EP3451443A1 - Hybridkoppler - Google Patents

Hybridkoppler Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3451443A1
EP3451443A1 EP17275130.7A EP17275130A EP3451443A1 EP 3451443 A1 EP3451443 A1 EP 3451443A1 EP 17275130 A EP17275130 A EP 17275130A EP 3451443 A1 EP3451443 A1 EP 3451443A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
output
hybrid coupler
input
slotline
planar waveguide
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP17275130.7A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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designation of the inventor has not yet been filed The
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BAE Systems PLC
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BAE Systems PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BAE Systems PLC filed Critical BAE Systems PLC
Priority to EP17275130.7A priority Critical patent/EP3451443A1/de
Priority to PCT/GB2018/052365 priority patent/WO2019043358A1/en
Priority to EP18755533.9A priority patent/EP3676906A1/de
Priority to US16/640,831 priority patent/US11462812B2/en
Publication of EP3451443A1 publication Critical patent/EP3451443A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/08—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices
    • H01P5/10—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices for coupling balanced lines or devices with unbalanced lines or devices
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/08—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices
    • H01P5/10—Coupling devices of the waveguide type for linking dissimilar lines or devices for coupling balanced lines or devices with unbalanced lines or devices
    • H01P5/1015—Coplanar line transitions to Slotline or finline
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P5/00—Coupling devices of the waveguide type
    • H01P5/12—Coupling devices having more than two ports
    • H01P5/16—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port
    • H01P5/19—Conjugate devices, i.e. devices having at least one port decoupled from one other port of the junction type

Definitions

  • This invention relates generally to a hybrid coupler and, more specifically but not necessarily exclusively, to a 180° hybrid coupler for use in, for example, an antenna arrangement.
  • the invention also relates to antenna arrangements incorporating one or more hybrid couplers and associated methods of operating a hybrid coupler, with particular, but not necessarily exclusive, reference to microwave hybrid couplers.
  • a 4-port 180° hybrid coupler is a type of power divider or combiner. It can also be used as a balun. Baluns are well-known passive electrical devices. The term "balun” is derived from the abbreviation of the two terms 'balanced' and 'unbalanced'. Baluns are 3-port devices which convert signals from an unbalanced transmission line to a balanced transmission line, and vice versa. In general, the two balanced ports of a balun should provide a signal equal in amplitude with a 180° phase difference.
  • Microwave balun devices can be implemented in various ways, such as in transformer-type arrangements, coupled transmission lines and transmission line junctions. It is known from US2005/0105637 how to implement baluns using microwave techniques involving microstrips and slotlines.
  • a 4-port 180° hybrid coupler has the property that, from two inputs, the common or even mode will output from one port (the ⁇ or sum port), while the differential or odd mode will appear at a different port (the ⁇ or difference port).
  • a four-port 180° hybrid coupler can be made into a 180° power divider (effectively a three-port balun) by terminating the sum port with a matched load, such that the load on the sum port absorbs some or all of the common-mode signal received at the output ports.
  • known 180° hybrid couplers tend to be relatively narrowband. It would, therefore, be desirable to improve the characteristics of these devices. In particular, it would be desirable to achieve a wider frequency range over which useful operation of the device can be achieved.
  • the present invention in at least some of its embodiments, addresses the above described problems and desires.
  • a hybrid coupler for dividing an input electrical signal to produce first and second output electrical signals which are substantially out of phase, the hybrid coupler including:
  • the second end of said Co-Planar Waveguide may be connected, or otherwise coupled, to a matched load, a connector, or another form of transmission line interface.
  • the slotline may also be terminated at the input section by an input open circuit termination.
  • the Co-Planar Waveguide may comprise a generally central track having a first elongate portion extending in a direction from said input section toward said output open circuit termination, said first elongate portion being of a first width, an intermediate portion extending across said output open circuit termination and having a second width, different to said first width, and a second elongate portion extending beyond said output open circuit termination and having a third width different to said second width.
  • the first elongate portion of said Co-Planar Waveguide is nearest to the input section, said Co-Planar Waveguide extending from said first elongate portion in a direction toward said output ports, wherein said second portion of said Co-Planar Waveguide may be located between said first and second elongate portions, the sum port optionally being located at a distal end of said second elongate portion of said Co-Planar Waveguide.
  • the first elongate portion may have a first impedance (e.g. 100 ⁇ to match the transmission line) and the second elongate portion may have a second, different impedance (e.g. 50 ⁇ to match a connector), and the widths of said first and second elongate portions may be different so as to transition from said first impedance to said second impedance within said Co-Planar Waveguide. This transition may, for example, be achieved by stepping or tapering the second elongate portion.
  • the distal end of said first elongate portion of the Co-Planar waveguide may be tapered to a point.
  • the electrical connection between the Co-Planar Waveguide and the output line may comprise a blind via; and the co-planar waveguide may be substantially symmetrical about the slotline.
  • the electrical connection between the Co-Planar Waveguide and the output line may be located generally centrally on the output line.
  • the output line is beneficially symmetrical and may (optionally but not necessarily) be substantially U-shaped and the electrical connection between the Co-Planar Waveguide and the output line may be located generally centrally at the curved portion of the substantially U-shaped output line.
  • At least one of the input line, slotline and output line has a width and a length and the width may vary over the length.
  • a hybrid coupler according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention may be in the form of a microwave laminate structure.
  • an antenna arrangement including an antenna which is fed electrical signals from a hybrid coupler substantially as described above.
  • a method of operating a hybrid coupler substantially as described above including: inputting an input electrical signal to the hybrid coupler, and outputting from the hybrid coupler first and second output electrical signals which are substantially out of phase.
  • a method of operating a hybrid coupler substantially as described above including: inputting an input electrical signal to the hybrid coupler, and outputting from the hybrid coupler first and second output electrical signals which are substantially of equal phase.
  • a hybrid coupler according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention (depicted generally at 10) is illustrated in the form of a PCB.
  • the device has first and second dielectric substrate layers which can be attached in a suitable manner, such as bond-ply.
  • a copper layer (34 - Figure 1C ) is provided on the outer surface of both the upper and lower ground planes to form ground planes for the stripline tracks, and a third copper layer is provided at the interface between the two substrate layers, and comprises a track layer creating stripline transmission line.
  • the copper layers form part of the PCB and can be etched (to form slots and tracks) so as to form a required copper pattern on each of the three copper layers, as will be described in more detail hereinafter.
  • the device comprises a dielectric substrate 32 which is made up of the first substrate layer 32a and the second substrate layer 32b which can be attached in a suitable manner, such as by bond-ply.
  • the layers of copper 34 on the outer surfaces of the substrate layers 32a, 32b are shown in thick lines and denoted by numeral 34.
  • a copper layer 34a at the interface between the first and second substrate layers 32a, 32b is part of the stripline.
  • the copper layers 34 are removed at the central region of the dielectric substrate 32 to leave a slot 35 which corresponds to open circuit 20 ( Figure 1A ).
  • the 180° hybrid coupler 10 has an input port 12 leading to an input line or track14, which can be a microstrip or a stripline.
  • the input line 14 terminates in an open circuit stub 16.
  • the hybrid coupler 10 also comprises a generally U-shaped output line 24 or track.
  • the output line 24 can be in the form of a microstrip or a stripline.
  • the hybrid coupler 10 further comprises a slotline 18.
  • a slot (18a, 18b - Figure 2A/2B ) is formed on both the upper and lower ground planes to form the slotline 18.
  • the slotline 18 is terminated at both of its ends by open circuits 20, 22.
  • the input line 14 crosses the slotline 18 substantially at right angles to form an input line-slotline junction. This junction is formed towards the end of the slotline 18 which is closest to the input port 12.
  • the slotline 18 transitions into Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) 40, wherein the centre track 40a of the CPW is connected to the output track 24 using a blind via 44, as will be described in more detail hereinafter.
  • CPW Coplanar Waveguide
  • the output line 24 crosses the slotline 18 substantially at right angles to form a junction. This junction is formed towards the end of the slotline 18 which is nearer the output ports 26, 28.
  • the output line 24 can be regarded as comprising two arms or tracks 24a, 24b.
  • the output track 24a connects the junction of the output track 24 with the slotline 18 to the output port 26.
  • the output track 24b connects the junction of the output track 24 with the slotline 18 to the output port 28.
  • the output track 24 is connected to the centre track 40a by a blind via at this junction.
  • the hybrid coupler 10 further comprises a plurality of circular vias 30 which, as would be readily understood by the skilled reader, are plated through holes in the PCB structure.
  • an input electrical signal is inputted at the input port 12 and is coupled via the input line 14 and the slotline 18 to the junction between the slotline 18 and the output track 24.
  • substantially identical, contra-propagating electrical signals of opposite polarity are created which are coupled by the output tracks 24a, 24b to the output ports 26, 28.
  • each arm 24a, 24b has one or more stepped sections 25 arranged in a symmetrical fashion about the centre line.
  • the width of the microstrip, stripline or slotline transmission line determines its characteristic impedance at microwave frequencies.
  • the impedance of the transmission track can thus be optimised by varying the width of the transmission track. Broadly speaking, this can be achieved by tapering or stepping the width. Tapered transmission lines are created when the width is gradually reduced or increased along the length of the transmission line. This can be done so as to vary the associated impedance in such a manner that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient is kept to a minimum, or at least reduced. In this way, transmission line impedances can be transformed from commonly used values, such as 50 ohms, to other impedances which are more desirable for optimum device performance, and design rules for various exemplary implementations are set out in detail in GB2503226 .
  • GB2503226 describes a three-port balun that provides very high levels of Common-Mode Rejection (often expressed as a ratio known as Common Mode Rejection Ratio or CMRR, relative to the desired Differential Mode).
  • CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio
  • the reflected common-mode can give rise to unwanted resonances if the device is separated from the radiating element of the phased array antenna by a length of transmission line.
  • the output section of the device (the slotline-to-stripline transition) will inherently reject any common mode signal received at the output ports.
  • the 180° hybrid coupler of the present invention is intended to address this issue and is effectively configured as a three-port balun, but which provides a matched termination to a common-mode signal appearing at the output ports, thereby adding a fourth port which allows the common mode currents to be diverted to a matched load (hereinafter referred to as the 'sum port' 46), rather than being reflected, as will now be described in more detail.
  • the 180° hybrid coupler of the present invention can be considered to have two sections, namely an input section and an output section.
  • the input section consists of a differential port preceding a stripline-to-slotline transition, as described above, where both ground planes have identical slotline features (see 'B' of Figure 2B ).
  • the input section includes a transition from the input line 14 (a stripline or microstrip track) to the slotline 18.
  • the output section has different slotline features for each of the two ground planes.
  • On one of the ground planes (in this case the 'upper' ground plane, as the device is oriented in Figure 2B ), there is a slotline-to-stripline transition, as described above.
  • On the other ground plane (in this case, the 'lower' ground plane), there is a transition from the slotline 18 to the output track 24 (two striplines or microstrip tracks 24a, 24b). More specifically, the slotline 18 transitions into CPW 40, with the centre track 40a of the CPW connected to the output stripline track 24 using a copper-plated blind via 44.
  • the centre track 40a of the CPW broadens out (at 40b) underneath the cavity forming the second open circuit 22 in order to maintain, as far as is possible, the transmission line impedance, and is terminated at the sum port 46 (in this case, the sum port 46 is terminated in a chip resistor, i.e. a matched load; however, the matched load could, in alternative embodiments, be replaced with a connector or other interface such that all four ports of the device are available for use).
  • the two arms 24a, 24b of the output track 24 are routed around (in a general U shape, as previously described) to create the two output ports 26, 28.
  • CPW Co-Planar Waveguide
  • Methods of forming or providing a CPW on a PCB in this manner will be well known to a person skilled in the art, and will not be discussed in great detail herein. Suffice it to say that a CPW of this type comprises the central track 40a,40b and a pair of ground conductors, one on each side (but spaced apart from) the central track 40.
  • the central track 40a, 40b and ground conductors are co-planar relative to each other, hence the term Co-Planar Waveguide or CPW.
  • the centre track 40a at the input end of the CPW is connected to the output track 24 using a blind via 44, i.e. a via that only extends through a portion of the PCB structure.
  • a blind via 44 i.e. a via that only extends through a portion of the PCB structure.
  • the centre track 40a of the CPW 40 broadens out (at 40b corresponding to the location of the output cavity 22) to maintain the transmission line impedance, as far as is possible. Beyond the output cavity 22 (at the output end), the centre track 40a of the CPW 40 returns to its original dimensions.
  • the centre track 40a of the CPW 40 is relatively narrow and tapers to a point in the direction from the output cavity 22 toward the input end of the device.
  • the centre track 40a of the CPW 40 broadens out at 40b to take account of the output cavity 22 and maintain the transmission line impedance, as far as is possible.
  • the centre track 40a of the CPW 40 returns to its original dimensions and terminates at the sum port 46.
  • the CPW 40 is terminated (at the sum port 46) in a matched load beyond the output cavity 22.
  • the matched load could be replaced by a connector or other interface in order that all four ports of the device are available. It will be understood by a person skilled in the art that, if the device is to be used in an antenna arrangement, access to the sum port is unlikely to be required. However, when used in other applications, for example, as part of a beamformer, access to both the sum and difference ports might be required. If a connector is used to provide an interface, it would need to be matched to the transmission line impedance.
  • the transmission line impedance is approximately 100 ⁇ , but 100 ⁇ is not a standard impedance for connectors and so an impedance transformer would be required (which, for wide bandwidths, could simply be a tapered transmission line).
  • the common mode signal couples from the output track to the CPW 40 using the blind via 44 that connects the two.
  • the blind via 44 is located at the centre track 40a of the CPW 40 at the input end, adjacent the centre of the curved portion of the substantially U-shaped output line 24.
  • slotline does not support a common mode signal
  • the signal is coupled from the output stripline track 24 into the CPW 40 rather than the slotline 18. This allows the common mode signal to be directed into the load beyond the output cavity 22.
  • the performance is reciprocal. Thus, if the sum port 46 is fed, the signal is divided between the two output ports 26, 28, with the signal at each port being of equal amplitude and phase.
  • the differential mode couples to the slotline 18 and propagates towards the input sections, as in the balun design of GB2503226 , for example.
  • Both slotline 18 and CPW 40 support a differential mode, but in this case, the CPW 40 still appears to be terminated by an open circuit cavity (22) and so the signal does not propagate beyond this cavity.
  • the differential port 12 is fed, the signal is divided between the two output ports 26, 28, with the signal at each port being of equal amplitude but 180° out of phase with each other.
  • the slotline-to-CPW transition between the input cavity 20 and the output cavity 22 allows any differential signal from the input port 12 to propagate in the manner described above, in relation to a known balun.
  • the signal is exclusively coupled from the output stripline track 24 into the CPW 40, rather than being reflected. This allows the common mode signal to be directed into the load beyond the output cavity 22 (at the sum port 46).
  • the slotline (at the output section) does not support the common-mode, so no common-mode signal is able to propagate to or from the differential port 12, and because the via 44 linking the output stripline track 24 to the centre track 40a of the CPW 40 is on the centre line of the circuit (and the CPW 40 is effectively terminated by an open circuit cavity), no differential mode signal is transferred to the CPW 40, i.e. no differential mode signal is transferred to or from the sum port 46. These two characteristics mean the isolation between the sum and difference ports is very good.
  • a wideband 180° hybrid coupler such as that described above with reference to Figures 1 and 2 , can be fabricated using standard microwave PCB manufacturing techniques.
  • PCBs are generally of the type known as microwave laminates which make use of low-loss copper-clad dielectric substrates. Suitable PCBs can be obtained from a variety of manufacturers who will be well known to the skilled reader, such as Rogers Corporation (Rogers CT 06263, USA) and Taconic (Petersburg, NY 12138, USA).
  • the device structure can be produced by removing copper from desired areas of one or both sides of the laminate. It is also possible to bond laminate sheets together to form multi-layer structures. Multi-layer structures may have multiple combinations of microstrip, stripline or slotline transmission lines.
  • FIG. 3 shows generalised cross-sectional views of (a) a microstrip, (b) a stripline and (c) a slotline.
  • Figure 3(a) shows a microstrip formed from a microwave laminate comprising a dielectric substrate 50 having a full copper layer 52 on a lower face thereof. Copper has been removed on the upper face of the dielectric substrate 50 to leave a copper track 54.
  • Figure 3(b) shows a stripline formed as a multi-layer structure comprising a first microwave laminate 56, and second microwave laminate 58, and a bond-ply sheet 60 which is used to secure the laminates 56, 58 to each other.
  • the first microwave laminate 56 comprising a dielectric substrate 62 having a complete copper layer 64 formed over a lower face thereof. Copper is removed on the upper face of the dielectric substrate 62 to leave a copper track 66. Copper is removed entirely from a lower face of a dielectric substrate 68 of the microwave laminate 58. The upper face of the dielectric substrate 68 retains a complete copper layer 70.
  • vias also known generally as Plated Through Holes or PTH
  • Figure 3(c) shows a slotline formed from a microwave laminate which comprises a dielectric substrate 72 having a copper layer 74 on an upper face thereof. Copper is removed from the copper layer 74 to create a slot 76. The copper on the lower face of the dielectric substrate 72 may be removed entirely.
  • Hybrid couplers according to embodiments of the invention are particularly suitable for use in feeding an antenna.
  • An array of couplers may be utilised.
  • the hybrid couplers of the invention may be used for other purposes, such as in a microwave circuit.

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  • Variable-Direction Aerials And Aerial Arrays (AREA)
EP17275130.7A 2017-08-31 2017-08-31 Hybridkoppler Ceased EP3451443A1 (de)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17275130.7A EP3451443A1 (de) 2017-08-31 2017-08-31 Hybridkoppler
PCT/GB2018/052365 WO2019043358A1 (en) 2017-08-31 2018-08-21 HYBRID COUPLER
EP18755533.9A EP3676906A1 (de) 2017-08-31 2018-08-21 Hybridkoppler
US16/640,831 US11462812B2 (en) 2017-08-31 2018-08-21 Hybrid coupler

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17275130.7A EP3451443A1 (de) 2017-08-31 2017-08-31 Hybridkoppler

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3451443A1 true EP3451443A1 (de) 2019-03-06

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111628257A (zh) * 2020-06-01 2020-09-04 中天宽带技术有限公司 一种滤波功分器

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3678395A (en) * 1970-10-14 1972-07-18 Gte Sylvania Inc Broadband planar balanced circuit
JPS60172802A (ja) * 1984-02-17 1985-09-06 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> 共平面ハイブリツド回路
US5075647A (en) * 1990-05-16 1991-12-24 Universities Research Association, Inc. Planar slot coupled microwave hybrid
WO2001015260A1 (en) * 1999-08-24 2001-03-01 Paratek Microwave, Inc. Voltage tunable coplanar phase shifters
US20050105637A1 (en) 2003-11-14 2005-05-19 Fitzpatrick Douglas D. Bi-phase modulator for ultra wideband signals
GB2503226A (en) 2012-06-19 2013-12-25 Bae Systems Plc A Balun for dividing an input electrical signal wherein the width of at least one of the input line, slotline and output line varies over the length
GB2503225A (en) * 2012-06-19 2013-12-25 Bae Systems Plc A Balun including a slotline coupled to an input line and output line and sandwiched between a first and second layer of dielectric material

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3678395A (en) * 1970-10-14 1972-07-18 Gte Sylvania Inc Broadband planar balanced circuit
JPS60172802A (ja) * 1984-02-17 1985-09-06 Nippon Telegr & Teleph Corp <Ntt> 共平面ハイブリツド回路
US5075647A (en) * 1990-05-16 1991-12-24 Universities Research Association, Inc. Planar slot coupled microwave hybrid
WO2001015260A1 (en) * 1999-08-24 2001-03-01 Paratek Microwave, Inc. Voltage tunable coplanar phase shifters
US20050105637A1 (en) 2003-11-14 2005-05-19 Fitzpatrick Douglas D. Bi-phase modulator for ultra wideband signals
GB2503226A (en) 2012-06-19 2013-12-25 Bae Systems Plc A Balun for dividing an input electrical signal wherein the width of at least one of the input line, slotline and output line varies over the length
GB2503225A (en) * 2012-06-19 2013-12-25 Bae Systems Plc A Balun including a slotline coupled to an input line and output line and sandwiched between a first and second layer of dielectric material

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
NING YANG ET AL: "Broadband Compact 180^{\circ} Hybrid Derived From the Wilkinson Divider", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, PLENUM, USA, vol. 58, no. 4, 1 March 2010 (2010-03-01), pages 1030 - 1037, XP011304012, ISSN: 0018-9480 *

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111628257A (zh) * 2020-06-01 2020-09-04 中天宽带技术有限公司 一种滤波功分器
CN111628257B (zh) * 2020-06-01 2021-09-24 中天宽带技术有限公司 一种滤波功分器

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