EP3129828A1 - Cristaux liquides magnétiques hautement accordables - Google Patents

Cristaux liquides magnétiques hautement accordables

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Publication number
EP3129828A1
EP3129828A1 EP15777356.5A EP15777356A EP3129828A1 EP 3129828 A1 EP3129828 A1 EP 3129828A1 EP 15777356 A EP15777356 A EP 15777356A EP 3129828 A1 EP3129828 A1 EP 3129828A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
anisotropic
nanostructures
liquid crystal
magnetic
film
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP15777356.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3129828A4 (fr
Inventor
Yadong Yin
Mingsheng Wang
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University of California
University of California Berkeley
University of California San Diego UCSD
Original Assignee
University of California
University of California Berkeley
University of California San Diego UCSD
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University of California, University of California Berkeley, University of California San Diego UCSD filed Critical University of California
Publication of EP3129828A1 publication Critical patent/EP3129828A1/fr
Publication of EP3129828A4 publication Critical patent/EP3129828A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/04—Liquid crystal materials characterised by the chemical structure of the liquid crystal components, e.g. by a specific unit
    • C09K19/38—Polymers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
    • C09K19/54—Additives having no specific mesophase characterised by their chemical composition
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/0009—Materials therefor
    • G02F1/0036—Magneto-optical materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/13768—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on magneto-optical effects
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/0018—Diamagnetic or paramagnetic materials, i.e. materials with low susceptibility and no hysteresis
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/0036—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity
    • H01F1/0072—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity one dimensional, i.e. linear or dendritic nanostructures
    • H01F1/0081—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity one dimensional, i.e. linear or dendritic nanostructures in a non-magnetic matrix, e.g. Fe-nanowires in a nanoporous membrane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K19/00—Liquid crystal materials
    • C09K19/52—Liquid crystal materials characterised by components which are not liquid crystals, e.g. additives with special physical aspect: solvents, solid particles
    • C09K2019/521—Inorganic solid particles
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133528—Polarisers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133528—Polarisers
    • G02F1/133531—Polarisers characterised by the arrangement of polariser or analyser axes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133553—Reflecting elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/137—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering
    • G02F1/139—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent
    • G02F1/141—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect, e.g. field-induced phase transition, orientation effect, guest-host interaction or dynamic scattering based on orientation effects in which the liquid crystal remains transparent using ferroelectric liquid crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
    • G02F2202/36—Micro- or nanomaterials
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F1/00—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties
    • H01F1/01—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials
    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/0302—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity characterised by unspecified or heterogeneous hardness or specially adapted for magnetic hardness transitions

Definitions

  • magnetically actuated liquid crystals are provided as well as method of making the magnetically actuated liquid crystals, methods of using the magnetically actuated liquid crystals (e.g. , in optical switching applications, displays, anti- counterfeiting devices and the like), methods of fixing the orientation of the components in the liquid crystals and producing patterns of polarization in the fixed liquid crystals, and devices comprising the magnetically actuated liquid crystals.
  • the liquid crystals comprise magnetic anisotropic nanostructures (e.g. , nanorods) whose surfaces are modified for dispersion if necessary, e.g., coated with a polymer or a silica layer.
  • the nanostructures are coated with a layer of silica.
  • liquid crystals are provided that comprise Fe 3 0 4 nanorods where the nanorods are coated with a silica coating.
  • the nanorods are provided as a suspension and/or dispersion.
  • Various embodiments contemplated herein may include, but need not be limited to, one or more of the following:
  • Embodiment 1 A liquid crystal, said liquid crystal including: a
  • Embodiment 2 The liquid crystal of embodiment 1, wherein said anisotropic nanostructure includes a material selected from the group consisting of a ferromagnetic material, a ferromagnetic material, and a superparamagnetic material.
  • Embodiment 3 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-2, wherein said anisotropic nanostructure includes a material selected from the group consisting of metallic iron, metallic cobalt, metallic nickel, metallic gadolinium, metallic dysprosium, an alloy containing iron, an alloy containing cobalt, an alloy containing nickel, an alloy containing gadolinium, an alloy containing dysprosium, an oxide of iron, an oxide of cobalt, an oxide of nickel, an oxide of manganese, an oxide of europium, and an oxide of chromium.
  • Embodiment 4 The liquid crystal of embodiment 2, wherein said lanisotropic nanostructure includes Fe 3 0 4 .
  • Embodiment 5 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein said anisotropic structures comprise anisotropic nanostructures selected from the group consisting of nanorods, nanoplates, nanotubes, and nanodiscs.
  • Embodiment 6 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-4, wherein said anisotropic structures comprise nanorods.
  • Embodiment 7 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-6, wherein the average length of the long axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 20 nm up to about 10 ⁇ .
  • Embodiment 8 The liquid crystal of embodiment 7, wherein the average length of the long axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 50 nm up to about 10 ⁇ , or from about 100 nm up to about 5 ⁇ .
  • Embodiment 9 The liquid crystal of embodiment 7, wherein the average length of the long axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 20 nm, or from about 50 nm, or from about 100 nm, or from about 200 nm, or from about 300 nm, or from about 400 nm, or from about 500 nm up to about 10 ⁇ , up to about 5 ⁇ , or up to about 4 ⁇ , or up to about 3 ⁇ , or up to about 2 ⁇ .
  • Embodiment 10 The liquid crystal of embodiment 7, wherein the average length of the long axis of said structures is about 1.5 ⁇ .
  • Embodiment 11 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-
  • the average length of the short axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 2 nm up to about ⁇ , or from about 100 nm up to about 500 nm, or from about 100 nm up to about 300 nm.
  • Embodiment 12 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-
  • the average length of the short axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 2 nm or from about 5 nm, or from about 10 nm, or from about 20 nm, or from about 30 nm, or from about 40 nm, or from about 50 nm, or from about 60 nm, or from about 70 nm, or from about 80 nm, or from about 90 nm, or from about 100 nm, up to about 1 ⁇ , or up to about 800 nm, or up to about 500 nm, or up to about 400 nm, or up to about 300 nm.
  • Embodiment 13 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-
  • Embodiment 14 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-
  • the ratio of the length of the long axis to the length of the short axis of said anisotropic structures is at least about 1.1 or at least about 1.2, or at least about 1.3, or at least about 1.5, or at least about 2, or at least about 3, or at least about 4, or at least about 5, or at least about 6, or at least about 7, or at least about 8, or at least about 9, or at least about 10, or at least about 11, or at least about 12, or at least about 13, or at least about 14, or at least about 15, or at least about 16, or at least about 17, or at least about 18, or at least about 19, or at least about 20.
  • Embodiment 15 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1- 14, wherein the surface of said nanostructures is modified to ensure dispersion/suspension in a solvent.
  • Embodiment 16 The liquid crystal of embodiment 15, wherein the surface of said nanostructure is functionalized with a hydrophilic group.
  • Embodiment 17 The liquid crystal of embodiment 16, wherein the surface of said nanostructure is functionalized with a group selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, amino, and phosphate.
  • Embodiment 18 The liquid crystal of embodiment 15, wherein the surface of said nanostructure has a polymer layer or a silica layer thereon.
  • Embodiment 19 The liquid crystal of embodiment 15, wherein the surface of said nanostructure has a silica layer thereon.
  • Embodiment 20 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-
  • anisotropic nanostructures are suspended/dispersed in a polar solvent, a non-polar solvent, or a mixture of polar and non-polar solvents.
  • Embodiment 21 The liquid crystal of embodiment 26, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended/dispersed in a polar solvent.
  • Embodiment 22 The liquid crystal of embodiment 26, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended/dispersed in a solution including water.
  • Embodiment 23 The liquid crystal of embodiment 26, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended/dispersed in a solution including an alcohol.
  • Embodiment 24 The liquid crystal of embodiment 23, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended/dispersed in a solution including an alcohol selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2- methyl-1 propanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, ethylene glycol, methylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, benzyl alcohol, cinnamic alcohol, diethylene glycol, grandisol, cyclohexanol, and octanol.
  • Embodiment 25 The liquid crystal of embodiment 23, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended/dispersed in a solution including ethylene glycol.
  • Embodiment 26 The liquid crystal of embodiment 23, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended/dispersed in a non-polar solvent.
  • Embodiment 27 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1- 26, wherein the volume fraction of anisotropic nanostructures in said suspension/dispersion is greater than about 0.1 %.
  • Embodiment 28 The liquid crystal of embodiment 27, wherein the volume fraction of anisotropic nanostructures in said suspension/dispersion ranges from about 0.1% up to about 70%).
  • Embodiment 29 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 27-28, wherein the volume fraction of anisotropic nanostructures in said
  • suspension/dispersion is greater than about 0.5%>, or greater than about 1%, or greater than about 3%, or greater than about 4%, or greater than about 3%, or greater than about 5%, or greater than about 6%, or greater than about 7%, or greater than about 8%, or greater than about 9%, or greater than about 10%, or greater than about 11%, or greater than about 12%, or greater than about 13%, or greater than about 14%, or greater than about 15%, or greater than about 16%, or greater than about 17%, or greater than about 18%, or greater than about 19%, or greater than about 20%.
  • Embodiment 30 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-
  • volume fraction of anisotropic nanostructures in said suspension/dispersion is about 10%.
  • Embodiment 31 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments
  • volume fraction of anisotropic structures in said suspension is sufficient to provide ordered liquid crystalline phases.
  • Embodiment 32 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1- 31, wherein the anisotropic structures reorient in a magnetic field having intensity less than about IT.
  • Embodiment 33 The liquid crystal of embodiment 32, wherein the anisotropic structures reorient in a magnetic field having an intensity less than about 800 mT, or less than bout 500 mT, or less than about 400 mT, or less than about 300 mT, or less than about 200 mT, or less than about 100 mT, or less than about 50 mT, or less than about 25 mT, or less than about 10 mT, or less than about 5 mT, or at about 1 mT.
  • Embodiment 34 The liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-
  • Embodiment 35 A device including: a first polarizing layer or film configured to act as a polarizer; a second polarizing layer or film; and a liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-34 disposed between said first polarizing layer or film and said second polarizing layer or film.
  • Embodiment 36 The device of embodiment 35, wherein said first polarizing layer or film is configured to act as a polarizer.
  • Embodiment 37 The device of according to any one of embodiments 35-36, wherein said second polarizing layer or film is configured to act as an analyzer.
  • Embodiment 38 The device of according to any one of embodiments 35-37, wherein the angle of polarization of said first polarizing layer or film differs from the angle of polarization of said second polarizing layer or film.
  • Embodiment 39 The device of embodiment 38, wherein the angle of polarization of said first polarizing layer or film and the angle of said second polarizing layer or film differ by an amount that ranges from about 0 degrees to about 180 degrees.
  • Embodiment 40 The device of embodiment 39, wherein the angle of polarization of said first polarizing layer or film and the angle of said second polarizing layer or film differ by about 45 degrees.
  • Embodiment 41 The device of embodiment 39, wherein the angle of polarization of said first polarizing layer or film and the angle of said second polarizing layer or film differ by about 90 degrees.
  • Embodiment 42 The device of according to any one of embodiments 35-41, wherein said device further includes a reflective layer disposed behind said first polarizing layer or film and sais second polarizing layer or film.
  • Embodiment 43 The device of according to any one of embodiments 35-42, wherein said device is a component of an apparatus selected from the group consisting of a display, a waveguide, an actuator, and an optical modulator.
  • Embodiment 44 A method of optical switching, said method including: passing a polarized optical signal through a liquid crystal according to any one of embodiments 1-34; and applying a magnetic field to said liquid crystal to alter the transmission of said liquid crystal to said optical signal.
  • Embodiment 45 The method of embodiment 44, wherein said magnetic field is switched at a frequency of at least 1 Hz.
  • Embodiment 46 The method of embodiment 45, wherein said magnetic field is switched at a frequency of at least 5 Hz, or at least 10 Hz, or at least 20 Hz, or at least 50 Hz, or at least 80 Hz, or at least 100 Hz, or at least 150 Hz, or at least 200 Hz.
  • Embodiment 47 The method according to any one of embodiments 44-46, wherein said method is performed using a device according to any one of embodiments 35- 43.
  • Embodiment 48 A method of fabricating magnetic anisotropic
  • nanostructures for use as magnetic liquid crystals said method including: preparing nonmagnetic anisotropic nanostructures; modifying the surface of said nanostructures if necessary to ensure solvent dispersity; and converting said nanostructures into magnetic anisotropic nanostructures.
  • Embodiment 49 A method of fabricating magnetic anisotropic
  • nanostructures for use as magnetic liquid crystals said method including: preparing magnetic anisotropic nanostructures; and modifying the surface of said nanostructures if necessary to ensure solvent dispersity.
  • Embodiment 50 The method of embodiment 49, wherein said anisotropic structures comprise a material selected from the group consisting of metallic iron, metallic cobalt, metallic nickel, metallic gadolinium, metallic dysprosium, an alloy containing iron, an alloy containing cobalt, an alloy containing nickel, an alloy containing gadolinium, an alloy containing dysprosium, an oxide of iron, an oxide of cobalt, an oxide of nickel, an oxide of manganese, an oxide of europium, and an oxide of chromium.
  • Embodiment 51 The method of embodiment 49, wherein said anisotropic structures comprise a material selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Gd, Dy, Eu, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mg, O, Si, Bi, Y, Sb.
  • Embodiment 52 The method of embodiment 49, wherein said anisotropic structures comprise a material selected from the group consisting of compounds of Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Gd, Dy, Eu, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mg, O, Si, Bi, Y, Sb.
  • Embodiment 53 The method of embodiment 49, wherein said anisotropic structures comprise a material selected from the group consisting of alloys of Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, Gd, Dy, Eu, Cr, Zn, Cu, Mg, O, Si, Bi, Y, Sb.
  • Embodiment 54 The method of embodiment 49, wherein said anisotropic structures comprise includes Fe 3 C>4.
  • Embodiment 55 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-54, wherein said anisotropic structures comprise anisotropic nanostructures selected from the group consisting of nanorods, nanoplates, nanotubes, and nanodiscs.
  • Embodiment 56 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-54, wherein said anisotropic structures comprise nanorods.
  • Embodiment 57 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-56, wherein the average length of the long axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 20 nm up to about 10 ⁇ .
  • Embodiment 58 The method of embodiment 57, wherein the average length of the long axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 50 nm up to about 10 ⁇ , or from about 100 nm up to about 5 ⁇ .
  • Embodiment 59 The method of embodiment 57, wherein the average length of the long axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 20 nm, or from about 50 nm, or from about 100 nm, or from about 200 nm, or from about 300 nm, or from about 400 nm, or from about 500 nm up to about 10 ⁇ , up to about 5 ⁇ , or up to about 4 ⁇ , or up to about 3 ⁇ , or up to about 2 ⁇ .
  • Embodiment 60 The method of embodiment 57, wherein the average length of the long axis of said structures is about 1.5 ⁇ .
  • Embodiment 61 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-60, wherein the average length of the short axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 2 nm up to about 1 um, or from about 100 nm up to about 500 nm, or from about 100 nm up to about 300 nm.
  • Embodiment 62 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-60, wherein the average length of the short axis of said anisotropic structures ranges from about 2 nm or from about 5 nm, or from about 10 nm, or from about 20 nm, or from about 30 nm, or from about 40 nm, or from about 50 nm, or from about 60 nm, or from about 70 nm, or from about 80 nm, or from about 90 nm, or from about 100 nm, up to about 1 ⁇ , or up to about 800 nm, or up to about 500 nm, or up to about 400 nm, or up to about 300 nm.
  • Embodiment 63 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-60, wherein the average length of the short axis of said anisotropic structures is about 200 nm.
  • Embodiment 64 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-63, wherein the ratio of the length of the long axis to the length of the short axis of said anisotropic structures is at least about 1.1 or at least about 1.2, or at least about 1.3, or at least about 1.5, or at least about 2, or at least about 3, or at least about 4, or at least about 5, or at least about 6, or at least about 7, or at least about 8, or at least about 9, or at least about 10, or at least about 11, or at least about 12, or at least about 13, or at least about 14, or at least about 15, or at least about 16, or at least about 17, or at least about 18, or at least about 19, or at least about 20.
  • Embodiment 65 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-64, wherein said preparing includes preparing nanostructures including FeOOH nanostructures including an FeCl 3 precursor.
  • Embodiment 66 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-65, wherein said modifying the surface of said nanostructures includes modifying said surface with a surfactant.
  • Embodiment 67 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-65, wherein said modifying the surface of said nanostructures includes functionalizing said surface with a hydophylic group.
  • Embodiment 68 The method of embodiment 67, wherein said modifying the surface of said nanostructures includes functionalizing said surface with a group selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl, carboxyl, sulfhydryl, carbonyl, amino, and phosphate.
  • Embodiment 69 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-65, wherein said modifying the surface of said nanostructures includes coating said surface with an oxide coating.
  • Embodiment 70 The method of embodiment 69, wherein said oxide coating includes silica.
  • Embodiment 71 The method of embodiment 70, wherein said modifying the surface of said nanostructures includes reacting said nanostructures with a silica alkoxide.
  • Embodiment 72 The method of embodiment 71, wherein said modifying the surface of said nanostructures includes reacting said nanostructures with a silica alkoxide selected from the group consisting of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS).
  • TEOS tetraethyl orthosilicate
  • TMOS tetramethyl orthosilicate
  • Embodiment 73 The method according to any one of embodiments 49-65, wherein said modifying the surface of said nanostructures includes coating said surface with a polymer coating.
  • Embodiment 74 The method according to any one of embodiments 48, and 50-73, wherein said converting said modified nanostructures into magnetic anisotropic nanostructures includes reducing said non-magnetic nanostructures.
  • Embodiment 75 The method according to any one of embodiments 48, and
  • Embodiment 76 The method according to any one of embodiments 74-75, wherein said reducing is performed using a material selected from the group consisting of diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol, glycerol, borohydride, hydrazine, and hydrogen.
  • Embodiment 77 The method according to any one of embodiments 48-76, wherein said method further includes purifying and/or concentrating said magnetic anisotropic nanostructures .
  • Embodiment 78 The method of embodiment 77, wherein said purifying and/or concentrating includes one or more magnetic separation steps.
  • Embodiment 79 The method according to any one of embodiments 48-78, wherein said magnetic anisotropic nanostructures are concentrated or resuspended to a volume fraction greater than about 0.1 %.
  • Embodiment 80 The method according to any one of embodiments 48-78, wherein said magnetic anisotropic nanostructures are concentrated or resuspended to a volume fraction that ranges 0.1% up to about 70%.
  • Embodiment 81 The method according to any one of embodiments 48-78, wherein said magnetic anisotropic nanostructures are concentrated or re-suspended to a volume fraction that is greater than about 0.5%, or greater than about 1%, or greater than about 3%, or greater than about 4%, or greater than about 3%, or greater than about 5%, or greater than about 6%, or greater than about 7%, or greater than about 8%, or greater than about 9%, or greater than about 10%, or greater than about 11%, or greater than about 12%, or greater than about 13%, or greater than about 14%, or greater than about 15%, or greater than about 16%, or greater than about 17%, or greater than about 18%, or greater than about 19%, or greater than about 20%.
  • Embodiment 82 The method according to any one of embodiments 48-78, wherein said magnetic anisotropic nanostructures are concentrated or re-suspended to a volume fraction sufficient to provide ordered liquid crystalline phases.
  • Embodiment 83 The method according to any one of embodiments 48-82, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended in a polar solvent, a non-polar solvent, or a mixture of polar and non-polar solvents.
  • Embodiment 84 The method of embodiment 83, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended in a polar solvent.
  • Embodiment 85 The method of embodiment 83, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended in a solution including water.
  • Embodiment 86 The method of embodiment 83, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended in a solution including an alcohol.
  • Embodiment 87 The method of embodiment 86, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended in a solution including an alcohol selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-l propanol, 2- methyl-2-propanol, ethylene glycol, methylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, benzyl alcohol, cinnamic alcohol, diethylene glycol, grandisol, cyclohexanol, and octanol.
  • an alcohol selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-l propanol, 2- methyl-2-propanol, ethylene glycol, methylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerol, benzyl alcohol, cinnamic alcohol, diethylene glycol, grandisol, cyclohexanol
  • Embodiment 88 The method of embodiment 86, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended in a solution including ethylene glycol.
  • Embodiment 89 The method of embodiment 83, wherein said anisotropic nanostructures are suspended in a non-polar solvent.
  • Embodiment 90 The method of embodiment 83, wherein the anisotropic structures are suspended in a solution containing polymer or pre-polymer molecules.
  • Embodiment 91 A liquid crystal including silica-coated magnetic anisotropic nanostructures fabricated according to the method of any one of embodiments 48-90.
  • Embodiment 92 A method of making a thin film patterned with one or more optical polarizations, said method including: providing a substrate having deposited thereon a resin containing anisotropic magnetic nanostructures as recited in any one of embodiments 1-34; applying a magnetic field to said resin to align said anisotropic magnetic
  • Embodiment 93 The method of embodiment 92, further including: applying a magnetic field to a second region of said substrate to align anisotropic magnetic nanostructures in said second region in an orientation different than said first alignment; and curing/crosslinking said resin in said second region to fix the anisotropic magnetic nanostructures aligned in the second region in a second alignment to provide a second optical polarization.
  • Embodiment 94 The method according to any one of embodiments 92-93, further including: applying a magnetic field to a third region of said substrate to align said anisotropic magnetic nanostructures in said third region in an orientation different than said first alignment and/or said second alignment; and curing/crosslinking said resin in third second region to fix the nanorods aligned in the third region in a third alignment to provide a third optical polarization.
  • Embodiment 95 The method according to any one of embodiments 92-94, wherein said method includes leaving the resin in one or more regions
  • Embodiment 96 The method according to any one of embodiments 92-95, wherein said resin is a UV cured resin and said curing/crosslinking by application of UV light to the region that is to be cured/cross-linked.
  • Embodiment 97 The method of embodiment 96, wherein said resin is selected from the group consisting of bisphenol-A-diglycidyl-ether-diacrylate (BGEDA), polyethylene-glycol-diacrylate (PEGDA), and poly(diethylene-glycol-carbonate) diacrylate (PGCDA).
  • BGEDA bisphenol-A-diglycidyl-ether-diacrylate
  • PEGDA polyethylene-glycol-diacrylate
  • PPCDA poly(diethylene-glycol-carbonate) diacrylate
  • Embodiment 98 The method according to any one of embodiments 92-95, wherein said resin is a chemically cured resin and said curing/crosslinking by application of the curing catalyst to the region that is to be cured/cross-linked.
  • Embodiment 99 The method of embodiment 98, wherein said catalyst is inkjet nanoprinted on the region(s) to be cured.
  • Embodiment 100 A thin film patterned with one or more optical polarizations, said thin film including: anisotropic magnetic nanostructures as recited in any one of embodiments 1-34, where the anisotropic magnetic nanostructures are disposed in one or more predetermined orientations at different locations in said thin film.
  • Embodiment 101 The thin film of embodiment 100, wherein said film includes one or more first regions including anisotropic magnetic nanostructures aligned in a first alignment providing a first polarization.
  • Embodiment 102 The thin film of embodiment 101, wherein said film includes one or more second regions including anisotropic magnetic nanostructures aligned in a second alignment different from said first alignment providing a second polarization different from said first polarization.
  • Embodiment 103 The thin film of embodiment 102, wherein said film includes one or more third regions including anisotropic magnetic nanostructures aligned in a third alignment different from said first and/or said second alignment providing a third polarization different from said first and/or said second polarization.
  • Embodiment 104 The thin film according to any one of embodiments 100-
  • Embodiment 105 The thin film according to any one of embodiments 100-
  • Figure 1 shows TEM images of (panel a) FeOOH nanorods and (panel b)
  • Figure 3 (panel a) Scheme showing the optical switching process, and (panel b) the transmittance intensity profile of a magnetic liquid crystal under an alternating magnetic field.
  • FIG. 4 (panel a) Scheme showing the lithography process for the fabrication of thin films with patterns of different polarizations; (panels b-d) POM images of various polarization-modulated patterns; (panel e) enlarged OM image shows the arrangement of nanorods in the pattern (left) and surrounding area (right). Scale bars: (panels b-d) 500 ⁇ ; (panel e) 10 ⁇ .
  • FIG. 5 panels a-d) POM images of two polarization-modulated patterns under cross polarizers before (panels a,b) and after (panels c,d) shifting the direction of the transmission axis of the polarizers for 45°; (panels e,f) bright-field images of the same patterns; (panel g) plot showing the dependence of the transmittance of the thin film on the angle between the nanorod orientation and the transmission axis of the polarizer; (panel h) POM image of a single thin film patterned with different brightness in different areas by controlling the relative orientation of the nanorods, which is indicated by the white arrows. Scale bars: 500 ⁇ .
  • nanostructures present in a fluid (or polymerized) medium.
  • the nanostructures are homogenously dispersed in the medium, while in other embodiments, the nanostructures are not homogenously dispersed.
  • the nanostructures are not homogenously dispersed.
  • nanoparticle provide one or a plurality of phases in the medium.
  • magnetically actuated liquid crystals are provided as well as method of making the magnetically actuated liquid crystals, methods of using the liquid crystals (e.g., in optical switching applications, displays, and the like), and devices comprising the liquid crystals.
  • the liquid crystals comprise magnetic anisotropic nanostructures (e.g., nanorods and nanoplates). If necessary, the surfaces of these magnetic anisotropic nanostructures are modified with additional coating for enhanced dispersion in solvents, e.g., coated with a layer of capping ligands, or polymer, or inorganic oxides such as silica. In certain embodiments the nanostructures are coated with a silica layer.
  • superparamagnetic iron oxide nanorods or nanoplates are synthesized, and their surfaces are modified with capping ligands, or oxide such as silica, or polymer for enhanced dispersion (if necessary).
  • the nanorods or nanoplates can be dispersed in a suitable solvent at a certain volume fraction to form magnetically actuated liquid crystals.
  • ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanorods or nanoplates are synthesized, and their surfaces modified with capping ligands, or oxide such as silica, or polymer for enhanced dispersion (if necessary). Then they were dispersed in suitable solvent at a certain volume fraction to form magnetically actuated liquid crystals. These liquid crystals show an outstanding magnetic response and magnetic-field-controlled instant and reversible orientation.
  • nonmagnetic FeOOH nanorods ARE first synthesized, followed by a coating of silica on their surfaces, and are finally reduced to superparamagnetic or ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanorods encapsulated in a silica layer by diethylene glycol at elevated temperature.
  • the as-reduced nanorods can be dispersed in water or polar solvent at a certain volume fraction, e.g., 10%, and magnetically to provide actuated liquid crystals.
  • this liquid crystal can form nematic or smectic phases.
  • nonmagnetic Ni(OH) 2 nanoplates are first synthesized, followed by a coating of Si0 2 on their surfaces, and finally reduced to Fe30 4 @Si0 2 nanorods by hydrogen.
  • the as- reduced nanoplates were dispersed in water or polar solvent at a certain volume fraction, and magnetically actuated liquid crystals were achieved.
  • this liquid crystal can form nematic or columnar or hexagonal phases.
  • nonmagnetic nanorods or nanoplates were first synthesized, followed by a coating of polymer on their surfaces, and were finally reduced to ferromagnetic core@polymer nanostructures.
  • the as-reduced nanostructures were dispersed in water or polar solvent at a certain volume fraction to form magnetically actuated liquid crystals.
  • magnetically actuated liquid crystals were sandwiched between cross polarizers to form a device. As the field direction changes, this device can tune the transmittance of light.
  • An alternating magnetic field was applied to the device (e.g., 5mT), the liquid crystal exhibited an optical switching frequency of above 100 Hz, which is comparable to commercial liquid crystals and thus can be a promising substitute for them in device applications.
  • Color filters are attached to this device to create a proto-type of magnetically responsive liquid crystal color display.
  • magnetically actuated liquid crystals were mixed with photocurable polymer precursors, and sandwiched between glasses. A mask was applied to the sample; liquid crystals in selected areas were cured by ultraviolet light and their orientations were fixed with the aid of magnetic fields. The mask was then removed to allow the curing of liquid crystals in the rest areas and the fixing of their orientation in a different direction with the aid of magnetic fields. This process can be repeated for multiple times for the creation of complex patterns.
  • ferrimagnetic inorganic nanorods can be used as building blocks to construct liquid crystals with optical properties that can be instantly and reversibly controlled by manipulating the nanorod orientation using considerably weak external magnetic fields. Under an alternating magnetic field (5mT), they exhibit an optical switching frequency above 100 Hz, which is comparable to the performance of commercial liquid crystals based on electrical switching. Developing such magnetically actuated liquid crystals opens the door towards various applications, which may benefit from the instantaneous and contactless nature of magnetic manipulation (Yang and Wu,
  • ferro- or ferrimagnetic inorganic materials represents the best solution to design magnetically responsive liquid crystals because they have higher magnetic susceptibility and can rapidly respond to a relatively weak magnetic field.
  • the magnetic interaction energy instead of the nematic potential in the cases involving diamagnetic/paramagnetic materials, dominates the orientation behavior of liquid crystals, so that the orientational control and the optical switching can be effectively carried out with orders of magnitude reduction in the required field strength but with high magnetic ordering efficiency.
  • inorganic liquid crystals have been limited to molecular species or highly polydisperse disk- and rod shaped inorganic colloids such as gibbsite (Al(OH) 3 ) and boehmite (AIO(OH)) platelets (van der Beek and Lekkerkerker (2004) Langmuir 20: 8582), platelike smectite clays (Gabriel et al. (1996) J. Phys. Chem.
  • Magnetic anisotropic nanostructures with a uniform size, well defined shape, and good solution dispersity can be synthesized using various solution phase and gas phase deposition methods.
  • FeOOH nanorods as the starting material, which can be easily prepared through a hydrolysis reaction.
  • a representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of the nanorods is shown in Figure 1, panel a.
  • the FeOOH nanorods were further coated with a layer of silica through a sol-gel process, and then reduced to Fe 3 0 4 by diethylene glycol at 220°C.
  • panel b the product maintains a well- defined rod-like morphology, with an average length of 1.5 ⁇ and diameter of 200 nm.
  • Magnetic measurement confirms the ferrimagnetic nature of the Fe 3 0 4 nanorods, showing a saturated magnetization of 18 emu/g and a coercivity of 300 Oe.
  • the surface silica layer plays an important role in the stabilization of the colloidal dispersion of magnetic nanorods: it acts as a physical barrier to separate the magnetic cores from each other, attenuate their magnetic dipole-dipole interactions, and prevent them from aggregating.
  • the abundant hydroxyl groups on the silica surface provide sufficient long-range electrostatic repulsion and short-range solvation forces for stabilizing the magnetic nanorods, granting them excellent dispersibility in various polar solvents such as water and alcohols.
  • the magnetic nanorods Upon the application of an external magnetic field, the magnetic nanorods align themselves along the field direction, producing the orientational order needed for the formation of liquid crystals. Since the average size of the nanorods is much larger than the detection limit of small angle X-ray scattering measurement, resolving the crystal structure of the sample in the magnetic field is difficult to achieve.
  • An alternative method which allows us to directly observe the alignment of the nanorods is to fix the nanorods in a polymer matrix.
  • Fe 3 0 4 @Si0 2 nanorods were dispersed in a UV curable poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) resin at a volume fraction ( ) of 10%. Under an external magnetic field, the dispersion was exposed to UV light to initiate polymerization.
  • PEGDA poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate
  • panel d shows the polarized optical microscopy (POM) images of the aqueous dispersions of Fe 3 0 4 @Si0 2 nanorods at different volume fractions from 1% to 10%, clearly indicating a transition from an isotropic phase to a more ordered nematic phase as the volume fraction increased, and confirmed the liquid crystal behavior of the dispersions.
  • POM polarized optical microscopy
  • IQ is the intensity of light passing through the first polarizer
  • a is the angle between the transmission axes of the polarizer and the long axis of the liquid crystal
  • An is the difference in the refractive indices along the long axis and short axis for liquid crystals aligned at a specific angle
  • L is the sample thickness
  • ⁇ is the wavelength of incident light.
  • the birefringence of the sample dispersion was measured to be 0.15 and did not show significant change as the field strength increased, indicating good alignment of the nanorods.
  • a is equal to zero or 90°, leading to dark optical views ( Figure 2, panels a c).
  • the magnetic liquid crystals can rapidly respond to changes in the direction of external magnetic fields.
  • a video demonstrates the continuous optical switching of a liquid crystal in a rotating magnetic field.
  • the nanorods oscillate as a result of the quick switching of field polarity from one direction to the opposite (Zorba et al. (2010) J. Phys. Chem. C 114: 17868).
  • the orientation of the nanorods is temporarily displaced from the equilibrium position, which is parallel to the transmission axis of the polarizer, a laser beam passes through the cross polarizer and gives a detectable signal.
  • the liquid crystals alter the polarization of light and are thus able to control the intensity of the light transmitted through them.
  • Optical switching tests indicate that this liquid crystal is extremely sensitive to the directional change of external magnetic fields and exhibits an instant response within 0.01s.
  • the magnetic nanorods can also be dispersed in a UV curable resin to produce thin film liquid crystals, the orientation of which can be fixed completely or in selected areas by combining magnetic alignment and lithography processes, allowing the creation of patterns of different polarizations and control over the transmittance of light in particular areas.
  • the magnetically actuated liquid crystal is expected to provide a new platform for fabricating novel optical devices that can be widely applied in many fields, such as displays, waveguides, actuators, optical modulators, and anti-counterfeiting features.
  • As-reduced Fe 3 0 4 @Si0 2 nanorods were further purified by magnetic separation for three times. Then they were concentrated to a volumetric fraction of 10% to allow the formation of liquid crystal, Dispersions with different volumetric fractions were also prepared by the same procedure.
  • a mixture solution of 7:3 polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA, Mn: 700) to water was prepared.
  • As-reduced Fe30 4 @Si0 2 nanorods were dispersed in the mixture solution and purified by magnetic separation for three times.
  • the solution was then concentrated to a volumetric fraction of 10%.
  • Photoinitiator was added into the solution at a mass fraction of 5%. For the photopolymerization, each time 5 of solution was used, sandwiched between one cover glass and one glass slide, and then exposed under uv-light for 20 seconds.

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Abstract

Divers modes de réalisation de l'invention concernent des cristaux liquides à actionnement magnétique ainsi qu'un procédé de fabrication de ceux-ci, des procédés d'utilisation des cristaux liquides et des dispositifs incorporant les cristaux liquides. Dans un mode de réalisation non limitatif, les cristaux liquides comprennent des nanotiges de Fe3O4, lesdites nanotiges étant revêtues avec un revêtement de silice.
EP15777356.5A 2014-04-07 2015-04-06 Cristaux liquides magnétiques hautement accordables Withdrawn EP3129828A4 (fr)

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US10359678B2 (en) 2019-07-23

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