EP3453452A2 - Phosphacyclenhaltiger ligand für chromkomplex und olefinoligomerisierungskatalysator daraus - Google Patents

Phosphacyclenhaltiger ligand für chromkomplex und olefinoligomerisierungskatalysator daraus Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3453452A2
EP3453452A2 EP18172724.9A EP18172724A EP3453452A2 EP 3453452 A2 EP3453452 A2 EP 3453452A2 EP 18172724 A EP18172724 A EP 18172724A EP 3453452 A2 EP3453452 A2 EP 3453452A2
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Prior art keywords
substituted
phosphacycle
unsubstituted
atoms
group
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EP18172724.9A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3453452A3 (de
Inventor
Jerzy Klosin
Kara A. MILBRANDT
Scott D. BOELTER
David R. Wilson
Mari S. ROSEN
Dean M. Welsh
Peter M. Margl
Kyoung Moo Koh
David M. PEARSON
Rafael HUACUJA
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Dow Global Technologies LLC
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Dow Global Technologies LLC
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Publication of EP3453452A2 publication Critical patent/EP3453452A2/de
Publication of EP3453452A3 publication Critical patent/EP3453452A3/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
    • B01J31/2404—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring
    • B01J31/2419—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising P as ring member
    • B01J31/2428—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising P as ring member with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom
    • B01J31/2433—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising P as ring member with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom comprising aliphatic or saturated rings
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    • B01J31/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
    • B01J31/143—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron of aluminium
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    • B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
    • B01J31/1875—Phosphinites (R2P(OR), their isomeric phosphine oxides (R3P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof)
    • B01J31/188—Amide derivatives thereof
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    • B01J31/2461—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising condensed ring systems and phosphine-P atoms as ring members in the condensed ring system or in a further ring
    • B01J31/2471—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising condensed ring systems and phosphine-P atoms as ring members in the condensed ring system or in a further ring with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom
    • B01J31/2476—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring comprising condensed ring systems and phosphine-P atoms as ring members in the condensed ring system or in a further ring with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom comprising aliphatic or saturated rings
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    • B01J31/2495—Ligands comprising a phosphine-P atom and one or more further complexing phosphorus atoms covered by groups B01J31/1845 - B01J31/1885, e.g. phosphine/phosphinate or phospholyl/phosphonate ligands
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    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2540/00—Compositional aspects of coordination complexes or ligands in catalyst systems
    • B01J2540/20—Non-coordinating groups comprising halogens
    • B01J2540/22—Non-coordinating groups comprising halogens comprising fluorine, e.g. trifluoroacetate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2540/00—Compositional aspects of coordination complexes or ligands in catalyst systems
    • B01J2540/20—Non-coordinating groups comprising halogens
    • B01J2540/22—Non-coordinating groups comprising halogens comprising fluorine, e.g. trifluoroacetate
    • B01J2540/225—Non-coordinating groups comprising halogens comprising fluorine, e.g. trifluoroacetate comprising perfluoroalkyl groups or moieties
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2540/00—Compositional aspects of coordination complexes or ligands in catalyst systems
    • B01J2540/30—Non-coordinating groups comprising sulfur
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2540/00—Compositional aspects of coordination complexes or ligands in catalyst systems
    • B01J2540/30—Non-coordinating groups comprising sulfur
    • B01J2540/34—Sulfonyl groups
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2540/00—Compositional aspects of coordination complexes or ligands in catalyst systems
    • B01J2540/40—Non-coordinating groups comprising nitrogen
    • B01J2540/44—Non-coordinating groups comprising nitrogen being derivatives of carboxylic or carbonic acids, e.g. amide (RC(=O)-NR2, RC(=O)-NR-C(=O)R), nitrile, urea (R2N-C(=O)-NR2), guanidino (R2N-C(=NR)-NR2) groups
    • B01J2540/444—Nitrile groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • C07C2531/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
    • C07C2531/12—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides
    • C07C2531/14—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides of aluminium or boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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    • C07C2531/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • C07C2531/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • C07C2531/24—Phosphines

Definitions

  • the invention relates to oligomerization of olefins, such as ethylene, to higher olefins, such as a mixture of 1-hexene and 1-octene, using a catalyst system that comprises a) a source of chromium b) one or more activators and c) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound.
  • a catalyst system that comprises a) a source of chromium b) one or more activators and c) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound.
  • the invention relates to a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound and a process for preparing said compound.
  • C 10+ oligomers It is believed that the rate of formation of C 10+ oligomers is related to the concentration of 1-hexene and/or 1-octene that are present in the reaction vessel in which the oligomerization occurs, such as disclosed in US Patent Application Publication 2015-0284303 .
  • Such reactions that maximize the concentration of 1-hexene and 1-octene in the reactor have provided poor product selectivity.
  • the production of larger amounts of C 10+ oligomers has been observed under conditions that provide for a higher concentration of 1-hexene and/or 1-octene.
  • the performance of chromium-bridged diphosphine catalysts is typically temperature dependent. The prior art generally discloses preferred operating temperatures of from 50 to 150° C., especially from 60 to 90° C.
  • Diphosphine ligands having a dioxyphosphacyclic group have been taught in WO2013168102 as being useful for the tetramerization of ethylene.
  • catalyst systems based on certain phosphacyclic ligating compounds desirably provide reduced polymer formation, and, in many cases, improved catalyst efficiency and selectivity.
  • the invention provides a process for selectively oligomerizing an olefin comprising contacting at least one olefin with a catalyst system under olefin oligomerization conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the at least one olefin to at least one oligomer of the at least one olefin, the catalyst system comprising, a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one phosphacycle-containing ligating compound R 1 R 2 P-Y-X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m represented as: wherein: P is phosphorus; X 1 is selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur; each of R 1 and R 2 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivative, a substituted or unsubstituted heterohydrocarbon derivative, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroatom group having from one to 50 non-hydrogen atoms; m is 0 or
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the catalyst system comprising, a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to produce a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the catalyst system comprising, a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complex comprising a) a source of chromium, and b) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to produce a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complex comprising a) a source of chromium, and b) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to produce a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the catalyst system comprising, a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one poly(ligating compound) species, as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to produce a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the catalyst system comprising, a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one poly(ligating compound) species, as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species comprising a) a source of chromium, and b) a poly(ligating compound) species, as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to produce a poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species comprising a) a source of chromium, and b) a poly(ligating compound) species, as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a poly(ligating compound) species as described herein.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to produce a poly(ligating compound) species as described herein.
  • ring atom means an atom that together with at least two other atoms forms a ring or cyclic structure.
  • hydrocarbon derivative e.g., hydrocarbon derivative, substituted hydrocarbon derivative, hydrocarbon derivative-containing
  • hydrocarbon derivative refers to a group of compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen only.
  • hydrocarbon derivative refers to the group consisting of hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylene, hydrocarbylidene, and hydrocarbylidyne
  • hydrocarbyl groups are univalent groups formed by removing a hydrogen atom from a hydrocarbon, e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclohexylmethyl, phenyl,
  • Hydrocarbylene groups are divalent groups formed by removing two hydrogen atoms from a hydrocarbon, the free valencies of which are not engaged in a double bond, e.g., 1,2-phenylene, -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 - (propane-1,3-diyl), -CH 2 - (methylene), C 6 H 3C6 H 5 (5-phenyl-1,3-phenylenediyl.
  • Hydrocarbylidyne groups are trivalent groups formed by removing three hydrogen atoms from the same carbon atom of a hydrocarbon, the free valencies of which are engaged in a triple bond, e.g., CH 3 CH 2 C ⁇ (propylidyne), C 6 H 5 C ⁇ (benzylidyne).
  • hydrocarbon derivative refers to hydrocarbon derivative radicals containing 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, including branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated species, such as alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, aryl groups, arylalkyl groups, cycloalkyl groups, alkanediyl groups, alkylenediyl groups, arylenediyl groups, alkylidene groups, and the like.
  • heterohydrocarbon derivative e.g., heterohydrocarbon derivative, substituted heterohydrocarbon derivative, heterohydrocarbon derivative-containing, refers to a hydrocarbon derivative as defined above in which at least one carbon atom and, optionally, its attached hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon derivative are replaced with at least one heteroatom.
  • heterohydrocarbon derivative refers to the group consisting of heterohydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbylene, heterohydrocarbylidene, and heterohydrocarbylidyne
  • heterohydrocarbyl refers to the group consisting of heterohydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbylene, heterohydrocarbylidene, and heterohydrocarbylidyne
  • heterohydrocarbyl refers to the group consisting of heterohydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbylene, heterohydrocarbylidene, and heterohydrocarbylidyne
  • the terms “heterohydrocarbyl”, “heterohydrocarbylene”, “heterohydrocarbylidene”, and “heterohydrocarbylidyne” having the same meaning as defined above for the respective hydrocarbon derivatives, e.g., hydrocarbyl, hydrocarbylene, hydrocarbylidene, and hydrocarbylidyne, wherein at least one carbon atom and, optionally,
  • Heterohydrocarbyl groups are univalent groups formed by removing at least one carbon atom and, optionally, its attached hydrogen atoms from a hydrocarbyl group, and replacing it with at least one heteroatom, e.g., CH 3 O- (methoxy), CF 3 - (trifluoromethyl), CH 3 CH 2 NH- (ethylamino), (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 NC 6 H 4 - (dimethylaminophenyl), C 6 H 5 OC 6 H 4 CH 2 -(phenoxybenzyl), CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 - (methoxyethoxymethyl), C 5 H 4 N- (pyridyl).
  • heteroatom e.g., CH 3 O- (methoxy), CF 3 - (trifluoromethyl
  • Heterohydrocarbylene groups are divalent groups formed by removing at least one carbon atom and, optionally, its attached hydrogen atoms from a hydrocarbylene group and replacing it with at least one heteroatom, the free valencies of which heterohydrocarbylene group are not engaged in a double bond, e.g., -CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 2 - (methylaminodi-(2,1-ethane)diyl),-CH 2 CH 2 OCH 2 CH 2 -(oxydi-(2,1-ethane)diyl), -CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O-(4-butaneyl-1-oxy),-OCH 2 CH 2 O-(1,2-ethanediylbis(oxy)), -CH 2 CH(CF 3 )CH 2 -(2-trifluoromethyl-1,3-propanediyl), -CH 2 COCH 2 CH 2 -(2-oxo-1,4-butanedi
  • Heterohydrocarbylidyne groups are trivalent groups formed by removing at least one carbon atom and, optionally, its attached hydrogen atoms from a hydrocarbylidyne group and replacing it with at least one heteroatom, the free valencies of which heterohydrocarbylidyne group are engaged in a triple bond, e.g., CH 3 OCH 2 C ⁇ (2-methoxyethylidyne), (CH 3 ) 2 NC 6 H 4 C ⁇ (dimethylaminobenzylidyne).
  • hetero and heteroatom-containing refer to a molecule or molecular fragment in which one or more carbon atoms and, optionally, its attached hydrogen atoms are replaced with a heteroatom.
  • heteroalkyl refers to an alkyl substituent that contains a heteroatom.
  • heteroatom-containing alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and arylalkyl is to be interpreted as "heteroatom-containing alkyl, heteroatom-containing alkenyl, heteroatom-containing alkynyl, heteroatom-containing aryl, and heteroatom-containing arylalkyl.”
  • the free valence of the heterohydrocarbon derivative may reside on a heteroatom, as in methoxy (CH 3 O-), diethylamino ((CH 3 CH 2 )2N-), or butylthio (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 S-), or it may reside on a carbon atom, as in N,N-dimethylaminoethyl ((CH 3 ) 2 NCH 2 CH 2 -), pyridylmethyl (C 5 H 4 NCH 2 -), or methoxyethyl (CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 -).
  • heterohydrocarbon derivative refers to heterohydrocarbon derivative radicals containing 1 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 30 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 20 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, including branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic, saturated or unsaturated species, e.g., heterohydrocarbyl groups, heteroalkyl groups, heteroalkenyl groups, and heteroaryl groups.
  • the heteroatom group contains from 1 to 40 atoms, preferably 1 to 10 atoms, more preferably 1 to 6 atoms.
  • heteroatoms may be selected from the group consisting of B, Si, Ge, N, P, As, Sb, Bi, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, and transition metals, preferably from the group consisting of B, Si, Ge, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, and transition metals.
  • substituted e.g., "substituted hydrocarbon derivative”, “substituted heterohydrocarbon derivative”, “substituted hydrocarbyl,” “substituted heterohydrocarbyl”, “substituted aryl,” “substituted arylalkyl,” “substituted alkyl,” means that in the group in question (e.g., the hydrocarbon derivative, heterohydrocarbon derivative, hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkyl, or other moiety that follows the term “substituted”), at least one hydrogen atom bound to a carbon atom or to a heteroatom is replaced with one or more heteroatoms, unless another type of substitution is specifically stated, such as “alkyl-substituted” or “substituted by aryl”.
  • substituted introduces a list of possible substituted groups, it is intended that the term apply to every member of that group. That is, the phrase “substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and arylalkyl” is to be interpreted as “substituted alkyl, substituted alkenyl, substituted alkynyl, substituted aryl, and substituted arylalkyl.” Similarly, “optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, arylalkyl” is to be interpreted as “optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted alkenyl, optionally substituted alkynyl, and optionally substituted arylalkyl.”
  • '2-fluoroethyl' is the 'ethyl' hydrocarbon derivative substituted with one fluorine atom.
  • it may be classified as a heterohydrocarbon derivative formed by taking a propyl group (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 ) and replacing the methyl (CH 3 ) carbon and its attached hydrogen atoms with a fluorine heteroatom.
  • 'pyridylmethyl' is the 'methyl' hydrocarbon derivative substituted with a pyridyl group.
  • alkyl refers to a branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic saturated hydrocarbyl radical typically, although not necessarily, containing 1 to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably 1 to 25 carbon atoms, most preferably 1 to 16 carbon atoms, e.g., methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, as well as cycloalkyl groups, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentylmethyl, and cyclohexylethyl.
  • alkenyl refers to a branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic hydrocarbyl radical containing at least one double bond and typically, although not necessarily, containing 2 to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 25 carbon atoms, most preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, e.g., ethenyl, n-propenyl, isopropenyl, n-butenyl, isobutenyl, 4-octenyl, 2-decenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclopentadienyl, cyclohexenyl, and cyclohexadienyl.
  • olefin refers to branched or unbranched acyclic or cyclic hydrocarbons having one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, apart from the formal ones in aromatic compounds and typically, although not necessarily, containing 2 to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 25 carbon atoms, most preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, e.g., ethene (ethylene), propene (propylene), 1-butene, 2-butene, isobutene, 1-hexene, 3-hexene, 1-octene, 2-decene, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexene, and cyclohexadiene.
  • ⁇ -olefins refers olefins with terminal double bonds and typically, although not necessarily, containing 2 to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 25 carbon atoms, most preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, e.g., ethylene, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, and 1-decene.
  • alkynyl refers to a branched or unbranched, cyclic or acyclic hydrocarbon radical containing at least one triple bond and typically, although not necessarily, containing 2 to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 25 carbon atoms, most preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, e.g., ethynyl, n-propynyl, isopropynyl, n-2-butynyl, isobutynyl, octynyl, 3-decynyl, cyclooctynyl.
  • aromatic is used in its usual sense, including unsaturation that is essentially delocalized across several bonds around a ring.
  • aromatic refers to a group containing an aromatic ring or ring system typically, although not necessarily, containing 2 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 25 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms.
  • Typical neutral unsubstituted aromatic compounds include benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, pyridine, pyrazine, imidazole, pyrazole, oxazole, thiophene, pyrrole, triazole, indole, and benzimidazole.
  • Typical charged unsubstituted aromatic compounds include cyclopropenyl cation and cyclopentadienyl anion.
  • aryl refers to groups containing an aromatic ring or ring system typically, although not necessarily, containing 2 to 50 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 25 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms.
  • Aryl groups herein include groups containing a single aromatic ring or multiple aromatic rings that are fused together, linked covalently, or linked to a common group such as a methylene or ethylene moiety.
  • More specific aryl groups contain one aromatic ring or two or three fused or linked aromatic rings, e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, and benzimidazolyl.
  • aromatic rings e.g., phenyl, naphthyl, biphenyl, terphenyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, indolyl, and benzimidazolyl.
  • aryl groups may be unsubstituted or may be substituted with halogen, preferably fluorine, chlorine, or bromine, more preferably fluorine or bromine, even more preferably fluorine; hydrocarbyl, such as alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, heterohydrocarbyl; or heteroatom groups.
  • aryl substituents include 1 to 40 atoms other than hydrogen, preferably 1 to 20 atoms other than hydrogen, and more preferably 1 to 10 atoms other than hydrogen.
  • Substituted aryl groups include tolyl (methylphenyl), xylyl (dimethylphenyl), mesityl (trimethylphenyl), ethylphenyl, styryl, allylphenyl, propynylphenyl, chlorophenyl, fluorophenyl, difluorophenyl, trifluorophenyl, tetrafluorophenyl, pentafluorophenyl, pentafluorobiphenyl, methoxyphenyl, ethoxyphenyl, dimethoxyphenyl, trifluoromethylphenyl, bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, dimethylaminophenyl, dimethylaminoethylphenyl, phenoxyphenyl, methylcarboxyphenyl, ethylcarboxyphenyl, methoxynaphthyl, nitrophenyl, dinitrophenyl, cyan
  • arylalkyl refers to substituted alkyl groups, the alkyl groups defined as above, wherein the substituent is one or more aryl groups and typically, although not necessarily, containing 2 to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 25 carbon atoms, most preferably 2 to 16 carbon atoms, e.g., benzyl, tolylmethyl, xylylethyl, naphthylmethyl, anthracenylmethyl, 1-phenylethyl, 2-phenylethyl, diphenylmethyl, 2,2-diphenylethyl, phenylbutyl, fluorobenzyl, difluorobenzyl, trifluorobenzyl, chlorobenzyl, dichlorobenzyl, trichlorobenzyl, dimethylaminobenzyl, pyridylmethyl, diphenylpropyl, methoxybenzyl, and dinitrophenylethyl.
  • divalent e.g., "divalent hydrocarbon derivative”, “divalent heterohydrocarbon derivative”, “divalent moiety”, “divalent linking group”, “divalent group”, “divalent hydrocarbyl”, “divalent heterohydrocarbyl”, “divalent heteroatom group”, “divalent alkyl”, “divalent aryl”, “divalent arylalkyl”, is meant that the hydrocarbon derivative, heterohydrocarbon derivative, moiety, linking group, group, hydrocarbyl, heterohydrocarbyl, heteroatom group, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, or other moiety is bonded at two points (a 'diyl' group) to atoms, molecules or moieties with the two bonding points being covalent single bonds, or, alternatively, is bonded at one point (an 'ylidene' group) to an atom, molecule or moiety with the bonding point being a covalent double bond.
  • the invention comprises a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound ("ligating compound").
  • ligating compound may be useful in the coordination, chelation, and sequestration of metals, and as precursors in forming ligating compound-metal complexes which are useful in catalysis, especially in hydroformylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, polymerization processes, especially the oligomerization of olefins such as ethylene.
  • the ligating compound may be represented by: or or or wherein P is phosphorus; X 1 is selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur, preferably nitrogen or phosphorus, more preferably phosphorus; m is 0 or 1; each L is independently selected from boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur, preferably carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur, more preferably carbon or nitrogen; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivatives, substituted or unsubstituted heterohydrocarbon derivatives, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroatom group; R 1 , P, and R 2 together form a phosphacycle; when R 3 , R 4 , and X 1 are linked together, they form a phosphacycle when X 1 is phosphorus and they form an azacycle when X 1 is nitrogen; two or more R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5
  • R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivatives, substituted or unsubstituted heterohydrocarbon derivatives, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroatom group;
  • p is an integer number from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, more preferably from 1 to 3, most preferably from 1 to 2;
  • At least one, preferably two, phosphacycles do not contain more than one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in each phosphacycle, preferably not more than one unsaturated bond in each phosphacycle.
  • Phosphacycles or azacycles are ring or cyclic compounds comprising at least one phosphorus or nitrogen atom, respectively, in the ring or cycle.
  • Each R 1 and R 2 independently contains from 1 to 50 non-hydrogen atoms; each R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 independently contains from 0 to 50 non-hydrogen atoms; preferably each R 5 independently contains from 0 to 40 non-hydrogen atoms, more preferably from 0 to 20 non-hydrogen atoms, and most preferably from 0 to 12 non-hydrogen atoms; ; optionally, at least one R 5 group is a divalent group bonded to L via a double bond.
  • the ligating compound is represented by wherein q is 0, 1, or 2; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; v is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 0 or 1; L, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and X 1 are as defined above; further provided that in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to
  • the L atoms of the phosphacycle or azacycle are each independently carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen; [L(R 5 ) q ] p is as defined above.
  • all L atoms of either phosphacycle which are directly attached to the phosphorus of the phosphacycle are carbon; [L(R 5 ) q ] p is as defined above.
  • a carbon atom is chiral when the carbon atom is attached to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms, thus each ring carbon atom in the 4- to 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings, respectively, is chiral when the ring carbon atom is attached to four different types of atoms or groups of atoms, that is, when its two attached R 5 groups and its two attached ring substituents differ from each other.
  • the configuration around a chiral atom is considered to be S or R and depends on the arrangement of the atoms or groups of atoms attached to the atom.
  • L is carbon or nitrogen; and at least one L atom of the phosphacycle or azacycle is carbon, that at least one L which is carbon in each of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered rings is potentially chiral. If a ring contains chiral carbon atoms, the ring itself may or may not be chiral; this, as is known to one skilled in the art, depends on the symmetry.
  • the configurational possibilities of the phosphacycle or azacycle rings of the invention are: a) no carbon atom of the ring is chiral and the ring is not considered chiral; b) at least one of the carbon atoms of the ring is chiral, that is, either with an R-configuration or an S-configuration and the corresponding ring is considered have the R- or S-configuration for each chiral carbon.
  • the carbon may have either the R configuration or the S configuration and the configuration of the ring is considered to be R or S, respectively.
  • the carbon atoms have the R,R; R,S; S,R; or S,S configurations, and the configurational possibilities of the ring are considered to be R,R; R,S; S,R; or S,S.
  • the carbon atoms may have the R,R,R; R,R,S; R,S,R; S,R,R; R,S,S; S,R,S; S,S,R; or S,S,S configurations, and the configurational possibilities of the ring are considered to be R,R,R; R,R,S; R,S,R; S,R,R; R,S,S; S,R,S; S,S,R; and S,S,S.
  • One skilled in the art will recognize how to determine the R and S configurations of the atoms and the configurational possibilities of the rings with four, five, six, or more chiral carbon atoms.
  • R and S designators indicating the configuration of the particular carbon atom
  • numerical designators may also be used to indicate the position in the ring of the particular carbon atom.
  • the phosphorus atom or the nitrogen atom of the respective phosphacycle or azacycle attached to Y or to the [L(R 5 ) q ] p group representing Y is considered to be at the 1-position.
  • the phosphorus atom of the phosphacycle is potentially chiral wherein the lone pair of electrons is relatively stable to inversion and is, therefore, counted as one of the four substituents on the phosphorus atom.
  • the R-, S-, and achiral configurations of the phosphorus atoms of the ligating compounds, the ligating compound-chromium complexes, and the catalyst systems are embodiments of the invention although in this application the phosphorus atoms will not be given specific R- and S-configurational designations.
  • any drawing which appears to impute a particular stereo-orientation to an atom will be deemed to represent all possible stereo-orientations and that any and all R- or S-configurational enantiomers or stereoisomers of the ligating compounds, the ligating compound-chromium complexes, and the catalyst systems are considered to be embodiments of the invention.
  • the carbon atom with the attached methyl group at the 2-position is specified to have an R-configuration and the carbon atom with the attached phenyl group at the 5-position is specified to have an S-configuration and thus the fragment has the (2R,5S) configuration
  • the depiction of the same fragment: which does not specifically designate the configuration at the 2- and 5-positions with R or S descriptors, is considered to mean that the configurations are unspecified and all possible configurations of the fragment, that is, (2R,5R), (2R,5S), (2S,5R), and (2S,5S) are meant.
  • Preferred ligating compounds are represented by: wherein [L(R 5 ) q ] of the phosphacycle or azacycle independently selected is C(R 5 ), O, N, N(R 5 ), or C(R 5 ) 2 ; [L(R 5 ) q ] p is as defined above; q is 0, 1, or 2; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 1, 2, 3, or 4; v is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 0 or 1, X 1 is nitrogen, phosphorus, or oxygen, preferably nitrogen or phosphorus, more preferably phosphorus; R 5 are each independently hydrogen; halogen; C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivative, preferably C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivative, more preferably C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivative; C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted heterohydrocarbon derivative, preferably C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted heterohydrocarbon derivative, more
  • the number of chiral ring atoms, not including the P or X 1 attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p , in each of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings in the ligating compound can range from zero (none) up to one less than the number of ring atoms in each ring.
  • no carbon atoms in either of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • only one carbon atom in the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings is chiral.
  • only one carbon atom in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings is chiral. In some embodiments, at least one of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings is chiral. In some embodiments, at least one of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings is chiral. In some embodiments, at least two of the carbon atoms in any one of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • At least two of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least two of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, exactly two of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • exactly two of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least three of the carbon atoms in any one of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least three of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least three of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • exactly three of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, exactly three of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least four of the carbon atoms in any one of the 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least four of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • At least four of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, exactly four of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, exactly four of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • the ligating compound may or may not be optically active.
  • the ligating compound contains only one 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle ring and no azacycle ring attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p
  • one, preferably two, L atoms in the phosphacycle ring attached to the P atom in the phosphacycle ring which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are carbon, and one, more preferably two, of these L atoms are chiral.
  • the ligating compound contains two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p
  • one to four L atoms in the phosphacycle or azacycle rings attached to the P or N atoms in the phosphacycle or azacycle rings which are attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are carbon atoms, and one, preferably two, more preferably three, most preferably four of these L atoms are chiral.
  • none of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings of the invention is chiral, preferably one or more 4-membered rings have chiral carbon atoms at the 2- and 4-positions, preferably both chiral carbon atoms have the R configuration or both have the S configuration; one or more 5-membered rings have chiral carbon atoms at the 2- and 5-positions, preferably both chiral carbon atoms have the R configuration or both have the S configuration; one or more 6-membered rings have chiral carbon atoms at the 2- and 6-positions, preferably both chiral carbon atoms have the R configuration or both have the S configuration; and one or more 7-membered rings have chiral carbon atoms at the 2- and 7-positions, preferably both chiral carbon atoms have the R configuration or both have the S configuration.
  • the ligating compound may comprise a single isomer or mixture of various isomers, including stereoisomers, whether configurational, conformational, geometric, or optical. Mixtures of ligating compounds comprising chiral ligating compounds which are racemic, enantioenriched, or enantiomerically pure are preferred.
  • the ligating compound having only one 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle ring and no azacycle ring, and wherein the phosphacycle ring has two chiral carbons may have the following configurational isomers: R,R; R,S; S,R; and S,S.
  • the ligating compound is a mixture of ligating compounds substantially comprising the R,S and S,R isomers of a single ligating compound in any proportion, more preferably the ligating compound is a mixture of ligating compounds substantially comprising the R,R and S,S isomers of a single ligating compound in any proportion.
  • both phosphacycle or azacycle rings of the ligating compound have the same configuration, for example, both are R,R or R,S or S,R or S,S, whereby preferred isomer configurations of the ligating compound are R,R,R,R; R,S,R,S; S,R,S,R; and S,S,S,S.
  • the ligating compound is a mixture substantially comprising the R,S,R,S and S,R,S,R isomers of a single ligating compound in any proportion, more preferably the ligating compound is a mixture substantially comprising the R,R,R,R and S,S,S,S isomers of a single ligating compound in any proportion.
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] of the phosphacycle or azacycle independently selected is C(R 5 ), N, N(R 5 ), or C(R 5 ) 2 ;
  • X 1 is phosphorus or nitrogen;
  • t and v are each independently 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • one to six [L(R 5 ) q ] groups of each 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle are C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 , more preferably C(R 5 ) 2 .
  • At least one, more preferably two, even more preferably three, still more preferably four, [L(R 5 ) q ] groups of each phosphacycle or azacycle are C(R 5 ) 2 .
  • at least one, more preferably two, [L(R 5 ) q ] groups of each phosphacycle or azacycle are C(R 5 ).
  • one, more preferably two, of the C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups of at least one phosphacycle or azacycle are attached to a P or N atom in the phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p .
  • both R 5 groups of the one, more preferably two, C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to a P or N atom in at least one phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are identical; more preferably they are not identical.
  • R 5 group of at least one, preferably two, C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to a P or N atom in at least one phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p is hydrogen, more preferably exactly one R 5 group of at least one, preferably two, C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to a P or N atom in at least one phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p is not hydrogen.
  • both C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to a P or N atom in at least one phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are identical to each other. More preferably two C(R 5 ) q groups are attached to a P or N atom in each phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p .
  • both C(R 5 )H groups attached to the P or N atom in the phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are the same.
  • both C(R 5 )H groups attached to the P atom in the phosphacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p have the same R or S configuration.
  • X 1 is a P atom and X 1 , R 3 , and R 4 form a phosphacycle
  • the phosphacycle is identical to the phosphacycle formed by P, R 1 and R 2 .
  • the L atoms of phosphacycles or azacycles are independently carbon or nitrogen.
  • Preferably at least two L atoms in each phosphacycle or azacycle are carbon.
  • t and v are each independently 1, 2, or 3, preferably 1 or 2.
  • at least one of t and v is 2, more preferably t is 2.
  • t is 2; and at least one, preferably two, of L in the phosphacycle is carbon.
  • t is 2; and at least one, preferably two, of L in the phosphacycle is nitrogen.
  • v is 2; and at least one, preferably two, of L in the ring comprising X 1 are carbon.
  • v is 2; and at least one, preferably two, of L in the ring comprising X 1 are nitrogen. More preferably X 1 is phosphorus. More preferably t and v are each 2. More preferably t and v are each 2 and X 1 is phosphorus.
  • the X 1 , R 3 , and R 4 groups of X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m do not form a cycle, m is 0 or 1, preferably m is 1; preferably X 1 is nitrogen, more preferably X 1 is phosphorus.
  • X 1 is phosphorus and 5-membered ligating compounds are represented by: wherein q is 1 or 2; preferably L(R 5 ) q of the phosphacycles is C(R 5 ), N(R 5 ), or C(R 5 ) 2 , preferably [L(R 5 ) q ] p is C(R 5 ), N(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , C(R 5 )C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 C(R 5 ) 2 , more preferably N(R 5 ) or C(R 5 )C(R 5 ); the C(R 5 ) q attached to P is C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , or C(R 5 )H, preferably C(R 5 )H; further provided that in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3
  • At least one, more preferably two, phosphacycles contain at least one, preferably two, [L(R 5 ) q ] groups each which are C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 .
  • At most one bond in at least one phosphacycle is an unsaturated bond, preferably all bonds in at least one phosphacycle are saturated bonds.
  • at least one, preferably two, 5-membered phosphacycles are saturated, meaning they contain no unsaturated bonds.
  • one 5-membered phosphacycle is saturated, and one phosphacycle, preferably one 5-membered phosphacycle, has two unsaturated bonds, preferably exactly one unsaturated bond.
  • one 5-membered phosphacycle has exactly one unsaturated bond
  • one phosphacycle, preferably one 5-membered phosphacycle has two unsaturated bonds, preferably exactly one unsaturated bond, more preferably no unsaturated bonds.
  • the unsaturated bonds are carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds.
  • the unsaturated bonds are carbon-nitrogen unsaturated bonds.
  • Saturated 5-membered phosphacycles are known as phospholanes when all four ring atoms besides phosphorus are carbon; azaphospholanes when three ring atoms besides phosphorus are carbon and one ring atom is nitrogen; diazaphospholanes when two ring atoms besides phosphorus are carbon and two ring atoms besides phosphorus are nitrogen.
  • Unsaturated 5-membered phosphacycles with exactly one unsaturated bond are known as dihydrophospholes when all four ring atoms besides phosphorus are carbon; dihydroazaphospholes when three ring atoms besides phosphorus are carbon and one L atom is nitrogen; dihydrodiazaphospholes when two ring atoms besides phosphorus are carbon and two ring atoms besides phosphorus are nitrogen.
  • Unsaturated 5-membered phosphacycles with two unsaturated bonds are known as phospholes.
  • Preferred 5-membered phosphacycles of the ligating compound are independently selected, as represented by: and their enantiomers.
  • Preferred 5-membered ring phosphacycle-containing ligating compounds may be built up by independently selecting one preferred 5-membered phosphacycle from above, connecting it to one valence of the [L(R 5 ) q ] p divalent linking group, and connecting the remaining free valence of the divalent linking group either to a second independently selected phosphacycle, preferably a preferred 5-membered phosphacycle from above, or to X 1 R 3 R 4 , wherein X 1 is phosphorus or nitrogen, preferably phosphorus.
  • Non-limiting examples of preferred non-5-membered ring phosphacycle-containing ligating compounds are represented by: and their enantiomers wherein in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; optionally from two to ten, preferably from two to six, independently selected ligating compounds may be linked together via their respective independently selected R 5 groups
  • the [L(R 5 ) q ] p divalent linking group is NR 5 , C(R 5 ), C(R 5 )C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 or C(R 5 ) 2 C(R 5 ) 2 , preferably N(R 5 ).
  • Non-limiting examples of the preferred 5-membered ring phosphacycle-containing ligating compounds are represented by:
  • R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; further provided that in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; optionally from two to ten, preferably from two to six, independently selected ligating compounds may be linked together via their respective independently selected R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups to form a poly(ligating compound) species.
  • the [L(R 5 ) q ] p divalent linking group is NR 5 , C(R 5 ), C(R 5 )C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 or C(R 5 ) 2 C(R 5 ) 2 , preferably N(R 5 ).
  • R 5 group in at least one, preferably two, C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to the P atom in at least one, preferably two, phosphacycles is hydrogen.
  • Representative, but not limiting, examples are: and their enantiomers wherein in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably
  • any R 5 groups attached to the nitrogen atoms in the 5-membered phosphacycles are not hydrogen, preferably any R 5 groups attached to the nitrogen atoms in the 5-membered phosphacycles are hydrocarbyl, preferably C 1-4 alkyl, C 6-10 aryl, or C 7-10 arylalkyl, more preferably methyl, ethyl, phenyl, benzyl, or tolyl; preferably the R 5 groups attached to the ring carbon atom of the C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups at the 3- and 4-positions on the 5-membered phosphacycle are hydrogen atoms; preferably the R 5 groups attached to at least one of the ring carbon atoms of the C(R 5 ) groups, wherein the ring carbon atoms of the C(R 5 ) groups are bonded to another ring atom by means of an unsaturated bond, preferably carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, are hydrogen atoms or are part of an
  • At least one, preferably two, of the R 5 groups attached to the ring carbon atom of the C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups at the 2- and 5-positions on the 5-membered phosphacycle are independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, preferably aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, preferably aryl or substituted aryl; preferably exactly one R 5 group attached to the ring carbon atom of the C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 group at each 2-position and at each 5-position on the 5-membered phosphacycle is alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, preferably aryl, substituted aryl, preferably
  • R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each independently C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, preferably C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, more preferably C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl; C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted
  • R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 attached to a ring nitrogen atom of the 5-membered ring phosphacycle are Ar
  • R 5 attached to a ring nitrogen atom of the 5-membered ring phosphacycle is Ar'
  • Ar independently is C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl
  • C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • Ar' independently is C 1-4 alkyl
  • L of the phosphacycles is carbon and 5-membered ligating compounds are represented by: wherein q is 1 or 2; preferably [L(R 5 ) q ] p is C(R 5 ), N(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , C(R 5 )C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 C(R 5 ) 2 , more preferably N(R 5 ) or C(R 5 )C(R 5 ); the C(R 5 ) q attached to P is C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , or C(R 5 )H, preferably C(R 5 )H.
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5 and 5-membered ligating compounds are represented by: or or or wherein q is 1 or 2; the C(R 5 ) q attached to P is C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , or C(R 5 )H, preferably C(R 5 )H.
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] at the 3- and 4-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CH 2 ;
  • [L(R 6 ) q ] at the 2- and 5-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CR 5 H;
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5 , and 5-membered ligating compounds are represented by:
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] at the 2- and 5-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CR 5 H; the carbon atoms at the 2- and 5-positions are chiral; preferably both carbon atoms at the 2- and 5-positions in each phosphacycle ring have the same R or S configuration;
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5 ;
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] at the 3- and 4-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CH 2
  • 5-membered ligating compounds are represented by: and their enantiomers.
  • Non-limiting examples of the ligating compounds are: and their enantiomers.
  • Ar at the 2- and 5-positions of the phosphacycle rings is phenyl optionally substituted with R 5 ; [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5 ; preferably [L(R 5 ) q ] at the 3- and 4-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CH 2 , and 5-membered ligating compounds are represented by: and their enantiomers wherein n independently selected is an integer from zero to five, preferably from zero to three.
  • Ar independently is C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • Ar is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, furanyl, substituted furanyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, substituted pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, and substituted pyridinyl, more preferably phenyl, substituted phenyl, and furanyl.
  • both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized;
  • Two or more Ar, Ar' or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms;
  • two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms;
  • two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms;
  • optionally from two to ten, preferably from two to six, independently selected ligating compounds may be linked together via their respective independently selected Ar, Ar' or R 5 groups to form a poly(ligating compound) species.
  • each R 3 or R 4 group directly attached to the phosphorus-atom is considered to be at the 1-position of that particular group for the purpose of numbering the positions of atoms or substituents in the R 3 or R 4 group.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are represented by alkyl, substituted alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, furanyl, substituted furanyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, substituted pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, and substituted pyridinyl; preferably the ligating compounds are represented by: and their enantiomers wherein Ar independently is halogen; C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, preferably C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, more preferably C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, even more preferably C 1-6 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, especially methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, i
  • X'" is independently N, O or S, preferably O.
  • X" independently is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, methyl, methoxy, t -butyl, phenyl, nitro or cyano.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted furanyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted phenyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted phenyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl or substituted alkyl, preferably methyl, trifluoromethyl or t -butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably fluorine; preferably at least one, more preferably each, substituted phenyl is substituted at the 2-position with cyano, nitro, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine or chlorine, more preferably fluorine and is substituted at one or more of the 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-positions with cyano, nitro, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine,
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted pyridinyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted pyridinyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t -butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably fluorine; preferably at least one, more preferably each, substituted pyridinyl is substituted at the 2-position with cyano, nitro, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine or chlorine, more preferably fluorine.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted pyridinyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted pyridinyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t -butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably fluorine.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted pyrrolyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted pyrrolyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t -butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably methyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted furanyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted furanyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted furanyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t-butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably methyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted thienyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted thienyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted thienyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t- butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably methyl.
  • halogen preferably fluorine or chlorine
  • C 1-4 alkyl preferably methyl or t- butyl
  • C 1-4 alkoxy preferably methoxy or ethoxy
  • C 6-10 aryl preferably phenyl or tolyl
  • cyano or nitro more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably methyl.
  • Non-limiting examples of the ligating compounds are: and their enantiomers wherein in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more Ar or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; optionally from two to ten, preferably from two to six, independently selected ligating compounds may be linked together via their respective independently selected Ar or R 5 groups to form a poly(ligating compound) species.
  • Ar at the 2- and 5-positions of the phosphacycle rings is phenyl optionally substituted with R 5 ;
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5
  • 5-membered ligating compounds are represented by: and their enantiomers, wherein n independently selected is an integer from zero to five, preferably from zero to three, more preferably zero to one;
  • R 5 is halogen, C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; preferably fluorine, chlorine, bromine, C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; more preferably fluorine, chlorine, C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl;
  • R 3 is C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1
  • X" at the 2-position of the phenyl ring attached to P is fluorine
  • X" at the 6-position of the phenyl ring attached to P is hydrogen
  • 5-membered ligating compounds are represented by: and their enantiomers, wherein n independently selected is an integer from zero to five, preferably from zero to three, more preferably zero to one
  • R 5 is halogen, C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; preferably fluorine, chlorine, bromine, C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; more preferably fluorine, chlorine, C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; R 3 is C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted
  • the group Y which links P and X 1 together in the ligating compounds, is a divalent linking group [L(R 5 ) q ] p , wherein p is an integer number from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, preferably 1, 2, or 3, more preferably 1 or 2; q is 0, 1, or 2; consisting of the linking part [L] p and the R 5 pendant groups wherein the R 5 pendant groups independently selected are attached to the L atoms of the [L] p linking part.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of 1 to 6, preferably of 1 to 4, preferably 1, 2, or 3, more preferably 1 or 2 L atoms; L is independently selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur. Preferably L is independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • each L(R 5 ) q group is independently -N-, -N(R 5 )-, -P(R 5 )-, -P(O)(R 5 )-, -P(S)(R 5 )-, -C(O)-, -C(R 5 )-, -C(R 5 ) 2 -, -Si(R 5 ) 2 -, -O-, -S-, S(O)-, and -SO 2 -, preferably N, N(R 5 ), C(R 5 ), or C(R 5 ) 2 .
  • the linking part [L] p consists of C and the divalent linking group is [C(R 5 ) q ] wherein q is 1 or 2.
  • [C(R 5 ) q ] linking groups include:
  • [C(R 5 ) q ] linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is not C and the divalent linking group is not [C(R 5 ) q ] wherein q is 1 or 2.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of C-C and the divalent linking group is [C(R 5 ) q ] 2 wherein q independently is 1 or 2 and at least one q is 2.
  • [C(R 5 ) q ] 2 linking groups include:
  • [C(R 5 ) q ] 2 linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is not C-C and the divalent linking group is not [C(R 5 ) q ] 2 wherein q independently is 1 or 2 and at least one q is 2.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of C-C and the divalent linking group is [C(R 5 )] 2 wherein both carbon atoms are connected with a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, or both carbon atoms are connected to their respectively R 5 groups with unsaturated bonds.
  • [C(R 5 )] 2 linking groups include:
  • [C(R 5 )] 2 linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is not C-C and the divalent linking group is not [C(R 5 )] 2 wherein both carbon atoms are connected with a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, or both carbon atoms are connected to their respectively R 5 groups with unsaturated bonds.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of N or N-N and the divalent linking group is [NR 5 ] or [NR 5 ] 2 .
  • the divalent linking group is [NR 5 ] or [NR 5 ] 2 .
  • [NR 5 ] or [NR 5 ] 2 linking groups include:
  • [NR 5 ] or [NR 5 ] 2 linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is neither N nor N-N and the divalent linking group is neither [NR 5 ] nor [NR 5 ] 2 .
  • [NR 5 ] does not comprise
  • a ligating compound of the form R 1 R 2 P-Y-X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m or R 1 R 2 P-[L(R 5 ) q ] p -X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m where Y or [L(R 5 ) q ] p is -N(R 5 )- and X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m is PR 3 R 4 , exists in its isomeric 'P-P N' form.
  • the structural formulation of the ligating compound in its pure and isolated form it and its use are embodiments of the present invention, especially if it exists in the 'P-N-P' form when used in an oligomerization process, more especially when it is bound to chromium in an oligomerization process.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of C-N and the divalent linking group is [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 ) q ] wherein q independently is 1 or 2 for C(R 5 ) q and 0 or 1 for N(R 5 ) q .
  • [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 ) q ] linking groups include:
  • [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 )] linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is not C-N and the divalent linking group is not [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 ) q ] wherein q independently is 1 or 2 for C(R 5 ) q and 0 or 1 for N(R 5 ) q .
  • [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 ) q ] does not comprise
  • the L atoms of the linking part [L] p are selected from the group consisting of B, O, S, Si, and C wherein at least one L is not C; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and the divalent linking group is [(C(R 5 ) 2 ) k X' r (C(R 5 ) 2 ) k' ] wherein X' independently selected is BR 5 , O, S, SO, SO 2 , or Si(R 5 ) 2 ; k is 0 or 1; k' is 0 or 1; r is 1, 2, or 3.
  • r + k + k' 1, 2,or 3.
  • linking groups include:
  • the L atoms of the linking part [L] p are not selected from the group consisting of B, O, S, Si, and C wherein at least one L is not C; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and the divalent linking group is not [(C(R 5 ) 2 ) k X' r (C(R 5 ) 2 ) k' ] wherein X' independently selected is BR 5 , O, S, SO, SO 2 , or Si(R 5 ) 2 ; k is 0 or 1; k' is 0 or 1; r is 1, 2, or 3.
  • the L atoms are connected to each other, independently for each connection, with single bonds or with unsaturated bonds with the proviso that in at least one phosphacycle of the ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; preferably least one phosphacycle does not contain more than one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, preferably not more than one unsaturated bond, more preferably at least one, preferably two, phosphacycles contain no unsaturated bonds; two or more R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a
  • no two R 5 , R 3 , or R 4 groups are linked together to form a cyclic structure.
  • at least two R 5 groups are linked together to form a cyclic structure.
  • Preferably at least one R 5 group on a first L(R 5 ) q group is linked together with at least one R 5 group on an adjacent second L(R 5 ) q group together with the L atom from the first L(R 5 ) q group and the L atom from the adjacent second L(R 5 ) q group to form an cyclic structure containing from 4 to 10 atoms, preferably 4 to 7 atoms, in the ring part of the cyclic structure.
  • the ring is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group, such as cyclopentanediyl, cyclohexanediyl, dioxolanediyl, tetrahydrofurandiyl, pyrrolidinediyl, piperidinediyl, piperazinediyl, pyrazolidinediyl.
  • cyclopentanediyl such as cyclopentanediyl, cyclohexanediyl, dioxolanediyl, tetrahydrofurandiyl, pyrrolidinediyl, piperidinediyl, piperazinediyl, pyrazolidinediyl.
  • the ring is a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or aromatic group, such as cyclopentenediyl, cyclohexenediyl, cyclopentadienediyl, phenylene, naphthalenediyl, pyridinediyl, pyrrolediyl, imidazoldiyl, pyridazinediyl, pyridazinedionediyl, quinoxalinediyl, thiazolediyl, thiophenediyl, furandiyl, or cyclopentadienyl-diyl, wherein preferably the cyclopentadienyl group is part of an ⁇ 5 -bonded transition metal complex, wherein preferably the ⁇ 5 -bonded transition metal complex comprises Fe, Ti, Zr, or Hf.
  • cyclopentadienyl group is part of an ⁇ 5 -bonded transition metal complex, wherein
  • the ring is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group, such as cyclobutanediyl, cyclopentanediyl, cyclohexanediyl, tetrahydrofurandiyl, or cyclopentenediyl.
  • R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 independently selected are hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano; substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivatives, preferably substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1-20, preferably 1-12, more preferably 1-6, non-hydrogen atoms, preferably methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl; preferably substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated groups, including alkylidene, alkenyl, aryl, or arylalkyl groups, having 2-20, preferably 2-12, more preferably 2-8, still more preferably 2-6, non-hydrogen atoms, preferably vinyl, methylidene, ethylidene,
  • R 3 and R 4 preferably are substituted or unsubstituted aryl or arylalkyl groups, more preferably substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups.
  • R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups independently selected, are linked together, the moiety they form is di- or polyvalent, depending on how many R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups are linked together. For example, if two R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups are linked together, the moiety is divalent; if three R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups are linked together, the moiety is trivalent.
  • the linked R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups are not hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo or cyano.
  • ligating compounds of the present invention include the following compositions: and their enantiomers.
  • independently selected ligating compounds may be linked together via their respective independently selected Ar, Ar', X", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups to form a poly(ligating compound) species.
  • the poly(ligating compound) species may take the form of dendrimers, oligomers or polymers of the ligating compound.
  • the poly(ligating compound) species may be a linear, branched, or cyclic dendrimer, oligomer or polymer, wherein each monomer unit is an individual independently selected ligating compound. In one embodiment all of the individual ligating compounds are the same as each other. In one embodiment the individual ligating compounds are not all the same as each other.
  • the ligating compounds may be linked to form the poly(ligating compound) species by removing one or more independently selected atoms, preferably one atom, from one or more of the respective independently selected Ar, Ar', X", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups of each ligating compound to provide one or more free valencies on each ligating compound and then linking the ligating compounds having one or more free valencies to each other at the free valence sites to form the poly(ligating compound).
  • the ligating compounds are linked via their corresponding independently selected Ar, Ar', X", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups (e.g., R 1 from one ligating compound is linked with R 1 from another ligating compound or Y from one ligating compound is linked with Y from another ligating compound).
  • the ligating compounds are linked, but not via their corresponding independently selected Ar, Ar', S", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups (e.g., R 2 from one ligating compound is linked with a group from another ligating compound other than R 2 ).
  • poly(ligating compound) examples include: and their enantiomers.
  • a process to prepare a ligating compound represented as: as described above, the steps of the process comprising a) contacting approximately one equivalent of or silyl derivative thereof with approximately one equivalent of a cyclic or acyclic precursor, or b) contacting approximately one equivalent of or silyl derivative thereof with approximately one equivalent of a cyclic precursor; optionally in the presence of at least one equivalent of a proton scavenger; X is a leaving group; and optionally isolating the product.
  • the ligating compounds and subunits and precursor materials thereof may be prepared by any one of several methods. In general, the method of preparation is selected based on the nature of the subunits of the ligating compound, that is, and and the availability (commercial or through synthesis) of suitable precursor materials.
  • the preparation may be achieved by contacting a hydrogen-, halide- or other leaving group derivative, or alkali metal-, alkaline earth metal-, or alkaline earth metal-halide derivative of with a suitable hydrogen-, halide- or other leaving group derivative, or alkali metal-, alkaline earth metal-, or alkaline earth metal-halide derivative of optionally in the presence of a proton scavenger, such as an amine.
  • a proton scavenger such as an amine.
  • the halide or other leaving group preferably is chloride, bromide, iodide, sulfate, sulfonate, such as methanesulfonate (mesylate), p -toluenesulfonate (tosylate), or trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate), or carboxylate, such as acetate or benzoate.
  • the alkali metal preferably is lithium, sodium, or potassium.
  • the alkaline earth metal is magnesium or calcium, preferably magnesium.
  • the alkaline earth metal-halide preferably is magnesiumchloride, magnesiumbromide, or magnesiumiodide.
  • the alkali-, alkaline earth, or alkaline earth metal-halide derivatives of or respectively, preferably may be prepared by combining with a strong base comprising M, such as sodium hydride, potassium hydride, methyllithium, butyllithium, potassium t -butoxide, potassium t -amylate, dibutylmagnesium, butyloctylmagnesium, methylmagnesium bromide, ethylmagnesium iodide, or isopropylmagnesium chloride, wherein M is an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or alkaline earth metal-halide.
  • M such as sodium hydride, potassium hydride, methyllithium, butyllithium, potassium t -butoxide, potassium t -amylate, dibutylmagnesium, butyloctylmagnesium, methylmagnesium bromide, ethylmagnesium iodide, or isopropyl
  • the proton scavenger preferably is a trihydrocarbylamine, such as triethylamine or ethyldiisopropylamine, or an aromatic amine, such as pyridine or lutidine.
  • the proton scavenger may advantageously be R 5 NH 2 .
  • the invention provides a process to prepare the ligating compounds similar to the manner of Nifant'ev et al.
  • Nifant'ev et al. The synthesis and structure of phosphorus(III)-phosphorylated 2-aminopyridines and their derivatives
  • cyclic or acyclic group precursors such as halide-, sulfonate, or other leaving group derivatives of such as wherein X is a leaving group, preferably chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate, tosylate, or triflate, more preferably chloride or iodide, even more preferably iodide, and further wherein are selected according to the desired ligating compound to be obtained, with wherein L-H independently is NH, PH, OH, or SH, and R' independently selected is hydrogen, C 1-6 hydrocarbyl, or halide, preferably in the presence of a proton scavenger.
  • X is a leaving group, preferably chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate, tosylate, or triflate, more preferably chloride or iodide, even more preferably iodide, and further wherein are selected according to the desired ligating compound to be obtained, with wherein
  • the symmetric ligating compound may be prepared by contacting approximately two equivalents of the cyclic precursor with approximately one equivalent of in the presence of preferably at least two equivalents of a proton scavenger.
  • the unsymmetrical ligating compound wherein is obtained by first contacting preferably either approximately one equivalent of cyclic precursor or one equivalent of cyclic or acyclic precursor with preferably approximately one or more equivalents of linking group precursor or silyl derivative thereof, represented as preferably in the presence of at least one equivalent, preferably at least five equivalents, more preferably at least ten equivalents of a proton scavenger in a first reaction to give a first product represented as or silyl derivatives thereof, represented as or then contacting this first product with preferably approximately one equivalent of the other selected or cyclic or acyclic precursor preferably in the presence of at least one equivalent, more preferably five equivalents, even more preferably ten equivalents of a proton scavenger.
  • the linking group precursor can serve as the proton scavenger in the first reaction to give the first product, wherein at least one additional equivalent, preferably at least additional five equivalents, more preferably at least ten additional equivalents of the linking group precursor are used, optionally in the presence of a proton scavenger, preferably a trihydrocarbylamine or aromatic amine.
  • a proton scavenger preferably a trihydrocarbylamine or aromatic amine.
  • the cyclic precursor and the cyclic or acyclic precursor may be contacted concurrently with or in the presence of preferably at least two equivalents of a proton scavenger.
  • the cyclic precursors are represented as and respectively, preferably and more preferably wherein X is a leaving group, preferably halide, more preferably chloride or iodide, still more preferably or wherein L preferably is nitrogen or carbon, more preferably carbon;
  • the acyclic precursor is represented as preferably or the linking group precursors and are represented as R 5 NH 2 and R 5 NH(SiR' 3 ), respectively; or silyl derivatives thereof, represented as represented as and or silyl derivatives thereof, represented as and respectively, preferably as and and respectively, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 .
  • R 5 , L, t, p, q, and n are as described above;
  • R' independently selected is hydrogen, C 1-6 hydrocarbyl, or halide; more preferably and wherein L is nitrogen or carbon, preferably L is carbon, preferably the phosphacycle is a 5-membered phospholane wherein both atoms directly bonded to P are sp 3 hybridized and the phospholane is not 8-aza -1-phosphatricylo[3.3.0.0 2,6 ]octane, more preferably represented as wherein R 5 , R', and n are as described above.
  • the invention provides a process for the preparation of a first product the steps of the process comprising contacting preferably approximately one equivalent of cyclic precursor with preferably approximately one or more equivalents of linking group precursor optionally in the presence of at least one equivalent, preferably at least five equivalents, more preferably at least ten equivalents of a proton scavenger, and optionally isolating the product.
  • the linking group precursor can serve as the proton scavenger in the first reaction to give the first product, wherein at least one additional equivalent, preferably at least additional five equivalents, more preferably at least ten additional equivalents of the linking group precursor are used, optionally in the presence of a proton scavenger, preferably a trihydrocarbylamine or aromatic amine.
  • a proton scavenger preferably a trihydrocarbylamine or aromatic amine.
  • the cyclic precursor is represented as wherein X is a leaving group, preferably more preferably still more preferably even still more preferably preferably the linking group precursor are represented as R 5 NH 2 or R 5 NH(SiR' 3 ); is represented as preferably as more preferably or even still more preferably most preferably by
  • the invention provides a process for the preparation of the ligating compound, the steps of the process comprising contacting preferably approximately one equivalent of with preferably approximately one equivalent of a cyclic or acyclic precursor, preferably acyclic precursor, optionally in the presence of at least one equivalent, more preferably five equivalents, even more preferably ten equivalents of a proton scavenger and optionally isolating the product.
  • a cyclic precursor is represented as wherein X is a leaving group, preferably more preferably more preferably still more preferably even still more preferably
  • the acyclic precursor is represented as or
  • the invention provides a process for the preparation of a first product the steps of the process comprising contacting preferably approximately one equivalent of the acyclic precursor with preferably approximately one or more equivalents of linking group precursor or optionally in the presence of at least one equivalent, preferably at least five equivalents, more preferably at least ten equivalents of a proton scavenger, and optionally isolating the product.
  • the linking group precursor can serve as the proton scavenger in the first reaction to give the first product, wherein at least one additional equivalent, preferably at least additional five equivalents, more preferably at least ten additional equivalents of the linking group precursor are used, optionally in the presence of a proton scavenger, preferably a trihydrocarbylamine or aromatic amine.
  • a proton scavenger preferably a trihydrocarbylamine or aromatic amine.
  • the acyclic precursor is represented as or preferably the linking group precursor is represented as R 5 NH 2 or R 5 NH(SiR' 3 ); preferably is represented as
  • the invention provides a process for the preparation of the ligating compound, the steps of the process comprising contacting preferably approximately one equivalent of with preferably approximately one equivalent of a cyclic precursor wherein X is a leaving group, optionally in the presence of at least one equivalent, more preferably five equivalents, even more preferably ten equivalents of a proton scavenger and optionally isolating the product.
  • a cyclic precursor is represented as preferably more preferably still more preferably even still more preferably
  • 1-chloro-2,5-diphenylphospholane is contacted with isopropylamine in the presence of triethylamine to give the symmetric product N-isopropyl-[bis(2,5-diphenylphospholane)amine].
  • 1-chloro-2,5-diphenylphospholane is contacted with ten equivalents of n-butylamine to give N-butyl-(2,5-diphenylphospholane)amine as a first product, which is contacted with chlorodiphenylphosphine in the presence of triethylamine to give N-butyl-(2,5-diphenylphospholane)(diphenylphosphino)amine.
  • 5-membered-ring analogs of the intermediate cyclic precursor represented as may be prepared in an overall 7-step process as disclosed in a specific example by combining Fox et al . (" Bis-(2,5-diphenylphospholanes) with sp2 Carbon Linkers: Synthesis and Application in Asymmetric Hydrogenation", Fox, M. E.; Jackson, M.; Lennon, I. C.; Klosin, J.; Abboud, K. A. J. Org. Chem.
  • the invention provides an improved process to prepare the cyclic phosphine halide represented as the steps of the process comprising contacting a cyclic phosphinic amide represented as with at least one hydrido-silicon compound represented as R' 3 SiH and at least one silicon halide compound represented as R' 3 SiX in the presence of one or more bases, and optionally isolating the product.
  • the improved process provides the cyclic phosphine halide from the cyclic phosphinic amide in one chemical step, as represented below:
  • the cyclic phosphine halide preferably chloride
  • X is halide, preferably chloride, bromide or iodide, more preferably chloride or bromide, even more preferably chloride
  • R' independently selected is hydrogen, C 1-6 hydrocarbyl, or halide
  • the at least one hydrido-silicon compound and the at least one silicon halide compound is at least one hydrido-silicon halide compound, preferably one hydrido-silicon halide compound, represented as R' 2 SiHX.
  • R' 3 SiH is CH 3 SiH 3 , CH 3 CH 2 SiH 3 , (C 2 H 3 )SiH 3 , ((CH 3 ) 2 CH)SiH 3 , (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 )SiH 3 , (CH 2 CHCH 2 )SiH 3 , (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 )SiH 3 , ((CH 3 ) 3 C)SiH 3 , C 6 H 5 SiH 3 , CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 SiH 3 , H 3 SiCH 2 CH 2 SiH 3 , (CH 3 ) 2 SiH 2 , (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 SiH 2 , (CH 3 )(C 2 H 3 )SiH 2 , ((CH 3 ) 2 CH) 2 SiH 2, (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 SiH 2 , (CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 ) 2 SiH 2 , ((CH 3 ) 3 C) 2 SiH 2 , (
  • the cyclic phosphine halide product can be separated or purified from the silicon-containing co-products which result by extracting or partitioning the cyclic phosphine halide into the high polarity solvent phase of a high polarity solvent/low polarity two-phase solvent mixture and extracting or partitioning the silicon-containing co-products into the low polarity solvent phase of a two-phase high polarity solvent/low polarity solvent mixture, preferably wherein the high polarity solvent phase comprises one or more solvents selected from C 2-8 nitriles, such as acetonitrile, propanenitrile, butanenitrile, benzenenitrile; C 1-10 amides, such as formamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-
  • the two-phase high polarity solvent/low polarity solvent mixture components are selected such that the high polarity solvent and the low polarity solvent are immiscible in each other, such that a two-phase solvent mixture is provided, e. g., pentane/acetonitrile, diethyl ether/dimethylsulfoxide, hexane/dimethylformamide.
  • the cyclic phosphine halide and the silicon-containing co-product mixture has been extracted or partitioned in the high polarity solvent/low polarity solvent mixture and the high polarity and low polarity solvent phases have been separated, the cyclic phosphine halide can be recovered by methods known to one of ordinary skill in the art, such as evaporating off the solvent.
  • the cyclic phosphine halide product can be separated or purified from the silicon-containing co-products by washing the cyclic phosphine halide/silicon-containing co-product mixture with one or more low polarity solvents, preferably pentane, hexane, heptane or cyclohexane, more preferably pentane.
  • the cyclic phosphine halide product is purified by partitioning the cyclic phosphine chloride and reaction coproducts in a two-phase acetonitrile/hexane solvent mixture.
  • This improved process for the conversion of the intermediate cyclic phosphinic amide into the cyclic phosphine halide reduces the number of steps required from four to one.
  • halide- or other leaving group derivatives of such as wherein X is a leaving group are contacted with wherein L-H independently is CH, NH, PH, OH, or SH, to prepare the desired ligating compound respectively.
  • the symmetric ligating compound may be prepared by combining approximately two equivalents of the or cyclic precursor with approximately one equivalent of whereas the unsymmetrical ligating compound, wherein is preferably obtained by first combining either approximately one equivalent of cyclic precursor or approximately one equivalent of cyclic or acyclic precursor with approximately one equivalent of then combining the product of the just-mentioned first reaction with a strong base comprising M to form respectively, which is then contacted with either approximately one equivalent of a different cyclic precursor or approximately one equivalent of a different cyclic or acyclic precursor.
  • the or intermediates may also be formed by combination of approximately one equivalent of with approximately one equivalent of cyclic precursor or approximately one equivalent of cyclic or acyclic precursor
  • a halide or other leaving group derivative of such as in the presence of preferably at least two equivalents of a proton scavenger may be contacted with a halide or other leaving group derivative of such as in the presence of preferably at least two equivalents of a proton scavenger to give the ligating product.
  • a halide or other leaving group derivative of such as in the presence of preferably at least two equivalents of a proton scavenger may be contacted with a halide or other leaving group derivative of such as in the presence of preferably at least two equivalents of a proton scavenger to give the ligating product.
  • symmetric or unsymmetrical products may be obtained by choice of stoichiometry and precursors. Such chemistry is analogous to that disclosed in Montag et al.
  • a halide- or other leaving group derivative of such as or preferably when the leaving group is attached to L when L is P, C, Si, Ge, or B may be contacted with an alkali metal-, alkaline earth metal-, or alkaline earth metal-halide derivative of such as or to give the ligating product.
  • symmetric or unsymmetrical products may be obtained by choice of stoichiometry and precursors.
  • silyl derivatives of and such as may be contacted with cyclic or acyclic precursors, wherein X is a leaving group, preferably chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate, tosylate, or triflate, preferably chloride or iodide; preferably at least one L is N or O, preferably N, such that L-SiR' 3 is N-SiR' 3 or O-SiR' 3 , preferably N-SiR' 3 .
  • reaction to form a P-N bond by combining a P-Cl bond-containing compound with a N-silyl bond-containing compound is disclosed in Bettermann et al. (" Reaction of N- or O-trimethylsilylated ethanolamine derivatives with phosphorus(III)-halogen compounds.
  • N 1 N 1 N 2 -trimethyl- N 2 -(trimethylsilyl)-1,2-ethanediamine is contacted with chlorodiphenylphosphine to give (2-(dimethylamino)ethyl(methyl)amino)diphenylphosphine.
  • a process is provided represented as and silyl derivatives thereof, represented as and as described above, more preferably represented as or silyl derivatives thereof, represented as and respectively, preferably as and respectively, wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , L, t, p, q, and n are as described above; R' independently selected is hydrogen, C 1-6 hydrocarbyl, or halide; more preferably and and the phosphacycle is not 8-aza-1-phosphatricylo[3.3.0.0 2,6 ]octane; preferably L is nitrogen or carbon, more preferably L is carbon; even more preferably the phosphacycle is not 8-aza-1-phosphatricylo[3.3.0.0 2,6 ]octane; preferably L is nitrogen, preferably the phosphacycle is a 5-membered phospholane wherein both atoms directly bonded to P are sp 3 hybridized and the phospholane is not 8-aza-1
  • the leaving group of the cyclic or acyclic phosphine precursor is chloride, bromide, iodide, mesylate, tosylate, or trifluoromethanesulfonate, preferably chloride or iodide, more preferably chloride.
  • the cyclic or acyclic phosphine precursor is a cyclic or acyclic phosphine chloride which is advantageously employed due to its ready availability, either commercially or through synthesis.
  • the cyclic or acyclic phosphine precursor is a cyclic or acyclic phosphine iodide which is preferred in some embodiments over the corresponding cyclic or acyclic phosphine chloride due to its greater reactivity with N-H or N-Si bonds.
  • the cyclic or acyclic phosphine chloride may be converted into the corresponding cyclic or acyclic phosphine iodide, the process comprising contacting the cyclic phosphine chloride with an iodide source wherein the iodide source is selected from the group comprising LiI, NaI, KI, MgI 2 , CaI 2 , SmI 2 (THF) 2 , R"' 4 NI, R"' 3 SiI, R"' 2 SiI 2 , R"'SiI 3 , and SiI 4 , wherein THF is tetrahydrofuran, R'" independently selected is hydrogen; C 1-20 , preferably C 1-12 , more preferably C 1-6 hydrocarbyl, preferably C 1-12 , more preferably C 1-6 , alkyl or C 2-20 , more preferably C 2-12 aryl or arylalkyl, still more
  • the preparation of the ligating compound may be achieved by combining wherein X 1 H 2 is either PH 2 or NH 2 , with a) a strong base comprising M, and with b) leaving group-containing derivatives of R 3 or R 4 , such as cyclic sulfate derivatives, such as or sulfonate derivatives, such as R 3 -sulfonate or R 4 - sulfonate, preferably wherein sulfonate is mesylate, tosylate, or triflate; or halide derivatives, such as R 3 -halide, or R 4 -halide, wherein the halide is Cl, Br, or I; is a divalent moiety in which R 1 and R 2 are linked together and is a divalent moiety in which R 3 and R 4 are linked together.
  • R 3 or R 4 leaving group-containing derivatives of R 3 or R 4 , such as cyclic sulfate derivatives, such as or sulfonate
  • the yield and purity of the ligating compound may be dependent to some extent on the reaction conditions, such as the temperature, the solvents employed, and the order of addition in which the precursors are contacted with each other.
  • Some minor experimentation, such as is known to be undertaken by one skilled in the art, may be desirable for optimization of the yield and purity, for example, in some cases it may be desirable to use any one or more of the reaction components in excess, such as 0.01 to 0.5-fold excess, or 0.5 - 5-fold excess, even as high as, or higher than 5 - 20-fold excess, in order to increase the rate of the reaction and to improve the conversion.
  • the poly(ligating compound) may be prepared using coupling reactions to link two or more ligating compounds together.
  • Suzuki cross-coupling reactions can couple a ligating compound having an organoboronic acid group with a ligating compound having an organohalide group.
  • ligating compounds may be prepared beginning with dihydrocarbylphosphine halide compounds.
  • ligating compounds having an arylhalide group may be prepared beginning with a diarylphosphine halide having an arylhalide group which themselves can be prepared as described by De Pater et al.
  • ( Pertluoro)alkylsilyl-Substituted 2-[Bis(4-aryl)phosphinolpyridines: Synthesis and Comparison of Their Palladium Complexes in Methoxycarbonylation of Phenylacetylene in Regular Solvents and Supercritical CO2 De Pater, J. J. M.; Maljaars, C. E. P.; De Wolf, E.; Lutz, M.; Spek, A.
  • ligating compounds having an arylboronic acid group may be prepared by contacting a ligating compound having an arylhalide group with butyllithium, then with a boronic ester.
  • the general reaction for preparing an arylboronic acid compound from an arylhalide in this manner has been described by Moleele et al. (" Methodology for the synthesis of 1,2-disubstituted arylnaphthalenes from ⁇ -tetralones", Moleele, S. S.; Michael, J. P.; De Koning, C. B. Tetrahedron 2006, 62, 2831-2844 .)
  • ligating compounds may be prepared by contacting a primary amine with cyclic and/or acyclic phosphine halide precursors.
  • the poly(ligating compound) species can be prepared by contacting a compound having two or more primary amine groups, such as 1,6-diaminohexane, with cyclic or acyclic phosphine halide precursors.
  • the invention provides a ligating compound-metal complex which is useful in catalysis, especially in hydroformylation, isomerization, hydrogenation, polymerization processes, especially the oligomerization of olefins such as ethylene.
  • the invention provides a ligating compound-chromium complex which is useful in the oligomerization of olefins such as ethylene.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex is a composition comprising a) a source of chromium and b) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound as described herein.
  • the ligating compound is bound to the chromium atom in the ligating compound-chromium complex in a bidentate fashion, but it is within the scope of the invention to envision other modes of bonding in addition to bidentate ligand bonding.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex R 1 R 2 P-Y-X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m [Cr] may be represented as wherein: P is phosphorus; X 1 is selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur; each of R 1 and R 2 is independently a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivative, a substituted or unsubstituted heterohydrocarbon derivative, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroatom group having from one to 50 non-hydrogen atoms; m is 0 or 1; R 1 and R 2 are linked together to form a divalent moiety represented as which together with P forms a cyclic structure (phosphacycle) containing from 3 to 10 ring atoms; each of R 3 and R 4 is independently hydrogen, halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivative, a substituted or unsubstituted heterohydrocarbon derivative, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroatom group having from one to 50
  • the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complex may be present as a monomer, represented as: or or as a dimer, represented as: or wherein [Cr]- - - -[Cr] represents the two [Cr] groups and the linkage between them in the dimer form of the ligating compound-chromium complex.
  • the invention comprises a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complex ("ligating compound-chromium complex”) as represented by: or or or or wherein P is phosphorus; X 1 is selected from nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur, preferably nitrogen or phosphorus, more preferably phosphorus; m is 0 or 1; each L is independently selected from boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur, preferably carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, or sulfur, more preferably carbon or nitrogen; R 1 and R 2 are each independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivatives, substituted or unsubstituted heterohydrocarbon derivatives, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroatom group; R 1 , P, and R 2 together form a phosphacycle; when R 3 , R 4 , and X 1 are linked together, they form a phosphacycle when X 1 is phosphorus and they
  • At least one, preferably two, phosphacycles do not contain more than one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond in each phosphacycle, preferably not more than one unsaturated bond in each phosphacycle.
  • Phosphacycles or azacycles are ring or cyclic compounds comprising at least one phosphorus or nitrogen atom, respectively, in the ring or cycle.
  • Each R 1 and R 2 independently contains from 1 to 50 non-hydrogen atoms; each R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 independently contains from 0 to 50 non-hydrogen atoms; preferably each R 5 independently contains from 0 to 40 non-hydrogen atoms, more preferably from 0 to 20 non-hydrogen atoms, and most preferably from 0 to 12 non-hydrogen atoms; optionally, at least one R 5 group is a divalent group bonded to L via a double bond.
  • the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complex is represented by wherein q is 0,1, or 2; p is 1,2, 3, or 4; t is 0, 1,2,3, or 4; v is 0, 1,2,3, or 4; m is 0 or 1; L, R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , and X 1 are as defined above; further provided that in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to
  • the L atoms of the phosphacycle or azacycle are each independently carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen; [L(R 5 ) q ] p is as defined above.
  • all L atoms of either phosphacycle which are directly attached to the phosphorus of the phosphacycle are carbon; [L(R 5 ) q ] p is as defined above.
  • Preferred phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complexes are represented by: wherein [L(R 5 ) q ] of the phosphacycle or azacycle independently selected is C(R 5 ), O, N, N(R 5 ), or C(R 5 ) 2 ; [L(R 5 ) q ] p is as defined above; q is 0, 1, or 2; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; t is 1, 2, 3, or 4; v is 1, 2, 3, or 4; m is 0 or 1, X 1 is nitrogen, phosphorus, or oxygen, preferably nitrogen or phosphorus, more preferably phosphorus; R 5 are each independently hydrogen; halogen; C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivative, preferably C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivative, more preferably C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivative; C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted heterohydrocarbon derivative, preferably C 1-20 substituted
  • the number of chiral ring atoms, not including the P or X 1 attached to [L(R 6 ) q ] p , in each of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings in the ligating compound-chromium complex can range from zero (none) up to one less than the number of ring atoms in each ring.
  • no carbon atoms in either of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • only one carbon atom in the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings is chiral.
  • only one carbon atom in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings is chiral. In some embodiments, at least one of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings is chiral. In some embodiments, at least one of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings is chiral. In some embodiments, at least two of the carbon atoms in any one of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • At least two of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least two of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, exactly two of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • exactly two of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least three of the carbon atoms in any one of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least three of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least three of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • exactly three of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, exactly three of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least four of the carbon atoms in any one of the 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, at least four of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • At least four of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, exactly four of the carbon atoms in at least one of the one or two 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral. In some embodiments, exactly four of the carbon atoms in each of the one or two 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings are chiral.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex may or may not be optically active.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex contains only one 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle ring and no azacycle ring attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p
  • one, preferably two, L atoms in the phosphacycle ring attached to the P atom in the phosphacycle ring which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are carbon, and one, more preferably two, of these L atoms are chiral.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex contains two 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p
  • one to four L atoms in the phosphacycle or azacycle rings attached to the P or N atoms in the phosphacycle or azacycle rings which are attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are carbon atoms, and one, preferably two, more preferably three, most preferably four of these L atoms are chiral.
  • none of the 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle rings of the invention is chiral, preferably one or more 4-membered rings have chiral carbon atoms at the 2- and 4-positions, preferably both chiral carbon atoms have the R configuration or both have the S configuration; one or more 5-membered rings have chiral carbon atoms at the 2- and 5-positions, preferably both chiral carbon atoms have the R configuration or both have the S configuration; one or more 6-membered rings have chiral carbon atoms at the 2- and 6-positions, preferably both chiral carbon atoms have the R configuration or both have the S configuration; and one or more 7-membered rings have chiral carbon atoms at the 2- and 7-positions, preferably both chiral carbon atoms have the R configuration or both have the S configuration.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complexes may comprise a single isomer or mixture of various isomers, including stereoisomers, whether configurational, conformational, geometric, or optical. Mixtures of ligating compound-chromium complexes comprising chiral ligating compound-chromium complexes which are racemic, enantioenriched, or enantiomerically pure are preferred.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complexes having only one 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle ring and no azacycle ring, and wherein the phosphacycle ring has two chiral carbons may have the following configurational isomers: R,R; R,S; S,R; and S,S.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex is a mixture of ligating compound-chromium complexes substantially comprising the R,S and S,R isomers of a single ligating compound-chromium complex in any proportion, more preferably the ligating compound-chromium complex is a mixture of ligating compound-chromium complexes substantially comprising the R,R and S,S isomers of a single ligating compound-chromium complex in any proportion.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex may have the following configurational isomers: R,R,R,R; R,R,R,S; R,R,S,R; R,S,R,R; S,R,R,R; R,R,S,S; R,S,R,S; S,R,R,S; R,S,S,R; S,R,S,R; S,S,R,R; S,S,S
  • both phosphacycle or azacycle rings of the ligating compound-chromium complex have the same configuration, for example, both are R,R or R,S or S,R or S,S, whereby preferred isomer configurations of the ligating compound-chromium complex are R,R,R,R; R,S,R,S; S,R,S,R; and S,S,S,S.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex is a mixture substantially comprising the R,S,R,S and S,R,S,R isomers of a single ligating compound-chromium complex in any proportion, more preferably the ligating compound-chromium complex is a mixture substantially comprising the R,R,R,R and S,S,S,S isomers of a single ligating compound-chromium complex in any proportion.
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] of the phosphacycle or azacycle independently selected is C(R 5 ), N, N(R 5 ), or C(R 5 ) 2 ;
  • X 1 is phosphorus or nitrogen;
  • t and v are each independently 1, 2, 3, or 4.
  • one to six [L(R 5 ) q ] groups of each 4-, 5-, 6-, and 7-membered phosphacycle or azacycle are C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 , more preferably C(R 5 ) 2 .
  • At least one, more preferably two, even more preferably three, still more preferably four, [L(R 5 ) q ] groups of each phosphacycle or azacycle are C(R 5 ) 2 .
  • at least one, more preferably two, [L(R 5 ) q ] groups of each phosphacycle or azacycle are C(R 5 ).
  • one, more preferably two, of the C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups of at least one phosphacycle or azacycle are attached to a P or N atom in the phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 6 ) q ] p .
  • both R 5 groups of the one, more preferably two, C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to a P or N atom in at least one phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are identical; more preferably they are not identical.
  • R 5 group of at least one, preferably two, C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to a P or N atom in at least one phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p is hydrogen, more preferably exactly one R 5 group of at least one, preferably two, C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to a P or N atom in at least one phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p is not hydrogen.
  • both C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to a P or N atom in at least one phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are identical to each other. More preferably two C(R 5 ) q groups are attached to a P or N atom in each phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p .
  • both C(R 5 )H groups attached to the P or N atom in the phosphacycle or azacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p are the same.
  • both C(R 5 )H groups attached to the P atom in the phosphacycle which is attached to [L(R 5 ) q ] p have the same R or S configuration.
  • X 1 is a P atom and X 1 , R 3 , and R 4 form a phosphacycle
  • the phosphacycle is identical to the phosphacycle formed by P, R 1 and R 2 .
  • the L atoms of phosphacycles or azacycles are independently carbon or nitrogen.
  • Preferably at least two L atoms in each phosphacycle or azacycle are carbon.
  • t and v are each independently 1, 2, or 3, preferably 1 or 2.
  • at least one of t and v is 2, more preferably t is 2.
  • t is 2; and at least one, preferably two, of L in the phosphacycle is carbon.
  • t is 2; and at least one, preferably two, of L in the phosphacycle is nitrogen.
  • v is 2; and at least one, preferably two, of L in the ring comprising X 1 are carbon.
  • v is 2; and at least one, preferably two, of L in the ring comprising X 1 are nitrogen. More preferably X 1 is phosphorus. More preferably t and v are each 2. More preferably t and v are each 2 and X 1 is phosphorus.
  • the X 1 , R 3 , and R 4 groups of X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m do not form a cycle, m is 0 or 1, preferably m is 1; preferably X 1 is nitrogen, more preferably X 1 is phosphorus.
  • X 1 is phosphorus and 5-membered ligating compound-chromium complexes are represented by: wherein q is 1 or 2; preferably L(R 5 ) q of the phosphacycles is C(R 5 ), N(R 5 ), or C(R 5 ) 2 , preferably [L(R 5 ) q ] p is C(R 5 ), N(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , C(R 5 )C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 C(R 5 ) 2 , more preferably N(R 5 ) or C(R 5 )C(R 5 ); the C(R 5 ) q attached to P is C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , or C(R 3 )H, preferably C(R 5 )H; further provided that in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing lig
  • At least one, more preferably two, phosphacycles contain at least one, preferably two, [L(R 5 ) q ] groups each which are C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 .
  • At most one bond in at least one phosphacycle is an unsaturated bond, preferably all bonds in at least one phosphacycle are saturated bonds.
  • at least one, preferably two, 5-membered phosphacycles are saturated, meaning they contain no unsaturated bonds.
  • one 5-membered phosphacycle is saturated, and one phosphacycle, preferably one 5-membered phosphacycle, has two unsaturated bonds, preferably exactly one unsaturated bond.
  • one 5-membered phosphacycle has exactly one unsaturated bond
  • one phosphacycle, preferably one 5-membered phosphacycle has two unsaturated bonds, preferably exactly one unsaturated bond, more preferably no unsaturated bonds.
  • the unsaturated bonds are carbon-carbon unsaturated bonds.
  • the unsaturated bonds are carbon-nitrogen unsaturated bonds.
  • Preferred 5-membered phosphacycles of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complex are independently selected, as represented by: and their enantiomers.
  • Preferred 5-membered ring phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complexes may be built up by independently selecting one preferred 5-membered phosphacycle from above, connecting it to one valence of the [L(R 5 ) q ] p divalent linking group, and connecting the remaining free valence of the divalent linking group either to a second independently selected phosphacycle, preferably a preferred 5-membered phosphacycle from above, or to X 1 R 3 R 4 , wherein X 1 is phosphorus or nitrogen, preferably phosphorus, to form a ligating compound and then combining the ligating compound with a source of chromium to introduce the [Cr] group.
  • Non-limiting examples of preferred non-5-membered ring phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complexes are represented by: and their enantiomers wherein in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; optionally from two to ten, preferably from two to six, independently selected lig
  • the [L(R 5 ) q ] p divalent linking group is NR 5 , C(R 5 ), C(R 5 )C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 or C(R 5 ) 2 C(R 5 ) 2 , preferably N(R 5 ).
  • Non-limiting examples of the preferred 5-membered ring phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complexes are represented by and their enantiomers wherein in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; optionally from two to ten, preferably from two to six, independently selected ligating compound
  • the [L(R 5 ) q ] p divalent linking group is NR 5 , C(R 5 ), C(R 5 )C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 or C(R 5 ) 2 C(R 5 ) 2 , preferably N(R 5 ).
  • R 5 group in at least one, preferably two, C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups attached to the P atom in at least one, preferably two, phosphacycles is hydrogen.
  • Representative, but not limiting, examples are: and their enantiomers wherein in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably
  • any R 5 groups attached to the nitrogen atoms in the 5-membered phosphacycles are not hydrogen, preferably any R 5 groups attached to the nitrogen atoms in the 5-membered phosphacycles are hydrocarbyl, preferably C 1-4 alkyl, C 6-10 aryl, or C 7-10 arylalkyl, more preferably methyl, ethyl, phenyl, benzyl, or tolyl; preferably the R 5 groups attached to the ring carbon atom of the C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups at the 3- and 4-positions on the 5-membered phosphacycle are hydrogen atoms; preferably the R 5 groups attached to at least one of the ring carbon atoms of the C(R 5 ) groups, wherein the ring carbon atoms of the C(R 5 ) groups are bonded to another ring atom by means of an unsaturated bond, preferably carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, are hydrogen atoms or are part of an
  • At least one, preferably two, of the R 5 groups attached to the ring carbon atom of the C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 groups at the 2- and 5-positions on the 5-membered phosphacycle are independently alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, preferably aryl, substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, preferably aryl or substituted aryl; preferably exactly one R 5 group attached to the ring carbon atom of the C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 group at each 2-position and at each 5-position on the 5-membered phosphacycle is alkyl, substituted alkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, arylalkyl, substituted arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or substituted heteroaryl, preferably aryl, substituted aryl, preferably
  • R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 are each independently C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, preferably C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, more preferably C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl; C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl; C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted
  • R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 attached to a ring nitrogen atom of the 5-membered ring phosphacycle are Ar
  • R 5 attached to a ring nitrogen atom of the 5-membered ring phosphacycle is Ar'
  • Ar independently is C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl
  • C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl
  • Ar' independently is C 1-4 alkyl
  • L of the phosphacycles is carbon and 5-membered ligating compound-chromium complexes are represented by: wherein q is 1 or 2; preferably [L(R 5 ) q ] p is C(R 5 ), N(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , C(R 5 )C(R 5 ) or C(R 5 ) 2 C(R 5 ) 2 , more preferably N(R 5 ) or C(R 5 )C(R 5 ); the C(R 5 ) q attached to P is C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , or C(R 5 )H, preferably C(R 5 )H.
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5 and 5-membered phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complexes are represented by: or or or wherein q is 1 or 2; the C(R 5 ) q attached to P is C(R 5 ), C(R 5 ) 2 , or C(R 5 )H, preferably C(R 5 )H.
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] at the 3- and 4-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CH 2 ;
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] at the 2- and 5-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CR 5 H;
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5 , and 5-membered phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complexes are represented by:
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] at the 2- and 5-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CR 5 H; the carbon atoms at the 2- and 5-positions are chiral; preferably both carbon atoms at the 2- and 5-positions in each phosphacycle ring have the same R or S configuration;
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5 ;
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] at the 3- and 4-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CH 2
  • 5-membered phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complexes are represented by: and their enantiomers.
  • Non-limiting examples of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complexes are: and their enantiomers.
  • Ar at the 2- and 5-positions of the phosphacycle rings is phenyl optionally substituted with R 5 ; [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5 ; preferably [L(R 5 ) q ] at the 3- and 4-positions of the phosphacycle ring are CH 2 , and 5-membered phosphacycle-containing ligating compound chromium complexes are represented by: and their enantiomers wherein n independently selected is an integer from zero to five, preferably from zero to three.
  • Ar independently is C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; C 2-40 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, preferably C 2-20 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, more preferably C 2-12 substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl; preferably Ar is independently phenyl, substituted phenyl, furanyl, substituted furanyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, substituted pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, and substituted pyridinyl, more preferably phenyl, substituted phenyl, and furanyl; further provided that in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more Ar
  • each R 3 or R 4 group directly attached to the phosphorus-atom is considered to be at the 1-position of that particular group for the purpose of numbering the positions of atoms or substituents in the R 3 or R 4 group.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are represented by alkyl, substituted alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, furanyl, substituted furanyl, thienyl, substituted thienyl, pyrrolyl, substituted pyrrolyl, pyridinyl, and substituted pyridinyl; preferably the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound chromium complexes are represented by and their enantiomers wherein Ar independently is halogen; C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, preferably C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, more preferably C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, even more preferably C 1-6 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, especially methyl, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, ethyl, ethoxy
  • X'" is independently N, O or S, preferably O.
  • X" independently is hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, methyl, methoxy, t-butyl, phenyl, nitro or cyano.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted phenyl or unsubstituted furanyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted phenyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted phenyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl or substituted alkyl, preferably methyl, trifluoromethyl or t -butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably fluorine; preferably at least one, more preferably each, substituted phenyl is substituted at the 2-position with cyano, nitro, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine or chlorine, more preferably fluorine and is substituted at one or more of the 3-, 4-, 5-, 6-positions with cyano, nitro, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine,
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted pyridinyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted pyridinyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t -butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably fluorine; preferably at least one, more preferably each, substituted pyridinyl is substituted at the 2-position with cyano, nitro, fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably fluorine or chlorine, more preferably fluorine.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted pyridinyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted pyridinyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted pyridinyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t -butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably fluorine.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted pyrrolyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted pyrrolyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted pyrrolyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t -butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably methyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted furanyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted furanyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted furanyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t -butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably methyl.
  • R 3 and R 4 independently are substituted or unsubstituted thienyl.
  • R 3 or R 4 independently is substituted thienyl, and at least one X" on at least one, preferably each, substituted thienyl is halogen, preferably fluorine or chlorine, C 1-4 alkyl, preferably methyl or t-butyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, preferably methoxy or ethoxy, C 6-10 aryl, preferably phenyl or tolyl, cyano or nitro, more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably methyl.
  • halogen preferably fluorine or chlorine
  • C 1-4 alkyl preferably methyl or t-butyl
  • C 1-4 alkoxy preferably methoxy or ethoxy
  • C 6-10 aryl preferably phenyl or tolyl
  • cyano or nitro more preferably fluorine, chlorine or methyl, even more preferably methyl.
  • Non-limiting examples of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound chromium complexes are: and their enantiomers wherein in at least one phosphacycle of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; two or more Ar or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the same L atom may be optionally linked together to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; optionally from two to ten, preferably from two to six, independently selected ligating compound-chromium complexes may be linked together via their
  • Ar at the 2- and 5-positions of the phosphacycle rings is phenyl optionally substituted with R 5 ;
  • [L(R 5 ) q ] p of the divalent linking group is NR 5
  • 5-membered phosphacycle-containing ligating compound chromium complexes are represented by: and their enantiomers, wherein n independently selected is an integer from zero to five, preferably from zero to three, more preferably zero to one;
  • R 5 is halogen, C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; preferably fluorine, chlorine, bromine, C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; more preferably fluorine, chlorine, C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl;
  • X" at the 2-position of the phenyl ring attached to P is fluorine
  • X" at the 6-position of the phenyl ring attached to P is hydrogen
  • 5-membered phosphacycle-containing ligating compound chromium complexes are represented by: and their enantiomers, wherein n independently selected is an integer from zero to five, preferably from zero to three, more preferably zero to one;
  • R 5 is halogen, C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-40 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; preferably fluorine, chlorine, bromine, C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-20 substituted or unsubstituted aryl; more preferably fluorine, chlorine, C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, C 1-12 substituted or unsubstituted aryl;
  • R 3 is C 1-40 substituted or unsub
  • the group Y which links P and X 1 together in the ligating compound-chromium complexes, is a divalent linking group [L(R 5 ) q ] p , wherein p is an integer number from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, preferably 1, 2, or 3, more preferably 1 or 2; q is 0, 1, or 2; consisting of the linking part [L] p and the R 5 pendant groups wherein the R 5 pendant groups independently selected are attached to the L atoms of the [L] p linking part.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of 1 to 6, preferably of 1 to 4, preferably 1, 2, or 3, more preferably 1 or 2 L atoms; L is independently selected from the group consisting of boron, carbon, silicon, germanium, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur. Preferably L is independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • each L(R 5 ) q group is independently -N-, -N(R 5 )-, -P(R 5 )-, -P(O)(R 5 )-, -P(S)(R 5 )-, -C(O)-,-C(R 5 )-, -C(R 5 ) 2 -, -Si(R 5 ) 2 -, -O-, -S-, S(O)-, and -SO 2 -, preferably N, N(R 5 ), C(R 5 ), or C(R 5 ) 2 .
  • the linking part [L] p consists of C and the divalent linking group is [C(R 5 ) q ] wherein q is 1 or 2.
  • [C(R 5 ) q ] linking groups include:
  • [C(R 5 ) q ] linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is not C and the divalent linking group is not [C(R 5 ) q ] wherein q is 1 or 2.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of C-C and the divalent linking group is [C(R 5 ) q ] 2 wherein q independently is 1 or 2 and at least one q is 2.
  • [C(R 5 ) q ] 2 linking groups include:
  • [C(R 5 ) q ] 2 linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is not C-C and the divalent linking group is not [C(R 5 ) q ] 2 wherein q independently is 1 or 2 and at least one q is 2.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of C-C and the divalent linking group is [C(R 5 )] 2 wherein both carbon atoms are connected with a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, or both carbon atoms are connected to their respectively R 5 groups with unsaturated bonds.
  • [C(R 5 )] 2 linking groups include:
  • [C(R 5 )] 2 linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is not C-C and the divalent linking group is not [C(R 5 )] 2 wherein both carbon atoms are connected with a carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, or both carbon atoms are connected to their respectively R 5 groups with unsaturated bonds.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of N or N-N and the divalent linking group is [NR 5 ] or [NR 5 ] 2 .
  • the divalent linking group is [NR 5 ] or [NR 5 ] 2 .
  • [NR 5 ] or [NR 5 ] 2 linking groups include:
  • [NR 5 ] or [NR 5 ] 2 linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is neither N nor N-N and the divalent linking group is neither [NR 5 ] nor [NR 5 ] 2 .
  • [NR 5 ] does not comprise
  • a ligating compound of the form R 1 R 2 P-Y-X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m or R 1 R 2 P-[L(R 5 ) q ] p -X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m where Y or [L(R 5 ) q ] p is -N(R 5 )- and X 1 R 3 (R 4 ) m is PR 3 R 4 , exists in its isomeric 'P-P N' form.
  • the structural formulation of the ligating compound in its pure and isolated form it and its use are embodiments of the present invention, especially if it exists in the 'P-N-P' form when used in an oligomerization process, more especially when it is bound to chromium in an oligomerization process.
  • the linking part [L] p consists of C-N and the divalent linking group is [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 ) q ] wherein q independently is 1 or 2 for C(R 5 ) q and 0 or 1 for N(R 5 ) q .
  • [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 ) q ] linking groups include:
  • [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 )] linking groups include:
  • the linking part [L] p is not C-N and the divalent linking group is not [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 ) q ] wherein q independently is 1 or 2 for C(R 5 ) q and 0 or 1 for N(R 5 ) q .
  • [C(R 5 ) q N(R 5 ) q ] does not comprise
  • the L atoms of the linking part [L] p are selected from the group consisting of B, O, S, Si, and C wherein at least one L is not C; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and the divalent linking group is [(C(R 5 ) 2 ) k X' r (C(R 5 ) 2 ) k' ] wherein X' independently selected is BR 5 , O, S, SO, SO 2 , or Si(R 5 ) 2 ; k is 0 or 1; k' is 0 or 1; r is 1, 2, or 3.
  • r + k + k' 1, 2,or 3.
  • linking groups include:
  • the L atoms of the linking part [L] p are not selected from the group consisting of B, O, S, Si, and C wherein at least one L is not C; p is 1, 2, 3, or 4; and the divalent linking group is not I(C(R 5 ) 2 ) k X' r (C(R 5 ) 2 ) k' ] wherein X' independently selected is BR 5 , O, S, SO, SO 2 , or Si(R 5 ) 2 ; k is 0 or 1; k' is 0 or 1; r is 1, 2, or 3.
  • phosphacycle-containing ligating compound chromium complexes represented by: the L atoms are connected to each other, independently for each connection, with single bonds or with unsaturated bonds with the proviso that in at least one phosphacycle of the ligating compound, both atoms directly bonded to P or X 1 are sp 3 hybridized; preferably at least one phosphacycle does not contain more than one carbon-carbon unsaturated bond, preferably not more than one unsaturated bond, more preferably at least one, preferably two, phosphacycles contain no unsaturated bonds; two or more R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups are optionally linked together to form cyclic structures containing from 4 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 4 to 7 ring atoms; two or more R 5 groups independently are linked together with at least one L atom to form a cyclic structure that contains from 3 to 10 ring atoms, preferably from 3 to 7 ring atoms; two R 5 groups attached to the
  • no two R 5 , R 3 , or R 4 groups are linked together to form a cyclic structure.
  • at least two R 5 groups are linked together to form a cyclic structure.
  • Preferably at least one R 5 group on a first L(R 5 ) q group is linked together with at least one R 5 group on an adjacent second L(R 5 ) q group together with the L atom from the first L(R 5 ) q group and the L atom from the adjacent second L(R 5 ) q group to form an cyclic structure containing from 4 to 10 atoms, preferably 4 to 7 atoms, in the ring part of the cyclic structure.
  • the ring is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group, such as cyclopentanediyl, cyclohexanediyl, dioxolanediyl, tetrahydrofurandiyl, pyrrolidinediyl, piperidinediyl, piperazinediyl, pyrazolidinediyl.
  • cyclopentanediyl such as cyclopentanediyl, cyclohexanediyl, dioxolanediyl, tetrahydrofurandiyl, pyrrolidinediyl, piperidinediyl, piperazinediyl, pyrazolidinediyl.
  • the ring is a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl or aromatic group, such as cyclopentenediyl, cyclohexenediyl, cyclopentadienediyl, phenylene, naphthalenediyl, pyridinediyl, pyrrolediyl, imidazoldiyl, pyridazinediyl, pyridazinedionediyl, quinoxalinediyl, thiazolediyl, thiophenediyl, furandiyl, or cyclopentadienyl-diyl, wherein preferably the cyclopentadienyl group is part of an ⁇ 5 -bonded transition metal complex, wherein preferably the ⁇ 5 -bonded transition metal complex comprises Fe, Ti, Zr, or Hf.
  • cyclopentadienyl group is part of an ⁇ 5 -bonded transition metal complex, wherein
  • the ring is a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbyl group, such as cyclobutanediyl, cyclopentanediyl, cyclohexanediyl, tetrahydrofurandiyl, or cyclopentenediyl.
  • R 3 , R 4 , and R 5 independently selected are hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo, cyano; substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon derivatives, preferably substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups having 1-20, preferably 1-12, more preferably 1-6, non-hydrogen atoms, preferably methyl, trifluoromethyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, s-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl; preferably substituted or unsubstituted unsaturated groups, including alkylidene, alkenyl, aryl, or arylalkyl groups, having 2-20, preferably 2-12, more preferably 2-8, still more preferably 2-6, non-hydrogen atoms, preferably vinyl, methylidene, ethylidene,
  • R 3 and R 4 preferably are substituted or unsubstituted aryl or arylalkyl groups, more preferably substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups.
  • R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups independently selected, are linked together, the moiety they form is di- or polyvalent, depending on how many R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups are linked together. For example, if two R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups are linked together, the moiety is divalent; if three R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups are linked together, the moiety is trivalent.
  • the linked R 3 , R 4 , or R 5 groups are not hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, bromo or cyano.
  • phosphacycle-containing ligating compound chromium complexes of the present invention include the following compositions: and their enantiomers.
  • the [Cr]- - - -[Cr] linkage between the two [Cr] groups in the dimer form of the ligating compound-chromium complex is not limited to represent a Cr-Cr bond, but rather represents that the two independently selected [Cr] units are connected or associated through bonding interactions, for example, a Cr-Cr bond; bridging anionic ligands between the chromium atoms, such as bridging halide ligands, especially chloride, bromide, and iodide; bridging hydride ligands; bridging hydrocarbyl ligands, especially methyl, ethyl, ethanediyl, butanediyl, hexanediyl, octanediyl; bridging carboxylate ligands, especially acetate, octoate, 2-ethylhexaneoate; bridging sulfonate ligands,
  • the ancillary ligands attached to the chromium atom in [Cr], that is, the ligands attached to the chromium atom, not including the ligating compound, can include anionic or neutral ligands.
  • the anionic or neutral ligands attached to the chromium atom in [Cr] can arise from the source of chromium, from the optional at least one solvent in which the ligating compound and the source of chromium may be contacted to form the ligating compound-chromium complex, from the ligating compound, from the at least one activator, or from other optional components that may be added.
  • Anionic ligands attached to the chromium atom in [Cr] are selected from the group comprising halide anions, especially chloride, bromide, or iodide; ⁇ -ketonates, such as acetylacetonate, hexafluoroacetylacetonate, methylacetylacetonate, 3-acetylpentane-2,4-dionate; carboxylate anions, such as formate, acetate, propionate, benzoate, 2-ethylhexanoate, or trifluoroacetate; sulfonates, such as methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate; hydrocarbyl groups and derivatives thereof, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, allyl, neopentyl, phenyl, mesity
  • Neutral ligands attached to the chromium atom in [Cr] are selected from the group comprising neutral Lewis bases, including, but not limited to ethers, such as THF (tetrahydrofuran) or diethyl ether; alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol; nitriles, such as acetonitrile or benzonitrile; amines, such as triethylamine or ethylenediamine; phosphines, such as trimethylphosphine, triethylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, or bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane; imines, such as N-ethylidene-benzenamine or N-(1-methylethylidene)-2-propanamine; water; carbonyl (CO); preferably carbonyl and THF.
  • ethers such as THF (tetrahydrofuran) or diethyl ether
  • alcohols such as methanol or
  • independently selected ligating compound-chromium complexes may be linked together via their respective independently selected Ar, Ar', X", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups to form a poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species.
  • the poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species may take the form of dendrimers, oligomers or polymers of the ligating compound-chromium complexes.
  • the poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species may be a linear, branched, or cyclic dendrimer, oligomer or polymer, wherein each monomer unit is an individual independently selected ligating compound-chromium complex. In one embodiment all of the individual ligating compound-chromium complexes are the same as each other. In one embodiment the individual ligating compound-chromium complexes are not all the same as each other.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complexes may be linked to form the poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species by removing one or more independently selected atoms, preferably one atom, from one or more of the respective independently selected Ar, Ar', X", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups of each ligating compound-chromium complex to provide one or more free valencies on each ligating compound-chromium complex and then linking the ligating compound-chromium complexes having one or more free valencies to each other at the free valence sites to form the poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complexes are linked via their corresponding independently selected Ar, Ar', X", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups (e.g., R 1 from one ligating compound-chromium complex is linked with R 1 from another ligating compound-chromium complex or Y from one ligating compound-chromium complex is linked with Y from another ligating compound-chromium complex).
  • the ligating compound-chromium complexes are linked, but not via their corresponding independently selected Ar, Ar', X", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups (e.g., R 2 from one ligating compound-chromium complex is linked with a group from another ligating compound-chromium complex other than R 2 ).
  • the poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species may be formed by combining a poly(ligating compound) with a chromium source.
  • the poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species may be formed by contacting individual ligating compound-chromium complexes, whereby each individual ligating compound-chromium complex possesses at least one functional group on at least one Ar, Ar', X", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 group which can combine with a functional group of another individual ligating compound-chromium complex to form a bond.
  • the poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species may be formed by linking ligating compound-chromium complexes using the ancillary ligands which are part of [Cr], for example, ligating compound-chromium complexes which dimerize via bridging chloride ligands.
  • a poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species formed by linking ligating compound-chromium complexes using the ancillary ligands which are part of [Cr] is prone to dissociation under oligomerization conditions
  • a poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species in which the individual ligating compound-chromium complexes are linked via their respective Ar, Ar', X", Y, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 or R 5 groups is believed not to dissociate under oligomerization conditions into its individual ligating compound-chromium complexes.
  • poly(ligating compound-chromium complex) species include: and their enantiomers.
  • the invention provides a process to prepare the ligating compound-chromium complexes which are useful in the oligomerization of olefins such as ethylene.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex may be prepared by combining in any order a) a source of chromium and b) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound as described herein, optionally in the presence of at least one solvent.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex formed by combining the source of chromium and b) a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound optionally may or may not be isolated; optionally the ligating compound-chromium complex may be formed in situ, for example, in the oligomerization reactor.
  • the preparation of the ligating compound-chromium complex may be carried out at temperatures ranging from -100 °C to 250 °C, preferably from -78 °C to 150 °C, more preferably from 0 °C to 110 °C, even more preferably from 20 °C to 80 °C.
  • the optional at least one solvent in which the ligating compound and the source of chromium are contacted to form the ligating compound-chromium complex may be any inert solvent, especially inert solvents selected from the group comprising pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, 1-hexene, 1-octene, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, mesitylene, commercial saturated hydrocarbons mixtures, such as Isopar- ETM, THF, diethyl ether, chloroform, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethane, tetrachloroethane, chlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, chlorobenzene,
  • the process to prepare the ligating compound-chromium complex is carried out under inert atmosphere conditions.
  • the ligating compound-chromium complex may form as a monomer or as a dimer.
  • the reaction of 1,2-bis[(2S,5S)-2,5-dimethylphospholano]benzene, (Me-DuPhos), with CrCl 3 (THF) 3 ), (trichlorotris(tetrahydrofuran)chromium), in THF gives the monomeric ligating compound-chromium complex Me-DuPhos-CrCl 3 THF), while in hot toluene the dimeric ligating compound-chromium complex (Me-DuPhos-CrCl 3 ) 2 forms.
  • the dimer form of a ligating compound-chromium complex may be obtained upon recrystallization of the monomer form.
  • the source of chromium and the ligating compound may be contacted in proportions to provide Cr:ligating compound ratios from 1000:1 to 1:1000, preferably from 100:1 to 1:100, more preferably from 10:1 to 1:10, even more preferably from 1.3:1 to 1:1.3, still even more preferably from 1.1:1 to 1:1.1
  • 'inert solvent' and 'inert atmosphere' mean that the solvent, respectively, atmosphere, do not interfere substantially with the formation of the ligating compound-chromium complex; preferably this means that the solvent, respectively, atmosphere, are substantially free of oxygen and/or other components which could interfere with formation of the ligating compound-chromium complex or could cause decomposition of the ligating compound or ligating compound-chromium complex.
  • the preparation of the ligating compound-chromium complex may optionally be carried out in the presence of an activator.
  • the preparation of the ligating compound-chromium complex may occur as part of the process to prepare the catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins.
  • chromium precursors Sources of chromium, sometimes referred to as "chromium precursors", are known in the literature. Illustrative publications include United States Patent ( US) 7,378,537 and US 7,425,661 . To the extent permitted by US law, these references are incorporated herein.
  • the source of chromium is selected from a group comprising CrCl 3 (THF) 3 (trichlorotris(tetrahydrofuran)chromium), CrBr 3 (THF) 3 , Crl 3 (THF) 3 , CrCl 3 , CrBr 3 , CrI 3 , CrCl 2 , CrCl 2 (THF) 2 , Cr(acac) 3 , (chromium(III)acetylacetonate), Cr(acetate) 3 (chromium(III)acetate), Cr(2-ethylhexanoate) 3 (chromium (III) 2-ethylhexanoate), (THF) 3 CrMeCl 2 , (Mes) 3 Cr(THF), ((TFA) 2 Cr(OEt) 2 ) 2 , (THF) 3 CrPh 3 , Cr(NMe 3 ) 2 Cl 3 , Cr(neopentyl) 3 (THF) 3
  • THF
  • the source of chromium is preferably selected from a group consisting of CrCl 3 (THF) 3 , CrCl 3 , Cr(acac) 3 , Cr(acetate) 3 , Cr(2-ethylhexanoate) 3 , CrCl 2 , CrCl 2 (THF) 2 , Cr(CO) 6 , and mixtures thereof.
  • Mes means mesityl or 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl
  • TRA means trifluoroacetate
  • acac means acetylacetonato.
  • the invention provides an oligomerization catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, wherein the catalyst system is a composition comprising a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one, preferably one, phosphacycle-containing ligating compound as described herein.
  • the catalyst system is the composition comprising one or more activators and at least one, preferably one, phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complex wherein the at least one, preferably one, ligating compound-chromium complex comprises a source of chromium and at least one, preferably one, phosphacycle-containing ligating compound.
  • Another embodiment of the catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins is the composition prepared by combining a) the source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one, preferably one, phosphacycle-containing ligating compound together in any order, optionally in the presence of at least one solvent, either in the reactor in which the oligomerization process of this invention is carried out or not in the reactor, either in the presence or absence of at least one olefin, preferably in the presence of the at least one olefin, preferably ethylene, to be oligomerized, optionally the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complex is formed in situ by combining the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound and the chromium source, optionally the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound and the chromium source are combined in situ.
  • Another embodiment of the catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins is the composition prepared by a) combining the one or more activators with at least one, preferably one, ligating compound and b) combining the resulting combination with the source of chromium.
  • Another embodiment of the catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins is the composition prepared by a) combining the one or more activators with the source of chromium and b) combining the resulting combination with at least one, preferably one, ligating compound.
  • Another embodiment of the catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins is the composition prepared by combining the source of chromium, the one or more activators, and at least one, preferably one, ligating compound concurrently.
  • Another embodiment of the catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins is the composition prepared by a) combining a source of chromium with at least one, preferably one, ligating compound and b) not isolating the resulting combination, and c) combining the combination with the one or more activators.
  • Another embodiment of the catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins is the composition prepared by a) combining a source of chromium with at least one, preferably one, ligating compound and b) isolating the resulting combination
  • Another embodiment of the catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins is the composition prepared by a) combining a source of chromium with at least one, preferably one, ligating compound and b) not isolating the resulting combination.
  • a more preferred embodiment of the catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins is the composition prepared by combining a) at least one, preferably one, isolated ligating compound-chromium complex (as described above), which is prepared by combining the source of chromium with at least one, preferably one, ligating compound, optionally in the presence of at least one solvent, and isolating the product; with b) the one or more activators, optionally in the presence of one or more solvents.
  • the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, wherein the catalyst system is a composition comprising a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one phosphacycle-containing ligating compound as described herein.
  • the catalyst system is the composition comprising one or more activators and at least one, preferably one, phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-chromium complex wherein the ligating compound-chromium complex comprises a source of chromium and at least one, preferably one, phosphacycle-containing ligating compound.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the steps of the process comprising combining a) the source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one phosphacycle-containing ligating compound together in any order, optionally in the presence of at least one solvent, either in the reactor in which the oligomerization process of this invention is carried out or not in the reactor, either in the presence or absence of at least one olefin, preferably in the presence of the at least one olefin, preferably ethylene, to be oligomerized.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the steps of the process comprising a) combining the one or more activators with at least one ligating compound and b) combining the resulting combination with the source of chromium.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the steps of the process comprising a) combining the one or more activators with the source of chromium and b) combining the resulting combination with at least one ligating compound.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the steps of the process comprising combining the source of chromium, the one or more activators, and at least one ligating compound concurrently.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the steps of the process comprising a) combining a source of chromium with at least one, preferably one, ligating compound, optionally in situ, and b) not isolating the resulting combination, and c) combining the combination with the one or more activators.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, steps of the process comprising a) combining a source of chromium with at least one, preferably one, ligating compound, optionally in situ, and b) isolating the resulting combination.
  • Another embodiment of the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, steps of the process comprising a) combining a source of chromium with at least one, preferably one, ligating compound, optionally in situ, and b) not isolating the resulting combination.
  • a more preferred embodiment of the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins, the steps of the process comprising a) combining the source of chromium with at least one ligating compound, optionally in the presence of at least one solvent, b) isolating a ligating compound-chromium complex, c) combining the isolated a ligating compound-chromium complex with one or more activators.
  • the invention provides a process to prepare a catalyst system for the oligomerization of olefins in the oligomerization reactor ( in situ ) or outside ( ex situ ) of the oligomerization reactor, optionally in the presence of at least one oligomerization solvent and optionally in the presence of at least one olefin, preferably in the presence of the at least one olefin, preferably ethylene, to be oligomerized.
  • the source of chromium, one or more activators, and at least one phosphacycle-containing ligating compound are contacted in the oligomerization reactor in any order. More preferably at least one, preferably one, ligating compound-chromium complex and one or more activators are contacted in the oligomerization reactor.
  • the chromium (either from the source of chromium or from the ligating compound-chromium complex), the one or more activators, and the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound (including from the ligating compound-chromium complex) may be in such proportions relative to each other to provide chromium:ligating compound molar ratios from 10:1 to 1:10, more preferably from 1.3:1 to 1:1.3, still more preferably from 1.1:1 to 1:1.1; and chromium:activator (e.g., aluminum, boron, gallium compounds) molar ratios from 100:1 to 1:10,000, preferably from 1:1 to 1:3000, more preferably from 1:1 to 1:1000, still more preferably from 1:1 to 1:500.
  • chromium:activator e.g., aluminum, boron, gallium compounds
  • the chromium either from the source of chromium or from the ligating compound-chromium complex
  • the one or more activators, and the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound are contacted (both in situ and ex situ ) to provide chromium:ligating compound molar ratios from 10:1 to 1:10, more preferably from 1.3:1 to 1:1.3, still more preferably from 1.1:1 to 1:1.1
  • chromium:activator e.g., aluminum, boron, gallium compounds
  • chromium:activator e.g., aluminum, boron, gallium compounds
  • the preparation of the catalyst system may be carried out at temperatures ranging from -80 °C to 110 °C, preferably from 0 °C to 80 °C, more preferably from 20 °C to 70 °C.
  • the optional at least one solvent may be any inert solvent, especially inert solvents selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, e.g., pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, methylcyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, 1-hexene, 1-octene, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, mesitylene, or commercial saturated hydrocarbons mixtures, such as Isopar- ETM; neutral Lewis bases, e.g., THF, diethyl ether, alcohols, such as methanol or
  • the invention provides a process for selectively oligomerizing an olefin comprising an activated catalyst system comprising combining a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one phosphacycle-containing ligating compound.
  • An embodiment of the invention comprises a process for forming an activated catalyst system comprising combining a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one phosphacycle-containing ligating compound.
  • the source of chromium, the one or more activators, and the ligating compound may be contacted in any order.
  • the source of chromium and the ligating compound may be contacted in the absence of any activators and a resulting ligating compound-chromium complex which may or may not be isolated is contacted with one or more activators.
  • the ligating compound may be contacted with the one or more activators and the resulting combination may be contacted with the chromium source.
  • an activating technique may be used in place of the one or more activators.
  • activators activating co-catalysts
  • activating techniques are such as those that are known in the art for use with metal-based olefin polymerization reactions.
  • Suitable activators for use herein include neutral Lewis acids, especially Group 13 metal and metalloid compounds; polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes (also known as aluminoxanes); non-polymeric, non-coordinating, ion-forming compounds (including the use of such compounds under oxidizing conditions); and aluminates.
  • a suitable activating technique is bulk electrolysis as disclosed in US 6,465,384 .
  • Preferred neutral Lewis acid activators are Group 13 metal and metalloid compounds containing from 1 to 3 hydrocarbon derivative, preferably hydrocarbyl, substituents as described herein, especially wherein the Group 13 metal and metalloid compounds are selected from compounds of boron, aluminum, and gallium.
  • More preferred Group 13 metal compounds are (hydrocarbyl)aluminum, (hydrocarbyl)gallium, (hydrocarbyl)boron, (substituted hydrocarbyl)aluminum, (substituted hydrocarbyl)gallium and (substituted hydrocarbyl)boron compounds, especially mono(hydrocarbyl)-substituted-aluminum, di(hydrocarbyl)-substituted-aluminum, tri(hydrocarbyl)-substituted-aluminum, (hydrocarbyl)-substituted- gallium, di(hydrocarbyl)-substituted- gallium, tri(hydrocarbyl)-gallium, or tri(hydrocarbyl)-boron compounds, more especially alkyl aluminum, alkyl gallium, aryl and arylalkyl boron compounds or mixtures thereof.
  • alkyl aluminum means a monoalkyl aluminum dihydride, monoalkylaluminum dihalide, or monoalkylaluminum dialkoxide, a dialkyl aluminum hydride, dialkyl aluminum halide, or a dialkyl aluminum alkoxide, or a trialkylaluminum.
  • alkyl gallium means a monoalkyl gallium dihydride, monoalkyl gallium dihalide, or monoalkyl gallium dialkoxide, a dialkyl gallium hydride, dialkyl gallium halide, or a dialkyl gallium alkoxide, or a trialkyl gallium.
  • aryl boron means a monoaryl boron dihydride, a monoaryl boron dihalide, a monoaryl boron dialkoxide, a monoaryl boron dialkyl, a diaryl boron alkyl, a diaryl boron hydride, a diaryl boron halide, a diaryl boron alkoxide, or a trialkyl boron.
  • arylalkyl boron means a monoarylalkyl boron dihydride, a monoarylalkyl boron dihalide, a monoarylalkyl boron dialkoxide, a monoarylalkyl boron dialkyl, a diarylalkyl boron alkyl, a diarylalkyl boron hydride, a diarylalkyl boron halide, a diarylalkyl boron alkoxide, or a triarylalkyl boron.
  • Preferred alkyl aluminum activators include trimethylaluminum (TMA), triethylaluminum, tripropylaluminum, triisopropylaluminum, tributylaluminum, triisobutylaluminum (TIBA), trihexylaluminum, trioctylaluminum, ethyldiisopropylaluminum methylaluminum dichloride, ethylaluminum dichloride, isobutylaluminum dichloride, dimethylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminum chloride, diisobutylaluminum chloride, diethylaluminum hydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride, methylaluminum sesquichloride, ethylaluminum sesquichloride, isobutylaluminum sesquichloride, methylaluminum di(2,6-t-butyl-4-methylphenoxide), di
  • Preferred alkyl gallium compounds include trimethylgallium, triethylgallium, tripropylgallium, triisopropylgallium, diethylgallium chloride, and dimethyl(2,4-pentanedionato)gallium.
  • Aluminoxanes and their preparations are known at, for example, United States Patent Number (USPN) US 6,103,657 .
  • Aluminoxanes, a subset of (hydrocarbyl)aluminum compounds, are well known in the art as typically polymeric or oligomeric, usually oligomeric, compounds which can be prepared by the controlled addition of water to a (hydrocarbyl)aluminum compound, especially an alkylaluminum compound, for example, trimethylaluminum.
  • Examples of preferred polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes are methylaluminoxane (MAO) (MAO is also referred to as methalumoxane and methylalumoxane in the literature), triisobutylaluminum-modified methylalumoxane, and isobutylalumoxane, as well as tetraethyl- ⁇ -oxodialuminum and tetraisobutyl- ⁇ -oxodialuminum.
  • MAO methylaluminoxane
  • MAO is also referred to as methalumoxane and methylalumoxane in the literature
  • triisobutylaluminum-modified methylalumoxane triisobutylaluminum-modified methylalumoxane
  • isobutylalumoxane as well as tetraethyl- ⁇ -oxodialuminum and tetraiso
  • Preferred alumoxanes are those which are commercially available so as to reduce costs. It will be recognized by those skilled in the art that commercially available alkylaluminoxanes may contain a proportion of trialkylaluminum. For instance, commercial MAO usually contains approximately 10 wt% trimethylaluminum (TMA), and commercial "modified MAO" (or “MMAO”) contains both TMA and TIBA. Preferred aluminoxanes include MAO and MMAO.
  • Preferred non-coordinating, ion-forming compounds may include a cation and an anion component, and may be represented by the following formula: (cat) d'+ A d'- where (Cat) d'+ is a cation having the charge d'+; A d'- is a non-coordinating anion having the charge d'- and d' is an integer from 1 to 3.
  • a d'- preferably can be a borate anion, especially an organoborate anion, an aluminate anion, a gallate anion, or a tantalate anion.
  • d' is 1;
  • a d'- is [A'(R 9 ) 4 ] - , wherein A' is boron, aluminum, or gallium, and; R 9 independently at each occurrence is selected from the group consisting of hydride, halide, di(C 1-18 ) alkylamido, (C 1-18 ) hydrocarbyl, halosubstituted-(C 1-18 ) hydrocarbyl, (C 1-18 ) alkoxide, (C 2-18 ) aryloxide, and (C 2-18 ) arylalkyloxide.
  • R 9 is selected from (C 1-18 ) halosubstituted-alkyl, (C 2-18 ) halosubstituted-aryl, (C 2-18 ) halosubstituted-arylalkyl, (C 1-18 ) halosubstituted-alkoxide, (C 2-18 ) halosubstituted-aryloxide and (C 2-19 ) halosubstituted-arylalkyloxide.
  • R 9 is selected from (C 1-18 ) fluorosubstituted-alkyl, (C 2-19 ) fluorosubstituted-aryl, (C 2-18 ) fluorosubstituted-arylalkyl, (C 1-18 ) fluorosubstituted-alkoxide, (C 2-18 ) fluorosubstituted-aryloxide, and (C 2-18 ) fluorosubstituted-arylalkyloxide.
  • R 9 is selected from H, F, (CH 3 ) 2 N, (CH 3 CH 2 ) 2 N, ((CH 3 ) 2 CH) 2 N, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, phenyl, benzyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propyl, heptafluoro-isopropyl, nonafluoro-t-butyl, tetrafluorophenyl, pentafluorophenyl, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, phenoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro
  • A' is boron
  • R 9 is H, fluoro, heptafluoro-isopropyl, nonafluoro- t -butyl, tetrafluorophenyl, pentafluorophenyl, or 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl; preferably at least one R 9 is fluoro, preferably at least one R 9 is pentafluorophenyl, more preferably at least two R 9 are pentafluorophenyl, even more preferably at least three R 9 are pentafluorophenyl, most preferably four R 9 are pentafluorophenyl.
  • A' is aluminum or gallium;
  • R 9 is fluoro, pentafluorophenyl, 3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propoxy, heptafluoro-isopropoxy, nonafluoro-t-butoxy, pentafluorophenoxy, or two R 9 groups taken together are tetrafluorocatechol.
  • Illustrative, but non-limiting, examples of the anion component A d'- are [B ⁇ OC(CF 3 ) 3 ⁇ 4] - , [B(OC 6 F 5 ) 4 ] - , [B(C 6 F 4 O 2 ) 2 ] - , [BF ⁇ OC(CF 3 ) 3 ⁇ 3 ] - , [BH ⁇ OC(CF 3 ) 3 ⁇ 3 ] - , [B ⁇ OC(CF 3 ) 3 ⁇ 6 ] - , [B(OC 6 F 5 ) 6 ] - , [B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] - , [B ⁇ 3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ⁇ 4 ] - , [BF(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ] - , [BF ⁇ 3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ) 3 ] ] , [Al ⁇ OCH(CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4 ] - , [Al ⁇
  • (cat) d'+ can be represented by (L'-H) d'+ , where L' is a neutral Lewis base; H is hydrogen; (L'-H) d'+ is a Br ⁇ nsted acid having the charge d'+; and d' is an integer from 1 to 3; preferably d' is 1.
  • R is independently a C 1-20 hydrocarbon derivative, or C 1-20 heterohydrocarbon derivative, preferably C 1-20 hydrocarbyl, or C 1-20 heterohydrocarbyl.
  • L* is nitrogen; x' is 3; at least one of R comprises at least 6 carbon atoms and provided further that the total number of carbon atoms in (R) x' collectively is greater than 12. More preferably at least one of R is a C 6-12 aryl, C 6-12 arylalkyl, or C 14-20 alkyl.
  • [(R) x' L*-H] + is bis((C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl)ammonium or tris((C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl)ammonium.
  • ammonium means a nitrogen cation that is ((C 1-2 ())hydrocarbyl) 4 N + (a tetrakis((C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl)ammonium cation), ((C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl) 3 N(H) + (a tris((C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl)ammonium cation), ((C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl) 2 N(H) 2 + (a bis((C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl)ammonium cation), ((C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl)N(H) 3 + (a mono((C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl)ammonium cation), or N(H) 4 + (ammonium cation), wherein each (C 1-20 )hydrocarbyl independently selected may be the same or different.
  • Illustrative, but non-limiting, examples, of the cation component [(R) x' L*-H] + are di(octadecyl)ammonium, dimethylanilinium, dihexylanilinium, di(octadecyl)ammonium, methyldi(octadecyl)ammonium, (hexadecyl)(methyl)octadecylammonium, dimethylimidazolium, ethylmethylimidazolium, di- t -butylimidazolium,
  • R 10 is C 1-12 alkyl, C 6-16 aryl, C 6-16 arylalkyl, or C 6-16 heteroaryl.
  • at least one R 10 is substituted or unsubstituted C 6-20 aryl, more preferably two R 10 , independently selected, are substituted or unsubstituted C 6-20 aryl, even more preferably all three R 10 , independently selected, are substituted or unsubstituted C 6-20 aryl.
  • R 10 is phenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl or 2,6-dimethoxyphenyl.
  • [(R 10 ) 3 C] + is triphenylcarbenium (trityl).
  • the [M] + metal-containing cation is Ag + or a substituted or unsubstituted ferrocenium cation.
  • non-coordinating, ion-forming compounds include methyldi(octadecyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluarophenyl)borate, dimethylanilinium tetrakis(nonafluoro- t -butoxy)aluminate, trioctylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (hexadecyl)(methyl)(octadecyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, (hexadecyl)(methyl)(octadecyl)ammonium [B ⁇ 3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ⁇ 4 ] - , ethylmethylimidazolium [Al ⁇ OCH(CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4 ] - , triphenylcarbenium
  • One or more activators are used to form the catalyst system with the ligating compound and the source of chromium. Preferably at least two activators are used in combination. Also preferred are combinations of such neutral Lewis acid mixtures with a polymeric or oligomeric alumoxane, and combinations of a single neutral Lewis acid, especially tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane with a polymeric or oligomeric alumoxane.
  • the at least two activators come from the same class (neutral Lewis acids with neutral Lewis acids; polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes with polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes; non-polymeric, non-coordinating, ion-forming compounds with non-polymeric, non-coordinating, ion-forming compounds), for example, triethylaluminum with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane; MAO with MMAO; methyldi(octadecyl)ammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate with triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(nonafluoro- t- butoxy)aluminate; Ag + [Al(OC 6 F 5 ) 4 ] - with ferrocenium [B ⁇ 3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ⁇ 4 ] - .
  • neutral Lewis acids with neutral Lewis acids for example, triethy
  • the at least two activators come from at least two different classes, for example, triethylaluminum with MMAO; diethylaluminum chloride with triphenylcarbenium [Al ⁇ OCF(CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4 ] - ; MMAO with dimethylhexylammonium [Al ⁇ OCF(CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4 ] - ; MAO with methyldi(octadecyl)ammonium [B ⁇ 3,5-(CF 3 ) 2 C 6 H 3 ⁇ 4 ] - ; triethylaluminum with MMAO and tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.
  • triethylaluminum with MMAO diethylaluminum chloride with triphenylcarbenium [Al ⁇ OCF(CF 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4 ] - ; MMAO with dimethylhexylammonium [Al ⁇ OCF(CF 3
  • Preferred combinations of activators include mixtures of neutral Lewis acids comprising a combination of a tri((C 1-4 )alkyl)aluminum and a halogenated tri((C 6-16 )aryl)boron compound, especially tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. Combinations of one or more of the foregoing activators and activating techniques are also contemplated.
  • the activators or combination of activators may be added to the reaction media (e.g., ethylene and/or diluents and/or solvent) at any time, either prior to the addition of the catalyst system or any components thereof, or at the same time as the catalyst system or any components thereof, or as part of the catalyst system, or after the catalyst system or any components thereof have been added.
  • reaction media e.g., ethylene and/or diluents and/or solvent
  • Examples of suitable Br ⁇ nsted acid salts for addition polymerization catalysts are disclosed in US 5,064,802 ; US 5,919,983 ; US 5,783,512 .
  • Examples of suitable salts of a cationic oxidizing agent and a non-coordinating, compatible anion as activators for addition polymerization catalysts are disclosed in US 5,321,106 .
  • Examples of suitable carbenium salts as activators for addition polymerization catalysts are disclosed in US 5,350,723 .
  • Examples of suitable silylium salts as activators for addition polymerization catalysts are disclosed in US 5,625,087 .
  • Suitable complexes of alcohols, mercaptans, silanols, and oximes with tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane are disclosed in US 5,296,433 . Some of these activators are also described in a portion of US 6,515,155 B1 beginning at column 50, at line 39, and going through column 56, at line 55, only the portion of which is incorporated by reference herein. Activators for olefin oligomerization may be selected from activators taught above for olefin polymerization.
  • the chromium (either from the source of chromium or from the ligating compound-chromium complex), the one or more activators, and the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound (including from the ligating compound-chromium complex) may be in such proportions relative to each other to provide chromium:ligating compound molar ratios from about 10:1 to 1:10, more preferably from about 1.3:1 to 1:1.3, still more preferably from about 1.1:1 to 1:1.1; and chromium:activator (e.g., aluminum compounds, including aluminoxane, boron compounds, including borates, gallium compounds, non-coordinating, ion-forming compounds)) molar ratios from about 100:1 to 1:50,000, preferably from about 1:1 to 1:10,000, preferably from about 1:1 to 1:3000, more preferably from about 1:1 to 1:1000, still more preferably from about 1:1 to 1:500.
  • chromium:activator e.g., aluminum compounds, including
  • the chromium:activator molar ratios range from about 1:1 to 1:100, preferably, from about 1:1 to 1:10, more preferably from about 1:1 to 1:2. In a particularly preferred embodiment when the activator is selected from aluminum compounds, including aluminoxane compounds, the chromium:activator molar ratios range from about 1:1 to 1:10,000, preferably from abut 1:1 to 1:3000, more preferably from about 1:1 to 1:1000, even more preferably from about 1:1 to 1:500.
  • the number of moles of the one or more alumoxanes or of the one or more tri((C 1-4 )hydrocarbyl)aluminum compounds or of the one or more alumoxanes and the one or more tri((C 1-4 )hydrocarbyl)aluminum compounds used in combination that are employed is at least 100 times the number of moles of the one or more sources of chromium or of the ligating compound-chromium complex.
  • the number of moles of the tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane that are employed to the total number of moles of the one or more sources of chromium or of the ligating compound-chromium complex is from 0.5:1 to 10:1, more preferably from 1:1 to 6:1, still more preferably from 1:1 to 5:1.
  • the remaining activators are generally employed in approximately mole quantities equal to or up to ten times the total mole quantities of the one or more sources of chromium or of the ligating compound-chromium complex.
  • the activator compound may optionally be a solid material, or be supported on an insoluble solid material, for example, aluminoxanes such as MAO and borate activators may be supported on inorganic oxides such as alumina, silica, MgCl 2 or the like.
  • the process may further include the use of activator compounds that may act as reducing or oxidizing agents, such as sodium or zinc metal and the like, (hydrocarbyl)zinc or (substituted hydrocarbyl)zinc compounds, (hydrocarbyl)magnesium or (substituted hydrocarbyl)magnesium compounds, hydrocarbyl- or substituted hydrocarbyllithium compounds, and the like, or oxygen-containing compounds, for example oxygen and the like, or chloride-containing compounds, for example methylene chloride, chloroform, and the like.
  • activator compounds that may act as reducing or oxidizing agents, such as sodium or zinc metal and the like, (hydrocarbyl)zinc or (substituted hydrocarbyl)zinc compounds, (hydrocarbyl)magnesium or (substituted hydrocarbyl)magnesium compounds, hydrocarbyl- or substituted hydrocarbyllithium compounds, and the like, or oxygen-containing compounds, for example oxygen and the like, or
  • Hydrocarbyl- and substituted hydrocarbylzinc compounds include monohydrocarbylzinc halide or alkoxide compounds and dihydrocarbylzinc compounds such as methylzinc chloride, ethylzinc chloride, isopropylzinc bromide, 2-cyanoethylzinc bromide, allylzinc chloride, cyclopentylzinc chloride, benzylzinc bromide, phenylzinc chloride, isobutylzinc ethoxide, and propylzinc methoxide, 4-dimethylaminophenylzinc bromide, bromo(2-ethoxy-2-oxoethyl)zinc bromide, dimethylzinc, diethylzinc, divinylzinc, diallylzinc, dipropylzinc, diisopropylzinc, dibutylzinc, dioctylzinc, diphenylzinc, and dibenz
  • Hydrocarbyl- and substituted hydrocarbylmagnesium compounds include monohydrocarbylmagnesium halide or alkoxide compounds and dihydrocarbylmagnesium compounds such as methylmagnesium chloride, ethylmagnesium bromide, butylmagnesium iodide, propylmagnesium chloride, isopropylmagnesium chloride, phenylmagnesium bromide, 4-dimethylaminophenylmagnesium bromide, benzylmagnesium butoxide, dibutylmagnesium, dioctylmagnesium, butylethylmagnesium, diisopropylmagnesium, dihexylmagnesium, and dibenzylmagnesium.
  • monohydrocarbylmagnesium halide or alkoxide compounds such as methylmagnesium chloride, ethylmagnesium bromide, butylmagnesium iodide, propylmagnes
  • Hydrocarbyl- and substituted hydrocarbyllithium compounds include methyllithium, ethyllithium, propyllithium, isopropyllithium, n-butyllithium, s-butyllithium, i-butyllithium, t-butyllithium, pentyllithium, 2,2-methylpropyllithium, hexyllithium, octyllithium, 2-ethylhexyllithium, allyllithium, propynyllithium, vinyllithium, phenyllithium, cyclopentyllithium, cyclohexyllithium, benzyllithium, 4-dimethylaminophenyllithium, and 4-methoxyphenyllithium.
  • hydrocarbyl- and substituted hydrocarbylzinc compounds hydrocarbyl- and substituted hydrocarbylmagnesium compounds, and hydrocarbyl- and substituted hydrocarbyllithim compounds are also envisioned, especially in combination with alkylaluminum compounds.
  • a further advantageous use of the activator compounds is to exert a beneficial effect of scavenging contaminants such as adventitious oxygen or water that may be present.
  • the invention provides a process for selectively oligomerizing an olefin comprising placing at least one olefin in operative contact with a catalyst system as described above under conditions sufficient to convert at least a portion of the at least one olefin to at least one oligomer of the at least one olefin, the catalyst system comprising, a) a source of chromium, b) one or more activators, and c) at least one phosphacycle-containing ligating compound as described herein.
  • the catalyst system may comprise an isolated ligating compound-chromium complex. The components of the catalyst system may be contacted in any order.
  • the oligomerization process includes a process for the trimerization and/or tetramerisation of at least one olefin, preferably at least one ⁇ -olefin.
  • two or more different types of ligands may be used to alter the relative amounts of 1-hexene and 1-octene being produced.
  • one or more ligands that produce predominantly 1-hexene may be used in combination with one or more ligands that produce predominantly 1-octene in order to achieve a specific 1-hexene: 1-octene production ratio.
  • the at least one olefin to be oligomerized may comprise a single olefin or mixture of olefins. In one embodiment of the invention it may comprise a single olefin.
  • the olefin may include multiple carbon-carbon double bonds, but preferably it comprises a single carbon-carbon double bond.
  • the at least one olefin may comprise an ⁇ -olefin with 2 to 30 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 10 carbon atoms..
  • the at least one olefin to be oligomerized may be selected from the group comprising ethylene (ethene), propylene (propene), 1-butene, isobutene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 2-methyl-1-propene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, styrene, p-methyl styrene, or mixtures thereof.
  • the at least one olefin comprises ethylene, propylene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene, more preferably ethylene.
  • Mixtures of olefins may be used to form mixed oligomeric products, preferably ethylene in combination with 1-hexene and/or 1-octene.
  • the product stream comprises the oligomeric products that are formed according to the invention.
  • the at least one oligomer comprises hexene or octene, preferably a mixture of 1-octene and 1-hexene.
  • the ratio of the mass of hexene or octene, preferably a mixture of 1-octene and 1-hexene, formed in the oligomerization process to the total mass of reaction products (product stream) of the oligomerization process ranges from ten percent by weight to 100 percent by weight, preferably from 50 percent by weight to 100 percent by weight, more preferably from 70 percent by weight to 100 percent by weight, even more preferably from 80 percent by weight to 100 percent by weight, still even more preferably from 85 percent by weight to 100 percent by weight, most preferably from 90 percent by weight to 100 percent by weight.
  • the 1-hexene: 1-octene ratio by weight may be selected by the choice of catalyst system and oligomerization conditions and ranges from 1000:1 to 1:1000, preferably from 100:1 to 1:100, more preferably from 10:1 to 1:10, even more preferably from 4:1 to 1:10, even still more preferably from 2:1 to 1:5.
  • the 1-hexene:1-octene ratio by weight may range from 1000:1 to 100:1; from 100:1.
  • the reaction products of the oligomerization process may, depending on the nature of the catalyst system and the reaction conditions, in addition to 1-hexene and 1-octene, also comprise different quantities of polymer byproduct ("polymer", e.g., olefin waxes, polyethylene); cyclics and C 6 and C 8 isomers (for example, methylcyclopentane, methylenecyclopentane, allylcyclopentane, propylcyclopentane, or hexadiene); specific higher oligomers, especially C 10-18 olefin oligomers, which may arise from the mixed oligomerization of ethylene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene.
  • polymer e.g., olefin waxes, polyethylene
  • cyclics and C 6 and C 8 isomers for example, methylcyclopentane, methylenecyclopentane, allylcyclopentane, propylcyclopentan
  • the amount of polymer byproduct produced in the trimerization and tetramerization of ethylene using the process of the present invention is typically at most about 10 wt%.
  • Lower levels of solid olefin waxes and polyethylene, including as low as none, produced in the trimerization and tetramerization of ethylene are desirable in commercial operations as this can reduce the amount of fouling of the reactor equipment, reduce the amount of waste by-products and reduce the amount of operational "downtime" due to maintenance and cleaning of the reactor equipment.
  • the polymer byproduct has a total mass fraction with respect to the total mass of reaction products within a range of zero percent by weight to 10 percent by weight, preferably from zero percent by weight to five percent by weight, and more preferably from zero percent by weight to two percent by weight, even more preferably from zero percent by weight to one percent by weight, most preferably from zero percent by weight to one-half of one percent by weight.
  • the oligomerization can be carried out in the presence of additives to control selectivity, enhance activity and reduce the amount of polymer formed in the oligomerization process.
  • additives to control selectivity, enhance activity and reduce the amount of polymer formed in the oligomerization process.
  • hydrogen (H 2 ) silanes, a halide source (especially the halide sources disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,786,336, Zhang et al. ), and the like may be used in the catalytic composition or otherwise introduced into the process.
  • the amount of polymer produced in the method to oligomerize olefins can be reduced by providing and/or controlling a partial pressure or concentration of hydrogen, silanes, and/or a halide source to the olefin production process.
  • the presence of hydrogen, silanes, and/or a halide source is not necessarily required to produce an oligomerization product having an acceptable quantity of polymer, the amount of polymer produced by the oligomerization process may be further reduced by the presence of hydrogen, silanes, and/or a halide source.
  • Other (optional) additives include antistatic agents (such as the polysulfone polymer sold under the trademark Stadis®) and/or fluorocarbons to mitigate reaction fouling. The use of hydrogen is especially preferred.
  • the oligomer product as described herein may be prepared using the disclosed catalyst system in a homogeneous liquid phase reaction in the presence or absence of an inert solvent, and/or in a slurry reaction where the catalyst system is in a form that displays little or no solubility, and/or in a two-phase liquid/liquid reaction, and/or in a bulk phase reaction in which neat reagent and/or product olefins serve as the dominant medium, and/or in a gas phase reaction, using conventional equipment and contacting techniques.
  • the oligomerization process may be carried out in an inert solvent or mixture of inert solvents.
  • the inert solvent or mixture of inert solvents is sometimes referred to as the makeup solvent.
  • An inert solvent is one that does not interfere substantially with the oligomerization process, especially inert solvents selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, e.g., butane, pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, methylcyclohexane, 1-hexene, 1-octene, benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, mesitylene, cumene, or commercial saturated hydrocarbons mixtures, such as Isopar-ETM, particularly saturated C 6 -C 20 (acyclic and cyclic) hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexan
  • the inert solvent or mixture of inert solvents is selected from the group consisting of saturated hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof.
  • saturated hydrocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof especially preferred are cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, chlorobenzene, and 1,2-dichlorobenzene. Mixtures of the foregoing are also suitable.
  • the makeup solvent may be introduced into the oligomerization reactor in the form of a feed stream comprising the olefin to be oligomerized or may be added separately.
  • a process for the oligomerization of olefins wherein the product of the oligomerization process is an olefin or mixture of olefins, especially 1-hexene and 1-octene, and makes up more than 30 wt% of the product stream of the process based on the weight of the product stream.
  • an olefinic feed stream comprising at least one olefin to be oligomerized
  • the at least one olefin is selected from the group comprising ethylene (ethene), propylene (propene), 1-butene, isobutene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene, 2-methyl-1-propene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-pentene, 4-methyl-1-pentene, styrene, p-methyl styrene, or mixtures thereof.
  • the at least one olefin comprises ethylene, propylene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene, more preferably ethylene.
  • the oligomerization process includes the step of contacting a feed stream comprising the olefin to be oligomerized with the catalyst system as described above and wherein the product or product stream of the oligomerization process comprises an olefin or mixture of olefins, especially 1-hexene and/or 1-octene, and the olefin or mixture of olefins, especially 1-hexene and/or 1-octene, makes up from 10 wt% to 100 wt%, preferably from 20 wt% to 100 wt%, preferably from 30 wt% to 100 wt%, preferably from 40 wt% to 100 wt%, preferably from 50 wt% to 100 wt%, preferably from 60 wt% to 100 wt% , preferably from 85 wt% to 100 wt% of the the total product formed or product stream of the process, wherein the product stream of the process comprises the reaction
  • the feed stream comprising the olefin to be oligomerized can be introduced into the process according to the invention in a continuous or batch fashion.
  • the feed stream can be introduced into the process in either liquid or gaseous form.
  • the feed stream may comprise makeup solvent and components from the recycle stream.
  • the recycle stream may comprise recycled solvent, recycled olefin, as well as various recycled oligomerization products, including 1-hexene, 1-octene, methylcyclopentane, methylenecyclopentane, higher oligomers which may arise from the mixed oligomerization of ethylene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene, and polymer.
  • the recycle stream does not comprise polymer, or comprises only de minimis amounts of polymer.
  • the at least one olefin to be oligomerized makes up from 5 wt% to 100 wt% of the feed stream, preferably from 20 wt% to 100 wt% of the feed stream, more preferably from 50 wt% to 100 wt% of the feed stream, even more preferably from 75 wt% to 100 wt% of the feed stream, still more preferably from 90 wt% to 100 wt% of the feed stream, and yet even more preferably from 95 wt% to 100 wt% of the feed stream based on total weight of the feed stream, not including the solvent.
  • the oligomerization process may be carried out at pressures from atmospheric to 50 000 kPa (500 barg). Ethylene pressures in the range of 1000-7000 kPa (10-70 barg) are preferred. Particularly preferred pressures range from 3000-5000 kPa (30-50 barg).
  • the oligomerization process may be carried out at temperatures from -100 °C to 250 °C, preferably at temperatures from 15 °C to 130 °C, more preferably at temperatures from 35 °C to 100 °C, still more preferably from 40 °C to 90 °C, even still more preferably from 50 °C to 80 °C.
  • the catalyst system its individual components, reagents, solvents, and reaction products may be employed on a once-through basis, any of these materials can, and are indeed preferred to be recycled to some extent in order to minimize production costs, especially with regard to the solvents and unreacted olefins to be oligomerized.
  • the catalyst system or its individual components, in accordance with the invention may also be immobilized by supporting it on a support material, for example, silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, MgCl 2 , NaCl, zeolites, clays, including artificial hectorite or smectorite clays such as LaponiteTM RD, carbon, e.g., graphite, grapheme, or carbon black, or mixtures thereof, or on a polymer, for example polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, or poly(aminostyrene).
  • a support material for example, silica, alumina, zirconia, titania, MgCl 2 , NaCl, zeolites, clays, including artificial hectorite or smectorite clays such as LaponiteTM RD, carbon, e.g., graphite, grapheme, or carbon black, or mixtures thereof, or on a polymer,
  • An advantage of an immobilized catalyst system is that the oligomerization process can be carried out such that the feed stream and the product stream flow continuously or semi-continuously through the reactor, while the catalyst system remains substantially in the reactor.
  • the catalyst system can be formed in situ in the presence of the support material, or the support can be pre-impregnated or premixed, simultaneously or sequentially, with one or more of the components of the catalyst system or the oligomerization catalyst. In some cases the support material can also act as a component of the activator. This approach would also facilitate the recovery of the catalyst system or any of its components from the reaction mixture for reuse.
  • the concept was, for example, successfully demonstrated with a chromium-based ethylene trimerization catalyst by T. Monoi and Y. Sasaki, J. Mol.
  • the support can also act as a catalyst system component, for example where such supports contain aluminoxane functionalities or other activators or where the support is capable of performing similar chemical functions as an activator.
  • the immobilization on the support may include chemical bonding of the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound with the support, for example, via a functional group.
  • the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound may include a polymeric moiety to render the catalyst system or the reaction product of the source of chromium and the said ligating compound to be soluble at higher temperatures and insoluble at lower temperatures, e.g. 25 °C.
  • the catalyst system or the ligating compound can also be immobilized by binding the catalyst system or the ligating compound to silica, silica gel, polysiloxane or alumina backbone as, for example, demonstrated by C. Yuanyin et al., Chinese J. React. Pol., 1992, 1(2), 152-159 for immobilizing platinum complexes.
  • An embodiment of the invention is a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-containing polymeric support (e.g., polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA)) having amino- or phosphino functionality present by means of which the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound is chemically bonded to the polymeric support.
  • a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-containing polymeric support e.g., polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA)
  • the phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-containing polymeric support can be formed in that the nitrogen atom of the dihydroaminoalkyl group of a dihydroaminoalkyl-functionalized PS, PPM, or PMA support is incorporated into the Y group of a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound.
  • a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-containing polymeric support is formed upon polymerization of a vinylaryl, methacrylate, or acrylate monomer functionalized with a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound.
  • An embodiment of the invention is a supported catalyst system comprising a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-containing polymeric support, a source of chromium, and at least one activator.
  • the supported catalyst system can be formed by contacting a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound-containing polymeric support with a source of chromium and at least one activator.
  • the invention provides a tandem oligomerization, preferably trimerization and/or tetramerization, and polymerization process wherein the olefin in the form of ethylene is oligomerized using the catalyst system of the invention to produce a monomer mixture comprising monomers selected from 1-hexene and 1-octene and at least one monomer from the mixture is copolymerized in situ with ethylene using the polymerization catalyst and wherein oligomerization and polymerization take place in the same reaction medium.
  • the invention provides a polymerization process wherein the feed stream of the polymerization process comprises at least part of the oligomer product of the oligomerization process.
  • the oligomerization process of the invention may be carried out in a plant which includes any type of reactor, especially a mixed reactor.
  • reactors include, but are not limited to, batch reactors, semi-batch reactors and continuous reactors.
  • the plant may include, in combination a) a reactor, b) at least one inlet line into this reactor for olefin reactant and the catalyst system, c) effluent lines from this reactor for oligomerization reaction products, and d) at least one separator to separate the desired oligomerization reaction products, wherein the catalyst system comprises a source of chromium, a phosphacycle-containing ligating compound, and at least one activator, as described herein.
  • mixed reactor is meant to convey its conventional meaning-i.e., a reactor that contains an agitator or mixing system.
  • a continuously stirred tank reactor (“CSTR") is generally preferred.
  • CSTR continuously stirred tank reactor
  • loop reactor in which mixing is provided by a circulating pump is also suitable (and such reactors are well known to those skilled in the art and are in commercial use).
  • the use of a CSTR is generally preferred as it is desirable to maintain essentially homogenous reactor conditions-i.e., as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a well-mixed CSTR will provide homogenous reactor conditions (in contrast to a plug flow, or tubular reactor, in which the reactor conditions are typically very different at the inlet and discharge). More than one CSTR may be used.
  • tubular reactor Although a single CSTR is preferred, it is also within the scope of this invention to (optionally) use an additional tubular reactor. If the tubular reactor is employed, it would be placed downstream of the CSTR. The tubular reactor (if used) would provide some additional ethylene conversion, thereby reducing the need to recover/recycle ethylene from the discharge.
  • continuous flow is meant to convey its conventional meaning-i.e. reactants are continuously added to the reactor and product is continuously withdrawn.
  • the reactor and a separator may be contacted to facilitate the simultaneous formation of reaction products and separation of these compounds from the reactor.
  • This process principle is commonly known as reactive distillation.
  • the catalyst system exhibits no solubility in the solvent or reaction products, and is fixed in the reactor so that it does not exit the reactor with the reactor product, solvent and unreacted olefin, the process principle is commonly known as catalytic distillation.
  • the catalyst system may be formed in situ in the reactor or may be preformed outside of the reactor and then added into the reactor.
  • the oligomerization process may be carried out under inert conditions, that is, under substantial absence of oxygen and/or other species which interfere with the oligomerization process.
  • the 1-hexene and/or 1-octene that are produced during the reaction may themselves become reactants for a secondary reaction that may produce the C 10+ oligomers that are formed under the conditions of the process.
  • the oligomerization process may form specific higher C 10-18 olefin oligomers which arise from the mixed oligomerization of ethylene, 1-hexene, or 1-octene. While such C 10-18 oligomers can be used in making surfactants for aqueous detergent formulations, most of the C 10+ oligomers have comparatively low value so it is desirable to limit the amount of them that is produced.
  • product selectivity can be improved in a continuous process using certain specific conditions. More specifically, selectivity can be increased by using a low chromium concentration and by maintaining low 1-hexene and/or 1-octene concentrations in the reactor. Further improvements may be achieved using lower oligomerization temperatures, so low temperatures are preferred (even though a low temperature is not "sufficient" for a continuous process). Low temperatures are preferred in order to increase the 1-octene:1-hexene ratio.
  • the present invention provides: A continuous flow process for the oligomerization of ethylene, said process comprising I) adding ethylene and solvent to a mixed reactor and contacting said ethylene under oligomerization conditions with a catalyst system as described above; II) removing a product discharge stream comprising 1-hexene, 1-octene, C 10+ oligomers, solvent, and optional polymer from said reactor; and III) controlling the flow of said solvent to said reactor such that the product discharge stream contains from 1 to 30 combined weight % of 1-hexene and 1-octene, preferably from 2 to 25 combined weight % of 1-hexene and 1-octene, more preferably from 3 to 20 combined weight % of 1-hexene and 1-octene based on the weight of the product discharge stream (reaction products of the oligomerization process, catalyst system residues, solvent, and any optional additives employed in the process) wherein said process is further characterized by being conducted at a catalyst concentration of from 0.01 to 50 micromolar Cr
  • this embodiment of the process of the invention requires that the 1-octene concentration in the reactor is controlled/limited.
  • the concentration of 1-octene in the reactor can be controlled by adjusting the solvent flow rate and the rate of reaction. For example, increasing the solvent flow will dilute the 1-octene concentration and decreasing the catalyst concentration will decrease the rate of reaction.
  • Low catalyst concentrations (less than 50 ⁇ 10 -6 moles of Cr per liter, preferably less than 5 ⁇ 10 -6 moles of Cr per liter) are required in this process and low temperatures are preferred wherein the reactor temperature is preferably from 25 to 100 °C, more preferably from 35 to 85 °C, even more preferably from 40 to 70 °C.
  • Suitable solvents include the solvents described above, particularly saturated C 6 -C 20 (acyclic and cyclic) hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, Isopar-ETM, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and unsubstituted and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, cumene, mesitylene, chlorobenzene, and dichlorobenzene.
  • saturated C 6 -C 20 hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, Isopar-ETM, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, and unsubstituted and substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene,
  • the catalyst system will be deactivated upon completion of the oligomerization either in the reactor, upon its leaving the reactor or shortly thereafter.
  • many polar compounds such as water, alcohols and carboxylic acids
  • the use of alcohols, amines and/or carboxylic acids is preferred-and combinations of these are contemplated.
  • Preferred deactivators include water, methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, methylamine, dimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, propylamine, dipropylamine, butylamine, dibutylamine, formic acid, acetic acid, propanoic acid, or butanoic acid. It is generally found that the quantity employed to deactivate the catalyst is sufficient to provide a deactivator to metal (from catalyst + activator) mole ratio between about 0.1 to about 4, especially from 1 to 2 (thus, when MAO is the activator, the deactivator is provided on a ratio based on moles of Cr + moles of Al).
  • the deactivator may be added to the oligomerization product stream before or after the volatile unreacted reagents/diluents and product components are separated In the event of a runaway reaction (e.g., rapid temperature rise) the deactivator can be immediately fed to the oligomerization reactor to terminate the reaction.
  • the deactivation system may also include a basic compound (such as sodium hydroxide) to minimize isomerization of the products (as deactivation conditions may facilitate the isomerization of desirable alpha olefins to undesired internal olefins).
  • Polymer removal (and, optionally, catalyst removal) preferably follows catalyst deactivation.
  • Two types of polymer may exist, namely polymer that is dissolved in the process solvent and non-dissolved polymer that is present as a solid or "slurry".
  • Solid/non-dissolved polymer may be separated using one or more of the following types of equipment: centrifuge; cyclone (or hydrocyclone), a decanter equipped with a skimmer or a filter.
  • Preferred equipment include so-called "self-cleaning filters” sold under the name V-auto strainers, self-cleaning screens such as those sold by Johnson Screens Inc. of New Brighton, Minn. and centrifuges such as those sold by Alfa Laval Inc. of Richmond, Va. (including those sold under the trademark Sharples®).
  • Soluble polymer may be separated from the final product by two distinct operations. Firstly, low molecular weight polymer that remains soluble in the heaviest product fraction (C 20+ ) may be left in that fraction. This fraction will be recovered as "bottoms" from the distillation operations (described below). This solution may be used as a fuel for a power generation system.
  • An alternative polymer separation comprises polymer precipitation caused by the removal of the solvent from the solution, followed by recovery of the precipitated polymer using a conventional extruder.
  • the technology required for such separation/recovery is well known to those skilled in the art of solution polymerization and is widely disclosed in the literature.
  • the residual catalyst is treated with an additive that causes some or all of the catalyst to precipitate.
  • the precipitated catalyst is preferably removed from the product at the same time as by-product polymer is removed (and optionally using the same equipment). Many of the catalyst deactivators listed above will also cause catalyst precipitation.
  • a solid sorbent such as clay, silica or alumina is added to the deactivation operation to facilitate removal of the deactivated catalyst by filtration or centrifugation.
  • Reactor fouling (caused by deposition of polymer and/or catalyst residue) can, if severe enough, cause the process to be shut down for cleaning.
  • the deposits may be removed by known means, especially the use of high pressure water jets or the use of a hot solvent flush.
  • the use of an aromatic solvent (such as chlorobenzene) for solvent flushing is generally preferred because they are good solvents for polyethylene.
  • Solvents used in the preparation reactions were purified as follows: Non-chlorinated solvents (e.g., tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, hexane, diethyl ether) were purified in a manner similar to the method of Pangborn et al. (" Safe and Convenient Procedure for Solvent Purification" Pangborn, A. B.; Giardello, M. A.; Grubbs, R. H.; Rosen, R. K.; Timmers, F. J. Organometallics 1996, 15, 1518-1520 ) by passing the degassed solvents through columns of activated A204 alumina and supported copper-based reactive scavenger (Q5 reactant) to remove water and trace oxygen, respectively.
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • Q5 reactant copper-based reactive scavenger
  • solvents penentane, methylene chloride, chloroform, chlorobenzene
  • solvents were stored over activated molecular sieves.
  • the A2 alumina and A204 alumina were activated by heating under a dry nitrogen stream at 300 °C for 8 h.
  • the molecular sieves were activated by heating under a dry nitrogen stream at 250 °C for 4 h.
  • Ambient temperature within the gloveboxes may vary within the range of 25 degrees centigrade (°C) to 30 °C.
  • the NMR data was obtained at room temperature with a Varian 400 MHz or 500 MHz apparatus.
  • the multiplicity and coupling constants of the peaks from the NMR spectra, based on appearance and obtained by first order analysis, are reported as follows: s, singlet; d, doublet; t, triplet; q, quartet; p, pentet. In some cases the spectra may be second order.
  • the unit for "grams” is abbreviated as "g”; the unit for "millimoles” is abbreviated as "mmol”.
  • a 200-mL jar was charged with aluminum chloride (22.84 g, 171.3 mmol) and 50 mL of anhydrous methylene chloride. The jar was placed in a freezer at -30 °C for 15 minutes then removed. Dimethylphosphoramidous dichloride (25.00 g, 171.3 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension. Once everything was dissolved, the jar was removed from the glovebox and the contents transferred to a 500-mL three-necked round bottom flask equipped with an addition funnel and nitrogen inlet. The flask and its contents were cooled in an ice bath.
  • 1,4-Diphenylbutadiene (32.12 g, 155.7 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous methylene chloride ( ⁇ 200 mL) in the glovebox, transferred to the addition funnel, and slowly added under nitrogen atmosphere to the reaction mixture over a 45 minute period. After 1 h, reaction completion was shown by 31 P NMR spectroscopy. The solution was transferred to an addition funnel and added slowly to a chilled mixture of NTA (nitrilotriacetic acid) (37.21 g, 194.6 mmol) in 300 mL of aqueous saturated NaHCO 3 solution. The biphasic mixture was stirred vigorously for 1 h at 0 °C while under nitrogen and checked by 31 P NMR spectroscopy for completion.
  • NTA nitrilotriacetic acid
  • the reactor was repressurized with hydrogen to 708 psi (4.88 MPa) and the reaction was allowed to continue overnight. The reaction mixture was checked again at 22 hours and determined to be complete. The reactor was emptied into a round bottom flask through a bottom filter yielding a clear, pale yellow solution. The reactor was washed out with methanol (2 x 20 mL) and those washings also collected. The combined solutions were concentrated down to yield the product as a light yellow solid. Yield (35.6 g, 95.4%).
  • a 400-mL jar was charged with 1-[( N , N )-dimethylamino]-1- r -oxo-2- t ,5- t -diphenyl-phospholane (35.00 g, 116.9 mmol), methanol (250 mL), and a stir bar and placed in a freezer a few hours.
  • the cold jar was removed from the freezer, a thermocouple was added to the jar, and a 25 wt% solution of sodium methoxide in methanol (63.16 g, 292.3 mmol) (2.5 equivalents) was added slowly while monitoring the temperature to avoid a large exotherm.
  • reaction temperature started at -12 °C and rose to -3 °C by the end of the addition. After the reactants had dissolved (5 minutes), an aliquot was removed for analysis. The sample was treated with a few drops of 1 M HCl and extracted with toluene. The solution was concentrated and analyzed by 31 P NMR which showed reaction was 33% converted to the desired product. The reaction was checked again after 2 hours and was determined to be 75% converted to the desired product. After 4 hours total reaction time the reaction was sampled again and determined to be complete. The reaction mixture was removed from the glovebox, hydrolyzed slowly with HCl (1 M, 150 mL), and extracted with toluene.
  • the resulting yellow oil was dissolved in acetonitrile (anhydrous grade, stored over molecular sieves, 140 mL) and washed with pentane (2 x 30 mL). The acetonitrile layer was then concentrated to dryness. The liquid was then dissolved in hexanes (50 mL) and passed through a small plug of acidic alumina. The alumina was rinsed with another 40 mL of hexanes. The filtrate was concentrated to yield the product as a yellow liquid. Yield (6.1 g, 84%).
  • n-Butyllithium (16.5 mL, 2.44 M, 40.3 mmol) was slowly added to a solution of 1,2-bis(2-bromophenyl)ethane (6.540, 19.23 mmol) in ether (80 mL) cooled in a dry ice bath (precipitate forms). The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and was stirred overnight. The resulting white precipitate was filtered out, washed with ether and dried to give a white powder (4.5606 g, 88.4%, based on the monoether adduct, as shown by the 1 H NMR spectrum).
  • the dilithium salt 1,2-bis(2-lithiophenyl)ethane-diethyl ether adduct (4.000 g, 14.86 mmol) was suspended in ether (60 mL) and cooled to -30 °C in the freezer.
  • Dimethylphosphoramidous dichloride (2.17 g, 14.86 mmol) was added slowly dropwise and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and stir overnight.
  • the 31 P NMR spectrum showed very little starting NMe 2 PCl 2 compound to be present along with a major peak at 75 ppm, presumably due to the desired product. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.
  • the white residue was extracted with copious amounts of hexane, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give a white solid having low solubility in hexane.
  • the solids were dissolved in hot hexane and allowed to cool while standing at ambient temperature. Large crystals formed. The supernatant was pipetted off, the residue was washed with 3 mL of hexane, and the solids were dried under reduced pressure (2.231 g, 58.8%).
  • 31 P NMR the compound was about 85% pure, with about 15% of other phosphorus species being present.
  • the bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)iodophosphine solution was added dropwise to the solution of (rac)-N-butyl-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine and triethylamine causing immediate solid formation. After 30 minutes, the volatiles were removed under vacuum. The material was extracted with ether and filtered through a small alumina plug. The solvent was removed to yield the crude product. Pentane was added to the solid and the mixture was placed in the freezer at -30 °C. After 1.5 h, the pentane was decanted from the solid product and the process was repeated with cold pentane. The residual solvent was removed under reduced pressure to yield the product as a white solid Yield (0.16 g, 56%).
  • N-Butyl-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine (0.68 g, 2.18 mol) is dissolved in methylene chloride (35 mL) and triethylamine (0.61 mL, 4.37 mmol).
  • (rac)-1-Iodo-2,5-diphenylphospholane (0.80 g, 0.2.18 mmol) was also dissolved in methylene chloride (10 mL). The two solutions were chilled to -30 °C before being slowly combined. The sample was analyzed by 31 P NMR spectroscopy which showed complete reaction to mostly one product. The reaction solution was concentrated to dryness under vacuum. The residue was slurried in hexane (40 mL) and was filtered.
  • the di(furan-2-yl)iodophosphine solution was added dropwise to the solution of ( rac )- N -isopropyl-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine and triethylamine causing immediate formation of precipitate.
  • the sample was analyzed by 31 P NMR spectroscopy which showed complete conversion to the product.
  • the solvent was removed.
  • the residue was extracted with ether and passed through a short plug of alumina. The solvent was removed to yield the product as a white solid. Yield (0.36 g, 77%).
  • Step 2 Preparation of rac-N -butyl- N -(bis(4-fluorophenyl)phosphinyl)-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine, L603.
  • a cold solution (-30 °C) of triethylamine (0.068 g, 0.67 mmol) in toluene-dg (1.4 mL) was added to a cold (-30 °C) solution of rac-N -butyl-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine (0.21 g, 0.67 mmol) in toluene-dg (2.1 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 10 min. The mixture was placed in a freezer at -30 °C for 30 minutes.
  • TMSI Iodotrimethylsilane
  • the bis(3,5-diphenylphenyl)iodophosphine solution was added dropwise to the solution of ( rac )- N -butyl-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine (0.15 g, 0.48 mmol) and triethylamine causing immediate formation of precipitate.
  • the volatiles were removed under vacuum and the residue was extracted with ether.
  • the mixture was filtered through a plug of neutral activated alumina.
  • the ether was removed under vacuum to yield a white solid.
  • the solid was triturated with pentane and dried to yield the pure product as a white solid. Yield (0.2 g, 52%).
  • Step 2 Preparation of rac - N -cyclopropyl- N -(diphenylphosphanyl)-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine, L608.
  • a cold solution (-30 °C) of triethylamine (0.034 g, 0.34 mmol) in toluene-dg (0.69 mL) was added to a cold (-30 °C) solution of rac-N -cyclopropyl-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine (2) (0.10 g, 0.34 mmol) in toluene-dg (1.00 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. The reaction mixture was placed in a freezer at -30 °C for 30 minutes.
  • Step 2 Preparation of rac - N -cyclobutyl- N -(diphenylphosphanyl)-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine, L613.
  • TMSI Iodotrimethylsilane
  • the resulting Grignard solution was titrated using salicylaldehyde phenylhydrazone following the procedure of Love et al. ( Love, B. E.; Jones, E. G. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 3755 ) which confirmed the concentration to be 1.0 M.
  • the Grignard solution was used as-is in subsequent reactions.
  • dimethylphosphoramidous dichloride (4.30 g, 37.4 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of aluminum chloride (4.72 g, 35.4 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) in a large jacketed multi-neck flask purged with nitrogen. After 45 min, the colorless solution that had formed and a solution of ( E,E )-1,4-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-1,3-butadiene (8.00 g, 34.1 mmol) in dichloromethane (125 mL) were each cooled to 0 °C.
  • an 800-mL stainless steel pressure reactor was charged with (1S,2R,5S)-1-(dimethylamino)-2,5-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-2,5-dihydrophosphole 1-oxide (6.10 g, 17.25 mmol), 10% Pd/C (918 mg, 0.086 mmol, 5 mol%), and methanol (200 mL).
  • the reactor was purged with nitrogen and hydrogen, and then pressurized to 500 psi (3.45 MPa) of hydrogen and stirred for 8 hr at room temperature.
  • the filtrate was concentrated, placed in a freezer at -35 °C overnight to form a white precipitate.
  • the solvent was decanted and the solid was redissolved in pentane and again placed in the freezer to precipitate a white solid after a few minutes.
  • the solid was isolated by filtration, and dried under vacuum (Yield: 1.95 g, 83%).
  • Step 7 Preparation of rac-N-butyl-2,5-bis(3,5-dimethylphenyl)-N-(diphenylphosphanyl)-phospholan-1-amine, L618
  • the pentane slurry was filtered through a small alumina plug, and the solvent was removed under vacuum. A minimum amount of pentane was added to the solid, and the material was placed in the freezer (-35 °C). Overnight a white solid precipitated. The solution was decanted, and the resulting solid was dried under vacuum (Yield: 260 mg, 69%).
  • the mixture was cooled to -78 °C and a solution of dimethylphosphoramidous dichloride (7.161 g, 49.06 mmol) in ether (20 mL total) was added slowly dropwise at a rate such that the temperature did not exceed -65 °C. Precipitate formed during the addition and the colorless mixture turned light brown.
  • the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature while stirring overnight. The color has turned red.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give a deep red solid.
  • the solid was extracted with hexane, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give large colorless crystals coated with red liquid. The liquid was decanted.
  • the product was dissolved in ether, filtered from some brownish solid, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give a yellow oil.
  • the product was subjected to trap-to-trap distillation: The water bath temperature was 85 °C at the pot end and liquid nitrogen at the receiver end. The vacuum was achieved on an oil diffusion pump vacuum line (0.6 mTorr). Only a very small amount (0.1 - 0.2 g) of dark yellow oil distilled over. The pot material appears to be less yellow.
  • the distillate has peaks at 48.1 ppm (69%, undesired product), 33.8 ppm (9%, desired product), 0.6 ppm (22%, new undesired product), while the pot is enriched in desired product: 48.1 ppm (4.3%, undesired product), 33.8 ppm (91.6%, desired product), -9.3 ppm (4.1%, old undesired product).
  • the pot residue of this first distillation was distilled in a second distillation at a slightly higher temperature of 90 °C to give the product as quite pure yellow oil, 3.5184 g, 35.18%.
  • Step 1 Preparation of rac - N -cyclobutyl- N -(bis(2-fluorophenyl)phosphinyl)-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine, L629.
  • Step 1 Preparation of rac-N -cyclopentyl-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine.
  • a cold solution (-30 °C) of triethylamine (0.049 g, 0.48 mmol) in toluene (0.98 mL) was added to a cold (-30 °C) solution of rac - N -cyclopentyl-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine (0.13 g, 0.40 mmol) in toluene (1.3 mL) and the resulting reaction mixture was stirred for 10 min. The reaction mixture was placed in a freezer at - 30 °C for 30 minutes.
  • a trap-to-trap distillation was set up to remove the dichloro(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)phosphine.
  • the water-white more volatile fraction was compose of desired product (80.4%), dichloro(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)phosphine (16.3%), downfield peak (3.2%).
  • the dark yellow pot residue was composed of desired product (97.2%), dichloro(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)phosphine (2.9%), and no downfield peak.
  • the distillation was continued (2 nd distillation): Distillate: desired product (97.5%), dichloro(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)phosphine (2.3%), downfield peak (none).
  • the distillate was a colorless liquid which solidified to a white solid, 3.924 g of white solid, 33.56%.
  • the solid was extracted with ether, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give the product as a solid.
  • the residue was triturated with hexanes, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure (overnight vacuum at 36 °C) to give the product as an off-white solid, 0.5740 g, 90.30%.
  • 31 P NMR spectroscopy showed a major triplet peak at 43.5 ppm (88%) from the desired product, a minor doublet peak (presumed to be the monoaryl compound, dimethylamino(chloro)(2,4-difluorophenyl)phosphine) at 50.9 ppm (8.5%), and a small broad multiplet at about 36 ppm (3.5%).
  • the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to about 150 mL. Hexane (about 150 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered. The volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give a deep red oil. The solid was extracted with hexane, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure overnight to give a deep red-purple oil.
  • the oil was trap-to-trap transferred to give a pale yellow liquid. Much of the liquid was colorless as it came over, but a small amount of splatter sent some color over, yield: 9.8384 g.
  • the product contains 9.3% of the monoaryl compound and 90.7% desired bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)dimethylaminophosphine compound.
  • the distillate was partially distilled into two fractions: Distillate, 3.952 g, which contains 16.9% of the monoaryl compound and 83.1% desired bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)dimethylaminophosphine compound, and pot residue, 5.633 g, 39.28%, which contains 2.7% of the monoaryl compound and 97.3% desired bis(2,4-difluorophenyl)dimethylaminophosphine compound.
  • the solid was extracted with ether, filtered, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.
  • the solid residue was triturated with hexanes, filtered, washed with hexane, and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure to give the product as colorless powder, 0.5106 g, 71.11 %.
  • the solution was then filtered through a silica gel plug.
  • the plug was rinsed several times with dichloromethane.
  • Solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator, the solid was triturated with pentane, collected on a fritted plastic filter, and dried under reduced pressure.
  • the solid was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XFS) and determined to contain approximately 4% sulfur.
  • XFS X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy
  • dimethylphosphoramidous dichloride (3.60 g, 31.3 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of aluminum chloride (3.95 g, 29.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) in a large jacketed multi-neck flask purged with nitrogen. After 45 min, the resulting greenish solution and a solution of ( E,E )-1,4-bis(4-methylphenyl)-1,3-butadiene (6.70 g, 28.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (125 mL) were each cooled to 0 °C.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered through Celite, and then heated to 40 °C for 1 hr and 40 min under an atmosphere of nitrogen. An aliquot was analyzed by NMR spectroscopy, confirming incomplete isomerization. Additional sodium carbonate was added (150 mg) and the reaction mixture was allowed to react overnight at room temperature; no change was observed by NMR spectroscopy. The reaction mixture was heated for 2.5 hr, and an aliquot was taken, confirming complete conversion. The solvent was removed under vacuum and the solid was treated with water. The product was then extracted with dichloromethane using a separatory funnel. The solution was dried using anhydrous MgSO 4 , then filtered through Celite. The solvent was removed under vacuum.
  • the solid was dissolved in pentane (20 mL) and passed through a plug of acidic alumina. The alumina was rinsed with another 20 mL of pentane. The filtrate was then concentrated and placed in the freezer at -35 °C. Overnight, a precipitate was formed which was then isolated via filtration. The resulting white solid was dried under vacuum (Yield: 601 mg, 43%).
  • Step 7 Preparation of rac -N-(bis(2-fluorophenyl)phosphanyl)- N -butyl-2,5-bis(4-methylphenyl)phospholan-1-amine, L645.
  • the reaction mixture was filtered through a small neutral alumina plug, additional pentane was used to wash the alumina, and the solvent was removed under vacuum. A small quantity of pentane was added and a white powder began to precipitate. The material was placed in the freezer at -35 °C for several days. The solution was decanted, and the resulting solid was dried under vacuum. A small sample was taken and analyzed by NMR spectroscopy: 2% rac-N- butyl-2,5-bis(4-methylphenyl)phospholan-1-amine was observed. The solid was stirred in pentane, the solution was decanted, and the solid was dried under vacuum. NMR spectroscopy confirmed the absence of starting material (Yield: 230 mg, 72%).
  • Toluene (100 mL) was added to a round-bottomed flask containing Ni(acetylacetonate) 2 (0.193 g, 0.75 mmol, 3 mol%) and 1,3-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolium chloride(0.639 g, 1.87 mmol, 7.5 mol%).
  • the toluene mixture was stirred while thiophene (2.0 mL) and 4- tert -butylphenylmagnesium bromide (57.5 mL, 57.5 mmol, 1.0 M) were added sequentially.
  • the reaction vessel was heated to 80 °C. The reaction was monitored by GC/MS.
  • reaction mixture Upon completion, the reaction mixture was cooled, diluted with 4 volumes of toluene, and quenched by careful addition of an equal volume of saturated aqueous NH 4 Cl (caution H 2 S gas is generated). The organic phase was washed with equal volumes of HCl (2.4 M), NaOH (2 M), and water and was then dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 . The solution was filtered and concentrated on a rotary evaporator. Initial attempts at purification by recrystallization from hexane were unsuccessful. The material was purified by column chromatography on silica eluting with a mixture of hexane and ethyl acetate (25%). Two fractions were collected and the volatiles were removed under reduced pressure.
  • Fraction 1 (4.2 g) contained a mixture of the desired product (68%) and the homocoupled product, 4,4'-di- tert -butyl-biphenyl (32%).
  • Fraction 2 (1.1 g) contained the desired trans-trans diene product and an impurity which we tentatively assigned as the cis-trans or cis-cis isomers of the product. Total yield of the desired material from the two fractions was approximately 4 g (50% yield). These fractions were combined and used in the subsequent step without further purification.
  • dimethylphosphoramidous dichloride (4.78 mL, 41.6 mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of aluminum chloride (5.25 g, 39.6 mmol) in dichloromethane (50 mL) in a large jacketed multi-neck flask purged with nitrogen. After 45 min, the resulting greenish solution and a solution of 1,4-bis(4-t-butylphenyl)butadiene (12.1 g, 38.0 mmol) in dichloromethane (125 mL) were both cooled to 0 °C.
  • a pressure reactor was charged with rac- (1S,2R,5S)-2,5-bis(4-t-butylphenyl)-1-(dimethylamino)-2,5-ciihydrophosphole-1-oxide (2) (2.5 g, 6.1 mmol), 10% Pd on carbon (0.065 g, 0.06 mmol), sodium carbonate (0.32 g, 3.05 mmol), and methanol (100 mL).
  • the reactor was purged with hydrogen, then pressurized to 500 psi with hydrogen.
  • the white solid was suspended in pentane (20 mL) and placed in the freezer glovebox freezer at -35 °C overnight. The mixture was filtered and the white solid was rinsed sparingly with cold pentane. The white solid was then transferred to a vial and dried under reduced pressure. A second crop was isolated by concentration of the pentane washings followed by cooling in the glovebox freezer to yield a white solid which was isolated by filtration, washed sparingly with cold pentane, and dried under reduced pressure. The combined yield of the two crops was 3.0 g (93%).
  • Step 7 Preparation of rac -(2S,5S)-N-(bis(2-fluorophenyl)phosphanyl)-N-butyl-2,5-bis(4- tert- butylphenyl)phospholan-1-amine, L648
  • a cold solution (-30 °C) of triethylamine (0.075 g, 0.74 mmol) in toluene (1.5 mL) was added to a cold (-30 °C) solution of rac - N -cyclopentyl-2,5-diphenylphospholan-1-amine (0.20 g, 0.62 mmol) in toluene (2.0 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 10 min. The mixture was placed in a freezer at - 30 °C for 30 minutes.

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CA3068805C (en) * 2017-07-06 2023-05-16 Mitsui Chemicals, Inc. Olefin oligomerization catalyst and method for producing olefin oligomer in the presence of the same catalyst
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CN110803971B (zh) * 2019-12-02 2022-10-28 南方科技大学 光催化制备联苄化合物的方法
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CN113600244A (zh) * 2021-08-06 2021-11-05 山东京博石油化工有限公司 一种合成1-辛烯的催化剂及其应用
KR20230027512A (ko) * 2021-08-19 2023-02-28 에스케이이노베이션 주식회사 크롬 촉매 전구체, 이를 포함하는 에틸렌 올리고머화 촉매 및 에틸렌 올리고머의 제조방법
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CN116082111B (zh) * 2023-01-18 2024-04-26 四川大学 一种合成1,1,2-三芳基乙烷的方法
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