EP2816094A1 - Herstellungsverfahren einer Essenz mit niedrigem Schwefel- und Mercaptangehalt - Google Patents
Herstellungsverfahren einer Essenz mit niedrigem Schwefel- und Mercaptangehalt Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2816094A1 EP2816094A1 EP14305833.7A EP14305833A EP2816094A1 EP 2816094 A1 EP2816094 A1 EP 2816094A1 EP 14305833 A EP14305833 A EP 14305833A EP 2816094 A1 EP2816094 A1 EP 2816094A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- gasoline
- catalyst
- weight
- cut
- treated
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 164
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract description 49
- LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanethiol Chemical compound SC LSDPWZHWYPCBBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 36
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title description 2
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 title 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 128
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dihydrogen sulfide Chemical class S RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 67
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 57
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 51
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 32
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 150000003464 sulfur compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 26
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 claims description 55
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 claims description 55
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000004821 distillation Methods 0.000 claims description 36
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 35
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 claims description 21
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001993 dienes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 10
- -1 VIB metal oxide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910000476 molybdenum oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxomolybdenum Chemical compound [Mo]=O PQQKPALAQIIWST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000000197 pyrolysis Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004939 coking Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000480 nickel oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxonickel Chemical compound [Ni]=O GNRSAWUEBMWBQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000004517 catalytic hydrocracking Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 50
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 abstract description 49
- 238000007259 addition reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 7
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 29
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 28
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 14
- 239000000686 essence Substances 0.000 description 13
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 150000005673 monoalkenes Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000004523 catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910000037 hydrogen sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005987 sulfurization reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002609 medium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000005215 recombination Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000006798 recombination Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- HIGRAKVNKLCVCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumine Chemical compound C1=CC=[Al]C=C1 HIGRAKVNKLCVCA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000003915 liquefied petroleum gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 4
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006477 desulfuration reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000023556 desulfurization Effects 0.000 description 3
- WQOXQRCZOLPYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl disulfide Chemical compound CSSC WQOXQRCZOLPYPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011066 ex-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 3
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGAVSDVURUSLQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N ammonium heptamolybdate Chemical compound N.N.N.N.N.N.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo].[Mo] QGAVSDVURUSLQK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt dinitrate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O UFMZWBIQTDUYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001981 cobalt nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003009 desulfurizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910021472 group 8 element Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 2
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002459 porosimetry Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- QZLAEIZEPJAELS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,4-trimethylpentane-2-thiol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)S QZLAEIZEPJAELS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLZUBQRSSRDWOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylhexane-2-thiol Chemical compound CCCCC(C)(C)S VLZUBQRSSRDWOK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRMXZVRHCRIVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methylheptane-4-thiol Chemical compound CCCC(S)C(C)CC GRMXZVRHCRIVGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UCWSGJXVNGHCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-methylheptane-4-thiol Chemical compound CCCC(C)(S)CCC UCWSGJXVNGHCOE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCDFBFJGMNKBDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Clioquinol Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(O)=C(I)C=C(Cl)C2=C1 QCDFBFJGMNKBDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021503 Cobalt(II) hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000012736 aqueous medium Substances 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910021446 cobalt carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(2+);carbonate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZOTKGJBKKKVBJZ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L cobalt(ii) hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Co+2] ASKVAEGIVYSGNY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004231 fluid catalytic cracking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001939 inductive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N lead(0) Chemical compound [Pb] WABPQHHGFIMREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001741 organic sulfur group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001021 polysulfide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005077 polysulfide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008117 polysulfides Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000004313 potentiometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012429 reaction media Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007928 solubilization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005063 solubilization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing
- C10G45/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing
- C10G45/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/06—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof
- C10G45/08—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used containing nickel or cobalt metal, or compounds thereof in combination with chromium, molybdenum, or tungsten metals, or compounds thereof
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G65/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only
- C10G65/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G65/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including only refining steps
- C10G65/06—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including only refining steps at least one step being a selective hydrogenation of the diolefins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G45/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds
- C10G45/02—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing
- C10G45/04—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used
- C10G45/12—Refining of hydrocarbon oils using hydrogen or hydrogen-generating compounds to eliminate hetero atoms without changing the skeleton of the hydrocarbon involved and without cracking into lower boiling hydrocarbons; Hydrofinishing characterised by the catalyst used containing crystalline alumino-silicates, e.g. molecular sieves
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G65/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only
- C10G65/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only
- C10G65/04—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by two or more hydrotreatment processes only plural serial stages only including only refining steps
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G67/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only
- C10G67/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils by at least one hydrotreatment process and at least one process for refining in the absence of hydrogen only plural serial stages only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
- C10G2300/1037—Hydrocarbon fractions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/20—Characteristics of the feedstock or the products
- C10G2300/201—Impurities
- C10G2300/202—Heteroatoms content, i.e. S, N, O, P
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/40—Characteristics of the process deviating from typical ways of processing
- C10G2300/405—Limiting CO, NOx or SOx emissions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/70—Catalyst aspects
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
- C10G2300/80—Additives
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
- C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
- C10G2400/02—Gasoline
Definitions
- the one that has been widely adopted consists in specifically treating the sulfur-rich gasoline bases by catalytic hydrodesulfurization processes in the presence of hydrogen.
- the traditional processes desulphurize the species in a non-selective manner by hydrogenating a large part of the mono-olefins, which generates a strong loss in octane number and a high consumption of hydrogen.
- the most recent processes such as the Prime G + (trade mark) process, make it possible to desulphurize the olefin-rich cracking species, while limiting the hydrogenation of the mono-olefins and consequently the octane loss and the high consumption. of hydrogen that results.
- Such methods are for example described in patent applications EP 1077247 and EP 1174485 .
- the process according to the invention may comprise a stage in which the effluent resulting from stage b) is mixed with a hydrocarbon fraction selected from a LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) section, a petrol fraction obtained from a distillation crude oil, a pyrolysis unit, a coker unit, a hydrocracking unit, an oligomerization unit and a C4 olefinic section, and the mixture is treated in step c ).
- a hydrocarbon fraction selected from a LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) section
- a petrol fraction obtained from a distillation crude oil
- a pyrolysis unit a coker unit
- a hydrocracking unit an oligomerization unit and a C4 olefinic section
- the effluent resulting from stage c) is fractionated so as to separate an unreacted C4 olefinic section.
- a gasoline distillation step is carried out so as to fractionate said gasoline in at least three light, medium and heavy gasoline cuts respectively and then the gasoline fraction is treated.
- the heavy gasoline fraction resulting from the distillation is advantageously treated in a hydrodesulfurization step in a dedicated unit and then subjected to a mercaptan softening step after removal of the H 2 S.
- the step softening of the desulphurised heavy gasoline fraction can be carried out either in a dedicated reactor or in the same softening reactor as that which processes the intermediate gasoline fraction (the intermediate and heavy cuts are treated in a mixture in a softening reactor) .
- the process further comprises a step d) in which the effluent from step c) is sent to a fractionation column and a gasoline cutoff with a low mercaptan content is separated at the top of the fractionation column and a hydrocarbon cut containing thioether compounds at the bottom of the fractionation column.
- the invention relates to a process for the treatment of essences comprising all types of chemical families and in particular diolefins, mono-olefins, and sulfur compounds.
- the present invention finds particular application in the conversion of conversion gasolines, and in particular of gasoline from catalytic cracking, fluid-bed catalytic cracking (FCC), coking process, a visbreaking process, or a pyrolysis process.
- gasoline from catalytic cracking units (FCC) contain, on average, between 0.5% and 5% by weight of diolefins, between 20% and 50% by weight of monoolefins, between 10 ppm and 0, 5% weight of sulfur
- the desulfurization rate which depends on the sulfur content of the feedstock to be treated, is generally greater than 50% and preferably greater than 70% so that the product resulting from stage a) contains less than 100 ppm by weight. sulfur and preferably less than 50 ppm by weight of sulfur.
- Any catalyst known to those skilled in the art capable of promoting the reactions of transformation of organic sulfur to H 2 S in the presence of hydrogen can be used within the scope of the invention.
- the metal content of group VIII expressed as oxide is generally between 0.5% and 15% by weight, preferably between 1% and 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the catalyst.
- the metal content of the Vlb group is generally between 1.5% and 60% by weight, preferably between 3% and 50% by weight relative to the total weight of the catalyst.
- the catalyst is in a first activated step.
- This activation can correspond either to calcination (oxidation) then to a reduction, or to a direct reduction, or to a calcination only.
- the calcination step is generally carried out at temperatures ranging from 100 ° C. to 600 ° C. and preferably between 200 ° C. and 450 ° C. under an air flow rate.
- the reduction step is performed under conditions to convert at least a portion of the oxidized forms of the base metal to metal. Generally, it consists in treating the catalyst under a flow of hydrogen at a temperature preferably of at least 300 ° C.
- the catalyst comprises at least one element of group VIII (groups 8, 9 and 10 of the new periodic table Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th Edition, 1995-1996 ), at least one element of group VIB (group 6 of the new periodic Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 76th Edition, 1995-1996 ) and a support.
- group VIII element is preferably chosen from nickel and cobalt and in particular nickel.
- group VIB element is preferably selected from molybdenum and tungsten and very preferably molybdenum.
- the gasoline to be treated is contacted with the catalyst at a temperature between 30 ° C and 250 ° C, and preferably between 60 ° C and 220 ° C, and even more preferably between 90 ° C and 200 ° C, with a liquid space velocity (LHSV) of between 0.5 h -1 and 10 h -1 , the unit of the liquid space velocity being the liter of filler per liter of catalyst and per hour (l / lh).
- the pressure is between 0.2 MPa and 5 MPa, preferably between 0.5 and 2 MPa and even more preferably between 0.6 and 1 MPa.
- step c the gasoline treated under the conditions set out above therefore has a reduced mercaptan content. Indeed, these have been converted into thioether type compounds whose molecular point is higher than the starting mercaptans.
- the mercaptan softening step (step c) and the fractionation (step d) can be carried out simultaneously by means of a catalytic column equipped with a catalytic bed containing the softening catalyst.
- the catalytic distillation column comprises two softening catalyst beds and the feed is fed into the column between the two catalyst beds.
- the heavy cut resulting from the hydrodesulphurization catalytic distillation column may be treated in a second hydrodesulphurization unit, alone or in admixture with the heavy cut resulting from step d) of fractionation of the gasoline fraction.
- light output from the catalytic distillation column hydrodesulfurization.
- step c) In the case where step c) is carried out on the light cut, in order to improve the conversion ratio of the mercaptans (recombination) to thioether during step c), a mixture of a C 4 olefinic cut is advantageously carried out upstream of step c) with the light gasoline so that step c) is advantageously carried out on a mixture containing the light hydrocarbon cut and a C4 olefinic cut and not the light cut alone .
- the mercaptan-sweetened effluent is sent to a separation column which separates an olefinic C4 cut and a softened soft cut into mercaptans.
- the olefinic cut C4 withdrawn from the separation column is advantageously recycled to the reactor of step c).
- the stabilized gasoline is sent via line 7 to a softening reactor 8 (step c) to reduce the mercaptan content of the stabilized gasoline.
- the mercaptans contained in this stabilized gasoline are mainly recombination mercaptans resulting from the reaction of H 2 S on olefins.
- the softening reactor uses a catalyst that makes it possible to carry out the addition reaction of the mercaptans to the olefins via a direct addition to the double bond to produce compounds of the thioether type, of formula R1-S -R2 with R1 and R2 being alkyl radicals, of molecular weight is higher than that of the starting mercaptan.
- the catalytic conversion reaction of the mercaptans may be carried out optionally in the presence of hydrogen brought by line 9.
- the separation column 15 used is equivalent to a debutanizer which separates at the top of the column 15 a C4 cut which is recycled in the softening reactor 8 via the line 16.
- the bottom cut 17 recovered from the column 15 is divided in column 11 as described in the context of the figure 1 to provide a low sulfur and mercaptan light gasoline cut through line 12 and a heavy gasoline cut containing the thioether compounds formed in the softening reactor 8.
- the intermediate intermediate section 13 may to be desulphurized in the hydrodesulfurization reactor 24 in admixture with the bottom cutoff 23 resulting from the first fractionation step carried out in column 20.
- the heavy hydrocarbon fraction is then treated according to the process of the invention which consists of a hydrodesulfurization step carried out, in this embodiment, in a catalytic distillation column 45 comprising two beds of hydrodesulfurization catalysts 46.
- the heavy hydrocarbon fraction is injected with hydrogen (via line 44) between the two hydrodesulphurization catalyst beds 46.
- the catalytic distillation column 45 also makes it possible to fractionate the heavy hydrocarbon fraction into a intermediate head cup boiling in the range (C5-140 ° C) or (C5-160 ° C) and a bottom cut whose boiling temperature is greater than 140 ° C or 160 ° C respectively.
- the softened intermediate mercaptan cut from reactor 8 may optionally undergo a stabilization step carried out in a stabilization column 31 from which a C4 - cut and a softened stabilized intermediate cut are extracted into mercaptans, respectively at the top and the bottom. bottom of said column 31.
- the stabilized intermediate cut softened to mercaptans is then sent via line 33 to the fractionation column 11.
- a hydrodesulfurization catalyst A is obtained by impregnation "without excess solution” of a transition alumina in the form of specific surface beads of 130 m 2 / g and a pore volume of 0.9 ml / g, with a aqueous solution containing molybdenum and cobalt in the form of ammonium heptamolybdate and cobalt nitrate respectively.
- the catalyst is then dried and calcined under air at 500 ° C.
- the cobalt and molybdenum content of this sample is 3% by weight of CoO and 10% by weight of MoO 3 .
- the catalyst A 50 ml of the catalyst A are placed in a fixed-bed tubular hydrodesulfurization reactor.
- the catalyst is first sulfided by treatment for 4 hours at a pressure of 3.4 MPa at 350 ° C., in contact with a feedstock consisting of 2% by weight of sulfur in the form of dimethyl disulphide in n-heptane.
- the treated feed C1 is a catalytic cracked gasoline whose initial boiling point is 55 ° C, the end point is 242 ° C, whose MON is 79.8 and the RON is 89.5. Its sulfur content is 359 ppm by weight.
- This feed is treated on catalyst A, under a pressure of 2 MPa, with a volume ratio of hydrogen on feedstock to be treated (H 2 / HC) of 360 l / l and a space velocity (VVH) of 4 h -1 .
- H 2 / HC volume ratio of hydrogen on feedstock to be treated
- VVH space velocity
- the gasoline A1 as obtained and described in Example 1 is treated in the absence of hydrogen on the demercattering catalyst B, at a pressure of 1 MPa, a VVH of 3 h -1 and a temperature of 100 ° C. After treatment, the gasoline B1 obtained is cooled.
- a catalyst D is obtained by impregnation of a surface alumina of 239 m 2 / g and a pore volume of 0.6 ml / g, with an aqueous solution containing molybdenum and nickel. The catalyst is then dried and calcined under air at 500 ° C. The nickel and molybdenum content of this sample is 9.5% by weight of NiO and 13% by weight of MoO 3 .
- Gasoline A1 as obtained and described in Example 1 is mixed with a C2 charge to obtain a C3 charge.
- Charge C2 is a light cracked gasoline which has undergone selective hydrogenation of diolefins, having an initial boiling point of 22 ° C and an end point of 71 ° C, of which MON is 82.5 and RON is 96.9. Its sulfur content is 20 ppm by weight, its mercaptan content is less than 3 ppm by weight and its olefin content is 56.7% by weight.
- the charge C3 is obtained by mixing 80% by weight of gasoline A1 with 20% by weight of charge C2.
- the resulting mixture is a gasoline with an initial boiling point of 22 ° C and an end point of 242 ° C. Its sulfur content is 73 ppm, its mercaptan content is 19 ppm by weight and its olefin content is 31% by weight.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Production Of Liquid Hydrocarbon Mixture For Refining Petroleum (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1355749A FR3007416B1 (fr) | 2013-06-19 | 2013-06-19 | Procede de production d'une essence a basse teneur en soufre et en mercaptans |
FR1453795A FR3020376B1 (fr) | 2014-04-28 | 2014-04-28 | Procede de production d'une essence a basse temperature en soufre et en marcaptans. |
Publications (2)
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EP2816094A1 true EP2816094A1 (de) | 2014-12-24 |
EP2816094B1 EP2816094B1 (de) | 2020-04-29 |
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EP14305833.7A Active EP2816094B1 (de) | 2013-06-19 | 2014-06-02 | Herstellungsverfahren einer essenz mit niedrigem schwefel- und mercaptangehalt |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
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US (1) | US9957448B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP2816094B1 (de) |
KR (1) | KR102322556B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN104232156B (de) |
BR (1) | BR102014014718B1 (de) |
RU (1) | RU2665701C2 (de) |
Cited By (5)
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---|---|---|---|---|
WO2016165853A1 (fr) * | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-20 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede d'adoucissement en composes du type sulfure d'une essence olefinique |
FR3057578A1 (fr) * | 2016-10-19 | 2018-04-20 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede d'hydrodesulfuration d'une essence olefinique. |
EP3498370A1 (de) * | 2017-12-14 | 2019-06-19 | IFP Energies nouvelles | Katalysator für die selektive wasserstoffentschwefelung von fcc-benzinen |
WO2021013528A1 (fr) * | 2019-07-23 | 2021-01-28 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procédé de production d'une essence a basse teneur en soufre et en mercaptans |
WO2021185658A1 (fr) * | 2020-03-20 | 2021-09-23 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procédé de production d'une essence a basse teneur en soufre et en mercaptans |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR3049955B1 (fr) * | 2016-04-08 | 2018-04-06 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede de traitement d'une essence |
FR3056599B1 (fr) * | 2016-09-26 | 2018-09-28 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede de traitement d'une essence par separation en trois coupes. |
FR3099173B1 (fr) * | 2019-07-23 | 2021-07-09 | Ifp Energies Now | Procédé de production d'une essence a basse teneur en soufre et en mercaptans |
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Cited By (14)
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WO2016165853A1 (fr) * | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-20 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede d'adoucissement en composes du type sulfure d'une essence olefinique |
FR3035117A1 (fr) * | 2015-04-15 | 2016-10-21 | Ifp Energies Now | Procede d'adoucissement en composes du type sulfure d'une essence olefinique |
US10822555B2 (en) | 2015-04-15 | 2020-11-03 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Method for sweetening an olefinic petrol of sulphide-type compounds |
US10377956B2 (en) | 2016-10-19 | 2019-08-13 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Process for hydrodesulphurizing an olefinic gasoline |
EP3312260A1 (de) * | 2016-10-19 | 2018-04-25 | IFP Energies nouvelles | Verfahren zur hydroentschwefelung einer olefinischen essenz |
FR3057578A1 (fr) * | 2016-10-19 | 2018-04-20 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procede d'hydrodesulfuration d'une essence olefinique. |
EP3498370A1 (de) * | 2017-12-14 | 2019-06-19 | IFP Energies nouvelles | Katalysator für die selektive wasserstoffentschwefelung von fcc-benzinen |
FR3075072A1 (fr) * | 2017-12-14 | 2019-06-21 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Catalyseur d'hydrodesulfuration selective des essences de fcc. |
US11034894B2 (en) | 2017-12-14 | 2021-06-15 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Hydrodesulphurization catalyst selective of gasolines from FCC |
WO2021013528A1 (fr) * | 2019-07-23 | 2021-01-28 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procédé de production d'une essence a basse teneur en soufre et en mercaptans |
FR3099175A1 (fr) * | 2019-07-23 | 2021-01-29 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procédé de production d'une essence a basse teneur en soufre et en mercaptans |
US12054679B2 (en) | 2019-07-23 | 2024-08-06 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Method for producing gasoline with low sulphur and mercaptan content |
WO2021185658A1 (fr) * | 2020-03-20 | 2021-09-23 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procédé de production d'une essence a basse teneur en soufre et en mercaptans |
FR3108333A1 (fr) * | 2020-03-20 | 2021-09-24 | IFP Energies Nouvelles | Procédé de production d'une essence a basse teneur en soufre et en mercaptans |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN104232156A (zh) | 2014-12-24 |
RU2014124384A (ru) | 2015-12-27 |
US20140374315A1 (en) | 2014-12-25 |
US9957448B2 (en) | 2018-05-01 |
BR102014014718A2 (pt) | 2015-06-02 |
EP2816094B1 (de) | 2020-04-29 |
KR20140147737A (ko) | 2014-12-30 |
RU2665701C2 (ru) | 2018-09-04 |
CN104232156B (zh) | 2018-12-07 |
KR102322556B1 (ko) | 2021-11-04 |
BR102014014718B1 (pt) | 2021-02-09 |
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