EP3443578A1 - Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung eines korrosionsgeschützten stahlprodukts - Google Patents
Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung eines korrosionsgeschützten stahlproduktsInfo
- Publication number
- EP3443578A1 EP3443578A1 EP17716899.4A EP17716899A EP3443578A1 EP 3443578 A1 EP3443578 A1 EP 3443578A1 EP 17716899 A EP17716899 A EP 17716899A EP 3443578 A1 EP3443578 A1 EP 3443578A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- steel substrate
- hollow cathode
- steel
- plasma nitriding
- metallic material
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/58—After-treatment
- C23C14/5846—Reactive treatment
- C23C14/586—Nitriding
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/06—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the coating material
- C23C14/14—Metallic material, boron or silicon
- C23C14/16—Metallic material, boron or silicon on metallic substrates or on substrates of boron or silicon
- C23C14/165—Metallic material, boron or silicon on metallic substrates or on substrates of boron or silicon by cathodic sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/34—Sputtering
- C23C14/35—Sputtering by application of a magnetic field, e.g. magnetron sputtering
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C14/00—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material
- C23C14/22—Coating by vacuum evaporation, by sputtering or by ion implantation of the coating forming material characterised by the process of coating
- C23C14/56—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks
- C23C14/562—Apparatus specially adapted for continuous coating; Arrangements for maintaining the vacuum, e.g. vacuum locks for coating elongated substrates
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C8/06—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases
- C23C8/36—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals using gases using ionised gases, e.g. ionitriding
- C23C8/38—Treatment of ferrous surfaces
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32009—Arrangements for generation of plasma specially adapted for examination or treatment of objects, e.g. plasma sources
- H01J37/32018—Glow discharge
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
- H01J37/32532—Electrodes
- H01J37/32596—Hollow cathodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
- H01J37/32733—Means for moving the material to be treated
- H01J37/32752—Means for moving the material to be treated for moving the material across the discharge
- H01J37/32761—Continuous moving
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/32431—Constructional details of the reactor
- H01J37/32733—Means for moving the material to be treated
- H01J37/32752—Means for moving the material to be treated for moving the material across the discharge
- H01J37/32761—Continuous moving
- H01J37/3277—Continuous moving of continuous material
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/32—Gas-filled discharge tubes
- H01J37/34—Gas-filled discharge tubes operating with cathodic sputtering
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for producing a corrosion-protected steel product, in particular a steel strip or steel sheet, with a device for plasma nitriding a steel substrate, wherein the device for plasma nitriding has at least one hollow cathode space in which a hollow cathode glow discharge can be generated. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for producing a corrosion-protected steel product, in particular a steel strip or steel sheet, wherein a steel substrate is provided and nitrogen is diffused by plasma nitriding in the steel substrate, wherein for plasma nitriding a plasma is provided by a hollow cathode glow discharge.
- the invention finds application in the production of steel products designed as bipolar plates.
- Such bipolar plates are used in fuel cells, in particular in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMPFC) fuel cells, to electrically contact membrane electrode assemblies (MEA).
- PEMPFC proton exchange membrane fuel cell
- MEA membrane electrode assemblies
- the bipolar plates conduct reaction gases to the reaction areas and dissipate the resulting heat and water.
- the bipolar plates in the fuel cell are subject to very aggressive chemical conditions while simultaneously applying an electrical potential, which can lead to corrosion of the bipolar plates. Therefore, it is necessary to protect such steel formed bipolar plates against corrosion. This can be done for example by a modification of the surface. It is necessary that the corrosion protection does not significantly affect the contact resistance of the bipolar plate, so that a low-resistance contacting of the membrane-electrode unit can be made possible.
- the production of corrosion-protected bipolar plates can be carried out by plasma nitriding steel substrates.
- nitrogen atoms are incorporated in a thin surface layer of the steel substrate by means of a plasma generated in a nitrogen atmosphere.
- the incorporation of the nitrogen atoms into the austenitic lattice leads to a widening and thus to the formation of a dense, near-surface Outer layer of expanded austenite.
- the bipolar plates nitrided in this way have improved corrosion resistance.
- the known method enables the production of corrosion-protected steel products with a low contact resistance within a short process time.
- the steel products produced do not have the stability required for use as a bipolar plate.
- the object is achieved by a device for producing a corrosion-protected steel product, in particular a steel strip or steel sheet, with a device for plasma nitriding a steel substrate, wherein the device for plasma nitriding at least one hollow cathode space in which a hollow cathode glow discharge can be generated and wherein the device additionally a coating device for applying a metallic material to the steel substrate.
- the plasma nitriding of the steel substrate can be combined with the application of a metallic material.
- Nitrogen can be diffused into a near-surface edge zone of the steel substrate by means of plasma nitriding. There may be formed a so-called nitriding layer which has increased corrosion resistance.
- the deposited metallic material may also diffuse into the steel substrate and / or form nitrides. It is possible, one to generate simultaneous diffusion of the nitrogen and the deposited metal in the steel substrate as well as to promote the formation of nitrides. By the method, a surface having improved corrosion resistance and low contact resistance can be obtained.
- the device can advantageously be used for the production of steel products, in particular steel strips or steel plates, which serve as an intermediate for the production of bipolar plates.
- the device according to the invention for plasma nitriding has at least one hollow cathode space in which a hollow cathode glow discharge can be generated. Via the hollow cathode glow discharge a plasma with a homogeneous distribution can be produced in the hollow cathode space.
- the use of a hollow cathode space also has the advantage that a plasma with a high plasma density can be obtained.
- the hollow cathode space can be arranged within a hollow cathode.
- the hollow cathode space is at least partially bounded by the steel substrate, so that the hollow cathode is at least partially formed by the steel substrate.
- a device for contacting the steel substrate can be provided so that the steel substrate can be connected to a predetermined potential, for example a ground potential, during plasma nitriding.
- the steel substrate limits the hollow cathode space on two opposite sides.
- the apparatus may have a conveying device which conveys a strip-shaped steel substrate, for example a steel strip, such that two sections of the steel substrate-separated by the hollow cathode space-are arranged substantially parallel.
- a stationary hollow cathode glow discharge can be generated, for example by applying a direct or alternating voltage.
- the coating device is preferably designed as a sputter deposition device.
- a sputter deposition device In the sputter deposition, atoms are knocked out of a target by ion bombardment and deposited on the steel substrate.
- the ion source of the sputter deposition device it is preferable to use a hollow cathode space of the plasma nitriding device.
- the sputter deposition device has a magnetic field source through which a magnetic field in the hollow cathode space is produced. is certifiable.
- the magnetic field may be superimposed with an electric field of the plasma nitriding device, in particular with an electric field of the hollow cathode, so that the plasma plasma ions of the plasma-nitriding device in the area in front of a target are accelerated to release atoms from the target can.
- the magnetic field source can be designed, for example, as a magnetron.
- the magnetic field source is preferably arranged outside the hollow cathode space, in particular directly adjacent to the hollow cathode space.
- the sputter deposition device has a target from which metal atoms are detachable, the target being formed by the steel substrate.
- a configuration is particularly advantageous when the device is provided for the production of band-shaped steel products. It may be provided a conveyor, via which the band-shaped steel substrate is conveyed such that it limits the hollow cathode space on two opposite sides.
- the magnetic field source may be arranged such that the magnetic field generated by it causes a sputtering of metal atoms in a first portion of the hollow cathode space bounding steel substrate. In a second section of the hollow cathode space bounding steel substrate, the sputtered metal atoms can be deposited and be diffused together with the nitrogen atoms in the steel substrate.
- the means for plasma nitriding has a guide roller, via which the particular belt-shaped steel substrate can be guided in such a way that it delimits the hollow cathode space in the area of the guide roller.
- the steel substrate may abut on the guide roller, so that propagation of the hollow cathode glow discharge onto a guide roller facing side of the steel substrate can be effectively prevented. It is thus possible to provide a hollow cathode glow discharge with an increased discharge power, whereby an increased plasma nitriding rate can be achieved.
- the guide roller is particularly preferably formed coolable. It may be provided a cooling device, via which the guide roller is coolable, so that excessive heating of the steel substrate can be counteracted by the hollow cathode glow discharge.
- the device for plasma nitriding has two hollow cathode spaces.
- the steel substrate may be conveyable such that it is introduced successively into the two hollow cathode spaces, so that two successive diffusion processes can be carried out.
- one or more magnetic field sources are provided, via which a magnetic field can be generated in the two hollow cathode spaces.
- different targets are preferably provided, so that two different materials can be successively applied to the steel substrate conveyed by the two hollow cathode spaces and, if necessary, be diffused.
- the device has a holding device, via which the, in particular plate-shaped, steel substrate can be introduced into the device in such a way that the steel substrate is arranged between two hollow cathode spaces and delimits both hollow cathode spaces.
- a holding device via which the, in particular plate-shaped, steel substrate can be introduced into the device in such a way that the steel substrate is arranged between two hollow cathode spaces and delimits both hollow cathode spaces.
- two opposing surfaces of the steel substrate may simultaneously be subjected to treatment by plasma nitriding and / or sputtering deposition. It is possible to apply the same material or two different materials to both sides of the steel substrate.
- the device has a preheating device, via which the steel substrate can be preheated prior to plasma nitriding, so that the steel substrate has a temperature which is favorable for the riveting operation.
- the preheater may be configured as a resistive preheater, inductive preheater, plasma preheater, electron beam preheater, laser preheater, or infrared preheater.
- the steel substrate can be preheated to a temperature in the range of 350 ° C to 750 ° C, preferably to a temperature in the range of 420 ° C to 470 ° C, more preferably to a temperature in the range of 440 ° C to 460 °, for example to 450 ° C.
- a method for producing a corrosion-protected steel product in particular a steel strip or steel sheet, in which a steel substrate is provided, further contributes nitrogen to the steel by plasma nitriding.
- substrate is plasma diffused, wherein for plasma nitriding, a plasma is provided by a hollow cathode glow discharge, and wherein a metallic material is applied to the steel substrate.
- the metallic material is applied by Sputterdeposition.
- a target for sputter deposition either a target or the steel substrate itself can be used.
- the metallic material preferably comprises a transition metal, in particular chromium, titanium, niobium, vanadium, tungsten, manganese, molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium or yttrium, or aluminum.
- transition metals is to be understood as meaning the chemical elements having atomic numbers of 21 to 30, 39 to 48, 57 to 80 and 89 to 12 except iron (Fe, atomic number 26).
- the metallic material may consist exclusively of one of the aforementioned transition metals or metals.
- the metallic material is applied before nitrogen is diffused into the steel substrate by plasma nitriding.
- the application of the metallic material can be carried out in a separate process step preceding the plasma nitriding.
- the metallic material is preferably applied in such a way that a thin, nitrogen-permeable layer is formed on the steel substrate, so that the nitrogen can diffuse through in the subsequent process step of plasma nitriding through the deposited on the steel substrate metallic material.
- the applied layer may, for example, have a layer thickness which is less than 500 nm, preferably less than 200 nm, more preferably less than 50 nm.
- the minimum layer thickness can be 5 nm.
- plasma nitriding both the deposited metallic material and nitrogen can diffuse into the steel substrate. It can be a near-surface nitride layer and possibly nitrides are formed.
- the metallic material is applied while nitrogen is diffused into the steel substrate by plasma nitriding.
- nitrogen is diffused into the steel substrate by plasma nitriding.
- both the metallic material and the nitrogen are diffused during the application of the metallic material in the steel substrate, whereby a nitriding layer and possibly nitrides can be formed.
- a further advantageous embodiment provides that carbon, preferably by sputter deposition, is applied to the steel substrate, in particular after nitrogen is diffused into the steel substrate by plasma nitriding.
- the carbon can be provided via a graphite target from which carbon atoms are released by ion bombardment. The diffusion of the carbon into the steel substrate results in carbon doping, which further improves the stabilization of corrosion resistance and contact resistance.
- the steel substrate is conveyed during the diffusion of the nitrogen and the application of the metallic material, so that a continuous manufacturing process is made possible.
- Such a method is particularly advantageous when the steel substrate is band-shaped.
- plasma is provided by a hollow cathode glow discharge for plasma nitriding.
- the hollow-cathode glow discharge can be generated within a hollow cathode space which is at least partially delimited by the, in particular conveyed, steel substrate.
- the hollow cathode glow discharge is provided by a pulsed DC voltage.
- the steel substrate is preferably formed of austenitic and / or stainless and acid resistant steel. With such a steel substrate, it is possible to produce steel products formed as bipolar plates, which are less expensive and more compact compared to carbon-based bipolar plates.
- the steel substrate is preheated prior to plasma nitriding, so that the steel substrate has a temperature which is favorable for the riveting operation.
- the steel substrate can be preheated to a temperature in the range of 350 ° C to 750 ° C, preferably to a temperature in the range of 420 ° C to 470 ° C, more preferably to a temperature in the range of 440 ° C to 460 °, for example, 450 ° C.
- the preheating of the steel substrate prior to plasma nitriding may be carried out either before the application of the metallic material or during the application of the metallic material or after the application of the metallic material.
- the preheating of the steel substrate prior to plasma nitriding may be, for example, resistive, inductive tively, by means of a plasma, by means of an electron beam, by means of a laser and / or by means of infrared radiation (eg IR or NIR radiation).
- infrared radiation eg IR or NIR radiation
- the advantageous features described in connection with the device for producing a corrosion-protected steel product can be used.
- FIG. 1 shows a flow chart of a first exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 shows a flow chart of a second exemplary embodiment of the method according to the invention.
- FIG 3 shows a first embodiment of a device according to the invention in a schematic representation.
- FIG. 4 shows a second embodiment of a device according to the invention in a schematic representation.
- FIG. 5 shows a third embodiment of a device according to the invention in a schematic representation.
- FIG. 6 shows a fourth embodiment of a device according to the invention in a schematic representation.
- FIG. 7 shows a fifth exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention in a schematic representation.
- FIG. 8 shows a sixth exemplary embodiment of a device according to the invention in a schematic representation.
- FIG. 9 shows a depth profile of a corrosion-resistant steel product according to a first exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 10 shows a depth profile of a corrosion-resistant steel product according to a second exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 11 shows depth profiles of the corrosion-resistant steel products according to the first and second embodiments.
- FIG. 12 shows a depth profile of a corrosion-resistant steel product according to a third exemplary embodiment.
- the methods and devices shown in the figures for producing a corrosion-protected steel product are particularly suitable for producing intermediate products formed as steel strip or steel sheet, which are used for the production of bipolar plates for fuel cells, in particular proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC).
- PEMFC proton exchange membrane fuel cells
- the starting material used is a steel substrate, which is preferably designed as an austenitic, rust- and acid-resistant steel substrate (RS steel).
- the steel substrate may be in the form of steel strip or steel sheet.
- a steel substrate is provided which may be strip-shaped or plate-shaped.
- a metallic material is applied to the provided steel substrate in a coating process.
- the coating is preferably carried out by sputter deposition, so that a thin metallic layer can be obtained.
- the metallic material is preferably a transition metal, in particular chromium, titanium, niobium, vanadium, tungsten, manganese, molybdenum, tantalum, zirconium, hafnium or yttrium, or aluminum.
- a plasma diffusion treatment is carried out, wherein nitrogen diffuses through the layer into the steel substrate by means of plasma nitriding.
- the steel substrate is exposed in a vacuum to a nitrogen-containing gas and generates a glow discharge, in particular a hollow cathode glow discharge.
- a glow discharge in particular a hollow cathode glow discharge.
- nitrogen atoms in the vicinity of the steel substrate are ionized.
- the positively charged nitrogen ions are accelerated towards the workpiece, where they encounter high kinetic energy and deposit themselves in the surface of the steel substrate.
- the metallic material applied in the preceding process step S2 forms a nitrogen-permeable layer so that the nitrogen can diffuse into the steel substrate.
- the atoms of the metal deposited on the steel substrate diffuse into the steel substrate and form an alloy region.
- metal nitrides are additionally formed near the surface.
- a fourth method step S4 following the third method step S3 carbon is applied by sputtering deposition to the steel substrate.
- This fourth method step S4 can be followed by a further method step in which a plasma diffusion treatment is carried out, for example plasma nitriding.
- the fourth process step may be performed simultaneously with a plasma diffusion treatment.
- FIG. 2 shows a method for producing a corrosion-protected steel product according to a second exemplary embodiment.
- a first method step S1 a particular strip-shaped or plate-shaped steel substrate is provided.
- the second method step S2 and third method step S3 previously described in connection with the first exemplary embodiment are carried out simultaneously.
- the application of the metallic material to the steel substrate takes place while nitrogen is diffused by plasma nitriding into the steel substrate.
- the processes of metal and nitrogen diffusion as well as nitride formation described above occur simultaneously.
- the application of the metallic material is preferably carried out by Sputterdeposition.
- a fourth method step S4 carbon is applied by sputtering deposition to the steel substrate.
- This fourth method step S4 can be followed by a further method step in which a plasma diffusion treatment is carried out, for example plasma nitriding.
- the fourth process step may be performed simultaneously with a plasma diffusion treatment
- the steel substrate may be preheated prior to the plasma diffusion treatment carried out in step S3, whereby the steel substrate can be brought to a temperature favorable for the kneading process.
- the steel substrate may be preheated to a temperature in the range of 350 ° C to 750 ° C, preferably to a temperature in the range of 420 ° C to 470 ° C, more preferably to a temperature in the range of 440 ° C to 460 °, for example to 450 ° C.
- the preheating of the steel substrate can be carried out either before the application of the metallic material in method step S2 or during the application of the metallic material in method step S2 or after the application of the metallic material in method step S2.
- the preheating takes place for example resistively, inductively, by means of a plasma, by means of an electron beam, by means of a laser and / or by means of infrared radiation.
- the processes described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 enable the production of corrosion-protected steel products with a low contact resistance within a short process time in the range of 1 minute to 15 minutes, preferably in the range of 1 minute to 10 minutes, for example 6 minutes.
- FIG. 3 shows a first exemplary embodiment of a device 1 for producing a corrosion-protected steel product with which the method shown in FIG. 1 can be implemented.
- the apparatus 1 has a coating means 2, by means of which a metallic material is applied to a band-shaped steel substrate 3 supplied to the coating means 2.
- the metallic layer deposited on the steel substrate 3 is made of one or more transition metals (such as chromium, titanium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, etc.) or aluminum and is permeable to nitrogen diffusion during subsequent plasma nitriding.
- the layer applied in the coating means 2 may further comprise carbon.
- the device 1 has a preheating device 21, via which the steel substrate 3 is preheated.
- the preheating device 21 can be arranged in front of the coating device 2 in order to preheat the steel substrate supplied to the coating device 2 or to be arranged behind the coating device 2 in order to preheat the coated steel substrate emerging from the coating device 2.
- the preheating device 21 may be integrated in the coating device 2, so that a preheating can take place simultaneously with the coating.
- the device 1 also has a device for plasma nitriding 4.
- the device for plasma nitriding 4 comprises a hollow cathode space 5, which is partially bounded by the band-shaped steel substrate 3.
- the steel substrate 3 is conveyed via a conveyor such that two sections of the steel substrate 3 - separated by the hollow cathode space 5 - are arranged substantially parallel.
- the conveyor device comprises a plurality of deflection rollers 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. About the deflection rollers 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, the band-shaped steel substrate 3 is conveyed through a vacuum chamber.
- the steel substrate is heated to a temperature of about 450 ° C prior to entering the plasma nitriding device 4.
- the device for plasma nitriding 4 further has a gas distributor 11, via which nitrogen is introduced into the vacuum chamber, in particular into the hollow cathode space 5.
- a suction device 12 is arranged on a gas distributor 1 1 opposite side of the hollow cathode space 5.
- the gas distributor 1 1 is electrically connected as an anode.
- a pulsed DC voltage in the range of 300 V to 400 V is applied.
- a hollow cathode glow discharge is formed within the hollow cathode space 5.
- the device for plasma nitriding 4 shields 13 on.
- the hollow cathode glow discharge burns in the hollow cathode space 5 formed by the two sections of the steel substrate 3.
- the inner surface of the steel substrate 3 to be treated is in direct contact with the plasma generated by the hollow cathode glow discharge.
- the heated to the nitriding temperature, coated with the metallic material steel substrate 3 enters the hollow cathode space 5 and is plasma nitrided for the first time.
- the steel substrate 3 continues to run, is deflected by the deflection roller 8 and occurs - without changing its temperature - again in the hollow cathode space 5, where it is plasma nitrided for the second time.
- the coating means 2 is designed as a sputter deposition device, which is arranged in such a way that simultaneous application of the metallic material and diffusion treatment with the plasma nitriding device 4 are possible.
- the device 1 according to the second embodiment has a preheating device 21, via which the steel substrate 3 is preheated.
- the device for plasma nitriding 4 corresponds to the device for plasma nitriding 4 shown in FIG. 3.
- a magnetic field source 14 of the coating device 2 is arranged in an edge area of the hollow cathode space 5, via which a magnetic field M can be generated in the hollow cathode space 5.
- the magnetic field M can be generated asymmetrically in such a way that it is mainly present in front of one of the two sections of the steel substrate 3 delimiting the hollow cathode space 5.
- the magnetic field M additionally accelerates the ions of the plasma generated by the hollow-cathode glow discharge. The ions reach a kinetic energy that is sufficient to knock out metallic atoms from the steel substrate.
- the steel substrate 3 is used as a target in a portion subjected to intensive sputtering.
- the metallic atoms, for example chromium, removed from the first section of the steel substrate 3 are applied to the opposite, second section of the steel substrate 3.
- There a surface modification of the steel substrate 3 takes place by metal diffusion and nitride formation simultaneously with the plasma nitriding process.
- a self-supporting nitride formation process is achieved in which a metal, for example chromium, which promotes metal nitride formation, in particular chromium nitride formation, is itself supplied by the treated steel substrate 3.
- a steel product having a surface excellent in corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity can be obtained.
- FIG. 5 shows a third exemplary embodiment of a device 1 for producing a corrosion-protected steel product with which the method shown in FIG. 2 (direct diffusion modification) can be realized.
- the device 1 according to the The third exemplary embodiment like the device 1 according to the wide exemplary embodiment, has a magnetic field source 14, via which a magnetic field M can be generated in the hollow cathode space 5.
- this device 1 has a target 15 made of a metallic material.
- the hollow-cathode glow discharge burns in the hollow cathode space 5 formed by the target 15 and the target opposite the steel substrate 3.
- the device has a first deflection roller 19 and a second deflection roller 20, over which the steel substrate 3 is guided so that it is one side of the hollow cathode space 5 limited.
- the steel substrate 3 enters and is surface treated in the hollow cathode glow discharge: parallel to the plasma nitriding, the material is sputtered from the opposite target 15 due to the magnetic field M and the sputtered material (such as chromium, titanium, molybdenum, Niobium, vanadium, etc.) reaches the opposite portion of the steel substrate 3.
- the sputtered material such as chromium, titanium, molybdenum, Niobium, vanadium, etc.
- the device 1 according to the third embodiment has a preheating device 21, via which the steel substrate 3 is preheated.
- the first device 1 is a second device connected downstream, which has a target 15 which consists of graphite.
- the carbon doping contributes to further stabilization of the corrosion resistance and contact resistance of the steel substrate in the typical operating range of a fuel cell (polarization: -0.2 V (SHE) to +1.2 V (SHE); temperature: 80 ° C; 0.1 M) Sulfuric acid) at.
- FIG. 6 shows a fourth exemplary embodiment of a device 1 for producing a corrosion-protected steel product.
- the device 1 according to the fourth embodiment has exactly two hollow cathode spaces 5, which are partially bounded by a portion of the steel substrate 3.
- a respective target 15, 16 is arranged on a side of the hollow cathode space 5 opposite the section of the steel substrate 3.
- the device 1 has one or more magnetic field sources 14 which generate a magnetic field M in both hollow cathode spaces 5, whereby both of the first target 15 as well as the second target 16 material is removed.
- the first target is made of a metallic material and the second target 16 is made of graphite.
- the strip-shaped steel substrate 3 enters and is surface-treated in the first hollow cathode space 5.
- the metal target 15 is sputtered and the sputtered material (such as chromium, titanium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, etc.) is sputtered. ) reaches the opposite portion of the steel substrate 3.
- the sputtered material such as chromium, titanium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, etc.
- the steel substrate 3 then enters the second hollow cathode space 5 and is surface-treated for the second time: parallel to the plasma nitriding, the graphite target 16 is sputtered and the sputtered carbon reaches the opposite portion of the steel substrate 3. There, surface modification by doping with carbon occurs simultaneously with a plasma nitriding process instead of.
- the device 1 according to the fourth embodiment has a preheating device 21, via which the steel substrate 3 is preheated.
- FIG. 7 shows a fifth exemplary embodiment of a device 1 for producing a corrosion-protected steel product.
- the device 1 according to FIG. 7 has two guide rollers 17, via which the steel substrate 3 is guided such that it delimits the hollow cathode space 5 in the area of the guide roller 17.
- the steel substrate 3 abuts directly on the guide roller 17.
- a spread of the hollow cathode glow discharge is prevented on the guide roller 17 facing side of the steel substrate 3. It can therefore be used a stable glow discharge with a significantly higher discharge performance.
- the higher discharge power achieves a significantly higher plasma nitriding rate, making it possible to perform the process at an increased rate.
- the guide rollers 17 are designed to be coolable, so that over the guide rollers 17, a temperature control of the steel substrate 3 can take place.
- a magnetic field source 14 is arranged within a guide roller 17, so that it becomes possible to enable a sputtering deposition in the hollow cathode space 5 with arcuate boundary.
- the device 1 according to the fifth embodiment has a preheating device 21, via which the steel substrate 3 is preheated.
- 8 shows a sixth embodiment of a device 1 according to the invention with two hollow cathode chambers 5, which is suitable for the production of plate-shaped steel products.
- the device 1 has a holding device 18, via which the steel substrate 3 can be introduced into the device 1 such that the steel substrate 3 is arranged between two hollow cathode spaces 5 and delimits both hollow cathode spaces 5.
- Each hollow cathode space 5 is associated with a magnetic field source 14 which generates a magnetic field M in the hollow cathode space 5.
- a respective target 15 is arranged on the sides of the hollow cathode spaces 5, which are opposite to the steel substrate 3.
- both targets 15 are sputtered, and the sputtered metallic material (such as chromium, titanium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, etc.) reaches the steel substrate 3 on the opposite side of the hollow cathode space 5.
- the sputtered metallic material such as chromium, titanium, molybdenum, niobium, vanadium, etc.
- the surfaces of both sides of the bipolar plate can be carbon doped.
- a second device 1 can be used, wherein it has two targets of graphite.
- FIGS. 9 to 12 were produced by a method according to FIG. 2 with a device according to FIG.
- the starting material used was an austenitic, rust and acid-resistant steel substrate with a thickness of 0.1 mm and the material number EN-1.4301.
- the process conditions and parameters are summarized in Table 1.
- the distance between the target and the steel substrate was 30 mm, the selected working pressure in the device is in the range of 4 Pa to 7 Pa.
- a pulsed direct current with a discharge frequency of 145 kHz and a pulse pause of 3.1 s was used.
- the depth profiles of the steel products produced shown in FIGS. 9 to 12 were determined by means of glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES).
- GDOES glow-discharge optical emission spectroscopy
- the steel product A is distinguished by a concentration depth distribution of nitrogen and titanium in the near-surface region of the nitrided diffusion layer which is typical for plasma nitriding.
- the steel product B has a greatly reduced nitration depth and a low surface concentration of nitrogen ( Figure 9) and a much higher titanium content ( Figure 11).
- the determined amounts of titanium are 0.8 mg-nr 2 for the steel product A and 4.5 mg-nr 2 for the steel product B.
- the amount of titanium in a process which involves plasma nitriding without a additional order of titanium includes (reference), less than 0.1 mg-nr 2 .
- the production of the steel product C was carried out with a graphite target, cf. FIG. 12. From the comparison with the reference plasma nitriding, the steel product C has a significantly higher carbon concentration both in the near-surface region and at the interface between the nitriding layer and the base material.
- corrosion protected steel products can be made by providing a steel substrate, nitrogen by plasma nitriding into the steel substrate, and additionally applying a metallic material to the steel substrate.
- a steel product having a surface having improved corrosion resistance and low contact resistance can be obtained, so that the steel product can be used as a bipolar plate even in the operating conditions prevailing in a fuel cell.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Phase Diffusion Into Metallic Material Surfaces (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102016106679.6A DE102016106679A1 (de) | 2016-04-12 | 2016-04-12 | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines korrosionsgeschützten Stahlprodukts |
| PCT/EP2017/058722 WO2017178506A1 (de) | 2016-04-12 | 2017-04-12 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung eines korrosionsgeschützten stahlprodukts |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3443578A1 true EP3443578A1 (de) | 2019-02-20 |
Family
ID=58537003
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP17716899.4A Withdrawn EP3443578A1 (de) | 2016-04-12 | 2017-04-12 | Vorrichtung und verfahren zur herstellung eines korrosionsgeschützten stahlprodukts |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20190153589A1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP3443578A1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2019519670A (de) |
| CN (1) | CN109075006A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102016106679A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2017178506A1 (de) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| GB2588935B (en) | 2019-11-15 | 2022-09-07 | Dyson Technology Ltd | Method and apparatus for sputter deposition of target material to a substrate |
| GB2588939B (en) * | 2019-11-15 | 2022-12-28 | Dyson Technology Ltd | Sputter deposition apparatus and method |
| GB2588932B (en) | 2019-11-15 | 2022-08-24 | Dyson Technology Ltd | Method and apparatus for sputter deposition of target material to a substrate |
| GB2588940B (en) | 2019-11-15 | 2022-06-22 | Dyson Technology Ltd | Sputter deposition |
| GB2588947B (en) | 2019-11-15 | 2024-02-21 | Dyson Technology Ltd | A method of manufacturing solid state battery cathodes for use in batteries |
| GB2588946B (en) | 2019-11-15 | 2022-08-17 | Dyson Technology Ltd | Method of manufacturing crystalline material from different materials |
| GB2588944B (en) | 2019-11-15 | 2022-08-17 | Dyson Technology Ltd | Method of forming crystalline layer, method of forming a battery half cell |
| US20230043638A1 (en) * | 2020-10-14 | 2023-02-09 | Questek Innovations Llc | Steel to tungsten functionally graded material systems |
Citations (1)
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19526387A1 (de) * | 1994-07-19 | 1996-02-29 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co | Doppelt beschichteter Stahlverbundgegenstand und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3402637B2 (ja) * | 1992-12-28 | 2003-05-06 | キヤノン株式会社 | 太陽電池の製造方法、その製造装置及び長尺シート基板の製造方法 |
| JP2001500927A (ja) * | 1996-09-23 | 2001-01-23 | シーメンス アクチエンゲゼルシヤフト | 熱絶縁層を備えた構造部品、特にガスタービンの羽根並びに熱絶縁層ぜの製造方法及び装置 |
| JP4206527B2 (ja) * | 1997-09-18 | 2009-01-14 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | ドライプレーティング装置 |
| DE19744060C2 (de) | 1997-10-06 | 1999-08-12 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Oberflächenbehandlung von Substraten |
| DE60238979D1 (de) * | 2001-04-20 | 2011-03-03 | Gen Plasma Inc | Penningentladungsplasmaquelle |
| JP2006236616A (ja) * | 2005-02-22 | 2006-09-07 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池用セパレータ、燃料電池スタック、燃料電池車両、及び燃料電池用セパレータの製造方法 |
| DE102006031791A1 (de) * | 2006-07-10 | 2008-01-17 | Daimlerchrysler Ag | Beschichtungsverfahren und korrosionsschützende Beschichtung für Elektroden |
| KR100791274B1 (ko) * | 2007-06-20 | 2008-01-04 | 현대하이스코 주식회사 | 금속층/금속질화물층과 금속산질화물층을 포함하는 연료전지용 스테인리스 |
| US7972449B2 (en) * | 2008-01-03 | 2011-07-05 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Corrosion resistant metal composite for electrochemical devices and methods of producing the same |
| JP2010001510A (ja) * | 2008-06-18 | 2010-01-07 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 遷移金属窒化物、燃料電池用セパレータ、燃料電池スタック、燃料電池車両、遷移金属窒化物の製造方法及び燃料電池用セパレータの製造方法 |
| CN102888582B (zh) * | 2012-11-05 | 2014-05-07 | 河北华北柴油机有限责任公司 | 适用于发动机气缸套的深层离子渗氮工艺 |
| MX2017012154A (es) * | 2015-03-20 | 2018-02-09 | Aperam | Tira o lamina metalica que tiene un recubrimiento de nitruro de cromo, placa bipolar y su metodo de fabricacion asociado. |
-
2016
- 2016-04-12 DE DE102016106679.6A patent/DE102016106679A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2017
- 2017-04-12 US US16/092,510 patent/US20190153589A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2017-04-12 WO PCT/EP2017/058722 patent/WO2017178506A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2017-04-12 JP JP2018553242A patent/JP2019519670A/ja active Pending
- 2017-04-12 CN CN201780023544.1A patent/CN109075006A/zh active Pending
- 2017-04-12 EP EP17716899.4A patent/EP3443578A1/de not_active Withdrawn
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| DE19526387A1 (de) * | 1994-07-19 | 1996-02-29 | Sumitomo Metal Mining Co | Doppelt beschichteter Stahlverbundgegenstand und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung |
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| See also references of WO2017178506A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2017178506A1 (de) | 2017-10-19 |
| US20190153589A1 (en) | 2019-05-23 |
| CN109075006A (zh) | 2018-12-21 |
| JP2019519670A (ja) | 2019-07-11 |
| DE102016106679A1 (de) | 2017-10-12 |
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