EP3330509A1 - Exhaust gas silencer and method for its production - Google Patents
Exhaust gas silencer and method for its production Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3330509A1 EP3330509A1 EP17203291.4A EP17203291A EP3330509A1 EP 3330509 A1 EP3330509 A1 EP 3330509A1 EP 17203291 A EP17203291 A EP 17203291A EP 3330509 A1 EP3330509 A1 EP 3330509A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- exhaust pipe
- exhaust
- region
- peripheral wall
- housing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000003584 silencer Effects 0.000 title claims description 35
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 49
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007363 ring formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
- F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
- F01N1/083—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling using transversal baffles defining a tortuous path for the gases or successively throttling gas flow
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
- F01N1/08—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by reducing exhaust energy by throttling or whirling
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
- F01N13/1805—Fixing exhaust manifolds, exhaust pipes or pipe sections to each other, to engine or to vehicle body
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
- F01N13/1838—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly characterised by the type of connection between parts of exhaust or silencing apparatus, e.g. between housing and tubes, between tubes and baffles
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
- F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
- F01N13/1872—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly the assembly using stamp-formed parts or otherwise deformed sheet-metal
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2450/00—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2450/00—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements
- F01N2450/22—Methods or apparatus for fitting, inserting or repairing different elements by welding or brazing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
- F01N2470/02—Tubes being perforated
- F01N2470/04—Tubes being perforated characterised by shape, disposition or dimensions of apertures
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
- F01N2470/06—Tubes being formed by assembly of stamped or otherwise deformed sheet-metal
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
- F01N2470/08—Gas passages being formed between the walls of an outer shell and an inner chamber
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
- F01N2470/18—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes the axis of inlet or outlet tubes being other than the longitudinal axis of apparatus
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an exhaust silencer for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, for example, used in a vehicle as a drive unit.
- an exhaust muffler according to the preamble of claim 1.
- an exhaust pipe holding opening is provided in each case in association with two inlet pipes in a circumferential wall of a muffler housing, in the region in which a respective inlet pipe is fixed to the peripheral wall of the muffler housing.
- a housing interior of the muffler housing is assigned to each inlet pipe between two intermediate walls each one of the inlet pipe interspersed and this supporting support plate provided.
- the inlet pipe which is constructed in a plurality of parts, for example, is curved approximately at right angles.
- the exhaust silencer according to the invention is characterized in that in the peripheral wall in association with at least one exhaust pipe two Abgasrohrhalteö réelleen are provided that the exhaust pipe is set in the region of each Abgasrohrhalteö réelle on the peripheral wall, that the exhaust pipe is preferably completed at an end by a closing element, and in that the at least one exhaust pipe has at least one exhaust gas passage opening in a length region extending between the two exhaust pipe holding openings.
- At least one exhaust pipe is fixed to the peripheral wall in the region of respective exhaust pipe holding openings associated with this exhaust pipe, no further components to be provided in the housing interior of a silencer housing are required in order to ensure stable retention of the exhaust pipe.
- the connection to the peripheral wall in the region of two exhaust pipe holding openings assigned to the exhaust pipe leads to a very stable embodiment of the exhaust silencer, in which only such components are provided in the housing interior as are required for the sound damping characteristic to be achieved.
- an easy to implement, a mutual interference with provided in the housing interior components avoiding configuration be achieved in that at least one, preferably each Garrand Scheme is formed projecting outwardly from the housing interior to the outside, and / or that at least one, preferably each Garrand Scheme is provided as a passage.
- a stable and gas-tight closure can be further ensured by the fact that the at least one exhaust pipe on the peripheral wall in the region of at least one, preferably each of the associated Abgasrohrhalteö réelleen material fit, preferably by welding, or / and that the closing element in the end of the at least used an exhaust pipe and it is material fit, preferably by welding, set.
- one of the at least one exhaust pipe associated Abgasrohrhalteö réelleen a smaller cross-sectional dimension, preferably a smaller inner diameter, than the other this exhaust pipe associated Abgasrohrhalteö réelle, and that the exhaust pipe has a cross-sectional reduction between its areas defined on the peripheral wall in the region of the exhaust pipe holding openings.
- the exhaust silencer according to the invention is preferably constructed such that the end region of the at least one exhaust pipe is positioned in the region of one of the exhaust pipe holding openings associated with this exhaust pipe, and in that another end region of the at least one exhaust pipe is in the region of the other exhaust pipe holding opening associated with this exhaust pipe or outside of the housing interior.
- a plurality of exhaust gas passage openings be provided on the at least one exhaust pipe, at least a portion of which, preferably all Exhaust gas passage openings are elongated in the direction of an exhaust pipe longitudinal axis of this exhaust pipe or / and at least one annular formation is provided by in the circumferential direction around the exhaust pipe longitudinal axis successive exhaust gas passage openings.
- At least one intermediate wall is provided in the housing interior, the exhaust pipe holding openings associated with the at least one exhaust pipe being arranged in the direction of the housing axis between two intermediate walls or between an intermediate wall and an end wall.
- the at least one exhaust pipe between its areas in the region of the exhaust pipe associated with the exhaust pipe holding openings on the peripheral wall areas not supported relative to the muffler housing and / or is connected to the muffler housing.
- Such additional support is not required in the exhaust muffler according to the invention, since the exhaust pipe is supported at two areas stable relative to the peripheral wall of the muffler housing.
- At least one exhaust pipe is an inlet pipe, and that at least one outlet pipe leading out of the interior of the housing is provided.
- at least one outlet pipe may be supported on an end wall.
- the peripheral wall of the silencer housing is provided as a substantially plate-like blank and the at least one exhaust pipe associated Abgasrohrhalteö réelleen before forming the plate-like blank in a substantially cylindrical configuration on the Blank are provided, preferably as passages.
- the at least one exhaust pipe on the peripheral wall in the region of the exhaust pipe holding openings associated with this exhaust pipe can be fixed by material closure, preferably by welding.
- the present invention further relates to an exhaust system for an internal combustion engine, preferably in a vehicle, comprising at least one exhaust silencer according to the invention, which is preferably produced by a method according to the invention.
- an exhaust muffler to be disposed in an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine of a vehicle is generally indicated at 10.
- the exhaust muffler 10 comprises a muffler housing 12 with a substantially cylindrical circumferential wall 14 which is elongated in the direction of a housing axis L and an end wall 20, 22 at both axial end areas 16, 18 of the circumferential wall 14.
- a housing interior 24 of the muffler housing 12 in the direction of the housing Housing axis L following a plurality of intermediate walls 26, 28 may be provided, which divide the housing interior 24 into a plurality of, for example through openings 30 in the intermediate walls 26, 28 and / or by one or more connecting tubes 32 with each other in communication chambers 34, 36, 38.
- an inlet pipe 40 which is described in detail below and provides an exhaust pipe
- exhaust gas emitted by an internal combustion engine is introduced into the housing interior 24.
- the exhaust gas from the silencer housing 12 is discharged, for example, to the environment or a downstream part of the exhaust system.
- two exhaust pipe holding openings 44, 46 are provided in the circumferential wall 14 of the muffler housing 12.
- a substantially cylindrical retaining edge region 48, 50 is provided which preferably completely surrounds the respective exhaust pipe holding opening 44, 46.
- the inlet pipe 40 is inserted into the exhaust pipe holding openings 44, 46 associated therewith in the circumferential wall 14 so that it is positioned with its upstream end region 52 in the region of the retaining edge region 48 of the exhaust pipe holding opening 44 and with its downstream end region 54 in the region of the retaining edge region 50 of the exhaust pipe holding opening 46 is positioned.
- the inlet tube 40 between its in the region of the peripheral wall 14 and the Abgasrohrhalteö réelleen 44, 46 positioned end portions 52, 54 has an example step-like cross-sectional reduction 56, in principle, the inlet tube 40 preferably has a circular cross-sectional geometry.
- the exhaust pipe holding port 46 receiving the downstream end portion 54 of the intake pipe 40 is formed with a smaller inner dimension such as a smaller inner diameter than the exhaust pipe holding port 44 receiving the upstream end portion 52.
- the exhaust pipe holding holes 44, 46 are so dimensioned the dimensioning of the inlet tube 40 in its two end regions 52, 54 tuned that after insertion of the inlet tube 40 into the exhaust pipe holding openings 44, 46 a possible accurate, substantially backlash fit of the inlet tube 40 in the exhaust pipe holding openings 44, 46 is reached.
- a cap-like closing member 58 having a bottom portion 60 and a preferably substantially cylindrical peripheral portion 62 fitted into the downstream end portion 54 of the inlet pipe 40 is inserted into the inlet pipe 40 substantially free of play.
- the Fig. 4 illustrates that the retaining edge region 50 of the Abgasrohrhalteö réelle 46, the downstream end portion 54 of the inlet tube 40 and the peripheral portion 62 of the closing element 58 are positioned overlapping each other in the direction of an inlet pipe longitudinal axis A.
- the inlet tube 40 is preferably fixed by welding to the retaining edge region 48 on the peripheral wall 14 in order to achieve a stable and a gas-tighthabes housing interior 24 ensuring connection of the inlet tube 40 to the peripheral wall 14 of the muffler housing 12 in this end region ,
- the inlet tube 40 has a plurality of exhaust gas passage openings 66.
- the preferably in the direction of the exhaust pipe longitudinal axis A elongated and in this direction also extending exhaust gas passages 66 are for providing a large total opening cross-sectional area in a plurality of successive in the direction of the exhaust pipe longitudinal axis A ring formations 68 each having a plurality of circumferentially about the exhaust pipe longitudinal axis A on successive exhaust gas passage openings 66 arranged.
- the peripheral wall 14 is provided as a plate-like sheet metal blank.
- the exhaust pipe holding openings 44, 46 associated with the inlet pipe 40 can then be provided, for example, as passages or as openings introduced by perforation.
- the circumferential wall 14 is wound around the components to be accommodated therein into a substantially cylindrical, tubular configuration so that the circumferential wall surrounds the intermediate walls 26, 28 to be provided therein and the two exhaust pipe holding openings 44, 46 are positioned substantially opposite one another.
- the two end walls 20, 22, as well as the connecting pipe 32 and also the outlet pipe 42 can then be installed.
- the inlet pipe 40 is subsequently inserted with its downstream end region 54 first through the exhaust pipe holding opening 44 and then into the exhaust pipe holding opening 46.
- the closing element 58 is fitted into the downstream end region 54 of the inlet pipe 40.
- the inlet tube 40 is materially connected, preferably by welding, to the circumferential wall 14, in particular to the retaining edge regions 48, 50, which are preferably integrally provided thereon, wherein at the downstream end region 54 the closing element 58 at the inlet tube 40 or at the same time is fixed to the peripheral wall 14.
- the inlet pipe 40 is then located with its exhaust passage openings 66 having length portion 64 in the formed between the two intermediate walls 26, 28 chamber 36 so that via the inlet pipe 40 inflowing exhaust gas through the exhaust gas passage openings 66 into the chamber 36 and from the chamber 36 into the chambers 34, 38 can flow.
- exhaust muffler 10 can be modified in various ways, without departing from the principles of the present invention.
- a plurality of inlet pipes may be provided, of which preferably, but not necessarily, a plurality, preferably all, may be fixed to the peripheral wall in the manner described above.
- a plurality of outlet pipes may be provided.
- one or more outlet pipes can lead out of the muffler housing in the region of the circumferential wall and can be fixed to the peripheral wall as exhaust gas pipes in the manner described above.
- the structure may be designed differently in the housing interior, as in the Fig. 1-4 shown.
- the inlet pipe or possibly the inlet pipes could also be designed so that it is not positioned with its upstream end region in the region of the circumferential wall of the silencer housing, but extends out of the silencer housing and with this longitudinal region extending outside the silencer housing to the exhaust silencer providing leading tube.
- the closing element can also be designed or dimensioned so that it is not inserted into the end region of the inlet tube, but can be positioned surrounding the retaining edge region on the peripheral wall with a peripheral region and the exhaust pipe holding opening provided in the circumferential wall can be fixed to the peripheral wall from the outside can.
- the terminal when inserting the end member into the inlet pipe, the terminal may be staggered with its bottom portion upstream toward the downstream end portion so as to terminate the inlet pipe slightly remote from the downstream end portion thereof.
Abstract
Ein Abgasschalldämpfer für eine Abgasanlage einer Brennkraftmaschine, umfassend ein Schalldämpfergehäuse (12) mit einer in Richtung einer Gehäuseachse (L) langgestreckten Umfangswandung (14) und einer Endwandung (20, 22) an jedem axialen Endbereich (16, 18) der Umfangswandung (14) sowie wenigstens ein im Bereich einer Abgasrohrhalteöffnung (44, 46) an der Umfangswandung (14) gehaltenes und zu einem Gehäuseinnenraum (24) offenes Abgasrohr (40), ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in der Umfangswandung (14) in Zuordnung zu wenigstens einem Abgasrohr (40) zwei Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen (44, 46) vorgesehen sind, dass das Abgasrohr (40) im Bereich jeder Abgasrohrhalteöffnung (44, 46) an der Umfangswandung (14) festgelegt ist, dass das Abgasrohr (40) vorzugsweise an einem Endbereich (54) durch ein Abschlusselement (58) abgeschlossen ist, und dass in einem zwischen den beiden Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen (44, 46) sich erstreckenden Längenbereich (64) das wenigstens eine Abgasrohr (40) wenigstens eine Abgasdurchtrittöffnung (66) aufweist.An exhaust muffler for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, comprising a muffler housing (12) with a circumferential wall (14) elongated in the direction of a housing axis (L) and an end wall (20, 22) at each axial end region (16, 18) of the peripheral wall (14). and at least one exhaust pipe (40) which is held in the region of an exhaust pipe holding opening (44, 46) on the peripheral wall (14) and open to a housing interior (24), characterized in that in the peripheral wall (14) in association with at least one exhaust pipe ( 40) has two exhaust pipe holding openings (44, 46) are provided, that the exhaust pipe (40) in the region of each Abgasrohrhalteöffnung (44, 46) on the peripheral wall (14) is fixed, that the exhaust pipe (40) preferably at an end portion (54) a closure element (58) is completed, and that in a length region (64) extending between the two exhaust pipe holding openings (44, 46), the at least one exhaust pipe (40) has little has at least one exhaust passage opening (66).
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen Abgasschalldämpfer für eine Abgasanlage einer beispielsweise in einem Fahrzeug als Antriebsaggregat eingesetzten Brennkraftmaschine.The present invention relates to an exhaust silencer for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, for example, used in a vehicle as a drive unit.
Aus der
Es ist die Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, einen Abgasschalldämpfer und ein Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung bereitzustellen, mit welchen bei vereinfachtem Aufbau eine zuverlässige Halterung eines Abgasrohrs bezüglich eines Schalldämpfergehäuses realisiert werden kann.It is the object of the present invention to provide an exhaust muffler and a method for its production, with which a simplified mounting a reliable mounting of an exhaust pipe with respect to a muffler housing can be realized.
Gemäß einem ersten Aspekt der vorliegenden Erfindung wird diese Aufgabe gelöst durch einen Abgasschalldämpfer für eine Abgasanlage einer Brennkraftmaschine, umfassend:
- ein Schalldämpfergehäuse mit einer in Richtung einer Gehäuseachse langgestreckten Umfangswandung und einer Endwandung an jedem axialen Endbereich der Umfangswandung,
- wenigstens ein im Bereich einer Abgasrohrhalteöffnung an der Umfangswandung gehaltenes und zu einem Gehäuseinnenraum offenes Abgasrohr.
- a muffler housing having a peripheral wall elongated toward a housing axis and an end wall at each axial end portion of the peripheral wall;
- at least one in the region of a Abgasrohrhalteöffnung held on the peripheral wall and open to a housing interior exhaust pipe.
Der erfindungsgemäße Abgasschalldämpfer zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass in der Umfangswandung in Zuordnung zu wenigstens einem Abgasrohr zwei Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen vorgesehen sind, dass das Abgasrohr im Bereich jeder Abgasrohrhalteöffnung an der Umfangswandung festgelegt ist, dass das Abgasrohr vorzugsweise an einem Endbereich durch ein Abschlusselement abgeschlossen ist, und dass in einem zwischen den beiden Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen sich erstreckenden Längenbereich das wenigstens eine Abgasrohr wenigstens eine Abgasdurchtrittsöffnung aufweist.The exhaust silencer according to the invention is characterized in that in the peripheral wall in association with at least one exhaust pipe two Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen are provided that the exhaust pipe is set in the region of each Abgasrohrhalteöffnung on the peripheral wall, that the exhaust pipe is preferably completed at an end by a closing element, and in that the at least one exhaust pipe has at least one exhaust gas passage opening in a length region extending between the two exhaust pipe holding openings.
Da bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Abgasschalldämpfer zumindest ein Abgasrohr an der Umfangswandung im Bereich jeweiliger diesem Abgasrohr zugeordneter Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen festgelegt ist, sind keine weiteren im Gehäuseinnenraum eines Schalldämpfergehäuses vorzusehenden Komponenten erforderlich, um eine stabile Halterung des Abgasrohrs zu gewährleisten. Die Anbindung an die Umfangswandung im Bereich zweier dem Abgasrohr zugeordneter Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen führt zu einer sehr stabilen Ausgestaltung des Abgasschalldämpfers, bei welcher im Gehäuseinnenraum nur derartige Komponenten vorzusehen sind, welche für die zu erreichende Schalldämpfungscharakteristik erforderlich sind.Since in the exhaust silencer according to the invention, at least one exhaust pipe is fixed to the peripheral wall in the region of respective exhaust pipe holding openings associated with this exhaust pipe, no further components to be provided in the housing interior of a silencer housing are required in order to ensure stable retention of the exhaust pipe. The connection to the peripheral wall in the region of two exhaust pipe holding openings assigned to the exhaust pipe leads to a very stable embodiment of the exhaust silencer, in which only such components are provided in the housing interior as are required for the sound damping characteristic to be achieved.
Um bei der Festlegung eines Abgasrohrs an der Umfangswandung eine stabile und gasdichte Verbindung gewährleisten zu können, wird vorgeschlagen, dass im Bereich wenigstens einer, vorzugsweise jeder der dem wenigstens einen Abgasrohr zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen ein von der Umfangswandung hervorstehender, die Abgasrohrhalteöffnung vorzugsweise unterbrechungsfrei umgebender Halterandbereich vorgesehen ist.In order to be able to ensure a stable and gas-tight connection when fixing an exhaust pipe to the peripheral wall, it is proposed that in the region of at least one, preferably each of the at least one exhaust pipe associated Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen a protruding from the peripheral wall, the Abgasrohrhalteöffnung is preferably provided without interruption Halterandbereich ,
Dabei kann eine einfach zu realisierende, ein gegenseitiges Stören mit im Gehäuseinnenraum vorgesehenen Komponenten vermeidende Ausgestaltung dadurch erreicht werden, dass wenigstens ein, vorzugsweise jeder Halterandbereich vom Gehäuseinnenraum weg nach außen hervorstehend ausgebildet ist, oder/und dass wenigstens ein, vorzugsweise jeder Halterandbereich als Durchzug bereitgestellt ist.In this case, an easy to implement, a mutual interference with provided in the housing interior components avoiding configuration be achieved in that at least one, preferably each Halterandbereich is formed projecting outwardly from the housing interior to the outside, and / or that at least one, preferably each Halterandbereich is provided as a passage.
Eine stabiler und gasdichter Abschluss kann ferner dadurch gewährleistet werden, dass das wenigstens eine Abgasrohr an der Umfangswandung im Bereich wenigstens einer, vorzugsweise jeder der diesem zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen materialschlüssig, vorzugsweise durch Verschweißung, festgelegt ist, oder/und dass das Abschlusselement in den Endbereich des wenigstens einen Abgasrohrs eingesetzt und daran materialschlüssig, vorzugsweise durch Verschweißung, festgelegt ist.A stable and gas-tight closure can be further ensured by the fact that the at least one exhaust pipe on the peripheral wall in the region of at least one, preferably each of the associated Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen material fit, preferably by welding, or / and that the closing element in the end of the at least used an exhaust pipe and it is material fit, preferably by welding, set.
Um das Einführen eines Abgasrohrs in die diesem zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen in der Umfangswandung zu erleichtern, kann vorgesehen sein, dass eine der dem wenigstens einen Abgasrohr zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen eine geringere Querschnittsabmessung, vorzugsweise einen geringeren Innendurchmesser, aufweist, als die andere diesem Abgasrohr zugeordnete Abgasrohrhalteöffnung, und dass das Abgasrohr zwischen seinen an der Umfangswandung im Bereich der Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen festgelegten Bereichen eine Querschnittsverringerung aufweist.In order to facilitate the insertion of an exhaust pipe into the associated Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen in the peripheral wall, it may be provided that one of the at least one exhaust pipe associated Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen a smaller cross-sectional dimension, preferably a smaller inner diameter, than the other this exhaust pipe associated Abgasrohrhalteöffnung, and that the exhaust pipe has a cross-sectional reduction between its areas defined on the peripheral wall in the region of the exhaust pipe holding openings.
Der erfindungsgemäße Abgasschalldämpfer ist vorzugsweise derart aufgebaut, dass der Endbereich des wenigstens einen Abgasrohrs im Bereich von einer der diesem Abgasrohr zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen positioniert ist, und dass ein weiterer Endbereich des wenigstens einen Abgasrohrs im Bereich der anderen diesem Abgasrohr zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnung oder außerhalb des Gehäuseinnenraums liegt.The exhaust silencer according to the invention is preferably constructed such that the end region of the at least one exhaust pipe is positioned in the region of one of the exhaust pipe holding openings associated with this exhaust pipe, and in that another end region of the at least one exhaust pipe is in the region of the other exhaust pipe holding opening associated with this exhaust pipe or outside of the housing interior.
Um den Strömungswiderstand für in das Schalldämpfergehäuse einzuleitendes Abgas möglichst gering zu halten, wird weiter vorgeschlagen, dass an dem wenigstens einen Abgasrohr eine Vielzahl von Abgasdurchtrittsöffnungen vorgesehen ist, wobei wenigstens ein Teil der, vorzugsweise alle Abgasdurchtrittsöffnungen in Richtung einer Abgasrohrlängsachse dieses Abgasrohrs langgestreckt sind oder/und wenigstens eine Ringformation von in Umfangsrichtung um die Abgasrohrlängsachse aufeinanderfolgenden Abgasdurchtrittsöffnungen vorgesehen ist.In order to keep the flow resistance as low as possible for exhaust gas to be introduced into the silencer housing, it is further proposed that a plurality of exhaust gas passage openings be provided on the at least one exhaust pipe, at least a portion of which, preferably all Exhaust gas passage openings are elongated in the direction of an exhaust pipe longitudinal axis of this exhaust pipe or / and at least one annular formation is provided by in the circumferential direction around the exhaust pipe longitudinal axis successive exhaust gas passage openings.
Zum Einreichen der durch den Abgasschalldämpfer bereitzustellenden Schalldämpfungscharakteristik kann vorgesehen sein, dass in dem Gehäuseinnenraum wenigstens eine Zwischenwandung vorgesehen ist, wobei die dem wenigstens einen Abgasrohr zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen in Richtung der Gehäuseachse zwischen zwei Zwischenwandungen oder zwischen einer Zwischenwandung und einer Endwandung angeordnet sind.To submit the sound attenuation characteristic to be provided by the exhaust muffler, it may be provided that at least one intermediate wall is provided in the housing interior, the exhaust pipe holding openings associated with the at least one exhaust pipe being arranged in the direction of the housing axis between two intermediate walls or between an intermediate wall and an end wall.
Für einen konstruktiv einfachen Aufbau wird vorgeschlagen, dass das wenigstens eine Abgasrohr zwischen seinen im Bereich der diesem Abgasrohr zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen an der Umfangswandung festgelegten Bereichen nicht bezüglich des Schalldämpfergehäuses abgestützt oder/und mit dem Schalldämpfergehäuse verbunden ist. Eine derartige zusätzliche Abstützung ist bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Abgasschalldämpfer nicht erforderlich, da das Abgasrohr an zwei Bereichen stabil bezüglich der Umfangswandung des Schalldämpfergehäuses abgestützt ist.For a structurally simple construction, it is proposed that the at least one exhaust pipe between its areas in the region of the exhaust pipe associated with the exhaust pipe holding openings on the peripheral wall areas not supported relative to the muffler housing and / or is connected to the muffler housing. Such additional support is not required in the exhaust muffler according to the invention, since the exhaust pipe is supported at two areas stable relative to the peripheral wall of the muffler housing.
Bei einer besonders bevorzugten Ausgestaltung eines erfindungsgemäßen Abgasschalldämpfers wird vorgeschlagen, dass wenigstens ein Abgasrohr ein Einlassrohr ist, und dass wenigstens ein aus dem Gehäuseinnenraum heraus führendes Auslassrohr vorgesehen ist. Dabei kann wenigstens ein Auslassrohr an einer Endwandung getragen sein.In a particularly preferred embodiment of an exhaust silencer according to the invention, it is proposed that at least one exhaust pipe is an inlet pipe, and that at least one outlet pipe leading out of the interior of the housing is provided. In this case, at least one outlet pipe may be supported on an end wall.
Gemäß einem weiteren Aspekt der vorliegenden Erfindung wird die eingangs angegebene Aufgabe gelöst durch ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines erfindungsgemäßen Abgasschalldämpfers, umfassend die Maßnahmen:
- a) Bereitstellen des Schalldämpfergehäuses mit zwei Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen in Zuordnung zu wenigstens einem an dem Schalldämpfergehäuse festzulegenden Abgasrohr in der Umfangswandung,
- b) Einschieben des wenigstens einen Abgasrohrs in die in Zuordnung zu diesem Abgasrohr in der Umfangswandung vorgesehenen Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen,
- c) Festlegen des wenigstens einen Abgasrohrs an der Umfangswandung im Bereich der diesem Abgasrohr zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen,
- d) vor der Maßnahme b) oder/und der Maßnahme c) oder nach der Maßnahme c), Anordnen des Abschlusselements vorzugsweise an dem Endbereich des wenigstens einen Abgasrohrs.
- a) providing the silencer housing with two exhaust pipe holding openings in association with at least one exhaust pipe to be fixed to the silencer housing in the circumferential wall,
- b) inserting the at least one exhaust pipe into the exhaust pipe holding openings provided in the peripheral wall in association with this exhaust pipe,
- c) fixing the at least one exhaust pipe to the peripheral wall in the region of the exhaust pipe holding openings associated with this exhaust pipe,
- d) before the measure b) and / or the measure c) or after the measure c), arranging the closing element preferably at the end region of the at least one exhaust pipe.
Zum Aufbau des erfindungsgemäßen Schalldämpfers aus Blechmaterial kann vorgesehen sein, dass bei der Maßnahme a) die Umfangswandung des Schalldämpfergehäuses als im Wesentlichen plattenartiger Rohling bereitgestellt wird und die dem wenigstens einen Abgasrohr zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen vor dem Umformen des plattenartigen Rohlings in eine im Wesentlichen zylindrische Konfiguration an dem Rohling bereitgestellt werden, vorzugsweise als Durchzüge.To construct the silencer according to the invention from sheet metal material can be provided that in the measure a) the peripheral wall of the silencer housing is provided as a substantially plate-like blank and the at least one exhaust pipe associated Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen before forming the plate-like blank in a substantially cylindrical configuration on the Blank are provided, preferably as passages.
Bei der Maßnahme c) kann das wenigstens eine Abgasrohr an der Umfangswandung im Bereich der diesem Abgasrohr zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen durch Materialschluss, vorzugsweise durch Verschweißung, festgelegt werden.In the measure c), the at least one exhaust pipe on the peripheral wall in the region of the exhaust pipe holding openings associated with this exhaust pipe can be fixed by material closure, preferably by welding.
Um die Anzahl der bei der Herstellung des erfindungsgemäßen Abgasschalldämpfers durchzuführenden Arbeitsschritte möglichst gering zu halten, wird vorgeschlagen, dass bei der Maßnahme c) gleichzeitig das wenigstens eine Abgasrohr an der Umfangswandung und das Abschlusselement an dem Abgasrohr oder/und der Umfangswandung durch Materialschluss, vorzugsweise durch Verschweißung, festgelegt werden.In order to keep the number of steps to be carried out in the production of the exhaust muffler according to the invention as low as possible, it is proposed that at the same time the at least one exhaust pipe on the peripheral wall and the end element on the exhaust pipe and / or the peripheral wall by material closure, preferably by Welding, to be determined.
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ferner Abgasanlage für eine Brennkraftmaschine, vorzugsweise in einem Fahrzeug, umfassend wenigstens einen erfindungsgemäßen Abgasschalldämpfer, der vorzugsweise mit einem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren hergestellt ist.The present invention further relates to an exhaust system for an internal combustion engine, preferably in a vehicle, comprising at least one exhaust silencer according to the invention, which is preferably produced by a method according to the invention.
Die vorliegende Erfindung wird nachfolgend mit Bezug auf die beiliegenden Figuren detailliert beschrieben. Es zeigt:
- Fig. 1
- einen Abgasschalldämpfer in perspektivischer Ansicht;
- Fig. 2
- den zentralen Bereich des Abgasschalldämpfers der
Fig. 1 mit teilweise aufgeschnittenem Schalldämpfergehäuse; - Fig. 3
- eine Querschnittsansicht des Abgasschalldämpfers der
Fig. 1 , geschnitten längs einer Linie III-III inFig. 4 ; - Fig. 4
- eine Längsschnittansicht des Abgasschalldämpfers der
Fig. 1 , geschnitten längs einer Linie IV-IV inFig. 3 .
- Fig. 1
- an exhaust silencer in perspective view;
- Fig. 2
- the central area of the muffler of the
Fig. 1 with partially cut silencer housing; - Fig. 3
- a cross-sectional view of the exhaust muffler of
Fig. 1 , cut along a line III-III inFig. 4 ; - Fig. 4
- a longitudinal sectional view of the exhaust muffler of
Fig. 1 , cut along a line IV-IV inFig. 3 ,
In den
Über ein nachfolgend detailliert beschriebenes und ein Abgasrohr bereitstellendes Einlassrohr 40 wird von einer Brennkraftmaschine ausgestoßenes Abgas in den Gehäuseinnenraum 24 eingeleitet. Über ein die Endwandung 22 durchsetzendes und beispielsweise mit dem Verbindungsrohr 32 integral ausgebildetes oder an dieses anschließendes Auslassrohr 42 wird das Abgas aus dem Schalldämpfergehäuse12 beispielsweise zur Umgebung hin oder einen stromabwärts folgenden Teil der Abgasanlage abgegeben.By means of an
In Zuordnung zu dem Einlassrohr 40 sind in der Umfangswandung 14 des Schalldämpfergehäuses 12 zwei Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen 44, 46 vorgesehen. Im Bereich jeder der Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen 44, 46 ist, beispielsweise bereitgestellt als Durchzug, ein die jeweilige Abgasrohrhalteöffnung 44, 46 vorzugsweise vollständig umgebender, im Wesentlichen zylindrischer Halterandbereich 48, 50 vorgesehen. Das Einlassrohr 40 ist in die diesem zugeordneten Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen 44, 46 in der Umfangswandung 14 eingesetzt, so dass es mit seinem stromaufwärtigen Endbereich 52 im Bereich des Halterandbereichs 48 der Abgasrohrhalteöffnung 44 positioniert ist und mit seinem stromabwärtigen Endbereich 54 im Bereich des Halterandbereichs 50 der Abgasrohrhalteöffnung 46 positioniert ist.In association with the
Die
Am stromabwärtigen Endbereich 54 des Einlassrohrs 40 ist ein kappenartiges bzw. topfartiges Abschlusselement 58 mit einem Bodenbereich 60 und einem in den stromabwärtigen Endbereich 54 des Einlassrohrs 40 im Wesentlichen spielfrei eingepassten vorzugsweise im Wesentlichen zylindrischen Umfangsbereich 62 in das Einlassrohr 40 eingesetzt. Die
Auch im stromaufwärtigen Endbereich 52 ist das Einlassrohr 40 vorzugsweise durch Verschweißung mit dem Halterandbereich 48 an der Umfangswandung 14 festgelegt, um auch in diesem Endbereich 52 eine stabile und einen gasdichten Abschlusses Gehäuseinnenraums 24 gewährleistende Anbindung des Einlassrohrs 40 an die Umfangswandung 14 des Schalldämpfergehäuses 12 zu erreichen.Also in the
In seinem zwischen den beiden Endbereichen 52, 54, also im Gehäuseinnenraum 24 liegenden Längenbereich 64 weist das Einlassrohr 40 eine Vielzahl von Abgasdurchtrittsöffnungen 66 auf. Die in Richtung der Abgasrohrlängsachse A vorzugsweise langgestreckten und in dieser Richtung sich auch erstreckenden Abgasdurchtrittsöffnungen 66 sind zum Bereitstellen einer großen Gesamtöffnungsquerschnittsfläche in einer Mehrzahl von in Richtung der Abgasrohrlängsachse A aufeinanderfolgenden Ringformationen 68 jeweils mit einer Mehrzahl von in Umfangsrichtung um die Abgasrohrlängsachse A auf einander folgenden Abgasdurchtrittsöffnungen 66 angeordnet.In its
Bei der Herstellung des in den
In die einander gegenüberliegenden Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen 44, 46 wird nachfolgend das Einlassrohr 40 mit seinem stromabwärtigen Endbereich 54 voran zunächst durch die Abgasrohrhalteöffnung 44 hindurch und dann in die Abgasrohrhalteöffnung 46 eingeschoben. Bereits vor dem Einsetzen des Einlassrohrs 40 in die Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen 44, 46 oder bei bereits in die Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen 44, 46 eingesetztem Einlassrohr 40 wird das Abschlusselement 58 in den stromabwärtigen Endbereich 54 des Einlassrohrs 40 eingepasst. Nachfolgend wird in den beiden Endbereichen 52, 54 das Einlassrohr 40 mit der Umfangswandung 14, insbesondere den daran vorzugsweise integral vorgesehenen Halterandbereichen 48, 50, materialschlüssig, vorzugsweise durch Verschweißung, verbunden, wobei am stromabwärtigen Endbereich 54 gleichzeitig auch das Abschlusselement 58 am Einlassrohr 40 bzw. an der Umfangswandung 14 festgelegt wird.In the exhaust
Das Einlassrohr 40 liegt dann mit seinem die Abgasdurchtrittsöffnungen 66 aufweisenden Längenbereich 64 in der zwischen den beiden Zwischenwandungen 26, 28 gebildeten Kammer 36, so dass über das Einlassrohr 40 heranströmendes Abgas über die Abgasdurchtrittsöffnungen 66 in die Kammer 36 und aus der Kammer 36 in die Kammern 34, 38 strömen kann.The
Es ist darauf hinzuweisen, dass der in den
Ferner kann die Struktur im Gehäuseinnenraum anders gestaltet sein, als in den
Das Abschlusselement kann auch so gestaltet bzw. dimensioniert sein, dass es nicht in den Endbereich des Einlassrohrs eingesetzt ist, sondern mit einem Umfangsbereich den Halterandbereich an der Umfangswandung umgebend positioniert werden kann und die in der Umfangswandung vorgesehene Abgasrohrhalteöffnung von außen überdeckend an der Umfangswandung festgelegt werden kann. Bei Einsetzen des Abschlusselements in das Einlassrohr kann das Anschlusselement beispielsweise mit seinem Bodenbereich in Richtung stromaufwärts bezüglich des stromabwärtigen Endbereichs versetzt angeordnet sein, so dass es das Einlassrohr von dessen stromabwärtigen Endbereich etwas entfernt abschließt.The closing element can also be designed or dimensioned so that it is not inserted into the end region of the inlet tube, but can be positioned surrounding the retaining edge region on the peripheral wall with a peripheral region and the exhaust pipe holding opening provided in the circumferential wall can be fixed to the peripheral wall from the outside can. For example, when inserting the end member into the inlet pipe, the terminal may be staggered with its bottom portion upstream toward the downstream end portion so as to terminate the inlet pipe slightly remote from the downstream end portion thereof.
Claims (16)
dass in der Umfangswandung (14) in Zuordnung zu wenigstens einem Abgasrohr (40) zwei Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen (44, 46) vorgesehen sind,
dass das Abgasrohr (40) im Bereich jeder Abgasrohrhalteöffnung (44, 46) an der Umfangswandung (14) festgelegt ist,
dass das Abgasrohr (40) vorzugsweise an einem Endbereich (54) durch ein Abschlusselement (58) abgeschlossen ist, und
dass in einem zwischen den beiden Abgasrohrhalteöffnungen (44, 46) sich erstreckenden Längenbereich (64) das wenigstens eine Abgasrohr (40) wenigstens eine Abgasdurchtrittöffnung (66) aufweist.Exhaust muffler for an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, comprising:
in that two exhaust pipe holding openings (44, 46) are provided in the circumferential wall (14) in association with at least one exhaust pipe (40),
that the exhaust gas pipe (40) is in the area of each exhaust pipe holding opening (44, 46) on the peripheral wall (14) defined,
in that the exhaust pipe (40) is preferably closed off at an end region (54) by a closure element (58), and
in that the at least one exhaust pipe (40) has at least one exhaust gas passage opening (66) in a longitudinal region (64) extending between the two exhaust pipe holding openings (44, 46).
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102016123139.8A DE102016123139A1 (en) | 2016-11-30 | 2016-11-30 | Exhaust silencer and method for its production |
Publications (2)
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EP3330509A1 true EP3330509A1 (en) | 2018-06-06 |
EP3330509B1 EP3330509B1 (en) | 2020-07-15 |
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EP17203291.4A Active EP3330509B1 (en) | 2016-11-30 | 2017-11-23 | Exhaust gas silencer and method for its production |
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US (1) | US10815847B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3330509B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN108119216B (en) |
DE (1) | DE102016123139A1 (en) |
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DE102020109817A1 (en) * | 2020-04-08 | 2021-10-14 | Purem GmbH | Insert assembly for a muffler of an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine |
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- 2017-11-16 CN CN201711133153.3A patent/CN108119216B/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN108119216A (en) | 2018-06-05 |
CN108119216B (en) | 2021-05-11 |
DE102016123139A1 (en) | 2018-05-30 |
BR102017024828A2 (en) | 2018-08-14 |
US10815847B2 (en) | 2020-10-27 |
EP3330509B1 (en) | 2020-07-15 |
US20180149053A1 (en) | 2018-05-31 |
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