EP2808946B1 - Vorrichtung zum Verhindern einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen und ihr Herstellungsprozess - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zum Verhindern einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen und ihr Herstellungsprozess Download PDF

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EP2808946B1
EP2808946B1 EP14169886.0A EP14169886A EP2808946B1 EP 2808946 B1 EP2808946 B1 EP 2808946B1 EP 14169886 A EP14169886 A EP 14169886A EP 2808946 B1 EP2808946 B1 EP 2808946B1
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conductive elements
interconnection networks
substrate
electromagnetic wave
interconnection
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French (fr)
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EP2808946A1 (de
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Jean-François PINTOS
Ossama El Bouayadi
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/52—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
    • H01Q1/521—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure reducing the coupling between adjacent antennas
    • H01Q1/525—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure reducing the coupling between adjacent antennas between emitting and receiving antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/52—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
    • H01Q1/521—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure reducing the coupling between adjacent antennas
    • H01Q1/523—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure reducing the coupling between adjacent antennas between antennas of an array
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/52—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
    • H01Q1/526—Electromagnetic shields
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/006—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
    • H01Q15/0066—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces said selective devices being reconfigurable, tunable or controllable, e.g. using switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/006—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
    • H01Q15/008—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces said selective devices having Sievenpipers' mushroom elements
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/4902—Electromagnet, transformer or inductor

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for disturbing an electromagnetic wave propagation. It also relates to a method of manufacturing this device.
  • antennas in communication, monitoring or satellite navigation systems are essential. However, in this type of system, the space available for these devices is reduced and imposes a need for miniaturization of the antennas.
  • planar antennas make good candidates for this type of system.
  • a planar antenna comprises a radiating conductive surface, for example square, separated from a conductive reflector plane or ground plane by a substrate.
  • a planar antenna can be used alone or as part of an antenna array.
  • it is necessary to reduce the distance between their radiating surfaces.
  • this increases the coupling level between these radiating surfaces.
  • this coupling greatly degrades the performance of the antennas causing a drop in efficiency, problems of degradation of the polarization of the antennas or asymmetries in their radiation pattern.
  • EBG structures English, “Electromagnetic Band Gap” also known to those skilled in the art under the name of BIE structures (French, "Electromagnetic Band Prohibited”)
  • BIE structures “Electromagnetic Band Prohibited”
  • EBG structures allow to reduce the level of coupling between the antennas of a network.
  • this type of EBG structures has the property of preventing the propagation of waves in a frequency band called electromagnetic band gap.
  • a so-called “mushroom” EBG structure generally comprises a periodic set of EBG-type conductive elements separated from each other, printed on a dielectric substrate and connected to a ground plane by the intermediate of a set of metal vias formed in the dielectric substrate.
  • the electrical behavior of this type of EBG structure subjected to an electromagnetic wave can be modeled according to an LC resonant circuit. Indeed, when an electromagnetic wave interacts with the surface of the conductive elements, it generates a charge accumulation at the edge of the surface of these conductive elements and a current loop is established between two of these conductive elements by means of metal vias.
  • an inductance (L) results from the current flowing through the metal vias and a capacitance (C) results from the accumulation of charges between the conductive elements.
  • the resonance frequency f r of an LC circuit is proportional to the expression: 1 LC
  • the width BW of the bandwidth associated with this resonance frequency f r is proportional to the expression: The VS .
  • the band gap of a "mushroom” EBG structure depends on a certain number of parameters inherent to the structure, for example the size and the number of conductive elements, the type of substrate, the dimensions of the substrate, etc. These parameters being fixed during the design of the EBG structure, the modification of the behavior of this type of structures is not easily conceivable after its manufacture.
  • Other EBG structures are described in the documents EP 2 518 823 A1 , US 2005/0134521 , EP 2 362 487 A1 , EP 2 518 824 A1 , GB 2467763 A , US 2003/0112186 A1 and US 2010/0252319 .
  • a metamaterial to modify its filtering properties is proposed.
  • This metamaterial is made from transverse conductive elements formed of metal islands in a dielectric matrix, for example a polymer foam.
  • the idea is to create a 3D network of conductive elements for pre-disturbing the propagation of electromagnetic waves.
  • the filtering properties of such a volume structure of conductive elements may be predetermined.
  • These transverse conductor elements may be transverse dipoles. They can also form transverse loops, open or closed, using one or two conductive tracks connecting one or both ends of the two transverse conductive elements together.
  • connections using passive components or active components for example PIN diodes, interconnecting two adjacent conductive elements with one another can be used.
  • this structure only allows to interconnect two adjacent conductive elements. Since the distance between two adjacent conductive elements is constant, the phase difference generated between them during their connection is identical for all the pairs of elements thus connected.
  • this type of 3D metamaterial structure is not optimal in size when it is to use it in a planar antenna array or in any system in which a reduced size of the devices is desired.
  • a new way of modifying the behavior of a metamaterial is proposed. More precisely, an additional adjustment is proposed, this setting being extrinsic to the structure of the metamaterial. Indeed, by interconnecting the conductive elements of the metamaterial with each other by means of several electrically isolated networks, phase shifts are established between the electrically connected conductive elements and it has surprisingly been observed that an optimum combination of at least two different phase shifts between elements of one network to another makes it possible to further reduce the coupling between antennas planar placed around a metamaterial of this type. This results in improved efficiency of these metamaterials, particularly when used as an EBG structure but not only.
  • the invention imposes by dimensioning interconnection networks that at least two of these distances are different in order to allow this optimal combination of different phase shifts.
  • phase shift adjustment of interconnection networks by dimensioning them differently makes it possible to adjust the resonance frequency of the metamaterial without increasing its bulk.
  • it is not only suitable for any type of metamaterial structure, for example homogeneous, non-homogeneous, planar, volumic or other, but it is also easy to achieve in industrial form whatever the technology of the metamaterial, for example the printed circuit boards, waveguides, coaxial lines, etc.
  • At least a portion of said interconnection networks is provided with adjustable phase shifters for connecting the conductive elements to each other.
  • active elements that are adjustable phase shifters, for example diodes
  • active elements that are adjustable phase shifters, for example diodes
  • the lower ends of the metal vias in contact with the interconnected conductive elements form power point access ports to which the interconnection networks are connected.
  • the metamaterial structure comprises two layers of conductive elements superimposed and arranged on an upper face of the substrate, each of these layers comprising a plurality of conductive elements separated from each other and distributed in a matrix manner along m lines and n columns, these two layers being separated from each other in a direction normal to the upper face of the substrate by a predetermined distance, the conductive elements of the first layer being arranged in staggered relation to the conductive elements of the second layer so as to increase the capacitive effect of the cell.
  • each of the conductive elements has one of the shapes of the assembly consisting of a square shape, a rectangular shape, a spiral shape, a fork shape, a shape from crutches to crutches and from a dual form of crutches to crutches known as UC-EBG form.
  • said plurality of interconnection networks has one of the topologies of the set consisting of a linear topology, a star topology, a radial topology and a tree topology.
  • the invention also relates to a system for transmitting / receiving electromagnetic waves comprising at least two antennas between which is disposed at least one device for disturbing an electromagnetic wave propagation according to the invention.
  • the figure 1 represents in cut perspective the general structure of a device 10 for disturbing an electromagnetic wave propagation with a metamaterial structure 12, according to a possible embodiment of the invention.
  • This device can for example be placed between two elements of a planar antenna defined on the same substrate to limit the surface waves between these two elements.
  • the metamaterial structure 12 is of the mushroom type and comprises a plurality of conductive elements e 1,1 , ..., e i, j ,..., E m, n of rectangular shape, separated each other and arranged on an upper face of a substrate 14 made, for example, of dielectric material.
  • This substrate may be an insulating material based on epoxy, insulating material well known to those skilled in the art, for example of the FR4 type with a relative permittivity value ⁇ R of about 4.4.
  • each line of conductive elements for example the first line, comprises n conductive elements in the direction x (e1, 1 , ..., e1 , j , ..., e1 , n , for this first line) and each column of conductive elements, for example the last column, has m conductive elements in the direction y (e 1, n , ..., e i, n , ..., e m, n , for this last column).
  • a ground plane 16 is placed on a lower face of the substrate 14 with holes 18 formed in this ground plane 16 and arranged vis-à-vis the conductive elements in a direction z orthogonal to the plane (x, y).
  • a single hole 18 is shown on the figure 1 but the ground plane 16 has concretely as many holes 18 as conductive elements e 1,1 , ..., e i, j , ..., e m, n .
  • the device 10 for disturbing an electromagnetic wave propagation further comprises a set of metal vias v1 ,..., V i, j ,..., V m, n formed in the substrate 14.
  • the upper end of each of these metal vias, for example the via v i, j is in contact with one of the conductive elements, in this case the conductive element e i, j for the via v i, j .
  • each of these metal vias is disposed opposite one of the holes 18 of the ground plane 16, without electrical contact with the ground plane 16, allowing the conductive elements to establish external electrical connections to the ground plane 16.
  • metamaterial structure 12. for example, the conductive element e 1,1 can be electrically connected to the conductive element e 1, n by using a transmission line connecting the lower ends of their respective vias v 1,1 and v 1, n .
  • the conductive elements e 1 , 1 ,..., e i, j ,..., e m, n are electrically interconnected two by two, in a preferred direction, that of the axis y, with the aid of a plurality of interconnection networks, these interconnection networks not being electrically connected to each other.
  • the interconnection networks of the last line m is represented on the figure 1 by the references 20, 22, 24, but all the lines of conductive elements also comprise interconnection networks.
  • each interconnection network connects two conductive elements of the same i-th line placed on the not 2 - j - th and not 2 + 1 + j - th columns, where, for each interconnect network, i takes one of the values of the interval [1, m ] and j one of the values of the interval 0 not 2 - 1 .
  • the interconnection network 20 illustrated on the figure 1 connects the two elements e m, n / 2 and e m, n / 2 + 1 placed in the center of the m-th and last line, the interconnection network 22 then connects the two neighboring elements e m, n / 2- 1 , e m, n / 2 + 2 between them.
  • the other conductive elements of the mth and last line are interconnected in the same manner two by two step by step to the interconnection network 24 which connects the first element e m, 1 and the last element e m, n from the mth and last line.
  • the interconnection networks of the conductive elements e 1 , 1 ,..., E i, j ,..., M m, n between them may consist of transmission lines. It is known to those skilled in the art that a first-order equivalent model characterizes a transmission line by a phase shift whose value is a function of the length of this transmission line.
  • n is necessarily an even number, making it possible to connect all the elements of a line between them two by two.
  • an identical linear topology of the interconnection networks is applied to all the lines of the metamaterial structure 12.
  • the linear topology of the interconnection networks can be different from one line to another of this structure.
  • the conductive elements e 1 , 1 ,..., E i, j ,..., E m, n of the metamaterial structure 12 may be electrically interconnected according to various and in particular different interconnection network topologies. of a linear topology. They can, for example, be interconnected according to a star topology or a radial topology or a tree topology.
  • At least two of the interconnection networks are dimensioned differently from one another to generate phase shifts, between the conductive elements they interconnect, different from one of these interconnection networks to another.
  • the conductive elements may have different shapes from that, rectangular, illustrated on the figure 1 . It is well known to those skilled in the art to design conductive elements in the form of a square, spiral, fork, cross on crutches and in the form of a dual cross with so-called UC-EBG crutches as detailed in the article by Kovacs et al, entitled "Dispersion analysis of planar metallo-dielectric EBG structures in Ansoft HFSS", published on the occasion of "17th International Conference on Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications", 19-21 May 2008 .
  • the figure 2 represents in perspective an example of a preferred arrangement of the conductive elements of the metamaterial structure 12 of the device 10 for disturbing an electromagnetic wave propagation. More specifically, this preferred arrangement comprises two layers of vertically conductive elements superposed (the vertical being defined by the direction z) and disposed on the upper face of the substrate 14.
  • the superposition of layers of conductive elements makes it possible to increase the capacitive effect of the metamaterial structure 12 by allowing a partial overlap of the conducting elements of these layers, thus making the resonance frequency f r of this structure independent of the size of the conductive elements.
  • the resonance frequency f r rather becomes a function of the number of conductive elements.
  • each of these two layers comprises a plurality of rectangularly shaped conducting elements separated from each other and distributed in a matrix manner along m rows and n columns. These two layers are separated from each other by a predetermined distance along the z direction.
  • the conductive elements e 1,1 , ..., e i, j , ..., e m, n of the first layer are offset from the conductive elements e ' 1,1 , ..., e' i, j , ..., e ' m, n of the second layer along the two main directions x and y of the upper face of the substrate 14 not parallel to each other.
  • the conductive elements e 1 , 1 ,..., E i, j ,..., E m, n of the first layer are arranged in staggered relation to the conductive elements e ' 1 , 1 , ... , e ' i, j , ..., e' m, n of the second layer which partially overlap.
  • Each of the conductive elements of each layer is connected to a metal via.
  • the plurality of conductive elements e 1 , 1 ,..., E i, j ,..., E m, n of the first layer is connected to a plurality of metal vias v 1.1 , ...
  • v i, j ..., v m, n formed in the substrate 14 and the plurality of conductive elements e ' 1,1 , ..., e' i, j , ..., e ' m, n of the second layer is connected to a plurality of metal vias v ' 1,1 , ..., v' i, j , ..., v ' m, n also formed in the substrate 14.
  • the metal vias in contact with the conductive elements of the two layers are all of the same size and pass through all the layers of the metamaterial structure 12, in particular the two layers of conductive elements, the substrate 14 and the ground plane 16.
  • Tracks The conductors 26 are placed in the same plane as the conducting elements e ' 1 , 1 ,..., e' i, j ,..., e ' m, n of the second layer, which is the highest of the two layers.
  • conductive elements above the substrate 14 in order to cover the upper end of the metal vias v1, 1 , ..., v i, j , ..., v m , in contact with the conductive elements e 1, 1 , ..., e i, j , ..., e m, n of the first layer.
  • These conductive tracks 26 of square shape are arranged separately from each other and conductive elements e ' 1,1 , ..., e' i, j , ..., e ' m, n of the second layer. They are distributed in a matrix manner according to the m lines and n columns mentioned above.
  • the figure 3 represents in cut perspective an elementary cell of the plurality of conductive elements of the figure 2 .
  • This elementary cell comprises at its center a conductive element e i, j belonging to the first layer of conductive elements situated at a height h 1 , for example about 2.5 mm, from the ground plane 16.
  • Four adjacent conductive elements e ' i, j-1 , e' i, j , e ' + 1, j-1 , e' i + 1, j belonging to the second layer of conductive elements, the latter separated by a distance h 2 of the first layer in the direction z, for example about 0.2 mm, are arranged above this conductive element e i, j and staggered so as to partially cover it.
  • These four neighboring conductive elements are partially represented in this elementary cell of the figure 3 .
  • a dielectric material of the FR4 type and relative permittivity ⁇ R 4.4.
  • alternative embodiments may be envisaged with other types of insulating material or without insulating material.
  • each conductive element e ' i, j-1 , e' i, j , e ' i + 1, j-1 , e' i + 1, j covering the conductive element e i, j is determined according of the size of this conductive element e i, j and that of its conductive track 26.
  • the capacitive effect resulting from an elementary cell thus increases with the approximation of the conductive elements of the same layer and the superposition ratio between the elements. conductive elements of different layers.
  • the inductive effect of an elementary cell is determined by the metal vias that pass through it and depends on the value of their dimensions.
  • the diameter d v of any metal wire v i, j is for example about 0.3 mm and its length about 2.7 mm.
  • the metal vias v 1.1 , ..., v i, j , ..., v m, n in contact with the conductive elements e 1.1 , ..., e i, j , ..., e m, n of the first layer may be blind metal vias.
  • the conductive tracks 26 are no longer necessary.
  • each metal vias v 1.1 , ..., v i, j , ..., v m, n is in direct contact with each of the conductive elements e 1,1 , ..., e i, j , ..., e m, n and does not extend beyond the first layer.
  • the figure 4 is a partial top view of the set of conductive elements of the figure 2 . More precisely, it makes it possible to present, by way of example, the dimensions of the rectangular conductive elements of the figure 2 as well as the distances between these elements.
  • all the conducting elements e1, 1 ,..., E i, j ,..., E m, n and e ' 1 , 1 , ..., e ' i, j , ..., e ' m, n of the two layers have the same dimensions, the length c e1 along the y axis of any one of the conductive elements being approximately 2 mm and the width c e2 along the x axis being about 1.5 mm.
  • the metal vias are placed in the center of these conductive elements.
  • the upper ends of the metal vias in contact with the conductive elements of the first layer are connected to the conductive tracks 26 of square shape.
  • the side, c n , of any one of these conductive tracks 26 is approximately 0.64 mm.
  • the distance g between two conductive elements of the same layer is 1 mm, thus leaving a sufficient space between any one of the conductive tracks 26 and the four neighboring coplanar conductive elements, for example e ' i, j-1 , e i, j , e ' i + 1, j-1 , e' i + 1, j for the conductive track 26 located above the conductive element e i, j .
  • the distance P 1 between two vias of the same layer in the direction y is about 3 mm and the distance P 2 between two vias in the x direction is about 2.5 mm.
  • the figure 5 illustrates an example of an electromagnetic wave transmission / reception system comprising two planar antennas. More specifically, it illustrates a sectional view of a transmission / reception system comprising two planar antennas 30 and 32 arranged next to each other coplanarly on a substrate such as the substrate 14.
  • Each planar antenna 30 or 32 comprises a square radiating conductive surface separated from the ground plane 16 by the substrate 14 and excitation means 34 and 36, in particular coaxial probes, for feeding the planar antennas 30 and 32 respectively. These coaxial probes cross the ground plane 16 without electrical contact with the latter through two holes that are arranged there.
  • the figure 5 also illustrates three types of waves that can generate the coupling phenomena from any of the two antennas 30 and 32: space waves 38 radiated by the square radiating conductive surfaces of the planar antennas 30 and 32, surface waves 40 between the substrate 14 and the air and surface waves 42 guided by the substrate 14 between the two antennas planar 30 and 32. These waves 38, 40, 42 can cause couplings between the antennas of the transmission / reception system thus degrading their performance.
  • the figure 6 is a top view of the transmission / reception system of the figure 5 .
  • the radiating conductive surfaces of the planar antennas 30 and 32 are of square shape, each side L, W measuring about 11.5 mm. Of course, in other embodiments they may be of different shape, for example rectangular with a length L and a width W different.
  • the excitation means 34 and 36 are placed at a distance ⁇ of approximately 2.5 mm from the center of each of the radiating conductive surfaces of the planar antennas 30 and 32, respectively.
  • this transmission / reception system being sized to be used around a frequency of about 5.5 GHz, the value of the distance ⁇ is about 32.7 mm.
  • a zone of width D of about 14.75 mm is reserved for insertion of a device 10 with a metamaterial structure 12 thus making it possible to reduce the level of coupling between these antennas.
  • the figure 7 is a top view of the transmission / reception system illustrated in the Figures 5 and 6 further comprising the disturbing device 10 according to the invention disposed between the planar antennas 30 and 32 in the zone of width D.
  • the metamaterial structure 12 is in this case a mushroom type structure comprising for example, according to the embodiment favorite of the figure 2 two layers of conductive elements e1, 1 ,..., e i, j ,..., e4, and e ' 1 , 1 ,..., e ' i, j ,. e ' 4,6 , each layer having four rows of six conductive elements each.
  • a single layer of conductive elements of the disturbance device 10 is represented on the figure 7 .
  • These conductive elements e 1,1 , ..., e i, j , ..., e 4,6 and e ' 1,1 , ..., e' i, j , ..., e ' 4, 6 are connected to as many metal vias v 1.1 , ..., v i, j , ..., V 4.6 and v ' 1.1 , ..., v' i, j , ... 4.6 whose free lower ends constitute ports for access to feeding points.
  • interconnection networks being of the linear type previously detailed, for each layer, the six conductive elements e i, 1 , e i, 2 , e i, 3 , e i, 4 , e i, 5 , e i , 6 of a same line i are interconnected with each other in pairs, starting with the two conductive elements placed at the center of the line, e i, 3 and e i, 4 , for example using a line such as the interconnection 20 illustrated on the figure 1 . Then, the interconnection of their two neighbors e i, 2 and e i, 5 is achieved using a transmission line such as the interconnection 22 illustrated on the figure 1 .
  • the two conductive elements placed at the ends of the line, e i, 1 and e i, 6. are interconnected by means of a transmission line such as the interconnection 24 illustrated on FIG. figure 1 .
  • This same topology of the interconnection networks is repeated for each of the four lines of each layer.
  • the three transmission lines 20, 22 and 24 each connecting a pair of conductive elements to each other are insulated from one another and have different lengths, they make it possible to generate different phase shifts between the conductive elements.
  • this particular embodiment allows three phase shifts ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 adjustable and different from each other on each line.
  • An optimal combination of values of these phase shifts ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 makes it possible to optimize the decoupling of the planar antennas 30 and 32 placed around this disturbance device 10.
  • the figure 8 illustrates coupling curves 44, 46 and 48 between the planar antennas of the transmission / reception systems of Figures 6 and 7 for a frequency band from 4 to 7 GHz.
  • curve 44 presents the level of coupling in dB of the transmission / reception system of the figure 6 in the absence of a disturbance device such as the device 10.
  • This transmission / reception system has a resonance frequency f r at about 5.5 GHz and a coupling of about -16 dB at this resonance frequency f r .
  • Curve 46 shows the level of coupling in dB of the transmission / reception system of the figure 6 in the case where a metamaterial structure 12 without a network interconnecting conductive elements with each other is placed in the zone of width D between the two planar antennas 30 and 32 of the system. As can be seen on the curve 46, the presence of the metamaterial structure 12 between the planar antennas 30 and 32 reduces their coupling by about 2 dB at the frequency of 5.5 GHz.
  • Curve 48 presents the level of coupling in dB of the transmission / reception system of the figure 7 in the case where the disturbing device 10 according to the invention is placed in the zone of width D between the two planar antennas 30 and 32 of the system.
  • the coupling between the planar antennas 30 and 32 at the resonance frequency f r of 5.5 GHz is in this case approximately -32 dB, which indicates that the presence of this 10, with phase shifts ( ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 ) values (300 °, 300 °, 45 °) respectively, reduces the coupling of the planar antennas 30 and 32 by 14 dB compared to the presence of the metamaterial structure 12 without a network interconnecting the conductive elements with each other.
  • the figure 9 illustrates coupling curves 50, 52 and 54 between the planar antennas 30 and 32 of the transmission / reception systems of the Figures 6 and 7 as a function of the distance ⁇ between these two antennas normalized with respect to the wavelength ⁇ 0 and for a frequency of 5.5 GHz.
  • the curve 50 presents the level of coupling in dB of the transmission / reception system of the figure 6 in the absence of a disturbance device such as the device 10.
  • Curve 52 presents the level of coupling in dB of the transmission / reception system of the figure 6 in the case where a metamaterial structure 12 without a network interconnecting conductive elements with each other is placed in the zone of width D between the two planar antennas 30 and 32 of the system.
  • Curve 54 shows the level of coupling in dB of the transmission / reception system of the figure 7 in the case where the disturbing device 10 according to the invention is placed in the zone of width D between the two planar antennas 30 and 32 of the system.
  • the three curves are represented for distances ⁇ between antennas in the range of 0.6 ⁇ 0 to 2 ⁇ 0 .
  • the coupling level in dB is the optimum level obtained for a particular combination of phase shift values ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 .
  • the table below illustrates the values of phase shifts ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 making it possible to optimize the decoupling between the antennas of the preceding system for distances in the range from 0.6 ⁇ 0 to 2 ⁇ 0 : ⁇ / ⁇ 0 ( ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 ) 0.6 (300 °, 300 °, 45 °) 0.7 (100 °, 80 °, 60 °) 0.8 (260 °, 260 °, 270 °) 0.9 (260 °, 260 °, 255 °) 1 (260 °, 260 °, 255 °) 1.1 (260 °, 260 °, 240 °) 1.2 (260 °, 260 °, 240 °) 1.3 (260 °, 260 °, 240 °) 1.4 (0 °, 45 °, 60 °) 1.5 (240 °, 220 °, 45 °) 1.6 (225 °
  • the presence of the perturbation device 10 with adjustable phase shifts ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 makes it possible to obtain optimal combinations of values of these phase shifts ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ⁇ 3 for each distance ⁇ and thus further reduce the coupling between the antennas 30 and 32 with respect to the curves 50 and 52, this for all distances in the range of 0.6 ⁇ 0 to 2 ⁇ 0 .
  • This manufacturing method comprises a first step 100 of placing on the substrate 14 a plurality of conductive elements separated from each other.
  • two conductive element layers e ' 1 , 1 ,..., E' i, j ,..., E ' m, n and e 1,1 , ..., e i, j , ..., e m, n are vertically superimposed (ie in the z direction) and arranged on the upper face of the substrate 14.
  • a set of metal vias v 1.1 , ..., v i, j , ..., v m, n and v ' 1.1,. .., v ' i, j , ..., v' m, n are formed in the substrate 14, passing through its entire thickness.
  • a ground plane 16 with holes 18 formed opposite the through vias is defined on the underside of the substrate 14.
  • a second step 108 at least a portion of the conductive elements e ' 1.1 , ..., e' i, j , ..., e ' m, n and e 1.1 , ... , e i, j , ..., e m, n is electrically interconnected using a plurality of interconnection networks, for example the interconnection networks 20, 22, 24 previously described, these networks of interconnection not being electrically connected to each other.
  • At least two interconnection networks are dimensioned differently from one another to generate these phase shifts ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ..., ⁇ n / 2 between the conductive elements they interconnect.
  • the conductive elements concerned are effectively connected to each other, for example two by two, and according to a linear topology as illustrated in FIGS. figures 1 and 7 , using the lower ends of their metal vias as access ports to the power points of the interconnection networks.
  • the phase shifts ⁇ 1 , ⁇ 2 , ..., ⁇ n / 2 characterizing the interconnection networks determine the length of the transmission lines used for the connection of the conductive elements to each other. a given transmission / reception system.
  • At least a portion of these interconnection networks is provided with adjustable phase shifters well known to those skilled in the art, for example diodes, for the interconnection of the conductive elements together.
  • adjustable phase shifters well known to those skilled in the art, for example diodes, for the interconnection of the conductive elements together.
  • a device for disturbing an electromagnetic wave propagation such as that described previously makes it possible to improve the level of decoupling between planar antennas without increasing the size of the transmission / reception system including such antennas. whatever the frequency of resonance of the system and the distance between the antennas.
  • the modification of the behavior of an EBG structure after its manufacture thus becomes possible thanks to the interconnection of the conductive elements by means of transmission lines with different phase shifts.
  • the use of adjustable phase shifters to perform these interconnections makes it possible to adapt the behavior of the same device for disturbing an electromagnetic wave propagation to different transmission / reception systems.

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Claims (9)

  1. Vorrichtung (10) mit Metamaterialstruktur (12) zum Stören einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen, umfassend:
    - eine Vielzahl von leitenden Elementen (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n), die voneinander getrennt und auf einer oberen Fläche eines Substrats (14) angeordnet sind,
    - eine Vielzahl von Verbindungsnetzen (20, 22, 24), die mindestens einen Teil dieser leitenden Elemente (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n) elektrisch miteinander verbinden, wobei diese Verbindungsnetze (20, 22, 24) elektrisch untereinander nicht verbunden sind und mindestens zwei dieser Verbindungsnetze (20, 22, 24) verschieden voneinander dimensioniert sind, was somit Abstände zwischen miteinander verbundenen leitenden Elementen impliziert, die von einem Netz zum anderen verschieden sind, wobei diese Verbindungsnetze (20, 22, 24) durch ihre verschiedenen Dimensionierungen Phasenverschiebungen (Φ1, Φ2,..., Φn/2) zwischen den leitenden Elementen (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n), welche sie miteinander verbinden, hervorrufen, die von einem dieser Verbindungsnetze zum anderen verschieden sind,
    - eine Masseebene (16), die auf einer unteren Fläche des Substrats (14) platziert ist, mit Löchern (18), die in dieser Masseebene (16) ausgestaltet sind, und
    - eine Gruppe von metallischen Durchkontaktierungen (v1,1,..., vi, j,..., vm,n, v'1,1,..., v'i, j,..., v'm,n), welche im Substrat (14) gebildet sind und auf seiner gesamten Dicke durch dasselbe hindurchgehen, wobei jede dieser metallischen Durchkontaktierungen (v1,1,..., vi,j,..., vm,n, v'1,1,..., v'i,j,..., v'm,n) ein oberes Ende in Kontakt mit einem der leitenden Elemente (e1,i,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n), und ein unteres Ende umfasst, das ohne elektrischen Kontakt mit der Masseebene (16) und in elektrischem Kontakt mit einem der Verbindungsnetze einem der Löcher (18) der Masseebene (16) zugewandt angeordnet ist.
  2. Vorrichtung (10) zum Stören einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen nach Anspruch 1, wobei mindestens ein Teil der Verbindungsnetze (20, 22, 24) mit einstellbaren Phasenverschiebungsvorrichtungen für das Verbinden der leitenden Elemente (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n) untereinander ausgestattet ist.
  3. Vorrichtung (10) zum Stören einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die leitenden Elemente (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n) matrizenartig in m Reihen und n Spalten auf dem Substrat (14) verteilt sind, wobei n eine gerade Zahl ist, wobei jedes Verbindungsnetz (20, 22, 24) zwei leitende Elemente einer gleichen i-ten Reihe, die auf der n 2 − j − ten
    Figure imgb0013
     und n 2 + 1 + j − ten
    Figure imgb0014
     Spalte platziert sind, miteinander verbindet, worin für jedes Verbindungsnetz (20, 22, 24) i einen der Werte aus dem Intervall [1,m] und j einen der Werte aus dem Intervall 0, n 2 − 1
    Figure imgb0015
     annimmt.
  4. Vorrichtung (10) zum Stören einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, wobei die unteren Enden der metallischen Durchkontaktierungen (v1,1,..., vi,j,..., vm,n, v'1,1,..., v'i,j,..., v'm,n), die mit den miteinander verbundenen leitenden Elementen (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n) in Kontakt sind, Zugangsanschlüsse zu Einspeisepunkten bilden, an welche die Verbindungsnetze (20, 22, 24) angeschlossen sind.
  5. Vorrichtung (10) zum Stören einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, wobei die Metamaterialstruktur (12) zwei Schichten aus leitenden Elementen (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n) umfasst, die übereinanderliegend und auf der oberen Fläche des Substrats (14) angeordnet sind, wobei jede dieser Schichten eine Vielzahl von leitenden Elementen (e1,i,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n) umfasst, die voneinander getrennt und matrizenartig in m Reihen und n Spalten verteilt sind, wobei diese zwei Schichten untereinander gemäß einer Richtung (z), die zur oberen Fläche des Substrats (14) senkrecht ist, um einen vorbestimmten Abstand (h2) getrennt sind, wobei die leitenden Elemente (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n) der ersten Schicht in Bezug auf die leitenden Elemente (e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n) der zweiten Schicht gegeneinander versetzt angeordnet sind.
  6. Vorrichtung (10) zum Stören einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, wobei jedes der leitenden Elemente (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n) eine der Formen aus der Gruppe aufweist, die aus einer quadratischen Form, einer rechteckigen Form, einer Spiralform, einer Gabelform, einer Kruckenkreuzform und einer als UC-EBG-Form bezeichneten dualen Kruckenkreuzform besteht.
  7. Vorrichtung (10) zum Stören einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, wobei die Vielzahl von Verbindungsnetzen (20, 22, 24) eine der Topologien aus der Gruppe aufweist, die aus einer linearen Topologie, einer Sterntopologie, einer radialen Topologie und einer Baumtopologie besteht.
  8. System zum Senden/Empfangen von elektromagnetischen Wellen, umfassend mindestens zwei Antennen (30, 32), zwischen denen mindestens eine Vorrichtung (10) zum Stören einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7 angeordnet ist.
  9. Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Vorrichtung (10) mit Metamaterialstruktur (12) zum Stören einer Ausbreitung von elektromagnetischen Wellen, umfassend die folgenden Schritte:
    - Anordnen (100), auf einer oberen Fläche eines Substrats (14), einer Vielzahl von leitenden Elementen (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n), die voneinander getrennt sind,
    - elektrisches Verbinden (108) von mindestens einem Teil dieser leitenden Elemente (e1,1,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n) miteinander mithilfe einer Vielzahl von Verbindungsnetzen (20, 22, 24), wobei diese Verbindungsnetze (20, 22, 24) elektrisch nicht untereinander verbunden sind,
    - Dimensionieren (110) der Verbindungsnetze (20, 22, 24), wobei mindestens zwei dieser Verbindungsnetze (20, 22, 24) verschieden voneinander dimensioniert sind, was somit Abstände zwischen miteinander verbundenen leitenden Elementen impliziert, die von einem Netz zum anderen verschieden sind, wobei diese Verbindungsnetze (20, 22, 24) durch ihre verschiedenen Dimensionierungen Phasenverschiebungen (Φ1, Φ2,..., Φn/2) zwischen den leitenden Elementen, welche sie miteinander verbinden, hervorrufen, die von einem dieser Verbindungsnetze zum anderen verschieden sind,
    - Anordnen (106) einer Masseebene (16) auf einer unteren Fläche des Substrats (14) mit Löchern (18), die in dieser Masseebene (16) ausgestaltet sind, und
    - Bilden (104) einer Gruppe von metallischen Durchkontaktierungen (v1,1,..., vi,j,..., vm,n, v'1,1,..., v'i,j,..., v'm,n) im Substrat (14) und auf seiner gesamten Dicke durch dasselbe hindurchgehend, wobei jede dieser metallischen Durchkontaktierungen (v1,1,..., vi,j,..., vm,n, v'1,1,..., v'1, j,..., v'm,n) ein oberes Ende in Kontakt mit einem der leitenden Elemente (e1,i,..., ei,j,..., em,n, e'1,1,..., e'i,j,..., e'm,n), und ein unteres Ende umfasst, das ohne elektrischen Kontakt mit der Masseebene (16) und in elektrischem Kontakt mit einem der Verbindungsnetze einem der Löcher (18) der Masseebene (16) zugewandt angeordnet ist.
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