EP3112773A1 - Verfahren zur anbringung einer aussenverkleidung auf einer gebäudefassade, und entsprechendes gebäude - Google Patents

Verfahren zur anbringung einer aussenverkleidung auf einer gebäudefassade, und entsprechendes gebäude Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3112773A1
EP3112773A1 EP16176001.2A EP16176001A EP3112773A1 EP 3112773 A1 EP3112773 A1 EP 3112773A1 EP 16176001 A EP16176001 A EP 16176001A EP 3112773 A1 EP3112773 A1 EP 3112773A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
airgel
thermal insulation
cavity
heat exchanger
solar
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP16176001.2A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3112773B1 (de
Inventor
Patrick Achard
Mohamad IBRAHIM
Etienne WURTZ
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Association pour la Recherche et le Developpement des Methodes et Processus Industriels
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Original Assignee
Association pour la Recherche et le Developpement des Methodes et Processus Industriels
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Association pour la Recherche et le Developpement des Methodes et Processus Industriels, Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA, Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA filed Critical Association pour la Recherche et le Developpement des Methodes et Processus Industriels
Publication of EP3112773A1 publication Critical patent/EP3112773A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3112773B1 publication Critical patent/EP3112773B1/de
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/60—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings
    • F24S20/66—Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings in the form of facade constructions, e.g. wall constructions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/50—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
    • F24S80/52—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings characterised by the material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/50—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
    • F24S80/56—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings characterised by means for preventing heat loss
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
    • C04B2111/00612—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 as one or more layers of a layered structure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
    • C04B2111/20—Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack
    • C04B2111/28—Fire resistance, i.e. materials resistant to accidental fires or high temperatures
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B1/762—Exterior insulation of exterior walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
    • E04F13/02—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings of plastic materials hardening after applying, e.g. plaster
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing an outer facing of a building facade and a corresponding building.
  • the granular silica airgel confers insulation and lightness qualities to the insulating coating layer.
  • the present invention proposes to make the thermal insulation systems from the outside more versatile.
  • the translucent airgel insulating material makes it possible to ensure the continuity of the thermal insulation at the cavity, or even to improve it. This avoids creating a thermal bridge likely to greatly degrade the thermal insulation of the facade.
  • the integration of the solar thermal sensor in the system or thermal insulation coating from the outside is particularly interesting in terms of energy in the context of the renovation of an old building. Indeed, the outer facing of the invention not only improves the thermal insulation of the building but also to provide a function of solar energy harvesting for example for heating the building or water sanitary hot.
  • the ITE system may include one of the insulating members of the group having an exterior thermal insulation coating, including granular airgel, and panels, rigid or flexible, of thermal insulation from the outside.
  • the step of laying a thermal insulation system from the outside on the facade is carried out by projection of a thermal insulation coating from the outside, in particular a granular airgel coating. .
  • said thermally insulating airgel material introduced into the cavity is a granular or monolithic airgel, especially a silica airgel.
  • the translucent granular or monolithic airgel, in particular the silica airgel has excellent thermal insulation properties and thus ensures the continuity of thermal insulation, without thermal bridging, of the outer facing despite the cavity which locally reduces the temperature. thermal insulation conferred by the airgel insulation.
  • the invention also relates to a building comprising at least one facade having an outer facing comprising a thermal insulation system from the outside, characterized in that the external thermal insulation system integrates a cavity containing a heat exchanger absorber solar thermal fluid and thermal and translucent thermal airgel material adapted to thermally isolate the solar absorber heat exchanger from the outside and to allow at least 30% of the incident solar rays of the visible spectrum to pass to the solar heat exchanger .
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a wall 1 of a building, for example a house, one of whose faces is external and constitutes a facade 2.
  • facade here means an outer face of a building wall.
  • the term “before” refers to a direction, or position, relating to the exterior of the building and the term “backward” refers to a direction, or a position, relating to the interior of the building.
  • the facade 2 is covered with an outer facing 10 having a system 3 of external thermal insulation or ITE system.
  • the coating 3 is here a layer of a thermal insulation or thermo-insulating coating.
  • the insulating coating 3 comprises a matrix incorporating here a silica airgel.
  • the matrix is here a mortar containing for example a mixture of cement and fine mineral filler.
  • the silica airgel is incorporated into the matrix in the form of granules.
  • the airgel volume is of the same order of magnitude as the volume of mortar. It gives the coating constituting the layer 3 thermo-insulating properties (that is to say thermal insulation).
  • This coating has a thermal conductivity of the order of 0.026 W / m.K.
  • thermo-insulating layer 3 has a thickness "e" of the order of 4 cm. This thickness could be between about 2 and 10 cm.
  • the heat-insulating layer 3 comprises a cavity 4 formed in the outer face of the layer 3.
  • This cavity 4 has for example a parallelepiped shape. Its depth is here of the order of 2 cm, but could be between 1 and 5 cm.
  • the bottom of the cavity 4 extends over a relatively large area. This surface is here slightly greater than 5 m 2 . It could be for example between 1 and 10 m 2 .
  • the cavity 4 constitutes a housing for receiving a solar heat exchanger heat exchanger 5 heat transfer fluid7.
  • the absorber exchanger 5 is disposed at the bottom of the cavity 4. It can be fixed by gluing, screwing or any other suitable fastening technique.
  • the absorber exchanger 5 extends in a plane which is here vertical, parallel to the frontage 2.
  • the absorber exchanger 5 is provided with a translucent cover capable of thermally isolating the absorber exchanger 5 from the outside, the whole forming a solar thermal sensor.
  • the translucent thermal insulation cover will be described in more detail later.
  • the solar thermal sensor is intended for collect solar energy transmitted by sunlight and return it to a heat transfer fluid 7 in the form of heat. In other words, it recovers solar energy and transforms it into heat energy that is used to heat the fluid 7.
  • the heat transfer fluid 7 is sanitary water and the absorber exchanger 5 of the solar thermal sensor is used to produce domestic hot water of the building.
  • the absorber exchanger 5 is connected to a domestic hot water circuit comprising ducts 8A, 8B and a hot water tank 9.
  • the solar thermal sensor could be used for heating the building or for any other type of heating.
  • the heat transfer fluid may be a liquid (or a gas), for example water, mixed with an antifreeze.
  • the absorber exchanger 5 of the solar thermal sensor here comprises a coil through which the fluid 7 flows.
  • the coil can be painted black to optimize the absorption of sunlight.
  • the coil may be pressed against the back side of an absorbent sheet.
  • FIG. 1 9 denotes a solar water heater, that is to say a hot water reserve, heated by solar energy.
  • the water heater 9 is connected to both ends of the coil of the absorber exchanger 5 of the solar thermal sensor through two ducts 8A, 8B. In operation, the water heater 9 is supplied with cold sanitary water 7.
  • a circulator (not shown) circulates this water 7 in a loop through the circuit comprising the conduit 8A, the coil of the absorber exchanger 5 of the solar thermal sensor, the conduit 8B and the water heater, in order to heat the water 7 during its passage through the absorber exchanger 5 of the solar collector.
  • the cavity 4 is closed in the plane of the outer surface of the facing 10 by a closure plate 6.
  • This plate 6 here comprises a window in one material that is here transparent in the visible, for example glass or plastic.
  • transparent in the visible is meant here a material that passes all or almost all (at least 90%) of the light rays in the wavelength range of the visible spectrum of solar radiation.
  • the cavity 4 thus constitutes a box (or box) closed glass.
  • the cavity 4 also contains a thermo-insulating filling material intended to ensure the continuity of the thermal insulation imparted by the outer facing 10 at the cavity 4.
  • the thermo-insulating filling material here consists of an airgel of granular or monolithic silica.
  • the silica airgel fills the free internal volume of the cavity 4 with a filling ratio greater than or equal to 90% by volume. It forms an insulating layer 40 between the absorber exchanger 5 and the closing window 6.
  • This insulating layer 40 has the role of thermally isolating the absorber exchanger 5 in order to prevent the heat losses towards the front of the thermal sensor. solar energy thus constituted.
  • the conductivity of the silica airgel is between 0.012 and 0.016 W / m.K.
  • the insulating layer 40 of silica airgel is translucent.
  • translucent it is meant that it allows only part of the incident light rays of the visible spectrum to pass through. It allows a ratio of at least 30% of the visible part of the incident solar radiation to pass, and advantageously for example of the order of 60%.
  • the silica airgel layer 40 makes it possible to prevent the solar energy picked up by the heat sink absorber exchanger 5 from escaping in the opposite direction by any heat transfer mode. It thus makes it possible to avoid, or at least to limit strongly, the thermal losses in the front face of the solar thermal collector made within the insulating coating.
  • the insulating layer 40 and the closing pane 6 form the translucent thermal insulation covering covering the absorber exchanger 5 of the solar collector.
  • the surface area of the solar thermal collector is adapted to the energy requirements.
  • the surface of the sensor 5 is about 5 m 2 .
  • this surface could be smaller or larger with a variation range of 1 to 10 m 2 .
  • the outer cladding 10 could also comprise a mechanical reinforcing mesh layer and / or a finishing layer (not shown).
  • the screened layer comprises for example a glass screen placed against the outer surface of the thermally insulating layer 3 (that is to say at the front thereof).
  • the finishing layer is for example made using a lime finish coating.
  • thermo-insulating layer 3 a different process could be envisaged for producing the cavity 4 in the thermo-insulating layer 3.
  • step E2 of installation of the solar absorber heat exchanger 5.
  • the absorber exchanger 5 is introduced into the cavity 4 and placed against the bottom wall thereof, during a substep E20.
  • the two ends of the coil are then connected to the conduits 8A and 8B during a substep E21.
  • openings are made through the first layer C1 of airgel insulation and through the wall 1 to pass the connecting end portions of the conduits 8A and 8B.
  • the solar absorber heat exchanger 5 is thus put in place in said cavity 4 while being thermally isolated from the outside by a silica airgel 40.
  • part of the incident solar rays on the window 6 penetrates into the cavity 4, passes through the insulating layer of silica airgel 40 and is collected by the solar heat exchanger absorber 5.
  • approximately 60% of the incident solar rays of the visible spectrum pass through the pane 6 and the insulating layer 40 and are received by the solar heat exchanger absorber 5.
  • This solar heat absorber 5 retrieves the solar energy and converts it into heat energy which is transmitted to the fluid, in this case the domestic water 7, circulated in the circuit connecting the coil of the solar heat exchanger heat absorber 5 to the water heater 9.
  • the sanitary water of the solar water heater 9 is thus heated by solar energy.
  • the airgel granules incorporated in the insulating coating 3 and filling the cavity 4 are made of silica airgel.
  • a prefabricated solar thermal collector module comprising the solar absorber heat exchanger and a closed box containing the airgel insulating material (for example granular or monolithic silica airgel) and having an upper face (or front). and a lower (or rear) face of transparent material in the visible spectrum (for example glass or plastic).
  • the solar heat exchanger can be pressed against the back of the box.
  • the solar thermal sensor module and the cavity 4 generally have complementary shapes. The module is thus shaped to be inserted into the cavity 4 during its installation.
  • the external thermal insulation system 3 is made with a thermally insulating airgel coating which is deposited in the form of a layer on the facade to be isolated by projection.
  • the invention could also be applied to any ITE system (external thermal insulation), for example based on thermal insulating panels or any type of thermal insulation coating.
  • the panels can be rigid or flexible. They are made of an insulating material such as polyurethane, polystyrene, expanded or extruded, glass wool, or rock wool.
  • the invention relates to a method of laying an exterior facing on a facade of a building, comprising a step of laying an external thermal insulation system (ITE) on the facade, a step of producing a cavity in the coating or ITE system, a step of installation in said cavity of a heat exchanger heat-exchange solar heat exchanger and thermal insulation thereof vis-a-vis from the outside with thermal and translucent thermal airgel material so as to let at least 30% of the incident solar rays from the visible spectrum to the solar heat exchanger.
  • ITE system installed on the facade may be made of any material or device for thermal insulation from the outside, for example panels of thermal insulation from the outside or a coating, for example a mineral coating, thermal insulation from the outside.
  • the invention also relates, in general, to a building comprising an external thermal insulation system, which incorporates a cavity containing a solar heat-absorbing heat exchanger heat exchanger and a thermal and translucent thermal airgel material adapted to isolate thermally from the outside the heat exchanger solar absorber and to let pass at least 30% of the incident solar rays of the visible spectrum to the heat exchanger solar absorber.
EP16176001.2A 2015-06-23 2016-06-23 Verfahren zur anbringung einer aussenverkleidung auf einer gebäudefassade, und entsprechendes gebäude Active EP3112773B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1555759A FR3037981B1 (fr) 2015-06-23 2015-06-23 Procede de pose d'un parement exterieur sur une facade d'un batiment et batiment correspondant

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3112773A1 true EP3112773A1 (de) 2017-01-04
EP3112773B1 EP3112773B1 (de) 2019-10-30

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Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0333145A1 (de) * 1988-03-14 1989-09-20 Sto Aktiengesellschaft Wärmedämmverbundsystem
US5092101A (en) * 1986-05-02 1992-03-03 Heinz Kunert Wall elements
EP0473859A1 (de) * 1990-08-27 1992-03-11 Günther Seidel Wand zur Absorption der Ausstrahlung und Verfahren zur Absorption der Ausstrahlung und Übertragung der Wärmeenergie in Solarwänden
DE19726330A1 (de) * 1997-06-20 1999-02-04 Joerg Ortjohann Vakuumpaneel zur thermischen Nutzung der Sonnenenergie
DE19936629A1 (de) * 1999-01-30 2000-08-03 Wolfgang Reimann Fassadenplatten mit transparenter Wärmedämmung
DE20100579U1 (de) * 2001-01-13 2001-06-28 Kunze Michael Transparente Wärmedämmung, die zusammen mit Kupferrohre an der Fassade montiert wird
DE10211331A1 (de) * 2002-03-14 2003-10-02 Sto Ag Maschinell applizierbare Schall-/Wärmedämmung und Verfahren zum Applizieren derselben
JP2006308271A (ja) * 2005-04-01 2006-11-09 Daiwa House Ind Co Ltd 太陽熱集熱器及び外気処理システム
WO2011083174A1 (fr) * 2010-01-11 2011-07-14 Parexlanko Enduit isolant a base de xerogel de silice
EP2522927A2 (de) * 2011-05-13 2012-11-14 Termo Fluids, S.L. Thermischer Sonnenkollektor mit transparenter Isolierung
WO2015044111A1 (fr) * 2013-09-27 2015-04-02 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Batiment integrant un dispositif de regulation thermique, dispositif et procede de regulation associes

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5092101A (en) * 1986-05-02 1992-03-03 Heinz Kunert Wall elements
EP0333145A1 (de) * 1988-03-14 1989-09-20 Sto Aktiengesellschaft Wärmedämmverbundsystem
EP0473859A1 (de) * 1990-08-27 1992-03-11 Günther Seidel Wand zur Absorption der Ausstrahlung und Verfahren zur Absorption der Ausstrahlung und Übertragung der Wärmeenergie in Solarwänden
DE19726330A1 (de) * 1997-06-20 1999-02-04 Joerg Ortjohann Vakuumpaneel zur thermischen Nutzung der Sonnenenergie
DE19936629A1 (de) * 1999-01-30 2000-08-03 Wolfgang Reimann Fassadenplatten mit transparenter Wärmedämmung
DE20100579U1 (de) * 2001-01-13 2001-06-28 Kunze Michael Transparente Wärmedämmung, die zusammen mit Kupferrohre an der Fassade montiert wird
DE10211331A1 (de) * 2002-03-14 2003-10-02 Sto Ag Maschinell applizierbare Schall-/Wärmedämmung und Verfahren zum Applizieren derselben
JP2006308271A (ja) * 2005-04-01 2006-11-09 Daiwa House Ind Co Ltd 太陽熱集熱器及び外気処理システム
WO2011083174A1 (fr) * 2010-01-11 2011-07-14 Parexlanko Enduit isolant a base de xerogel de silice
EP2522927A2 (de) * 2011-05-13 2012-11-14 Termo Fluids, S.L. Thermischer Sonnenkollektor mit transparenter Isolierung
WO2015044111A1 (fr) * 2013-09-27 2015-04-02 Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Batiment integrant un dispositif de regulation thermique, dispositif et procede de regulation associes

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
MARK DOWSON ET AL: "Predicted and in situ performance of a solar air collector incorporating a translucent granular aerogel cover", ENERGY AND BUILDINGS, LAUSANNE, CH, vol. 49, 3 February 2012 (2012-02-03), pages 173 - 187, XP028514215, ISSN: 0378-7788, [retrieved on 20120218], DOI: 10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2012.02.007 *
REIM M ET AL: "Silica aerogel granulate material for thermal insulation and daylighting", SOLAR ENERGY, PERGAMON PRESS. OXFORD, GB, vol. 79, no. 2, 1 August 2005 (2005-08-01), pages 131 - 139, XP027840574, ISSN: 0038-092X, [retrieved on 20050801] *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR3037981B1 (fr) 2018-12-14
FR3037981A1 (fr) 2016-12-30
EP3112773B1 (de) 2019-10-30

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