EP3074544A1 - Acier inoxydable martensitique, pièce réalisée en cet acier et son procédé de fabrication - Google Patents
Acier inoxydable martensitique, pièce réalisée en cet acier et son procédé de fabricationInfo
- Publication number
- EP3074544A1 EP3074544A1 EP14802886.3A EP14802886A EP3074544A1 EP 3074544 A1 EP3074544 A1 EP 3074544A1 EP 14802886 A EP14802886 A EP 14802886A EP 3074544 A1 EP3074544 A1 EP 3074544A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- steel
- traces
- quenching
- stainless steel
- martensitic stainless
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 229910001105 martensitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 34
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000011265 semifinished product Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000000265 homogenisation Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000009489 vacuum treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000010128 melt processing Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 claims 1
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 25
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 21
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 16
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 13
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000009931 harmful effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 150000004767 nitrides Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000943 NiAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Raney nickel Chemical compound [Al].[Ni] NPXOKRUENSOPAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000875 corresponding effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010313 vacuum arc remelting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003570 air Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011089 carbon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009749 continuous casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004205 dimethyl polysiloxane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002143 encouraging effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007542 hardness measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005098 hot rolling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013074 reference sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003303 reheating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009666 routine test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004083 survival effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000930 thermomechanical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010200 validation analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002747 voluntary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/52—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with cobalt
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D7/00—Casting ingots, e.g. from ferrous metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/25—Hardening, combined with annealing between 300 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius, i.e. heat refining ("Vergüten")
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/004—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Cr and Ni
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/005—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Mn
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/007—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Co
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/02—Hardening by precipitation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/04—Hardening by cooling below 0 degrees Celsius
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/005—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0068—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for particular articles not mentioned below
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/32—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for gear wheels, worm wheels, or the like
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/35—Iron
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/005—Ferrite
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/008—Martensite
Definitions
- the present invention relates to stainless steels with high tensile strength and toughness, intended in particular for the manufacture of aeronautical structural parts, especially for landing gear.
- Structurally hardened martensitic stainless steels have been developed in order to meet the needs related, in particular, to this application.
- non-stainless steels of 40NiSiCrMo7 type, more usually 300M have been used, containing, in particular, 0.40% C, 1.80% Ni, 0.85% Cr and 0.40% Mo. These are weight percentages, as will all the contents quoted in the text.
- this steel can have a tensile strength Rm of more than 1930 MPa and a toughness K 1c of more than 55 MPa.m 1/2 . It would be advantageous to be able to have steels having, in addition to these mechanical properties, high properties of corrosion resistance. For this purpose, different shades have been developed, but none of them gives complete satisfaction.
- the object of the invention is to provide a structurally hardened martensitic stainless steel having simultaneously tensile properties Rm and toughness K 1c high, high corrosion resistance and excellent formability of parts massive.
- the subject of the invention is a martensitic stainless steel, characterized in that its composition is, in weight percentages:
- the proportion of delta ferrite in its microstructure is preferably less than or equal to 1%.
- the invention also relates to a process for manufacturing a martensitic stainless steel part, characterized in that:
- a steel semi-finished product having the aforementioned composition is prepared by one of the following methods:
- the solution is completely dissolved in the austenitic region at a temperature of between 800 and 940 ° C .;
- quenching of the semi-finished product is carried out to a final quenching temperature of less than or equal to -60 ° C., preferably less than or equal to -75 ° C .;
- aging is carried out between 450 and 600 ° C. for 4 to 32 hours.
- the quenching can be carried out in two stages, in two different quenching media.
- the first quenching step is carried out in water.
- the liquid steel can be prepared by dual vacuum melting treatment, the second vacuum treatment being an ESR or VAR remelting treatment.
- the invention also relates to a martensitic stainless steel part, characterized in that it was prepared by the above method.
- the invention consists in providing a grade of martensitic stainless steel which, after having undergone suitable thermomechanical treatments which, combined with said shade, are also an element of the invention, present both properties of tensile strength, toughness and ductility which make it suitable for its use for the manufacture of massive parts such as landing gear, as well as an excellent resistance to corrosion compared to the shades already used for this purpose. effect.
- the steels of the invention have a martensitic structure which is obtained:
- this dissolution temperature is from 800 to 940 ° C .; the dissolution is carried out for a period of 30 minutes to 3 hours; a temperature of the order of 850 ° C combined with a duration of the order of 1 h 30 min are generally adequate for both obtaining complete dissolution and a moderate grain size; a grain that is too coarse would be detrimental to the properties of resilience, stress corrosion and ductility;
- quenching preferably carried out from a temperature close to the solution temperature, said quench being extended to a cryogenic temperature, namely -60 ° C or lower, preferably up to - 75 ° C or lower, typically down to -80 ° C.
- the holding time in the cryogenic medium must be sufficient for the cooling at the chosen temperature and the desired transformations affect the steel piece in all its volume. This time therefore strongly depends on the mass and dimensions of the treated part, and is, of course, even higher than, for example, the treated part is thick.
- Different quenching media can be used: air, water, oil, gas, polymer, liquid nitrogen, dry ice (non-limiting list), and quenching is not necessarily carried out with a very high cooling rate.
- the quenching start temperature is preferably the temperature at which dissolution took place, to ensure that no hardenable metallurgical transformations occur between quenching and quenching and that could be adversely affected. affect the final mechanical properties of the product
- quenching is interrupted for a certain time below Ms and above the martensitic transformation end temperature Mf, the interruption must be short in order to avoid the risk of blocking the transformation when quenching is resumed.
- Another possibility would be to stop the quenching above Ms and then resume it until the cryogenic temperature.
- a possible advantage of such interruptions is that they make it possible to avoid the need to immediately use a cryogenic quenching medium, and therefore to avoid having a very high initial cooling rate which could lead to the appearance of taps. (superficial cracking), or cracks inside the half-product that could be due to differential martensitic transformation phenomena between the surface and the still hot heart of the semi-finished product if it is relatively thick. But in practice it is preferable to perform quenching in one step, for more convenience and to avoid undesirable metallurgical effects on the microstructure of the steel, because a quenching in two steps is often difficult to control as to at the final temperature of the first stage and the homogeneity of its effects in the treated part.
- the transition to the cryogenic temperature can be done in a solid, gaseous or liquid medium depending on the available treatment technology.
- Ms the beginning of the martensitic transformation on cooling, Ms, must be controlled. This point Ms depends on the composition of the alloy and is calculated according to Equation (1):
- Ms (° C) 1302 - 28Si - 50Mn - 63Ni - 42Cr - 30Mo + 20AI - 12Co - 25Cu +
- Ms is necessarily greater than or equal to 50 ° C and preferably greater than or equal to 75 ° C. If this condition is not fulfilled, the steel has residual quenching austenite which is detrimental to the mechanical properties, in particular the breaking strength. After dissolution and prolonged quenching to the target cryogenic temperature, the final mechanical properties are obtained after aging between 450 and 600 ° C for a period of 4 to 32 hours. The hardening obtained is ensured by the formation of intermetallic precipitates NiAI and Ni 3 Ti of nanometric size. During aging, reversion austenite can form and contribute to steel toughness. This aging can, optionally, be interrupted using a water quench to improve toughness.
- the final structure for the applications envisaged in a privileged way, in particular in the aeronautics, must be free of delta ferrite which degrades the mechanical properties.
- a maximum of 1% delta ferrite is tolerable.
- the composition of the steel according to the invention is chosen, precisely, to avoid as much as possible delta ferrite remains at the end of the treatments performed during the implementation of the method according to the invention.
- the ratio Cr eq / Ni eq of steel ie the ratio between the weighted sum of the contents of the main alphagenic elements such as Cr (chromium equivalent) and the weighted sum of the contents of the main gammagenic elements such as Ni (nickel equivalent), that is less than or equal to 1, 05, with:
- Ni eq 2 Ni + 0.5 Mn + 30 C + 25 N + Co + 0.3 Cu
- a preferred mode of preparation of steels according to the invention is a double vacuum melting with induction melting (Vacuum Induction Melting, VIM) and then casting of the ingot steel to obtain an electrode , which is then treated by vacuum arc remelting (Vacuum Arc Remelting, VAR) or by remelting under an electroconductive slag (Electroslag Remelting, ESR). Developments under vacuum prevent oxidation of Al and Ti by air, thus the excessive formation of oxidized inclusions, and also allow to eliminate a portion of nitrogen and dissolved oxygen. It is thus possible to obtain high fatigue life times.
- VIM vacuum melting with induction melting
- VAR vacuum arc remelting
- ESR electroconductive slag
- the hot transformations are carried out and put into the form of a semi-finished product (bar, flat, block, forged or stamped part, etc.). to give it dimensions at least close to its final dimensions.
- a semi-finished product bar, flat, block, forged or stamped part, etc.
- a homogenization treatment of the ingot or semi-finished product is also carried out at a temperature of 1200 to 1300 ° C. for at least 24 hours to limit the segregation of the various elements present and thus more easily to obtain the properties mechanical devices.
- homogenization is generally not usually carried out during the last hot forming operations or after these, in order to more certainly preserve an acceptable grain size on the products, depending on their future use.
- the half-product then undergoes, according to the invention, a heat treatment consisting of:
- an intermediate temperature for example the ambient, or a temperature between the beginning and the end of the martensitic transformation, or a temperature higher than the start temperature of the martensitic transformation
- alloying elements of the steel according to the invention are present in the quantities indicated for the reasons which will be exhibited. As mentioned, percentages are percentages by weight.
- the C content is at most 0.030% (300 ppm), preferably at most 0.010% (100 ppm). In practice, it is generally only present as a residual element resulting from the melting of the raw materials and the preparation, without a voluntary addition being made. It could form Cr carbides type M 23 C 6 and thus penalize corrosion resistance by capturing Cr which is thus no longer available to ensure the stainless steel is satisfactory. It could also associate with Ti to form carbides and carbonitrides harmful to the fatigue behavior, and the consumption of Ti in these forms would decrease the amount of hardening intermetallic formed.
- the Si content is at most 0.25%, preferably at most 0.10% to better ensure the good compromise between Rm and K1 C sought. Typically it is only a residual element not added voluntarily. It tends to lower Ms (see equation (1)) and to weaken the steel, hence its undesirable nature in larger quantities than has been said.
- the Mn content is at most 0.25%, preferably at most 0.10%. Typically it is only a residual element not added voluntarily. It tends to lower Ms (see equation (1)). It could possibly be used as a partial substitution of the Ni to avoid the presence of delta ferrite and contribute to the presence of reversion austenite during hardening aging. But the ease with which it evaporates during the vacuum treatment makes it difficult to control and leads to fouling of dust extraction devices fumes furnaces. Therefore, a significant presence of Mn in the steels of the invention is not recommended.
- the S content is at most 0.020% (200 ppm), preferably at most 0.005% (50 ppm), to better ensure the right compromise between Rm and K1 C sought.
- it is present in the residual state and, if necessary, its content must be controlled by a choice careful raw materials and / or a metallurgical desulfurization treatment during the step of melting and adjusting the composition of the steel. It reduces toughness by segregation at grain boundaries, and forms sulphides damaging to mechanical properties.
- the P content is at most 0.040% (400 ppm), preferably at most 0.020%
- the Ni content is between 8 and 14%, preferably between 1, 3 and 12.5%. It is a gamma element, and it must be at a sufficiently high level to avoid the stabilization of the delta ferrite during dissolution and homogenization operations. But it must also be maintained at a low enough level to ensure a complete martensitic transformation during quenching since it has a strong tendency to lower Ms according to equation (1). On the other hand, it participates in the hardening of the steel during precipitation aging of the NiAl and Ni 3 Ti hardening phases which give the steels of the invention their level of mechanical strength. It also has the function of forming reversion austenite during aging, which precipitates finely between the martensite slats and provides ductility and toughness to the steels of the invention.
- the Cr content is between 8 and 14%, preferably between 8.5 and 10%. It is the main element that provides resistance to corrosion, which justifies the lower limit of 8%. But its content must be limited to 14% so that it does not contribute to the stabilization of delta ferrite and does not cause Ms, calculated according to equation (1), to pass below 50 ° C.
- the content of Mo + W / 2 is between 1.5 and 3.0%, preferably between 1.5 and 2.5%.
- Mo participates in the corrosion resistance and is likely to form a hardening phase Fe 7 Mo 6 .
- the addition of an excessive amount of Mo can lead to the formation of a 6 MB 7 Fe phase and thus reduce the amount of MB available to limit corrosion.
- at least part of the Mo can be replaced by W. It is well known that in steels, these two elements are functionally often comparable, and that, at equal weight percent, W is twice as effective as Mo.
- the Al content is from 1.0 to 2.0%, preferably from 1.05 to 2.0%, more preferably from 1.0 to 1.5%, optimally from 1.05 to 1.5%.
- the IA is usually known to degrade the ductility, but this disadvantage is canceled by the possibility offered by the invention to achieve dissolution in relatively low temperatures.
- the Ti content is between 0.5 and 2.0%, preferably between 1.10 and 1.55%. He also participates in hardening during aging by forming the Ni 3 Ti phase. It also makes it possible to fix C and N in the form of carbides and carbonitrides of Ti and thus to avoid the harmful effects of C. However, as has been said, these carbides and carbonitrides are harmful to the fatigue behavior, and can not afford to train too much. The contents of C, N and Ti must therefore be kept within the prescribed limits.
- the content of Co is between 2 and 9%, preferably between 2.50 and 6.5%, better between 2.50 and 3.50%. It makes it possible to stabilize the austenite at the homogenization and dissolution temperatures, and thus to avoid the formation of delta ferrite. It participates in hardening by its presence in solid solution and also in that it promotes the precipitation of NiAl and Ni 3 Ti phases. It can be added as a substitution for Ni to raise the temperature Ms and ensure that it is above 50 ° C. Compared to the steel described in EP-A-1 896 624 where Co must be at most 2%, the aim here is to use Co to contribute significantly to the curing, this in combination with the other elements present and the heat treatments required. The target preferential content of 2.50-3.50% represents the best compromise between the cost of steel and its performance.
- N should be at most 0.030% (300 ppm), preferably at most 0.0060% (60 ppm) to better ensure the right compromise between Rm and K1 C sought.
- Nitrogen is not intentionally added to the liquid metal, and the vacuum treatments which are generally performed during the preparation process make it possible to protect the liquid steel against atmospheric nitrogen uptakes, or even to remove part of the dissolved nitrogen. N is unfavorable to the ductility of the steel and forms angular Ti nitrides which are likely to be sites of crack initiation during fatigue stresses.
- O must be at most 0.020% (200 ppm), preferably 0.0050% (50 ppm) to better ensure the right compromise between Rm and K1 C sought. It is also unfavorable to ductility, and the oxidized inclusions it forms are also potential sites for crack initiation in fatigue.
- the O content should be chosen according to the usual criteria for the skilled person, according to the precise mechanical characteristics required for the final product.
- the mechanical properties of the steel of the invention are adversely affected by the inclusions of oxides and nitrides.
- the use of Production processes aimed at minimizing their presence in the final steel (VIM, ESR, VAR) are particularly preferred for this reason.
- the other elements present in the steel of the invention are iron and the impurities resulting from the preparation.
- compositions of samples A to E correspond to reference steels: A, D and E are in accordance with the teaching of EP-A-1 896 624. B and C are two reference examples which make it possible to highlight the interest to impose Ms according to the invention.
- the compositions of samples 1 to 16 correspond to steels according to the invention.
- Samples A, B, C and 1 to 5 are from 6 kg ingots, and the other samples are from 150 kg ingots.
- the 6 kg ingots were initially developed for a first validation of the concept of the invention, and their encouraging properties led to continuing the experiments with castings of 150 kg to confirm and refine the definition of the invention.
- the 6 kg ingots also made it possible to carry out tensile tests directly, whereas it was necessary to form the 150 kg ingots to extract thereafter the samples on which the measurements of the parameters governing the tenacity were carried out.
- Table 1 Compositions of the test samples, with their Ms calculated according to equation (1)
- the 6 kg ingots (A, B, C 1 to 5) were prepared by vacuum treatment of the liquid metal before casting. They were homogenized at 1250 ° C. for 48 hours. They were then spun after heating to 940 ° C to be formed into bars of diameter 22 mm.
- Table 2 indicates which treatments these bars were then subjected to, and what were their main ultimate mechanical properties measured in the long direction: tensile strength Rm, 0.2% proof strength Rp 0 , 2, elongation at break A, necking at break Z, Vickers hardness. The small size of the spun samples did not allow the extraction of specimens that would have had the dimensions necessary to carry out the toughness tests.
- Reference samples A, D and E correspond to the low or zero Co content steels described in EP-A-1 896 624. Compared to the steels of the invention, we see that their Rm is relatively low.
- the reference samples B and C have an MS of less than 50 ° C, therefore too low to be in accordance with the invention. This explains the excessive presence of residual austenite which prevents a sufficient Rm, translated by a low hardness.
- the reference sample F shows that a content of Mo too high and a Ti content too low compared to the requirements of the invention lead to the achievement of mechanical properties which are only at the level of those of the other reference samples .
- Sample 1 is in accordance with the invention, but has a Ms less than the optimum of 75 ° C and more. Its Rm is therefore relatively weak and will not be suitable for all conceivable applications. The same can be said, but to a lesser extent, of sample 3.
- Sample 2 on the other hand, has an optimum MS, and its Rm of 1947
- Sample 6 has an MS that is not optimal compared to sample 2 which also has about 3% of C. Similarly for sample 7 which has a Co content of about 6%, but a poorer Rm than sample 4 because of its lowest Ms. The very high Rm of Sample 8 is due to its high Ms combined with a Co content of about 6%.
- the sample 9 to 5% Co has a Ms less than the optimum and its Rm is relatively limited. This shows that a relatively high content of Co is not sufficient to ensure a high Rm in the context of the invention.
- Samples 10 and 12 are those which have the best compromise between Rm and K1 C. In fact, their compositions are in accordance with the preferred contents on all the elements.
- Sample 1 1 has a high Ms and a high Rm.
- the equilibrium between Rm and K1 C is better than for sample 8 because of a better balance between the contents of Ni and Cr.
- the comparison between the samples 13, 14 and 15 demonstrates the advantageous effect of the partial substitution of Al with Ti: the sample 14 is the one which has the best compromise between Rm and K1 C. It will also be noted that these samples have a higher Cr content (9.4-9.6%) than that (about 9%) of samples 10 and 12.
- Sample 16 has a high Ms. Its Rm is equivalent to that of sample 12 but its K1 C is less favorable because of a slightly higher Cr content.
- Figure 1 shows the results of Table 3 in terms of trade-offs between Rm and K1 C for samples from ingots of 150 kg, these being the only ones for which toughness was measured.
- K1 C decreases as Rm increases, and the steels according to the invention have a better compromise between these two properties than the reference steels D and E whose compositions are relatively close to the invention except on the content of Co.
- an Rm of 1701 MPa corresponds to a tenacity of 66 MPa.m 1/2 .
- This steel is therefore not at all suitable for the intended uses envisaged because of its insufficient Rm.
- the maximum Rm of the reference samples is 1952 MPa, which would be correct for the said uses, but the corresponding tenacity is only 43 MPa.m 1/2 , which would be very insufficient.
- the best resistance / toughness compromises are obtained for Rm from 1845 to 1900 MPa, which correspond to tenacities of the order of 46 to 56 MPa.m 1/2 .
- the steels according to the invention therefore provide the user with a great flexibility in the choice of their properties, which can be modulated by the composition, the heat treatments and the final aging chosen in the context that has been mentioned.
- the values of A% and Z% of the samples according to the invention are very comparable to those obtained on 300M steels.
- the invention therefore provides no degradation with respect to the 300M from this point of view.
- the steels according to the invention can therefore be substituted mechanically satisfactorily for steels of the 300M type, in addition to the fact that they exhibit salt spray corrosion resistance and stress corrosion resistance which are quite favorable. because comparable to those of stainless steels by which we could consider replacing the 300M.
- the solidified "ingot" which is cast from the liquid metal may have any shape capable of leading, after the various deformations, to a final product having the shape and dimensions desired for its use.
- the casting in a conventional mold with a bottom and fixed sidewalls is only one of the possible ways to proceed, and the various continuous casting processes in a bottomless mold with fixed or moving walls can be used to effect the solidification of the "ingot".
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Abstract
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PL14802886T PL3074544T3 (pl) | 2013-11-25 | 2014-11-25 | Nierdzewna stal martenzytyczna, element wykonany z tej stali i sposób jego wytwarzania |
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FR1361598A FR3013738B1 (fr) | 2013-11-25 | 2013-11-25 | Acier inoxydable martensitique, piece realisee en cet acier et son procede de fabrication |
PCT/EP2014/075534 WO2015075262A1 (fr) | 2013-11-25 | 2014-11-25 | Acier inoxydable martensitique, pièce réalisée en cet acier et son procédé de fabrication |
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EP3074544A1 true EP3074544A1 (fr) | 2016-10-05 |
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US (1) | US20160289805A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3074544B8 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP6207761B2 (fr) |
CN (1) | CN105765087B (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2930140C (fr) |
DK (1) | DK3074544T3 (fr) |
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CN107653421B (zh) * | 2016-07-26 | 2019-12-10 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 一种耐海水腐蚀的超高强度马氏体时效不锈钢 |
CN107236895A (zh) * | 2017-06-27 | 2017-10-10 | 南京律智诚专利技术开发有限公司 | 一种用于深海潜航设备的合金的生产工艺 |
GB201805776D0 (en) * | 2018-04-06 | 2018-05-23 | Rolls Royce Plc | Maraging steel |
CN111014682B (zh) * | 2019-10-23 | 2021-12-14 | 广州市广智机电工业研究所有限公司 | 一种粉末不锈钢组织均匀化工艺 |
SE543967C2 (en) * | 2020-02-11 | 2021-10-12 | Blykalla Reaktorer Stockholm Ab | A martensitic steel |
IL295923A (en) * | 2020-02-26 | 2022-10-01 | Crs Holdings Inc | Stainless steel that hardens by precipitation, has high fracture toughness, high strength |
CN112195418B (zh) * | 2020-09-29 | 2022-03-18 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | 一种微纳米晶马氏体时效不锈钢及其制备方法 |
CN113604753B (zh) * | 2021-06-22 | 2022-06-17 | 北京科技大学 | 一种2600MPa级超高强度钢及其制备方法 |
CN113774281A (zh) * | 2021-08-25 | 2021-12-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | 一种2000MPa级高塑韧性高耐蚀马氏体时效不锈钢及其制备方法 |
CN113774288A (zh) * | 2021-08-25 | 2021-12-10 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | 一种超高强高性能中厚板马氏体时效不锈钢及其制备方法 |
CN113981328B (zh) * | 2021-09-18 | 2022-05-24 | 四川大学 | 表面自发连续生成三氧化二铝膜的含铝奥氏体不锈钢及其制备方法 |
CN115261745A (zh) * | 2022-06-30 | 2022-11-01 | 河钢股份有限公司 | 一种高强度马氏体时效不锈钢及其制备方法 |
CN115233115B (zh) * | 2022-07-21 | 2023-05-16 | 江苏康瑞新材料科技股份有限公司 | 一种冷镦辐条用不锈钢丝及其制备方法 |
CN116024496A (zh) * | 2022-12-22 | 2023-04-28 | 敦化市拜特科技有限公司 | 不锈钢带及其制造方法 |
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US6813273B2 (en) * | 2001-01-19 | 2004-11-02 | Motorola, Inc. | Method and apparatus for determining existence of an address in an address look-up table |
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US7901519B2 (en) * | 2003-12-10 | 2011-03-08 | Ati Properties, Inc. | High strength martensitic stainless steel alloys, methods of forming the same, and articles formed therefrom |
FR2887558B1 (fr) * | 2005-06-28 | 2007-08-17 | Aubert & Duval Soc Par Actions | Composition d'acier inoxydable martensitique, procede de fabrication d'une piece mecanique a partir de cet acier et piece ainsi obtenue |
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JP2017503083A (ja) | 2017-01-26 |
WO2015075262A1 (fr) | 2015-05-28 |
EP3074544B1 (fr) | 2019-10-30 |
MX2016006766A (es) | 2016-09-08 |
CA2930140A1 (fr) | 2015-05-28 |
US20160289805A1 (en) | 2016-10-06 |
ES2763971T3 (es) | 2020-06-01 |
DK3074544T3 (da) | 2020-01-20 |
JP6207761B2 (ja) | 2017-10-04 |
FR3013738A1 (fr) | 2015-05-29 |
CA2930140C (fr) | 2022-04-19 |
FR3013738B1 (fr) | 2016-10-14 |
RU2016119955A (ru) | 2017-12-29 |
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