EP2855056A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'un matériau thermoélectrique - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'un matériau thermoélectriqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP2855056A1 EP2855056A1 EP13730013.3A EP13730013A EP2855056A1 EP 2855056 A1 EP2855056 A1 EP 2855056A1 EP 13730013 A EP13730013 A EP 13730013A EP 2855056 A1 EP2855056 A1 EP 2855056A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- matrix
- thermoelectric material
- inclusions
- manufacturing
- material according
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/07—Metallic powder characterised by particles having a nanoscale microstructure
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/1003—Use of special medium during sintering, e.g. sintering aid
- B22F3/1007—Atmosphere
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C1/00—Making non-ferrous alloys
- C22C1/04—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C1/047—Making non-ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy comprising intermetallic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
- C22C29/18—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on silicides
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
- H10N10/80—Constructional details
- H10N10/85—Thermoelectric active materials
- H10N10/851—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
- H10N10/80—Constructional details
- H10N10/85—Thermoelectric active materials
- H10N10/851—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions
- H10N10/8556—Thermoelectric active materials comprising inorganic compositions comprising compounds containing germanium or silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10N10/00—Thermoelectric devices comprising a junction of dissimilar materials, i.e. devices exhibiting Seebeck or Peltier effects
- H10N10/80—Constructional details
- H10N10/85—Thermoelectric active materials
- H10N10/857—Thermoelectric active materials comprising compositions changing continuously or discontinuously inside the material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
- B22F2003/1051—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding by electric discharge
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for increasing the thermoelectric properties of a SiGe type matrix by in situ siliciding.
- a second phase in the form of metal nanoparticles is introduced into the matrix, then the whole is subjected to sintering at a suitable temperature, causing a modification of the composition and the microstructure of the matrix.
- a difference in temperature occurs at the junction of two different types of material subjected to an electric current.
- thermoelectric effect has multiple applications, such as thermoelectric refrigeration or electricity generation.
- thermoelectric effect currently limit commercial applications, especially on the generation of electricity aspect.
- radioisotope thermoelectric modules are used for feeding space probes.
- the generalization of thermoelectric modules on the market is conditioned by a necessary increase in the conversion efficiency which depends on the properties of the materials used.
- thermoelectric refrigeration system The efficiency of a thermoelectric refrigeration system and that of the thermoelectric effect for electricity generation depend on the temperature and a dimensionless size called the "merit factor".
- the properties of a thermoelectric material are quantified by the merit factor ZT according to the following relation:
- ⁇ is the thermal conductivity
- thermoelectric material having a good performance will therefore have a high coefficient of merit Z, that is to say simultaneously a high Seebeck coefficient, good electrical conductivity (low electrical resistance), and low thermal conductivity.
- Thermal conductivity is the amount of heat transferred per unit area and per unit of time under a temperature gradient of 1 degree per meter.
- the thermal conductivity is linked on the one hand to the electrical conductivity (movement of the charge carriers) and on the other hand to the very structure of the material (vibrations of the atoms). Indeed, in a solid, the vibrations of the atoms are not random and independent of each other, but correspond to eigen modes of vibration, also called "phonons". These natural modes of vibration correspond to waves that can propagate in the material, if its structure is periodic (organized).
- One of the ways to increase the ZT merit factor is to decrease the network thermal conductivity by making a nanostructured thermoelectric material. This effect is the consequence of a greater diffusion of phonons, which can be brought: either by a nano structuring of the grains which constitute the matrix of the material (Wang et al., 2008), with a grain size lower than the free path phonon and in practice depends on the material ( ⁇ 50 nanometers for metals and up to the micron for some alloys);
- the thermal conductivity is carried especially by the phonons.
- the phonon is a quasi-particle that results from the displacement of one or more atoms around their equilibrium position.
- the presence of nanostructures within the material reduces the average free path of the phonons and therefore the thermal conductivity.
- the phonon scattering is disturbed when the size of the grains or inclusions is inferior or comparable to the mean free path of the phonons.
- This so-called nanometric size is between 1 and 1000 nanometers, but preferably between 2 and 20 nanometers to disrupt the diffusion of a larger number of phonons.
- the average free path of a phonon is defined as the average distance traveled by a phonon without collision (ie between two collisions).
- thermoelectric material for example with silicides, must meet the following constraints:
- the power factor corresponds to the product of the electrical conductivity ( ⁇ ) by the Seebeck coefficient squared (S 2 ) of the Sii x Ge x type initial material. Its conservation makes it possible to guarantee that the propagation of the charge carriers in the material is not affected. The elevation of the power factor can nevertheless appear in some cases:
- the final material (Sii_ x Ge x + silicides M a Bb) must be dense: This material must have a relative density greater than 90% in order to guarantee a high power factor, comparable to the initial material.
- the density of Sio, sGeo, 2 is 3 g / cm 3 . Incorporation of silicides should be done by ensuring good cohesion of silicides with the matrix. It must not generate additional dislocations that can disturb the electrical conductivity.
- the metal inclusion and more particularly the silicides formed must remain nanometric, that is to say have at least one dimension less than one micron.
- thermoelectric material that the difference in electrical and thermal properties between the inclusion and the thermoelectric material is important
- the desired effect is not that of the composite effect since it seeks to increase the merit factor. For that, we will play on the "nanometric" effect and more than on the composite effect; Thus, the proportion by volume of added element will remain low, advantageously from 0.2 to 20%.
- inclusion should not play the role of dopant but a limited role within the SiGe-based matrix. Indeed, a modification of the doping (or number of charge carriers) has the effect of modifying both the Seebeck coefficient and the electrical conductivity of the material. It is considered that the addition of inclusions should not get the overall doping rate of beach material 1.10 19 1.10 20
- the nanoscale size of the silicides must be guaranteed for a lowering of the thermal conductivity.
- the thermal conductivity is lowered from 1000 nanometers but has an optimal effect between 2 and 5 nanometers depending on the nature of the inclusion. As already said, we are not seeking here to benefit from a composite effect. Indeed, the addition of a second non-nanometric phase can also reduce the thermal conductivity but it will also affect the power factor.
- the inclusion should not change the thermal conductivity.
- the lowering of the thermal conductivity can be done by a modification of the microstructure and the composition of the host material. Controlled porosity formation, the presence of males, and coherent, low energy grain boundary interfaces in the material also influence thermal transport in the material. The presence of a deposit of oxides on the surface of the nanosilicures can also contribute to a reduction of the thermal conductivity.
- WO 2008/140596 it is mentioned a SiGe material with nano-inclusions of MoSi 2 formed by siliciding, allowing an increase in the merit factor.
- molybdenum is added to SiGe, followed by melting of the material, followed by cooling to obtain ingots. These ingots are then crushed and compacted if necessary.
- the silicides are formed during the cooling step, which follows an essential step of fusion. Note that this document is completely silent on any microstructural modification of the SiGe matrix during this silicidation. However, the realization of silicides necessarily modifies the composition and the microstructure of the alloy. It therefore appears that in this document, this modification is not controlled, which can make the silicide contribution inefficient or non-optimal. Thus, siliciding can create stresses within the material and create cracks.
- thermoelectric materials having the properties mentioned above.
- the present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a thermoelectric material of SiGe type, in which nano structuring is provided by a second phase.
- the conditions of the manufacturing process allowing to achieve an effective increase in the thermoelectric performance (Z) of the material, follow a narrow selection range, defined in the context of the present invention.
- the present invention provides a method for increasing the thermoelectric performance of a SiGe-type alloy by a modification of its composition and its microstructure, due to the addition of a second phase, in which Occurrence of nanoinsclusions of metal silicides (MSi) formed in situ.
- the present invention is directed to a method of manufacturing a thermoelectric material which comprises the following steps:
- composition M a Ab and / or M a Bb subjecting the mixture to a sintering step at a suitable temperature resulting in or causing the formation, in the matrix, of nanometric inclusions of composition M a Ab and / or M a Bb.
- the last step consists in subjecting the mixture, advantageously in solid form, to a sintering step at a suitable temperature, during which nanometric inclusions of composition M a Ab and / or M a Bb are formed. in the matrix.
- the initial material intended to serve as a matrix in the final material obtained at the end of the process according to the invention is a material which itself has thermoelectric properties.
- it is advantageously an at least binary material of formula A x Bi x with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.
- ABS ternary
- ABCD quaternary
- an alloy has a disordered network of atoms, compared to a material consisting of a single type of atoms. This disorder thus makes it possible to reduce the mean free path of a portion of the phonons, namely the high frequency phonons. The consequence is a first reduction in thermal conductivity through the use of an alloy as a matrix.
- the nanoinclusions that disrupts them and further reduces the conductivity thermal of the alloy.
- the nanoinclusions or silicides in the case of a matrix containing Si
- the nanoinclusions allow a lowering of the thermal conductivity of a nonalloyed matrix but the lowering is even more pronounced if the effects of an alloy and nanoinclusions are conjugated .
- the inclusion obtained at the end of the process is therefore a silicide of formula M a Bib, in particular MSi 2 .
- the inclusion after its reaction in the solid state with the matrix during sintering, then forms an alloy of composition M a Ab or M a Bb.
- the alloy used may be SiGe at different stoichiometries and therefore of general formula Sii_ x Ge x with 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 1, advantageously with 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.5, even more advantageously 0.01 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.2.
- x denoting the stoichiometry in Ge is advantageously between 0.01 and 0.5.
- this material is doped with doping agents such as phosphorus (P) or boron (B).
- SiGe it is advantageously phosphorus when the alloy is doped n and boron when the alloy is p-doped.
- the corresponding formulas are (Sii_ x _ y Ge x P y ) and Sii_ x _ y Ge x B y , respectively, advantageously with 0.001 ⁇ y ⁇ 0.1.
- a p-doped matrix has the formula Sio, 7 5Geo, 2 B 0, o5 and a doped n matrix Sioj 5Geo, Po 2, oo5.
- the doping agent such as boron or phosphorus, represents between 10 19
- the modulation of the doping level is done by varying the amount of the doping agent, the boron for example in a p-doped matrix and phosphorus for example in an n-doped matrix.
- An alternative binary alloy that can serve as a template is Mg 2 Sn.
- this powder is mixed with metal particles.
- the particles mixed with the matrix are pure metal particles M, which moreover have a nanometric size.
- nanoparticles means that the particles have, in at least one of their dimensions, preferentially in all their dimensions, a size of less than 1000 nanometers, advantageously less than 500 nanometers, even more advantageously between 2 and 20 microns. nanometers. It should be noted that these same size properties are sought for silicides or alloys M a Ab or M a Bb obtained after sintering. In practice, the initial particles of pure metal M must be 1.5 to 5 times smaller than the desired size for inclusions M a Ab or M a Bb, which themselves must respect the dimensions described above, namely: a size less than 1000 nanometers, advantageously less than 500 nanometers, even more advantageously between 2 and 20 nanometers.
- the melting point (or melting temperature) of said metal which must be greater than the applied sintering temperature.
- the material AB preferably SiGe
- the metal inclusions M must not melt.
- the silicide (MA, in particular MSi) is formed during sintering, in the solid state. It must also be stable without undergoing decomposition or melting at the sintering temperature of the matrix, advantageously SiGe. This makes it possible to avoid segregation, a decomposition of the silicides during cooling, with the consequence of a non-homogeneous composite material. This condition is a significant difference with the WO document 2008/140596 which proposes a formation of silicides during the cooling, after a passage in liquid way, in practice after fusion.
- the matrix as the metal nanoparticles are in the solid state and the formation of nano inclusions is by solid route.
- the silicide (M a Bib), or more generally the alloy M a Ab or M a Bb must be formed from a metal (M) of refractory transition, having a melting point higher than the sintering temperature.
- the sintering temperature varies according to the composition of the matrix itself and will be defined below.
- All the metallic elements that meet these criteria may be used, for example vanadium (V), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), zirconium (Zr) and titanium (Ti), which will notably form silicides.
- Chromium (Cr) and iron (Fe) can be used, in particular to form refractory silicides CrSi 2 and FeSi 2 , respectively. Tantalum (Ta), cobalt (Co) and osmium (Os) are also possible.
- Refractory metals such as Mo, Ta and W appear particularly promising. All of these metals are advantageously used in the case of a SiGe type matrix.
- the matrix can embed different types of silicide at a time, such as inclusions of CrSi 2 and MoSi 2 .
- These different silicides may have different sizes (while remaining in the range described above) to better disrupt the transport of phonons and thus lower even more advantageously the thermal conductivity.
- the volume fraction of the inclusions in the matrix is advantageously between 0.2 and 20%. Beyond this, inclusions can coalesce with each other and become too large to allow phonon diffusion.
- the pure metal nanoparticles (M) are therefore introduced at a level of from 0.2 to 20% by volume fraction of the mixture.
- the various constituents of the thermoelectric material are thus provided in the form of powders.
- the first step of this process consists in preparing, if necessary, at least a binary thermoelectric alloy powder (A x Bi x ) intended to serve as a matrix for the final thermoelectric material.
- the various constituents namely the precursors of pure A and pure B, for example pure silicon (Si) and pure germanium (Ge), as well as the dopant, in particular phosphorus (P) for an n-doped material, or boron ( B) for a p-doped material, are used in the form of powders, flakes or chips, in stoichiometric quantities.
- This alloy powder which will constitute the matrix of the material, can be produced by mechanosynthesis, chemical route, fusion or atomization.
- the grinding elements used are for example made of stainless steel, zirconia or even tungsten carbide, and this to limit the supply of impurities during grinding.
- the mechanosynthesis parameters are defined as follows:
- a rotation speed of the bowl of between 300 and 500 revolutions / minute;
- this powder of the alloy of at least A and B (AB), for example SiGe, optionally doped is mixed with the nanoparticles of pure metal M, judiciously chosen, in the proportions indicated above.
- the nanoparticles are previously deagglomerate, for example by the use of a planetary mill or ultrasound.
- the mixture of the powders must allow complete homogenization of the two solid phases, matrix on the one hand and metal particles on the other hand. This step defines the distribution of inclusions in the dense densified material. It should be noted that the good dispersion of silicides or alloys in the matrix conditions, to the same degree as their size, the effective diffusion of phonons in the composite.
- the powder mixture can be done by means of an attritor or a disperser operating with rotating blades, or by moving balls in a rotating container.
- the rotation speed is between 80 and 300 revolutions / minute for a bead mass / powder mass ratio of between 10: 1 and 50: 1, and a duration of 10 minutes to 10 hours. .
- this dispersion of the powders can be carried out in a liquid medium, for example in the presence of an organic solvent chemically inert with respect to the matrix.
- an organic solvent chemically inert with respect to the matrix.
- ethanol can be used.
- Dispersants can also be added to improve particle dispersion and prevent agglomeration.
- the mixing of the alloy powder with the metal nanoparticles can be carried out during a phase of atomization of the powder.
- the next step of the process according to the invention consists in sintering this mixture.
- the formation of nanoinsclusions is done in situ, during sintering, contrary to the prior art.
- the method according to the invention is distinguished, in particular from the teachings of WO 2008/140596 in that it does not involve a melting step of the material and that, therefore, the formation of silicides is not done during the cooling that follows.
- the siliciding or the formation of the alloy of the nanoparticles or nano inclusions occurs during the compaction, by sintering of the metal particles / matrix mixture, for example Mo / SiGe.
- the sintering of the mixture of powders is advantageously carried out by SPS (according to the acronym “Spark Plasma Sintering”), uniaxial hot pressing (or PUC), P2C (according to the acronym “Plasma Pressure Compaction "), micro-wave sintering or iso static sintering.
- SPS spark Plasma Sintering
- PUC uniaxial hot pressing
- P2C accordinging to the acronym “Plasma Pressure Compaction”
- micro-wave sintering or iso static sintering is advantageously carried out by SPS (according to the acronym “Spark Plasma Sintering"), uniaxial hot pressing (or PUC), P2C (according to the acronym “Plasma Pressure Compaction "), micro-wave sintering or iso static sintering.
- the sintering is advantageously carried out under vacuum, at a pressure of less than or equal to 10 -2 mbar, or under an inert atmosphere, for example in the presence of helium or argon, in order to avoid an oxidation reaction with the thermoelectric material.
- the SPS Spark Plasma Sintering
- the applied pressure can vary between 15 MPa and 300 MPa.
- the sintering should allow the densification of the matrix comprising the inclusions, up to 85 to 100%, or even 90 to 100% of the theoretical density.
- this sintering step must also lead to the silicidation reaction.
- metal particles or more generally to the concomitant formation in the matrix of nanometric inclusions of composition M a Ab and / or M a B b .
- nanometric inclusions means the structures obtained from the nanoparticles of pure metal (M) at the end of the sintering step. In practice and schematically (FIGS. 1 and 2), these are nanoparticles in which one of the components of matrix A or B diffuses to react with the pure metal (M). Changes in the matrix can result:
- the sintering temperature range is defined taking into account the following two criteria:
- the lower limit of sintering temperature corresponds to the beginning of the partial melting of the matrix, for example SiGe, initiating the silicidation reaction. It also corresponds to the temperature necessary to densify correctly (minimum dreiative of 90%);
- the upper limit is that corresponding to the melting zone of the material or silicide. It must also correspond to a sufficient conservation of the size of the silicides.
- the sintering temperature is determined on a densification curve of the mixture of the initial alloy (or more generally of the at least binary material (A x Bi_ x ) and metal nanoparticles, and advantageously corresponds to a temperature greater than temperature which makes it possible to reach the peak of the densification peak, but less than the melting temperature of this alloy or material, the adapted temperature is thus within a limited range determined very precisely.
- a densification curve corresponds to the monitoring of the displacement speed of the piston during the sintering of the material to be studied (taking care to subtract the effects related to the expansion of the piston).
- no temperature step must be applied: the material is subjected to a simple rise in temperature up to the melting of the material studied.
- One or more "densification rate peaks" are thus obtained which correspond to the temperatures at which the densification of the mixture is high. After densification of the mixture, the speed of movement of the piston decreases sharply or can become zero. It then increases again drastically: this increase corresponds to the melting of the mixture.
- the present invention defines the sintering zone to be used for mixing the initial material comprising the metal nanoparticles.
- this temperature must be lower than the melting temperature of the metal (M) of the nanoparticles. It is generally between 60% and 99.99% of the melting temperature of the alloy, visible on the phase diagram of the studied material. For example, the alloy Sio. 8 Geo.2 bottom around 1300 ° C and can be sintered in the range 900-1299 ° C.
- the sintering temperature is determined on the densification curves of the mixture (matrix + nanoparticles). Indeed, the presence of nanoparticles can shift the sintering and melting temperatures of the material to higher or lower temperatures. It is therefore advantageously on the mixture that the densifi- cation follow-up curves must be made. These curves represent the rate of densification as a function of the sintering temperature. The sintering efficiency is maximum between the peak of the densification peak and the melting temperature.
- the sintering is advantageously carried out at a temperature of between 1050 and 1250 ° C., even more advantageously between 1150 and 1250 ° C.
- the sintering step advantageously takes place at a temperature of:
- the sintering temperatures recorded during sintering are taken near the material: either by a pyrometer or by a thermocouple (TC) placed in the sintering container. It is therefore difficult to transfer a temperature value from one equipment to another or even from one container to another or from one powder to another.
- the sintering temperature zone is advantageously determined from the densification profile of the mixture taken, on a given equipment, with a given control means (TC or pyrometer), a container and a mixture (thermoelectric material + nanoparticles) given.
- the object of the invention is to produce a SiGe type solid material, combined with nanometric inclusions of metal silicides, with a modification of the composition and the microstructure allowing a gain of at least 10 % or even 30% or even 100% on the merit factor with respect to the initial matrix, that is to say sub-micron SiGe.
- the method according to the invention must also give rise to an original microstructure: modification of the composition of the matrix on the zone surrounding the nanoinclusions, presence of defects related to the sintering of the material (mules, specific joints), appearance of pores during the silicidation and / or the presence of oxides on the periphery of nanoinclusions.
- the microstructure of the final material does not necessarily include all these features. Nevertheless, these elements are all favorable to the increase of the merit factor and therefore to the efficiency of the thermoelectric material.
- the material obtained at the end of the process according to the invention must have at least one of these characteristics, advantageously all of them.
- the silicide acts as dopants: their presence directly affects the power factor. From a certain sintering temperature value, the silicide is formed and the power factor of the material is similar to that of the initial matrix. The observation of the thermal conductivity then gives a direct information on the microstructure of the material and the conservation of their nanometric size. Thus, if a certain sintering temperature value is exceeded, the silicide grains grow and reach a size that is too large to allow the expected reduction. The microstructural observation by TEM then makes it possible to validate the original structure of the material thus formed.
- the setting of the sintering conditions can be done by combining thermoelectric measurements (density, Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity) and microstructural analyzes.
- thermoelectric measurements density, Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity
- microstructural analyzes the modifications of composition and structure of the matrix, induced by siliciding, are not controlled and can lead to porosities, agglomerations of silicides, growth of grains and / or decrease of the doping of the material.
- the modifications made to the matrix in the present invention have been demonstrated to be favorable to the increase in thermoelectric properties (ZT).
- thermoelectric material having at least one of the following characteristics, advantageously all of these characteristics:
- thermoelectric material of interest has at least the first two characteristics mentioned above, namely: a density greater than or equal to 90%> of the theoretical density of the matrix comprising the inclusions; and
- the method according to the invention therefore allows:
- Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the in situ siliciding of the thermoelectric material.
- Figure 2 is a schematic representation of the composition modification and the appearance of porosities in the thermoelectric material.
- Figure 3 corresponds to the tracking of the densification during the sintering step.
- FIG. 4 represents a binary diagram of the thermoelectric material studied.
- Figure 5 compares the electrical conductivity (A) and the Seebeck coefficient (B) of a material with inclusions and without inclusions.
- Figure 6 compares the thermal conductivity of a material with inclusions and inclusions.
- Figure 7 shows the evolution of ZT by nanosiliconization and structural modification for n-type material.
- Figure 8 is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) view showing nanoinclusions of MoSi 2 in SiGe.
- Figure 9 reveals the modification of the composition of the matrix around the inclusions (A and C in TEM, B by microanalysis EDX), with the presence of porosities around inclusions MoSi 2 .
- Figure 10 is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) view showing the presence of males.
- TEM transmission electron microscopy
- Figure 11 is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) view showing the presence of specific seals.
- Figure 12 shows the presence of an oxide deposit on the nanoparticle contour (A: TEM view, B: EDX microanalysis).
- FIG. 13 represents the evolution of the ZT by nanosiliconization and structural modification for the case of Sio.913Ge0.0sB0.007 with addition of 1.3% by volume of Mo (type P).
- FIG. 14 represents the evolution of the ZT by nanosiliconization and structural modification for the case of Sio.913Geo.08Po.007 with addition of 1.3% by volume of Mo (type n).
- Mo molybdenum
- the alloy powders Si 1 x x y Ge x P y are prepared by mechanosynthesis.
- Beads 10 mm in diameter, also in zirconia, are weighed so that the total mass of beads placed in the bowl is equal to 15 times the mass of powder (Si, Ge, or P). This ratio is ball / powder ratio (RBP or BPR in English) of 15: 1.
- the powders are milled in a planetary mill for 12 hours at the rotational speed set at 360rpm. At the end of this cycle, the doped SiGe alloy powders are obtained.
- Nano metameric powders of pure Molybdenum (99.99%) are then added to the bowl at a level of 1.3% by weight relative to the amount of SiGe present in the bowl.
- Sintering is carried out by SPS.
- a first determination of the ideal temperature zone is carried out following the densification profile of the material during the sintering step.
- the temperature range is indicated by electrical conductivity measurements (FIG. 5A) and Seebeck coefficients (FIG. 5B). It is thus observed that a temperature of 1150 ° C. is necessary to reach a power factor close to the matrix without silicides. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation of these materials validates that below 1150 ° C, a high proportion of metal particles did not react with the matrix to form the desired silicides. The inclusion of molybdenum induces a dopant effect here: The curves of FIG.
- WO 2008/140596 discloses a wide, different process range out of the selection range described herein. Indeed, it describes a temperature range that starts at the melting point of the material without high limitation. In the case of the present invention, the temperature range is lower than this; it is narrow and narrow. Observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the material formed by the process according to the invention is shown in FIGS. 8 to 12. Thus, all the microstructural modifications observed in the context of the invention are found: formation of silicides nanoscale ( Figure 8);
- thermoelectrics silicides in SiGe. NanoLetters, Vol. 9 (2), 711-715.
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- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1255160A FR2991207B1 (fr) | 2012-06-04 | 2012-06-04 | Procede de fabrication d'un materiau thermoelectrique |
| PCT/FR2013/051237 WO2013182789A1 (fr) | 2012-06-04 | 2013-05-31 | Procédé de fabrication d'un matériau thermoélectrique |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2855056A1 true EP2855056A1 (fr) | 2015-04-08 |
| EP2855056B1 EP2855056B1 (fr) | 2016-09-14 |
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13730013.3A Not-in-force EP2855056B1 (fr) | 2012-06-04 | 2013-05-31 | Procédé de fabrication d'un matériau thermoélectrique |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20150139848A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2855056B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN104349854A (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2593330T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2991207B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2013182789A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9793461B2 (en) * | 2014-09-05 | 2017-10-17 | Mossey Creek Technologies, Inc. | Nano-structured porous thermoelectric generators |
| DE102015003612A1 (de) * | 2015-03-23 | 2016-09-29 | Universität Duisburg-Essen | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Mischung von Nanopartikeln und Körper daraus |
| DE112016002978T5 (de) * | 2015-06-30 | 2018-06-07 | Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. | Thermoelektrisches Material, thermoelektrisches Element, optischer Sensor und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines thermoelektrischen Materials |
| KR101774649B1 (ko) * | 2015-10-14 | 2017-09-04 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 나노복합체형 열전소재 및 이의 제조방법 |
| CN113292077A (zh) * | 2021-05-14 | 2021-08-24 | 九江学院 | 一种钽掺杂的CrSi2热电材料的制备方法 |
| CN117464011A (zh) * | 2022-07-21 | 2024-01-30 | 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 | 一种快速制备高性能GeTe热电材料的方法 |
Family Cites Families (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3285017A (en) * | 1963-05-27 | 1966-11-15 | Monsanto Co | Two-phase thermoelectric body comprising a silicon-germanium matrix |
| US5318743A (en) * | 1992-11-27 | 1994-06-07 | Idemitsu Petrochemical Co., Ltd. | Processes for producing a thermoelectric material and a thermoelectric element |
| JPH06291370A (ja) * | 1993-04-02 | 1994-10-18 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 熱電変換半導体材料の製造方法 |
| EP1083610A4 (fr) * | 1999-03-10 | 2007-02-21 | Neomax Co Ltd | Materiau de conversion thermoelectrique et procede de production associe |
| JP2002094131A (ja) * | 2000-09-13 | 2002-03-29 | Sumitomo Special Metals Co Ltd | 熱電変換素子 |
| US6746506B2 (en) * | 2002-07-12 | 2004-06-08 | Extrude Hone Corporation | Blended powder solid-supersolidus liquid phase sintering |
| US8865995B2 (en) * | 2004-10-29 | 2014-10-21 | Trustees Of Boston College | Methods for high figure-of-merit in nanostructured thermoelectric materials |
| WO2008140596A2 (fr) * | 2006-12-01 | 2008-11-20 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology (Mit) | Procédés pour un facteur de mérite élevé dans des matériaux thermoélectriques nanostructurés |
| CN104392933B (zh) * | 2007-08-21 | 2017-11-07 | 加州大学评议会 | 具有高性能热电性质的纳米结构 |
| JP5665738B2 (ja) * | 2008-07-11 | 2015-02-04 | コミサリア ア レネルジィ アトミーク エ オ ゼネ ルジイ アルテアナティーフCommissariata L’Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | 改善された熱電性能指数を有するSiGeマトリックスナノコンポジット物質 |
| US8692106B2 (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2014-04-08 | Carrier Corporation | Bulk-processed, enhanced figure-of-merit thermoelectric materials |
| WO2010090460A2 (fr) * | 2009-02-05 | 2010-08-12 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | Module à éléments thermoélectriques et procédé de production d'éléments thermoélectriques |
| CN101549405A (zh) * | 2009-05-19 | 2009-10-07 | 燕山大学 | 高致密化高性能纳米晶块体热电材料的高压烧结制备方法 |
| JP2012023201A (ja) * | 2010-07-14 | 2012-02-02 | Toyota Motor Corp | 熱電変換材料の製造方法 |
| CN102386321A (zh) * | 2011-10-19 | 2012-03-21 | 东华大学 | 一种纳米热电粉体材料的制备方法 |
-
2012
- 2012-06-04 FR FR1255160A patent/FR2991207B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-05-31 CN CN201380029460.0A patent/CN104349854A/zh active Pending
- 2013-05-31 EP EP13730013.3A patent/EP2855056B1/fr not_active Not-in-force
- 2013-05-31 WO PCT/FR2013/051237 patent/WO2013182789A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2013-05-31 ES ES13730013.3T patent/ES2593330T3/es active Active
-
2014
- 2014-11-20 US US14/548,754 patent/US20150139848A1/en not_active Abandoned
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2013182789A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2593330T3 (es) | 2016-12-07 |
| WO2013182789A1 (fr) | 2013-12-12 |
| CN104349854A (zh) | 2015-02-11 |
| FR2991207B1 (fr) | 2014-05-16 |
| FR2991207A1 (fr) | 2013-12-06 |
| EP2855056B1 (fr) | 2016-09-14 |
| US20150139848A1 (en) | 2015-05-21 |
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