffusion (on nanometer length scales) between particles and particle and substrate lead to bonding.
  • Annealing following the deposition of the Cr or Cr-based alloy coating results in structures that are rather unique to cold spray coatings. This is very beneficial to achieving higher ductility, to better sustain tube bursts, as shown in testing, and is believed to be beneficial for radiation damage resistance.
  • the coatings provided by the method described herein create the initial structure for giving rise to fine equiaxed grains.
  • the coated substrate may also be ground, buffed, polished, or treated by other known techniques to achieve a smoother surface finish.
  • the method described herein produces a cladding tube comprised of a zirconium alloy tube having a chromium coating of a desired thickness, for example, about 100 to 300 microns or more. Thinner coatings from about 50 to 100 microns thick may also be applied.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
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  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
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  • Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
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Claims (11)

  1. Verfahren zur Beschichtung eines Substrats einer Komponente zur Verwendung in einem wassergekühlten Kernreaktor, wobei das Verfahren umfasst:
    Aufheizen eines druckbeaufschlagten Trägergases auf eine Temperatur in einem Bereich von 500 °C bis 800 °C;
    Zugeben von Partikeln zu dem aufgeheizten Trägergas, wobei die Partikel aus der Gruppe bestehend aus reinem Chrom, Legierungen auf Chrom-Basis und Kombinationen davon ausgewählt sind und einen mittleren Durchmesser von 20 Mikron oder weniger aufweisen, und
    Sprühen des Trägergases und der mitgeführten Partikel mit einer Geschwindigkeit von 240 bis 1.220 m/s (800 bis 4.000 Fuß/s), um eine Beschichtung auf dem Substrat zu bilden, sowie Aushärten der Beschichtung nach Ausbildung der Beschichtung.
  2. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Substrat eine Zirkoniumlegierung ist.
  3. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Trägergas ausgewählt ist aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Stickstoff, Wasserstoff, Argon, Kohlendioxid, Helium und Kombinationen davon.
  4. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Partikel reine Chrompartikel sind.
  5. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Trägergas und die mitgeführten Partikel kontinuierlich gesprüht werden, bis die gewünschte Beschichtungsdicke erreicht wird.
  6. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Beschichtungsdicke zwischen 5 und 100 Mikron beträgt.
  7. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Partikel-Abscheidungsrate bis zu 1.000 kg/Stunde beträgt.
  8. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Partikel aus einer Legierung auf Chrom-Basis 80 bis 99 Atom-% Chrom umfassen.
  9. Verfahren nach Anspruch 8, wobei die Legierung auf Cr-Basis ferner zumindest ein Element ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Silizium, Yttrium, Aluminium, Titan, Niob, Zirkonium und Übergangsmetallelementen mit einem kombinierten Gehalt von 0,1 bis 20 Atom-% umfasst.
  10. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Trägergas bei einem Druck von bis zu 5,0 MPa aufgeheizt wird.
  11. Mantelrohr zur Verwendung in einem wassergekühlten Kernreaktor, umfassend:
    ein Mantelrohr, das aus einer Zirkoniumlegierung gebildet ist und eine gleichmäßig durch einen Kaltsprühprozess darauf abgeschiedene Beschichtung aufweist, wobei die Beschichtung reines Chrom ist,
    wobei die Beschichtung bis zu 300 Mikron dick ist,
    und wobei die Beschichtung einem Aushärtungsprozess unterzogen wurde.
EP16909735.9A 2016-07-22 2016-10-03 Kaltsprühchrombeschichtung für kernreaktorbrennstäbe Active EP3488445B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201662365518P 2016-07-22 2016-07-22
PCT/US2016/055157 WO2018017146A1 (en) 2016-07-22 2016-10-03 Cold spray chromium coating for nuclear fuel rods

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EP3488445A1 EP3488445A1 (de) 2019-05-29
EP3488445A4 EP3488445A4 (de) 2020-02-19
EP3488445B1 true EP3488445B1 (de) 2021-07-21

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US (2) US10566095B2 (de)
EP (1) EP3488445B1 (de)
JP (1) JP6843897B2 (de)
KR (1) KR102596204B1 (de)
ES (1) ES2894749T3 (de)
WO (1) WO2018017146A1 (de)

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EP4279633A1 (de) * 2022-05-18 2023-11-22 Rolls-Royce plc Verfahren zur verbesserung der korrosions- und ermüdungsrissbeständigkeit

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US10566095B2 (en) 2020-02-18
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US11443857B2 (en) 2022-09-13
US20180025793A1 (en) 2018-01-25

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