EP2999562A1 - Procede de fabrication par metallurgie des poudres d'une piece en acier, et piece en acier ainsi obtenue - Google Patents
Procede de fabrication par metallurgie des poudres d'une piece en acier, et piece en acier ainsi obtenueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2999562A1 EP2999562A1 EP14727770.1A EP14727770A EP2999562A1 EP 2999562 A1 EP2999562 A1 EP 2999562A1 EP 14727770 A EP14727770 A EP 14727770A EP 2999562 A1 EP2999562 A1 EP 2999562A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- powder
- ppm
- getter
- container
- content
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 24
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 title abstract description 8
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 185
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 62
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 238000000280 densification Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 65
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 41
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 238000005056 compaction Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 32
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001186 cumulative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N hafnium atom Chemical compound [Hf] VBJZVLUMGGDVMO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910001069 Ti alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 35
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 16
- 241000237858 Gastropoda Species 0.000 description 10
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 6
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005272 metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910000617 Mangalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002436 steel type Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000975 Carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UDHXJZHVNHGCEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorophacinone Chemical compound C1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1C(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C(=O)C1C(=O)C2=CC=CC=C2C1=O UDHXJZHVNHGCEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002593 Fe-Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052785 arsenic Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010962 carbon steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009694 cold isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007872 degassing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002224 dissection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- IOUVKUPGCMBWBT-QNDFHXLGSA-N phlorizin Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1OC1=CC(O)=CC(O)=C1C(=O)CCC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 IOUVKUPGCMBWBT-QNDFHXLGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000844 transformation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010200 validation analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/12—Both compacting and sintering
- B22F3/14—Both compacting and sintering simultaneously
- B22F3/15—Hot isostatic pressing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
- B22F3/04—Compacting only by applying fluid pressure, e.g. by cold isostatic pressing [CIP]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0264—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements the maximum content of each alloying element not exceeding 5%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/1003—Use of special medium during sintering, e.g. sintering aid
- B22F2003/1014—Getter
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/247—Removing material: carving, cleaning, grinding, hobbing, honing, lapping, polishing, milling, shaving, skiving, turning the surface
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/24—After-treatment of workpieces or articles
- B22F2003/248—Thermal after-treatment
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2201/00—Treatment under specific atmosphere
- B22F2201/20—Use of vacuum
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2301/00—Metallic composition of the powder or its coating
- B22F2301/35—Iron
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
- B22F2998/10—Processes characterised by the sequence of their steps
Definitions
- the present invention relates to metallurgy, and more specifically to the manufacture of steel parts by powder metallurgy.
- the constituent elements of reactors tanks of nuclear power plants are often made of a manganese steel type 16MND5 which meets the definition above, and whose standardized composition (AFNOR 16 MND 5 standard) is, in percentages by weight (as will all the contents given in the text):
- Ni 0.4-100%
- 16MND5 tanks are made by ingot casting and forging. Their mass can, for some, reach several tens, even hundreds of tons.
- the object of the invention is to propose a process for producing such parts, in particular large parts, in 16MND5 steel and also in other ferrous steels and alloys for which comparable problems would arise, by making use of powder metallurgy, this method nevertheless providing satisfactory mechanical properties to said parts, in particular a resilience at least equal to that obtained on cast and forged parts of the same composition, and having a microstructure bainitic type, such as that which is usually obtained on the parts of the type mainly covered by the invention.
- the subject of the invention is a process for the metallurgical manufacture of powders of a steel part, characterized in that:
- a pre-alloyed powder having the desired composition for said part is prepared, except for the contents of O and N and, optionally, at C, with O and N contents of at most 200 ppm, said powder having a Mn content between 0.4 and 2% by weight and a Cr content of less than or equal to 3%;
- the powder is placed in a container whose walls define a space whose shape corresponds to that of the part to be manufactured, a getter being positioned at least partially around the periphery of the powder, said getter having the capacity, at high temperature, to absorb and reduce CO and absorb nitrogen by dissolution, and vacuum and seal the container;
- the container and the powder which it contains are carried at a temperature resulting in sintering of the powder and a densification of said powder not exceeding 5%, a release of nitrogen and CO from the powder and their absorption by the getter ;
- densification of said powder is carried out by hot isostatic compaction by placing said container and the powder in a pressure vessel to obtain said part;
- Said part may be made of a composition steel, in% by weight after densification:
- Ni 0.4-100%
- Said part may be made of a composition steel, in% by weight, after densification:
- Said part may be made of a composition steel, in% by weight, after densification:
- Mn 0.5-100%
- Ni 0.4-100%; Cr ⁇ 0.25%;
- Said getter may be made of a material chosen from titanium, zirconium, hafnium and their alloys, and a stainless steel.
- the getter may be of titanium or of titanium alloy and the temperature of the powder during sintering may be between 950 and ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ , preferably between 1000 and ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ .
- Sintering and densification by hot isostatic compaction of the powder can be carried out successively, without intermediate cooling of the powder.
- the powder After placing the powder in the space defined by the walls of the container, it can be subjected to cold isostatic compaction at a maximum temperature of 300 ° C and a pressure of 100 to 300 bar.
- Said cold isostatic compaction can provide a decrease in the volume of the powder of 1 to 3%.
- the wall of the container in contact with the powder may be made of the material constituting the getter.
- the getter can be a coating of the container wall.
- the getter may constitute a separate piece placed in the vicinity of the wall of the container in contact with the powder.
- the subject of the invention is also a steel part, characterized in that it has been obtained by the process, and in that its oxygen content is ⁇ 50 ppm, preferably ⁇ 20 ppm, its nitrogen content is ⁇ 50 ppm, preferably ⁇ 25 ppm, and its cumulative oxygen + nitrogen content is 80 80 ppm, preferably 50 50 ppm.
- the invention is based primarily on the finding by the inventors that the resilience problems encountered during the manufacture of parts in 16MND5 by powder metallurgy came from too high oxygen and nitrogen contents in the initial primer powder, and that the removal of O and N during sintering of the powder, if at least one of these elements was present at excessive initial content, solved these problems. It should be understood that the application of the process of the invention goes beyond the sole manufacture of parts 16MND5 and other alloys of the same family, in particular the A508, and may concern all ferrous alloys shaped by metallurgy powders which would prove that the contents of O and / or N in the initial powder would pose problems as to the properties of the final piece. Steels containing from 0.4 to 2% Mn and up to 3% Cr in addition to Mn, constitute such alloys.
- pre-alloyed powder is usually understood to mean a powder whose grains each have, taken separately, the composition intended for the final part (with the exception of the modifications that may occur during the treatment of the powder).
- This prealloyed powder is defined in contrast to a powder which would consist of grains of various compositions and which, once mixed and sintered, would provide a part whose overall composition would be that targeted, but which could present on the microscopic scale local differences notable composition.
- the solution developed by the inventors consists, in particular, in reducing these levels of O and / or N before final densification of the prealloyed powder, using a getter, that is to say a compound which, placed in the the vicinity of the powder present in a container, will capture the oxygen (as CO) and / or nitrogen, because of its higher affinity for these two elements than that of the powder to be treated.
- a getter that is to say a compound which, placed in the the vicinity of the powder present in a container, will capture the oxygen (as CO) and / or nitrogen, because of its higher affinity for these two elements than that of the powder to be treated.
- getters are well known when it is desired to reduce the oxygen content of the atmosphere surrounding a material (powder or other) during a heat treatment, in order to avoid contamination of the surface of the material by the oxygen from the ambient atmosphere.
- the function of the getter goes much further, in that the inventors have found that it is possible, under certain conditions, to also obtain a deoxidation and / or a denitriding mass of the powder, even when the quantity of powder involved is in hundreds of kilograms, or even in tons.
- the getter thus becomes the main agent of a true metallurgical treatment of the powder, and it has been found, surprisingly, that this treatment contributes to a very substantial improvement in the resilience of the parts obtained after hot isostatic compaction. (CIC) of the powder thus treated and a heat treatment of conventional type carried out on the part resulting from the compaction.
- CIC hot isostatic compaction
- the material constituting the getter is, preferably, titanium, because of its relatively moderate cost, and especially its remarkable ability to absorb quickly and in large quantities both oxygen and nitrogen (several% each). These elements emerge from the powder in the form of CO (resulting from the reduction of the oxides of the powder by the carbon that is present at the beginning) and molecular nitrogen. We will see later why titanium should, however, preferably not be used if a temperature of ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ or more is considered for the treatment of the powder.
- the most important parameter to consider is the ratio between the titanium surface and the powder mass, due to the high absorption capacity of CO and N 2 by titanium.
- An order of magnitude of this ratio is 4 to 20 cm 2 of Ti per kg of powder, for a powder typically containing 100 ppm oxygen and 120 ppm nitrogen.
- the ratio will also be adjusted according to the processing time, which depends mainly on the dimensions of the part.
- the mass of Ti to be used is, in all rigor, a function of the mass of powder to be treated and the surface of its grains, but experience shows that a Ti sheet of 0.5 mm thickness arranged around the outer surface of the powder mass is sufficient to absorb CO and nitrogen in the desired amounts for most cases.
- titanium and its alloys constitute, in practice, the materials the more interesting for the implementation of the invention.
- oxygen is present at a high content, for example, about 0.005 to 0.01%, in the initial powder, it is to be expected that the powder will be decarburized by the formation and departure of CO.
- the lowering of the C content will be substantially equivalent in weight percent decreases of the O content. This may need to be taken into account, that is to say that the final C content of the treated part will generally be lower. to that of the powder. It is therefore possible that a powder having a C content a little too high initially gives rise to a piece whose C content will comply with the requirements of the developed shade.
- the container is adapted to give the pile of powder, before its treatment, a shape and dimensions corresponding very substantially to those of the final piece. Its geometry and its dimensions are to be calculated according to the rules of the art specific to the calculations of the containers for the realization of parts close to their final dimensions by hot isostatic compaction of prealloyed powders. After a hot treatment of the powder which leads to its sintering, the container which contains it is placed in a hot isostatic compaction chamber where the complete densification of the part takes place. After this complete densification, it remains only to take the piece out of the container and heat treat it to give it its final metallurgical structure, and to machine it to perfect its dimensioning and surface condition.
- the parameters of the hot isostatic compaction (CIC), and particularly the duration of the temperature and pressure plateau, are fixed according to the usual rules of the art. to obtain a full densification and a uniform temperature in all parts of the room, preferably one hour before the end of the bearing to ensure a sufficient margin of error over the necessary time.
- the typical times in temperature under 1000 bar are from 2 to 5 hours depending on the massiveness of the part.
- cold isostatic compaction typically leading to a decrease in volume of the powder of 1 to 3%, which corresponds to a pressure of 100 to 300 bar in the case of 16MND5 steel.
- FIG. 1 which schematically shows the various steps of an exemplary implementation of the method according to the invention
- FIG. 2 which shows the variations in the oxygen content measured at the end of the treatment for different quantities of Ti used relative to the mass of powder during the manufacture of 16MND5 alloy geometry slugs of various compositions for containers.
- FIG. 3 which shows the variations in the nitrogen content measured at the end of the treatment for different quantities of Ti used relative to the mass of powder during the production of 16MND5 alloy geometry slugs of various compositions.
- FIG. 4 which shows the resilience results obtained on different plots of the same geometry as a function of their O content alone
- FIG. 6 which shows the resilience results obtained on different pieces of the same geometry as a function of their sum O + N;
- FIG. 7 which shows an example of a relatively high mass production device used for the validation tests of the range of operating conditions for the manufacture of industrial parts.
- the invention finds a preferred application in the case of steels which would have the following composition, resulting from a compromise between the 16MND5 and the A508:
- Ni 0.4-100%
- a container 1 is first prepared, which is for example made of mild steel, composed of two walls 2, 3 separable from one another and defining between them, when assembled, a space 4 whose shape corresponds to to that of the part 5 that one wishes to prepare.
- a sheet 6 of titanium T40 of, for example, 1 mm thick, is also prepared, forming the getter with a ratio of, for example, 10 cm 2 of Ti per kg of powder, which is set shaped so as to be pressed against one 2 of the walls 2, 3 which define the space 4, during assembly of the container 1.
- the shape and the dimensions of the space 4 correspond very substantially to those of the part 5 which it is desired to manufacture by metallurgy of the powders, taking into account the (calculated elsewhere) shrinkage which occurs during densification by hot isostatic compaction, as is conventional in this type of process.
- the space 4 is then filled with the pre-alloyed powder 16 of steel 16MND5 intended to constitute the part 5.
- This powder typically has the composition:
- the remainder being iron and impurities resulting from the preparation, in particular of oxygen and nitrogen in variable contents depending on the conditions of preparation of the powder.
- this powder typically has an N content of 120 ppm and an O content of 100 ppm.
- the powder is degassed to remove air and moisture.
- This degassing which is conventional in powder compaction operations, is carried out following the rules of the art, for example by a vacuum 70 hours at a temperature in the range of ' ⁇ 50 ° C.
- the container 1 is then sealed to the outside air, and the heat treatment is carried out, which will make it possible to carry out the deoxidation and the denitriding of the powder 7, by carrying the container 1 and the powder 7 at a suitable temperature for a period of time. adequate.
- the diffusion of the gases emerging from the powder is fast enough that they can easily reach the sheet 6.
- the particle size of the powder is of no significant importance, at least up to the grain sizes usual millimeters for commercial pre-coated powders.
- the treatment temperature must be chosen according to the following criteria.
- a maximum treatment temperature located below the eutectic of the main components of the getter 6 and the powder 7, if there is one, and with a sufficient margin of safety to take into account inaccuracies on the furnace temperature and the influence of the alloying elements on the exact temperature of the eutectic, therefore below ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ in the example described.
- a range of 950-1065 ° C, preferably 1000-1065 ° C, can be recommended.
- the treatment time is essentially a function of the thermal conductivity of the powder in its sintering state, the amount of oxygen and nitrogen that must be removed, and especially the dimensions of the part 5 to be manufactured, in particular its thickness, and 6 getter surface relative to the mass of powder 7.
- the speed with which one will obtain in all the powder 7 the target treatment temperature and the desired reactions and transformations will depend in particular on all these parameters.
- this treatment time can typically be 8 hours for a cylinder diameter 120 mm to 48 hours for a flat body 250 mm thick.
- the process is continued by placing the container 1 in a chamber 8 of hot isostatic compaction, where the sintering is carried out in a conventional manner, and especially the densification of the powder 7 under the effect of the pressure. outside the container 1, to obtain the target part 5.
- the treatment temperature must, again, be chosen preferably to avoid a significant reaction between the getter 6 and the part 5 during compaction, and also to obtain metallurgical structures for the part 5 compatible with the subsequent heat treatments.
- the pressure and the duration of the treatment are chosen so as to obtain a densification of the satisfactory powder 7 in a suitable time.
- a bearing time of 1050 at 1000 bar is typically 3 hours for a flat part 250 mm thick.
- thermal treatments carried out outside the container 1, therefore in the absence of the getter 6, must, indeed, be performed at any time after the separation between the part 5 and the remains of the getter 6.
- it is carried out before the final machining, if there is one, so that it can hold account of any deformations experienced by the part 5 during heat treatments.
- thermogravimetric study was carried out on the nitriding and oxycarburation of titanium T40, which is a preferred material for constituting the getter 6. It made it possible to determine:
- CIF cold isostatic compaction
- This compaction can lead to a decrease in the volume of the powder of the order of 1% to 3% and can significantly improve the thermal conductivity of the powder 7.
- the homogeneity of the target temperature for the next heat treatment which will lead to the deoxidation and the denitruration of the powder, can thus be reached more quickly.
- Table 1 Compositions of batches of powders used for experiments
- the container containing the getter (when there is one) is filled with powder in the air, then it is placed under vacuum, maintained at 60 ° C. for 70 hours (to be sure of having degassed the powder, as usual in metallurgy powders), and finally sealed.
- the whole is held at 1050 for 8 hours. It is essentially during this step that, if the getter is present, the O and N content of the powder is lowered. At the same time, the powder is sintered without appreciable densification.
- CIC hot isostatic compaction
- the container and the remains of the getter are removed by peeling, and the billet is cut into three cylindrical portions, of respective heights 87 mm, 87 mm and 5 mm substantially.
- the 5 mm high part is used for the characterization of the initial state of the slug.
- the other two parts are heat treated by:
- Table 2 summarizes the conditions of the different tests.
- Table 2 Preparation and treatment conditions of 12 kg slugs The amount of Ti relative to the mass of powder treated was therefore varied during the tests. The results are visible in FIGS. 2 and 3 which show, respectively, the oxygen and nitrogen contents measured at the end of the treatment for different amounts of Ti used, relative to the powder mass.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 show that, while the oxygen and nitrogen contents of the sintered and densified sheets by hot isostatic compaction did not vary significantly, the use of a titanium getter in sheet form of 1 mm d thickness decreases their levels, which can fall below 10 ppm for oxygen and below 20- 30 ppm for nitrogen, for amounts of titanium exceeding 10 gr / kg (22 cm 2 / kg), with a saturation effect.
- the grain size is generally 5 ASTM, with some grains of 4 or 4.5 ASTM. This corresponds well to the conventional requirements for 16MND5 used in nuclear reactor vessels.
- the structure is predominantly bainitic in all cases.
- Table 3 summarizes the results of the various mechanical tests carried out, with the O, N and O + N contents of the corresponding slugs.
- FIG. 4 shows the results obtained as a function of the O content alone
- FIG. shows the results obtained as a function of the N content alone
- FIG. 6 shows the results obtained as a function of the sum O + N. Since the process according to the invention simultaneously lowers the O and N contents of the powder, it It is difficult to discriminate the effects of the contents of these elements solely on the basis of the tests carried out.
- the target Kv at 0 ° C is at least 60 J for each sample taken individually. A ⁇ O'C this minimum value is 28 J. At +20 q C, this minimum value is 72 J. In Figures 4 and 5, the target Kv values for each sample were reported.
- Figure 4 shows that these specifications are all met when O is at most 40 ppm, and O values of less than 20 ppm provide consistently good to excellent Kv values. On the contrary, O contents of 80 to 10 ppm, as in the initial powder, do not allow to reach the minimum Kv required with a sufficient margin of safety.
- Figure 5 shows that comparable findings can be made for N content.
- a content lowered to 40 ppm is often sufficient for acceptable or good Kv values to be obtained, and grades of 25 ppm and below. guarantee good results.
- the 90 to 140 ppm of the initial powder, on the other hand, is too high for satisfactory Kv values to be reliably obtained.
- Such contents are made accessible by the use of a getter according to the invention. They would not be accessible directly by other known methods of making the powder, for example by atomization.
- the Kv values obtained during the tests are rather dispersed, since the resilience does not depend only on the composition of the metal, but also on its microstructure, which the conditions of treatment of the samples after sintering contribute to establish.
- a bainitic structure is obtained on the product after sintering, and not a structure with probainitic ferrite that would have been less favorable.
- all the tests corresponding to Tables 1, 2 and 3 and to Figures 2 to 6 were carried out for identical heat treatments leading to the same final bainitic final microstructure, the only difference being in the composition of the powder (although it varied only in very small limits on elements other than O and N) and the use or not of a getter.
- the distribution of the nitrogen is generally symmetrical between the two surfaces, with a rise in the nitrogen content in the vicinity of each of the surfaces; that is due to the fact that, since the nitrogen equilibrium pressure is high and its absorption kinetics relatively slow, the nitrogen diffuses into the titanium both from the powder 7 and from the wall 2 of the container 1;
- the distribution of carbon is apparently almost symmetrical, unlike that of oxygen; the carbon concentration is even a little higher in the vicinity of the face of the titanium sheet 6 which was facing the wall 2 of the container 1; on the one hand, a portion of the carbon of the steel of the container 1 diffuses in the solid state to the titanium; on the other hand, the absorption of carbon after the reduction of CO escaping from the powder is essentially effected by forming a surface layer of friable TiC; this one tends strongly to detach itself from the sheet 6 of titanium during its manipulations between the experiment and the analysis: the analysis of the sheet 6 does not make, in fact, not well account of the reality of the carbon absorption from the powder 7;
- the nitrogen content of the sheet 6 of Ti is of the order of 2% in the vicinity of its two surfaces, which is far from the maximum solubility of nitrogen at 100 ° C. in titanium (6% );
- the O content of the sheet 6 of Ti is of the order of 2.5% in the vicinity of its surface which was in contact with the powder 7, which is far from the maximum solubility of oxygen at 1 050 ° C in titanium (12%).
- the sheet 6 Since the sheet 6 is far from being saturated with O and N at the end of the treatment, it is therefore not necessary to provide that the sheet 6 has a high relative mass relative to that of the treated powder 7.
- Tubular elements having a height of 287 mm, an internal diameter of 1 mm, an outer diameter of 370 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm were also tested. They were made with a powder belonging to Lot 4 of Table 1 on a thick tube of austenitic steel (30 mm thick).
- the Ti getter was placed on the inner wall of the container at the periphery of the cavity where the powder was placed with a ratio of 8.6 g of Ti per kg of powder, representing a surface of 18.2 cm 2 of Ti per kg of powder.
- the method of filling the free space of the container with the powder was identical to that applied to the previous 12 kg plots. First of all, the assembly was held at ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ for 18 hours to obtain sintering.
- the hot isostatic compaction was carried out under 1000 bar at ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ for 3 hours.
- the final heat treatment of the tubular element removed from the container and peeled consisted of austenitization, by maintaining at 890 ° C. for 5 h followed by quenching with water at a speed estimated by modeling between ⁇ , ⁇ ' ⁇ / ⁇ (GOOO / hour at the periphery of the tube and 0 ° C / s (2500 q C / hour) in the core of the tube wall.
- the container 8 is generally cylindrical in shape, of external dimensions 400 mm in diameter and height 234 mm (including raised edges which ensure good contact between the various components of the container 8).
- the thickness of the sheet that constitutes it is 3 mm. It comprises a bottom plate 9, a tubular side wall 10 and a lid 1 1 connected to a pipe 12 which is connected to a pump or the like to allow the reduced pressure of the inside of the container, after its filling and the sealing the lid 1 1 on the side wall 10.
- the T40 titanium getter when present, is composed of three elements:
- An annular plate 14 which lines the side wall 10 of the container 8 over part of the height thereof; the sheet 14 has a diameter of 399 mm, a thickness of 1 mm and a height of 95 mm; its lower edge 14 is placed 57 mm from the bottom wall 9 of the container 8; its mass is 0.5 kg; a flat sheet 15 which lines the lid 1 1 of the container 8, and comprises an orifice 16 in line with the pipe 12; it has a diameter of 375 mm, a thickness of 1 mm and a mass of 0.5 kg.
- the powder used to prepare the samples is that of Lot 3 of Table 1.
- a quantity of 147 kg is introduced into the container (therefore a relatively large quantity, which may be representative of what would be the massiveness of some of the industrial parts that it is desired to achieve by the process according to the invention), which provides a ratio by weight of Ti / powder of 8.2 g / kg and a surface ratio of 18.2 cm 2 of Ti / kg of powder.
- the containers were densified by Hot Isostatic Compaction at ⁇ ⁇ ' ⁇ under 1000 bar for a duration of 3 hours.
- microstructures were predominantly bainitic for the two plots.
- the oxygen concentration ranged from 5 to 90 ppm and that of nitrogen from 3 to 37 ppm in the volume, the highest levels corresponding to the center of the plot and the maximum distance from to the titanium getter.
- Resilience values were also very variable, ranging from very bad in zones with high nitrogen concentrations and especially oxygen to very good in low oxygen and nitrogen zones.
- the oxygen and nitrogen concentrations were uniformly very low (3 to 5 ppm for oxygen and ⁇ 3 ppm for nitrogen) and the Kv values good to very good.
- the treatment time was adjusted to ensure that the entire volume of powder reached thermal equilibrium. This was not the case for the first piece, treated for only 16 hours.
- the successive stages of presintering at 950-1065 ° C and densification in this same temperature range can be carried out indifferently in the same chamber which will be put under high pressure only during densification, or in different enclosures with, therefore, the possibility that the container and the powder cools between the two operations, possibly up to ambient.
- the first solution is the most economically advantageous, especially from the point of view of total energy consumption and the possibility of using only one installation for both operations.
- the example which has just been described is particularly suitable for the metallurgical production of the powders of 16MND5 manganese steel parts.
- this example is absolutely not limiting.
- the invention is applicable to the manufacture of parts made of other types of steel with a Mn content between 0.4% and 2% and with a Cr content of less than or equal to 3%, the experience of which would show that the manufacture by metallurgy of powders with satisfactory mechanical properties, especially resilience, would be possible only if the powder used contains only very small amounts of oxygen and nitrogen, comparable to those which have been determined during the tests previously described on the grade 16MnD5.
- These amounts are an oxygen content ⁇ 50 ppm, preferably ⁇ 20 ppm, a nitrogen content ⁇ 50 ppm, preferably ⁇ 25 ppm, and a cumulative oxygen + nitrogen content ⁇ 80 ppm, preferably ⁇ 50 ppm.
- the getter 6 and the powder 7 do not lead to a solidarization of the getter 6 and the powder 7 during sintering, for example by forming a eutectic between the iron and one of the components of the getter 6, so that the separation between the getter and the sintered part can be done easily and a simple peeling is enough to remove from the surface of the room getter residues that may have remained on its surface.
- the object of the invention is also a container 1 for sintering and hot isostatic compaction of a metal powder 7, internally coated on at least a portion of its surface which is intended to come into contact of the powder 7 of a getter 6 which has the capacity, in general, to capture, during heating, contaminants contained in the powder 7.
- Contaminants means elements likely to hinder the smooth running of the sintering and obtaining a part 5 having the mechanical and other properties sought.
- Oxygen and nitrogen will often be the main contaminants to capture. Oxygen can be captured, in particular, by a reduction mechanism of an oxidized gas such as CO emerging from the powder 7 and oxygen absorption thus obtained.
- the container 1 for example tubes coated externally or internally by a shell of a composition different from that of the tube, provision may be made for the container 1 to include one of the constituents of the bimetallic part.
- the tube is then integrated into the container 1, and its coating, initially in the form of a prealloyed powder, is applied to it by means of the process according to the invention.
- the adhesion of the coating to the tube is achieved by diffusion bonding during the treatment.
- the getter is placed on the surface of the container out of the weld-diffusion surface with the coating.
- the invention may, in particular, take the following configurations:
- the wall of the container in contact with the powder is made of the material constituting the getter
- the getter (6) is a coating of the wall of the container (1);
- the getter (6) constitutes a separate piece placed in the vicinity of the wall of the container (1) in contact with the powder (7).
- the invention has been described essentially in the case where the powder is a pralloyed powder of steel weakly alloyed with Mn, and where the contaminants to be removed from the powder before densification are O and N. But as has been said, it is conceivable to apply the invention to the capture of other contaminants and other types of steels containing 0.4 to 2% Mn and 0 to 3% Cr.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1354610A FR3005882B1 (fr) | 2013-05-22 | 2013-05-22 | Procede de fabrication par metallurgie des poudres d'une piece metallique, et piece en acier ainsi obtenue, et conteneur pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procede |
| PCT/EP2014/060577 WO2014187916A1 (fr) | 2013-05-22 | 2014-05-22 | Procede de fabrication par metallurgie des poudres d'une piece en acier, et piece en acier ainsi obtenue |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2999562A1 true EP2999562A1 (fr) | 2016-03-30 |
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ID=49667244
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP14727770.1A Withdrawn EP2999562A1 (fr) | 2013-05-22 | 2014-05-22 | Procede de fabrication par metallurgie des poudres d'une piece en acier, et piece en acier ainsi obtenue |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20160184895A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2999562A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2016526099A (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20160033076A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN105492146A (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3005882B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2014187916A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10583486B2 (en) | 2017-01-04 | 2020-03-10 | Honeywell International Inc. | Hot isostatic pressing apparatus and hot isostatic pressing methods for reducing surface-area chemical degradation on an article of manufacture |
| CN107974641A (zh) * | 2017-11-28 | 2018-05-01 | 宁波市鸿博机械制造有限公司 | 一种eps输出轴 |
| FR3074707A1 (fr) | 2017-12-13 | 2019-06-14 | Manoir Industries | Procede de fabrication d’une piece metallurgique |
| GB201803142D0 (en) | 2018-02-27 | 2018-04-11 | Rolls Royce Plc | A method of manufacturing an austenitc iron alloy |
| US11746084B2 (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2023-09-05 | Stamicarbon B.V. | Ferritic steel parts in urea plants |
| CN115747734A (zh) * | 2022-12-15 | 2023-03-07 | 先导薄膜材料有限公司 | 一种大尺寸、高密度镍铬靶材的装模方法、制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3627521A (en) * | 1969-02-28 | 1971-12-14 | Crucible Inc | Method of forming a powdered-metal compact employing a beta-titanium alloy as a getter for gaseous impurities |
| US4038738A (en) * | 1975-01-10 | 1977-08-02 | Uddeholms Aktiebolag | Method and means for the production of bar stock from metal powder |
| JP3743033B2 (ja) * | 1995-10-02 | 2006-02-08 | Jfeスチール株式会社 | 低温用建築向け鋼材の製造方法 |
| JP4219023B2 (ja) * | 1998-11-19 | 2009-02-04 | 新日本製鐵株式会社 | 高強度ドライブシャフトとその製造方法 |
| US7135141B2 (en) * | 2003-03-31 | 2006-11-14 | Hitachi Metals, Ltd. | Method of manufacturing a sintered body |
| SE0402439L (sv) * | 2004-10-07 | 2006-02-28 | Sandvik Intellectual Property | Metod för att kontrollera syrehalten i ett pulver och metod att framställa en kropp av metallpulver |
| US7875132B2 (en) * | 2005-05-31 | 2011-01-25 | United Technologies Corporation | High temperature aluminum alloys |
| CA2768979A1 (fr) * | 2009-07-27 | 2011-02-03 | Basf Se | Procede de frittage de materiaux thermoelectriques |
| US8876935B2 (en) * | 2010-09-30 | 2014-11-04 | Hitachi Powdered Metals Co., Ltd. | Sintered material for valve guides and production method therefor |
-
2013
- 2013-05-22 FR FR1354610A patent/FR3005882B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2014
- 2014-05-22 CN CN201480031973.XA patent/CN105492146A/zh active Pending
- 2014-05-22 JP JP2016514416A patent/JP2016526099A/ja active Pending
- 2014-05-22 US US14/893,093 patent/US20160184895A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2014-05-22 EP EP14727770.1A patent/EP2999562A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2014-05-22 WO PCT/EP2014/060577 patent/WO2014187916A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2014-05-22 KR KR1020157035987A patent/KR20160033076A/ko not_active Withdrawn
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| See references of WO2014187916A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| CN105492146A (zh) | 2016-04-13 |
| KR20160033076A (ko) | 2016-03-25 |
| FR3005882A1 (fr) | 2014-11-28 |
| US20160184895A1 (en) | 2016-06-30 |
| JP2016526099A (ja) | 2016-09-01 |
| FR3005882B1 (fr) | 2015-06-26 |
| WO2014187916A1 (fr) | 2014-11-27 |
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