EP2914392A1 - Procédé de production de différentes épaisseurs de paroi d'un tube réservoir - Google Patents

Procédé de production de différentes épaisseurs de paroi d'un tube réservoir

Info

Publication number
EP2914392A1
EP2914392A1 EP12798622.2A EP12798622A EP2914392A1 EP 2914392 A1 EP2914392 A1 EP 2914392A1 EP 12798622 A EP12798622 A EP 12798622A EP 2914392 A1 EP2914392 A1 EP 2914392A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
blank
tube
container tube
wall thickness
male
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP12798622.2A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Friedhelm GÜNTHER
Marco Schmidt
Ralf Dirscherl
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
SchmitterGroup AG
Original Assignee
SchmitterGroup AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by SchmitterGroup AG filed Critical SchmitterGroup AG
Publication of EP2914392A1 publication Critical patent/EP2914392A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C3/00—Profiling tools for metal drawing; Combinations of dies and mandrels
    • B21C3/02—Dies; Selection of material therefor; Cleaning thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C37/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape
    • B21C37/06—Manufacture of metal sheets, bars, wire, tubes or like semi-manufactured products, not otherwise provided for; Manufacture of tubes of special shape of tubes or metal hoses; Combined procedures for making tubes, e.g. for making multi-wall tubes
    • B21C37/15—Making tubes of special shape; Making tube fittings
    • B21C37/16—Making tubes with varying diameter in longitudinal direction
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, metal wire, metal rods, metal tubes by drawing
    • B21C1/16—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes
    • B21C1/22—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes specially adapted for making tubular articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, metal wire, metal rods, metal tubes by drawing
    • B21C1/16—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes
    • B21C1/22—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes specially adapted for making tubular articles
    • B21C1/24—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes specially adapted for making tubular articles by means of mandrels
    • B21C1/26—Push-bench drawing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, metal wire, metal rods, metal tubes by drawing
    • B21C1/16—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes
    • B21C1/32—Feeding or discharging the material or mandrels
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C9/00—Cooling, heating or lubricating drawing material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2204/00—Indexing codes related to suspensions per se or to auxiliary parts
    • B60G2204/40—Auxiliary suspension parts; Adjustment of suspensions
    • B60G2204/43—Fittings, brackets or knuckles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
    • B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
    • B60G2206/012—Hollow or tubular elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60G—VEHICLE SUSPENSION ARRANGEMENTS
    • B60G2206/00—Indexing codes related to the manufacturing of suspensions: constructional features, the materials used, procedures or tools
    • B60G2206/01—Constructional features of suspension elements, e.g. arms, dampers, springs
    • B60G2206/80—Manufacturing procedures
    • B60G2206/81—Shaping

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for producing a container tube.
  • the container tube which finds use, for example, as container, support and / or suspension means for a motor vehicle shock absorber, has longitudinal longitudinal sections successive longitudinal tube sections with different wall thicknesses and / or inner and / or outer diameters.
  • the above-mentioned method is based on a hollow or tubular blank which is extended by means of repeated ironing with the aid of at least one ironing die applied to the blank exterior against a male part in contact with the blank, for example a punch or mandrel. During ironing at least a portion of the longitudinal sections is reduced in its wall thickness and / or in its inner and / or outer diameter by a respective predetermined amount.
  • Propeller shafts produced by the method of the aforementioned type are known (DE 10 2007 045 719 A1). Accordingly, cardan shafts are changed in wall thickness and in the inner and / or outer diameter.
  • a die is pushed over the blank and the mandrel located therein.
  • the mandrel used for this purpose has two different diameters and a transition region which is conical. Up to the transition region is stretched to the thinner diameter of the mandrel. Subsequently, starting from the transition region, the die is stretched over the thicker region of the mandrel by means of a die which is larger in diameter. This results in increased strength for the deformed areas compared to the blank.
  • the reduction of the wall thicknesses and the diameter of the blank results in an extension in the axial direction.
  • different matrices are used to obtain different wall thicknesses.
  • an output tube is fitted onto a mandrel having a reduced diameter in the axial center.
  • a drawing ring with a clear width smaller than the outer diameter of the tube is then pulled over the tube in full length. This results in a wall thickness reduction in the radially expanded areas of the mandrel and a wall thickness thickening in the radially reduced region of the mandrel.
  • the mandrel is pulled out of the tube. It thus creates a tubular shape with radially outwardly enlarged thickened pipe sections.
  • By again overlaying the drawing ring finally results in turn a smooth cylindrical outer surface for the tube, ie the areas of the tube with greater wall thickness are again pressed radially inward.
  • a container tube in at least part of the longitudinal sections to be reduced before its stripping a Patrizen ultrasound made This means that a previously used male is replaced in each case against a differently executed and / or specifically adapted male.
  • the to be used for example, rotationally symmetrical male has in the longitudinal profile at least one cross-sectional change. Accordingly, the male has a smaller and / or thinner and a larger and / or thicker cross-section / outer diameter.
  • These two cross sections or outer diameter are connected to each other by means of at least one Patrizenabsatz.
  • the Patrizenabsatz can be performed in different embodiments. For one thing, here is one Transition region and thus be formed a conical embodiment and on the other hand, this paragraph can be achieved by a simple to the axial direction perpendicular diameter increase of the male.
  • the face of the smaller diameter of the male is always first inserted into the blank.
  • This means that the first introduced and / or smaller diameter or cross section of the male is arranged in the region of the driving edge.
  • the largest diameter or cross section of the male is, however, always arranged remotely in relation to the Mit supportivekante out.
  • the male parts to be used have at least two radially different diameters or cross sections. It can therefore also be more Patrizenab mechanisms available. It is important, however, that the diameter or the cross-sections of the male are arranged in size, so that there are only ascending Patrizenab engines in the axial direction.
  • the male has a shape that always tapers in the axial direction and does not widen again.
  • a first longitudinal section is formed with a reduced wall thickness in a first ironing operation.
  • Forming a cam edge at one end of the blank where a wall thickness reduction is caused is considered to be a pre-reduction. It is not absolutely necessary that a driver edge is formed.
  • the blank may also be designed as a cup shape, that is, the blank has only one end opening and is closed at the other side / at the other end. However, it is absolutely necessary in order to be able to use the method according to the invention to form a stop for the male in some form inside the pipe or to have it already.
  • the actual ironing process does not start until an ironing die having a smaller opening diameter or a smaller inside diameter than the blank, which has an inserted male part, is pulled / pushed up to a certain axial length compared to the outside diameter of the blank.
  • the respective pipe wall thickness is suitably dimensioned over the one or more outer dimensions of the one or more male and the respective associated and / or opposite inner dimensions of the one or more ironing dies.
  • the diameter or cross section of the male is thus selected so that the difference between the outer diameter of the male and the inner diameter of the ironing die correspond to the wall thicknesses.
  • the ironing die is only partially raised to the container tube up to a certain axial length and then retracted again.
  • one or more stripping means are provided on an end opening of the container tube serving to insert the male or the male part.
  • stripping means for example, stripping jaws or the like can be used.
  • the stripping jaws travel radially behind the blank or the container tube, so that they have a smaller opening diameter than the outer diameter of the blank and / or container tube, but do not touch the inserted male.
  • the number of Patrizen lymph depends on the number of desired wall thickness changes. With each patrix infinitely many changes in the wall thickness of the container tube can be achieved. However, only a consecutive inner diameter increases can be achieved with a male. As soon as an inner diameter reduction is desired, a Patrice change done. In the case of the die, however, a change must always be made in the case of a desired change in the outer diameter of the container tube.
  • the wall thickness of the container tube or of the blank can be increased or thickened even without changing the male, by a die with a larger opening diameter / inner diameter is pushed.
  • the replacement of a male is independent of a die change. This means that the wall thickness can already change by means of a male with different cross sections and / or diameters when using a female mold. As more dies and / or dies are used, the number of possible wall thickness changes is infinite.
  • each longitudinal tube section only has to be processed once. After the ironing die has been drawn over a respective axial length of the blank, this ironed area need not be re-machined. This means that the area which has only been ironed once by an ironing die constitutes a finished section of the container pipe.
  • the container tube produced by the method according to the invention is again optimized in weight as well as in its strength.
  • a lightweight material is aluminum.
  • the container tube produced by the method according to the invention is again optimized in weight as well as in its strength.
  • an aluminum container tube for example, an extruded front tube or hollow and / or tubular blank is used. Due to the lower strength values of, for example, aluminum alloys compared to steel, the wall thicknesses and / or the differences between outer and inner diameters of the container tube are made stronger when using a lightweight material.
  • An advantageous development of the invention is the production of a polygonal profile and / or tube, for example a square tube, also with varying wall thicknesses.
  • the male part can not be designed as a round but as an angular solid profile.
  • the ironing die must have a design adapted to the male part. This means that the male and the associated female die can be round and / or square as well as rotationally symmetric or asymmetrical.
  • FIG. 1 shows a hollow and / or tubular blank for the manufacturing method according to the invention in cross section
  • FIG. 2 shows the molding of a driving edge against the hollow and / or tubular blank of FIG. 1 in cross section
  • FIG. 3 shows an ironing operation of a first pipe longitudinal section
  • FIG. 4 shows an ironing process of a second pipe longitudinal section with previous die change in cross section
  • Figure 5 shows a ironing operation of a third pipe longitudinal section with previous Patrizen Touch in cross section
  • Figure 6 shows a ironing operation of a fourth pipe longitudinal section with previous Patrizen Touch in cross section
  • Figure 7 shows an inventive embodiment of a finished container tube in cross section
  • FIGS. 1 to 7 show an exemplary embodiment of the special and inventive ironing process for producing a weight and strength-optimized container pipe.
  • a hollow and / or tubular blank 1 is shown, from which a container tube is produced by means of the inventive method.
  • the hollow and / or tubular blank 1 has a certain or predefined outer diameter 2 and an inner diameter 3.
  • the two ends of the hollow and / or tubular blank 1 are referred to as end openings 4.
  • a plunger 5 is inserted into the tube interior to the stop of the plunger 5 '.
  • the part of the plunger 5, which is located in the tube interior, has an equal to or smaller than the inner diameter of the blank 3 3 outer diameter.
  • an ironing die 6 is pushed onto the blank 1 at the opposite end opening 4 of the inserted plunger 5 by a specific or desired axial length. As a result, a pre-reduction of the blank 1 is achieved and a driving edge 7 is formed. Subsequently, the plunger 5 is pulled out or retracted.
  • a male part 9, such as a punch or mandrel, at the end opening 4 of the hollow and / or tubular blank 1 is inserted until the end face of the male part 9 abuts against the driving edge 7.
  • the male part 9 is with a partially extending in the axial direction increase
  • the outer dimension 11 of the male part 9 toward the driving edge 7 is smaller than the outer dimension 12 which is farthest away from the driving edge 7 and is connected to a certain predefined or predetermined male shoulder 10.
  • a first longitudinal pipe section I is formed in the axial direction by the driving edge 7.
  • the resulting stretched area already constitutes a section of the finished container tube 15 to be produced or produced.
  • a second longitudinal tube section II is produced.
  • a further ironing die 16 which has a larger inner diameter 14 than the previous die used, is used.
  • the use of a larger inside diameter 14 ironing die 16 creates a heel and / or an outer diameter increase 17 of the container tube 15.
  • the ironing die 16 is from the Mit Conversekante 7 on the blank 1 and the male located therein 9 with two different outer dimensions 11, 12 and a Patrizenabsatz 10 pushed to the end of the second longitudinal tube section II.
  • the Patrizenabsatz 10 is located within the second longitudinal tube section II, so that there is a desired reduction in wall thickness in this section.
  • the different wall thicknesses of the container tube 15 result from the inner diameters 14 of the ironing dies and the opposite and / or associated axially extending outer diameter / outer dimensions 10, 11, 12 of the male part 9.
  • stripping means 18, such as stripping jaws which are used in a Patrizen LCD to strip the container tube 15 and / or the blank 1 of the male part 9.
  • a Patrizen LCD takes place after the produced extending longitudinal tube section II, whereby a subsequent wall thickness increase is achieved.
  • a further longitudinal tube section III is produced by means of the previously used Abstreckmatrize 16.
  • a further male part 19 which in the axial direction a plurality of different outer dimensions 11, 12 and thus also a Patrizenabsatz 10, which is displaced compared to the previously used male part 9 axially towards the end opening 4, inserted into the blank to the driving edge 7 ,
  • the Patrizenabsatz 10 is thus in the third longitudinal tube section III.
  • the smaller area or the outer dimension 11 of the male part 19 corresponds to the smallest inner dimension and / or the smallest inner diameter of the container tube 15. Due to the smaller outer dimension 11 in the front third partially divided longitudinal tube section III, there is an inner diameter reduction 20 of the container tube 15th The Patrizenabsatz 10 corresponds to the desired inner diameter increase 21 of the container tube 15.
  • FIG. 7 an exemplary, finished container tube is shown.
  • the two ends 23 of the container tube 15 are processed.
  • the first longitudinal tube section I was an outer diameter increase 17 of the.
  • the ironing die 16 with a certain or predetermined inner diameter or a predetermined inner dimension 14 is pushed over the pipe longitudinal section II, III, IV. It is as long as the same ironing die 16 used until a relieab less- or outer diameter change 17, 24 of the container tube 15 is to take place.
  • the male part 9 is used from the beginning of the tube longitudinal section I to the end of the tube longitudinal section II.
  • the male part 9 used has a Patrizenabsatz 10, whereby an inner diameter increase 21 of the container tube 15 takes place. Subsequently, a Patrizen flick, whereby a wall thickness increase and thus an inner diameter reduction 20 of the container tube 15 in the next longitudinal tube section III is achieved.
  • the male part used for the production of the longitudinal tube section III 19 also has a Patrizenabsatz 10, whereby again an inner diameter increase 21 of the container tube 15 is achieved. According to Fig. 7 takes place after the pipe longitudinal section III again a Patrizencic. Due to this, it comes through the Patrizenabsatz 10 of the newly used male part 22 to an inner diameter increase 21 of the container tube 15. This generated wall thickness is maintained until the end of the container tube 15.
  • the radially thicker wall thickness range a degree of deformation of, for example, 5% to 20% and the thinner wall thickness range a degree of deformation of, for example, 40% to 60%.
  • the higher the degree of deformation the stronger the strain hardening.
  • a low strength drop and thus a desired low strain hardening is achieved for the thicker wall thickness ranges.
  • a high work hardening is achieved by the degree of deformation. This result is desirable because it saves weight.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de production d'un tube réservoir (15), en particulier un moyen de suspension pour une jambe de force de véhicule à moteur, qui présente des segments longitudinaux de tube (I -IV) qui se succèdent dans le sens longitudinal et dont les parois présentent différentes épaisseurs et/ou qui comportent différents diamètres intérieurs et/ou extérieurs, ladite production s'effectuant à partir d'une ébauche (1) creuse et/ou tubulaire, par étirage répété au moyen d'au moins une matrice d'étirage (6, 13, 16) placée sur l'extérieur de l'ébauche contre un poinçon (9, 19, 22) situé à l'intérieur de l'ébauche, par exemple un poinçon ou un mandrin, au moins un changement de poinçon étant effectué pour au moins une partie des segments longitudinaux (I - IV) avant leur étirage.
EP12798622.2A 2012-11-02 2012-11-02 Procédé de production de différentes épaisseurs de paroi d'un tube réservoir Withdrawn EP2914392A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2012/071698 WO2014067581A1 (fr) 2012-11-02 2012-11-02 Procédé de production de différentes épaisseurs de paroi d'un tube réservoir

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2914392A1 true EP2914392A1 (fr) 2015-09-09

Family

ID=47326062

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP12798622.2A Withdrawn EP2914392A1 (fr) 2012-11-02 2012-11-02 Procédé de production de différentes épaisseurs de paroi d'un tube réservoir

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US20150343506A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2914392A1 (fr)
CN (1) CN104797353A (fr)
WO (1) WO2014067581A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016103824A1 (de) * 2016-03-03 2017-09-07 Schmittergroup Ag Stoßdämpferrohr und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US639532A (en) * 1897-10-29 1899-12-19 Reuben Samuel Courtman Manufacture of hubs for wheels of cycles.
US3807213A (en) * 1971-10-28 1974-04-30 Aluminum Co Of America Method of making a hollow metal bat
US4454745A (en) * 1980-07-16 1984-06-19 Standard Tube Canada Limited Process for cold-forming a tube having a thick-walled end portion

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FR2369027A1 (fr) * 1976-10-29 1978-05-26 Tubes Cie Indle Cale Piece tubulaire dont les diametres et les epaisseurs ne sont pas constants sur toute leur longueu
FR2473916A1 (fr) * 1980-01-22 1981-07-24 Tubes Cie Indle Cale Procede de faconnage a froid d'un arbre tubulaire dont les extremites ont un diametre interieur calibre inferieur a celui de sa partie centrale
JPS5756117A (en) * 1980-09-17 1982-04-03 Miyata Kogyo Kk Manufacturing method and apparatus for double inner butted pipe
US5337476A (en) * 1992-07-13 1994-08-16 The Torrington Company Method of making a camshaft
DE19532951A1 (de) * 1995-09-07 1997-03-13 Dynamit Nobel Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von drückgewalzten Rohren mit inneren Wandverdickungen an den Enden
JPH11311256A (ja) * 1998-04-24 1999-11-09 Nippon Seiko Kk 衝撃吸収式ステアリングシャフト
DE19820124C2 (de) * 1998-05-06 2001-12-13 Hans A Haerle Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Rohres zur Verwendung in einem Lenkgestänge
DE10047231C1 (de) 2000-09-23 2002-04-04 Reiche Gmbh & Co Kg Automotive Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Herstellung eines Rohres mit partiell unterschiedlichen Wandstärken
DE20122516U1 (de) * 2001-04-11 2005-12-29 Gkn Driveline International Gmbh Vorrichtung zum Abstrecken von zylindrischen Hohlkörpern (Rohrziehen)
DE102004056147B3 (de) * 2004-11-20 2006-08-03 Gkn Driveline International Gmbh Reduzieren von Rohren über einem abgesetzten Dorn zur Herstellung von Hohlwellen mit Hinterschnitt in einer Operation
DE102007045719A1 (de) 2007-09-24 2009-04-02 Schmitter Group Ag Hochfeste kaltumgeformte Kardanrohrteile für Antriebsstrang

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US639532A (en) * 1897-10-29 1899-12-19 Reuben Samuel Courtman Manufacture of hubs for wheels of cycles.
US3807213A (en) * 1971-10-28 1974-04-30 Aluminum Co Of America Method of making a hollow metal bat
US4454745A (en) * 1980-07-16 1984-06-19 Standard Tube Canada Limited Process for cold-forming a tube having a thick-walled end portion

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
See also references of WO2014067581A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN104797353A (zh) 2015-07-22
US20150343506A1 (en) 2015-12-03
WO2014067581A1 (fr) 2014-05-08

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