EP3049200B1 - Procédé de forgeage à chaud d'un corps creux sans soudure en matériau difficile à déformer - Google Patents

Procédé de forgeage à chaud d'un corps creux sans soudure en matériau difficile à déformer Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3049200B1
EP3049200B1 EP14772322.5A EP14772322A EP3049200B1 EP 3049200 B1 EP3049200 B1 EP 3049200B1 EP 14772322 A EP14772322 A EP 14772322A EP 3049200 B1 EP3049200 B1 EP 3049200B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
forging
mandrel
hollow block
hollow
hollow body
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EP14772322.5A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3049200A1 (fr
Inventor
Rolf Kümmerling
Antonio Sergio Medeiros Fonseca
Thomas Schlothane
Robert Koppensteiner
Rupert Wieser
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GFM GmbH
Vallourec Deutschland GmbH
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GFM GmbH
Vallourec Deutschland GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J7/00—Hammers; Forging machines with hammers or die jaws acting by impact
    • B21J7/02—Special design or construction
    • B21J7/14—Forging machines working with several hammers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21J—FORGING; HAMMERING; PRESSING METAL; RIVETING; FORGE FURNACES
    • B21J13/00—Details of machines for forging, pressing, or hammering
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21K—MAKING FORGED OR PRESSED METAL PRODUCTS, e.g. HORSE-SHOES, RIVETS, BOLTS OR WHEELS
    • B21K1/00—Making machine elements
    • B21K1/06—Making machine elements axles or shafts
    • B21K1/063—Making machine elements axles or shafts hollow
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C21D7/13—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by hot working

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for hot forging a seamless hollow body made of a material that is difficult to form, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention relates to a tube made of a material that is difficult to form by hot forging.
  • the production of seamless pipes from a heated block by hot rolling is characterized by the three steps of piercing - stretching - reducing rolling.
  • This very efficient process which is particularly interesting for small batch sizes, can be used to produce pipes with a circumference of more than 500 mm and lengths of more than 4000 mm.
  • Materials that are difficult to form are understood to be metallic materials, particularly steels, which have a yield point of more than 150 MPa at the forming temperature, i.e. the forging temperature, determined at 0.3 logarithmic strain and a strain rate of 10/s.
  • metallic materials particularly steels, which have a yield point of more than 150 MPa at the forming temperature, i.e. the forging temperature, determined at 0.3 logarithmic strain and a strain rate of 10/s.
  • forging temperatures are at least 70% of the respective melting temperature of the material.
  • the forging temperature is at least 850°C.
  • a forging mandrel made of a heat-resistant material for hot forging of pipes with high wear resistance and high dimensional stability in which the mandrel body has a layer which reduces the heat input into the mandrel body and which has a thermal conductivity that is significantly lower than that of the mandrel base body. Due to the lower heat input into the mandrel base body, it remains more dimensionally stable and wear-resistant.
  • the forging mandrel can have internal cooling for cooling during forging or the forging mandrel can be cooled from the outside between forging processes.
  • the mandrel body is attached to a holding rod, also called a mandrel rod, with which the mandrel body can be moved axially or rotated in the hollow block during the idle stroke phase.
  • German patent application EN 10 2012 107 375 A1 A device for forging a hollow body with forging tools arranged centrally and symmetrically around a forging axis is already known.
  • a rotary drive can be controlled via a control device depending on the rotational position of the forging mandrel relative to the forging tools.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an improved method for producing a seamless hot-finished metallic hollow body by hot forging, which also achieves a high quality of the inner surface of the hollow body with a simultaneous improved service life of the forging mandrel when forging difficult-to-form materials with a yield point at forming temperature of more than 150 MPa determined at 0.3 logarithmic strain and a strain rate of 10/s.
  • this object is achieved by a method for hot forging a seamless hollow body made of difficult-to-form material, according to claim 1.
  • the service life of the forging mandrel can advantageously be improved by using a forging mandrel made of a material with a strength of at least 700 MPa at 500°C.
  • Hot forging is advantageously characterized in that the hollow body, which is at forging temperature, is formed into a tube with an average tube circumference of at least 500 mm and a length of at least 4000 mm by means of forging jaws of a forging machine arranged symmetrically around a forging axis and drivable in the sense of radial working strokes, acting on the outer surface of the hollow body and the forging mandrel, with a forging mandrel inserted therein as an internal tool, wherein the hollow body is rotated and axially displaced in a cyclic manner in the phase of the idle stroke of the forging jaws.
  • the proposed process has the advantage that hollow bodies made of difficult-to-form materials with an optimal inner surface can now be produced economically, while at the same time the service life of the forging mandrel has been significantly increased.
  • Tests have surprisingly shown that the degree of deformation related to the cross-section to be formed and the process-related rate of deformation during forging in combination with a
  • the parameters determining the quality and service life of the high-temperature-resistant mandrel material are the values, whereby the specified limit values for the degree of deformation and the rate of deformation must be observed in order to reliably avoid local adiabatic heating and shear band formation, material flow instabilities and local material overloads, which manifest themselves as cracks.
  • the proposed forging process is particularly effective and qualitatively favorable if, depending on the pipe diameter to be forged, two, four or more forging jaws are used, which act synchronously on the outer surface of the hollow block in one plane.
  • the forging mandrel which is inserted as an internal tool in the hollow block, can in principle be arranged so that it can move freely in the hollow block. However, for better distribution, especially of the thermal load, it is advantageous to rotate the forging mandrel during the idle stroke phases and/or to move it in the same direction or opposite to the axial feed of the hollow block.
  • the axial mandrel speed is either constant or variable.
  • the rotation of the forging mandrel should be so great that during the following forging stroke, the loads that had no or only a small effect in the previous forging stroke act on an area of the forging mandrel.
  • the direction of rotation of the forging mandrel can be the same or different to the direction of rotation of the hollow block.
  • An unequal direction of rotation is advantageous because it increases the relative movements between the surfaces of the forging mandrel and the hollow block and thus better prevents hot welding of the workpiece to the forging mandrel.
  • the forging mandrel can additionally be provided with a coating consisting of a ceramic, for example Tungsten carbide, and with a layer thickness of at least 0.02 mm and a maximum of 0.2 mm, has a surface hardness of at least 900 HV0.1 at room temperature.
  • a coating for heat insulation relates to a tribologically effective layer, which, due to its thickness in the range mentioned, not only achieves the necessary abrasion resistance but also prevents the hollow block from hot welding to the forging mandrel. However, the layer is still thin enough to prevent the coating from flaking off due to the different thermal expansion compared to the base material under thermal cyclic loading.
  • the release agent and/or lubricant can be applied to the inside of the hollow block before the start of the radial forging process and/or the forging mandrel is lubricated at least in the area of the forging jaws acting on it before or during forging.
  • the dry amount relative to the inner surface of the hollow block should not be less than 40 g/ m2 in order to achieve a sufficient effect.
  • the forging mandrel makes an alternating forward and backward rotation in relation to the workpiece.
  • a rotation step between the forming strokes that is twice as high is advantageous than if the direction of rotation is not the same.
  • the contact surface of the forging jaw and thus also the contact surface on the mandrel is always slightly asymmetrical to the longitudinal axis of the forging jaw and the lubricant is therefore more easily pressed into the incoming zone and stripped off the mandrel.
  • a A significantly larger (about twice as large) rotation step of the mandrel is necessary to bring the release agent and/or lubricant into the forming zone.
  • the forging mandrel is thermally stressed by two main influences before contact during forging. Firstly, by the radiation load from the warm workpiece and secondly by the amount of heat introduced into the contact zone with the forging mandrel. This flows axially in the forging mandrel into those areas of the mandrel that were not yet in contact with the hollow block. If these mandrel areas then reach the forming zone, the contact and thus surface temperatures are higher than in the mandrel areas that were previously forged.
  • the thermal loads can be adjusted by varying the mandrel speed in such a way that an equalization of the heat introduced reduces the maximum temperature of the mandrel surface sufficiently to prevent plastic deformation or premature wear of the forging mandrel.
  • the forging mandrel can be solid or designed as a hollow body.
  • the forging mandrel is cooled from the inside during forging and/or from the outside between forging processes in order to further reduce the thermal load.
  • the wall thickness should be at least 9% of the outer diameter of the forging mandrel for internal cooling and at least 15% for external cooling.
  • a forging mandrel is used for forging, which has a conicity of at least 1:1000, with the larger diameter at the mandrel rod end of the Forging mandrel. Compliance with the specified taper is necessary because the forged workpiece cools down behind the forming zone to such an extent that shrinking the forged part onto the mandrel would prevent the relative movement and removal of the mandrel.
  • the use of a slightly conical forging mandrel increases the clearance between the forged finished pipe and the inner tool, making it easier to remove the finished pipe from the inner tool.
  • the conicity must be minimal, as otherwise the wall thickness would change in an unacceptable way over the length.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the invention therefore provides that, with a view to complying with the tolerance specifications for the inner or outer diameter and wall thickness of the hollow body, the geometric deviation of the hollow body caused by the conicity of the forging mandrel diameter is compensated during forging by adjusting the stroke of the forging hammers.
  • the inner diameter as well as the inner contour over the length of the forged hollow body are essentially determined by the geometry of the inner tool - preferably in the form of a cylindrical mandrel.
  • axially symmetrical tubes can also be produced, for example as rectangular or square hollow bodies, whereby the The hollow block used can have a corresponding geometry so that the necessary forming work when forging the finished part can be reduced to a minimum. Furthermore, the cross-sections of both the hollow block used and the forged hollow body can change over the length.
  • a mandrel with a graduated diameter which can be used to produce lengthwise stepped and/or conical cylinders with thickened ends.
  • a graduated diameter which can be used to produce lengthwise stepped and/or conical cylinders with thickened ends.
  • the hollow block is not designed as a hollow body that is open on both sides, but has a bottom on one side. This leads to an improvement in the yield during forging compared to a hollow body that is open on both sides and is also advantageous if the finished part is also to have a bottom.
  • the finished forged hollow body is either ready for delivery immediately or is subjected to heat treatment and/or non-destructive testing.
  • the heat treatment can be normalizing or tempering. Depending on the straightness requirement, straightening is necessary. Likewise, if delivery requirements require it, grinding or other suitable machining of the outer surface may be necessary to remove the minor unevenness caused by the forging process.
  • Figure 1 shows the method according to the invention in a schematic representation in a longitudinal section with a hollow block 1 to be forged with an initial cross-sectional area A0, which enters the forging machine from the left and leaves the forging machine on the right as a hot-finished tube 2 with a local cross-sectional area A1.
  • Forging is carried out with a degree of deformation in the forging section related to the cross-section to be formed with ln(A0/A1) of less than 1.5 and a process-related strain rate of less than 5/s, whereby the strain rate is defined as the maximum tool speed in m/s related to the outer diameter of the finished forged hollow body in m.
  • each forging jaws 3, 3', 3", 3′′′ work together on the outside and a cylindrical forging mandrel 4 on the inside.
  • the forging mandrel 4 consists of a material with a strength of at least 700 MPa at 500°C and is held in position by a holding rod 5, but can also alternatively be moved axially forwards or backwards and/or rotated during the forging process.
  • the direction of rotation of the forging mandrel can be in the direction of rotation of the hollow block or in the opposite direction.
  • the forging mandrel 4 is designed as a solid body with a conicity of more than 1:1000 and is only cooled from the outside.
  • the rotation arrow 6 and the axial arrow 7 are intended to illustrate that during the idle stroke of the forging jaws 3 to 3′′′ the hollow block 1 is rotated and pushed further axially and the forging mandrel can additionally be rotated and moved axially.
  • Each forging jaw 3 to 3′′′ has, in longitudinal section, a predominantly conical inlet section 8 and an adjoining smoothing part 9.
  • the inlet part 8 can also be slightly convexly curved.
  • all forging jaws 3 to 3′′′ have a concave curvature.
  • the curvature is a circular arc whose radius is larger than the current radius of the part to be forged.
  • the Figures 1 and 2 The movement arrows 10 shown are intended to illustrate the radial stroke of the respective forging jaw 3 to 3′′′.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)

Claims (28)

  1. Procédé de forgeage à chaud, à une température de forgeage d'au moins 70 % de la température de fusion respective en °K de la matière, d'un corps creux sans soudure dont la matière est difficile à mettre en forme, la matière présentant:
    - une limite d'élasticité supérieure à 150 MPa déterminée pour une déformation logarithmique de 0,3,
    - à une température d'essai de 70 % de la température de fusion respective en °K du matière et
    - à une vitesse de déformation de 10/s, caractérisé en ce que le forgeage à chaud est effectué avec un degré de déformation dans la portion de forgeage, basé sur la section transversale à mettre en forme, avec ln(A0/A1) inférieur à 1,5 et une vitesse de déformation liée au procédé inférieure à 5/s, A0 étant définie comme l'aire de la section transversale locale d'un corps creux à forger en m2 et A1 étant défini comme l'aire de la section transversale locale du corps creux fini en m2 et la vitesse de déformation étant définie comme la vitesse d'outil maximale en m/s basée sur le diamètre extérieur du corps creux forgé fini en m.
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'un mandrin de forgeage est utilisé qui est en une matière ayant une résistance d'au moins 700 MPa à 500 °C.
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que le corps creux, qui est à la température de forgeage, et qui comprend un mandrin de forgeage comme outil intérieur, qui est inséré à l'intérieur dudit corps creux et fixé à une tige de mandrin, est mis sous forme d'un tube d'une circonférence moyenne d'au moins 500 mm et d'une longueur d'au moins 4000 mm au moyen de mâchoires de forgeage d'une machine à forger qui sont disposées symétriquement autour d'un axe de forgeage, qui peuvent être entraînées dans le sens de courses de travail radiales et qui agissent sur la surface latérale du corps creux et sur le mandrin de forgeage, le corps creux étant déplacé en rotation et en translation axiale de manière cadencée dans la phase de course à vide des mâchoires de forgeage.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage se déplace librement avec le bloc creux dans la phase de course à vide.
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 3, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage est en outre déplacé en rotation et/ou en translation axiale dans la phase de course à vide.
  6. Procédé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage est déplacé dans le même sens que l'avance axiale du bloc creux lors du forgeage.
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage est déplacé dans le sens opposé à l'avance axiale du bloc creux lors du forgeage.
  8. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 5 à 7, caractérisé en ce que la vitesse de déplacement du mandrin de forgeage est maintenue constante, ou est réglée de manière variable, dans la direction axiale.
  9. Procédé selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que la vitesse axiale moyenne de mandrin satisfait aux conditions suivantes :
    GDmin ≤ GD ≤ GDmax, où GDmin = GE x (HL/DL) et GDmax = GA x (HL/DL), avec DL = longueur du mandrin en m, HL = longueur du bloc creux en m, GD = vitesse absolue moyenne du mandrin en m/s, GE = vitesse d'entrée du bloc creux dans la machine de forgeage en m/s et GA = vitesse de sortie du bloc creux dans la machine de forgeage en m/s.
  10. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 5 à 9, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage est déplacé en rotation et/ou dans la direction axiale pendant la course à vide au moyen d'une commande ou d'une régulation.
  11. Procédé selon la revendication 10, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage tourne pendant la course à vide de telle sorte que, lors de la course de forgeage suivante, les mâchoires de forgeage agissent sur une zone du mandrin de forgeage sur laquelle les mâchoires de forgeage avaient peu ou aucune influence sur la course de forgeage précédente.
  12. Procédé selon les revendications 10 et 11, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage tourne dans le même sens que le bloc creux ou dans un sens différent du sens de rotation de celui-ci.
  13. Procédé selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage effectue une rotation alternée vers l'avant et vers l'arrière par rapport au bloc creux.
  14. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 5 à 13, caractérisé en ce que l'étape de rotation du mandrin de forgeage (degré angulaire) dans la phase de course à vide satisfait à la condition suivante: min DSD = 0,32 x DSH, min DSD étant le pas de rotation minimum du mandrin de forgeage et DSH étant le pas de rotation du bloc creux.
  15. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage est refroidi de l'intérieur lors du forgeage et/ou de l'extérieur entre les processus de forgeage.
  16. Procédé selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que dans le cas d'un refroidissement intérieur le mandrin de forgeage a une longueur minimale, qui est calculée comme suit: L min = (ADH-ADF)/TAN(20 x PI/180) avec ADH = diamètre extérieur du bloc creux en m et ADF = diamètre extérieur après forgeage en m.
  17. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 16, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage est réalisé sous la forme de corps creux, l'épaisseur de paroi étant d'au moins 9 % du diamètre extérieur du mandrin de forgeage dans le cas d'un refroidissement intérieur et d'au moins 15 % dans le cas d'un refroidissement extérieur.
  18. Procédé selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que dans le cas d'un refroidissement extérieur le mandrin de forgeage a une longueur minimale, qui est calculée comme suit: HL = longueur du bloc creux en m, MH = masse du bloc creux en kg et MD = masse du mandrin absorbant la chaleur en kg
  19. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 18, caractérisé en ce qu'un mandrin de forgeage utilise pour le forgeage qui présente une conicité d'au moins 1:1000 sur sa longueur, le plus grand diamètre étant à l'extrémité du mandrin de forgeage côté tige de mandrin.
  20. Procédé selon la revendication 19, caractérisé en ce que, en ce qui concerne le respect des spécifications de tolérance pour le diamètre intérieur ou extérieur et l'épaisseur de paroi du corps creux, l'écart géométrique du corps creux provoqué par la conicité du diamètre du mandrin de forgeage est compensé lors du forgeage par l'adaptation de la course des marteaux de forgeage.
  21. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 20, caractérisé en ce que, pour effectuer le forgeage, un mandrin de forgeage est inséré dans le bloc creux, mandrin dont le diamètre est choisi de manière à avoir entre le bloc creux et le mandrin de forgeage un jeu qui satisfait à la condition suivante: min SP = 0,0012 x (1 + HL), min SP représentant le jeu minimum dans le diamètre entre le mandrin de forgeage et le bloc creux en m et HL représentant la longueur du bloc creux en m.
  22. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 21, caractérisé en ce que, avant le début du processus de forgeage, un agent démoulant et/ou lubrifiant est appliqué sur la zone de formage entre le mandrin de forgeage et le bloc creux avec une quantité sèche d'au moins 40 g/m2 par rapport à la surface intérieure du bloc creux.
  23. Procédé selon la revendication 21, caractérisé en ce qu'un agent démoulant et/ou lubrifiant est appliqué à l'intérieur du bloc creux avant le début du processus de forgeage radial.
  24. Procédé selon les revendications 21 et 23, caractérisé en ce que le mandrin de forgeage est pourvu d'une lubrification au moins dans la zone des mâchoires de forgeage agissant sur lui avant et/ou pendant le forgeage.
  25. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 1 à 24, caractérisé en ce qu'un revêtement anti-usure est en outre appliqué sur le mandrin de forgeage avant l'opération de forgeage.
  26. Procédé selon la revendication 25, caractérisé en ce que le revêtement est en céramique.
  27. Procédé selon la revendication 26, caractérisé en ce que la céramique est du carbure de tungstène.
  28. Procédé selon l'une des revendications 25 à 27, caractérisé en ce que le revêtement a une épaisseur d'au moins 0,02 mm et de 0,2 mm au maximum et une dureté superficielle d'au moins 900 HV0.1 est appliqué sur le mandrin de forgeage à la température ambiante.
EP14772322.5A 2013-09-25 2014-09-23 Procédé de forgeage à chaud d'un corps creux sans soudure en matériau difficile à déformer Active EP3049200B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE201310219310 DE102013219310A1 (de) 2013-09-25 2013-09-25 Verfahren zum Warmschmieden eines nahtlosen Hohlkörpers aus schwer umformbarem Werkstoff, insbesondere aus Stahl
PCT/EP2014/070208 WO2015044120A1 (fr) 2013-09-25 2014-09-23 Procédé de forgeage à chaud d'un corps creux sans soudure en matériau difficile à déformer, en particulier en acier

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EP3049200B1 true EP3049200B1 (fr) 2024-04-10

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EP (1) EP3049200B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN105592954B (fr)
BR (1) BR112016003146B1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102013219310A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2015044120A1 (fr)

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CN108620520A (zh) * 2017-03-24 2018-10-09 周继礼 锻造白口铸铁缸套
CN111687237A (zh) * 2020-06-18 2020-09-22 成都先进金属材料产业技术研究院有限公司 厚壁毛细钛合金无缝管的冷轧方法
CN113477857B (zh) * 2021-04-06 2022-11-08 江苏太平洋精锻科技股份有限公司 一种空心电机轴的成形加工方法
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DE102022208461A1 (de) 2022-08-15 2024-02-15 Sms Group Gmbh Verfahren zur automatischen Stichplanberechnung beim Radialschmieden I
DE102022208462A1 (de) 2022-08-15 2024-02-15 Sms Group Gmbh Verfahren zur automatischen Stichplanberechnung beim Radialschmieden II
DE102022208463A1 (de) 2022-08-15 2024-02-15 Sms Group Gmbh Verfahren zur automatischen Stichplanberechnung beim Schmieden von abgesetzten Wellen
CN116689681B (zh) * 2023-06-01 2023-12-15 江苏龙城精锻集团有限公司 一种新能源汽车驱动电机空心轴旋锻设备及工艺

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WO2015044120A1 (fr) 2015-04-02
BR112016003146B1 (pt) 2021-07-13
EP3049200A1 (fr) 2016-08-03
BR112016003146A2 (pt) 2017-08-01
CN105592954A (zh) 2016-05-18
CN105592954B (zh) 2019-03-22

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