Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
  • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
  • H01Q19/18—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces
  • H01Q19/185—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces having two or more spaced reflecting surfaces wherein the surfaces are plane
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
  • H01Q1/52—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure
  • H01Q1/521—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure reducing the coupling between adjacent antennas
  • H01Q1/523—Means for reducing coupling between antennas; Means for reducing coupling between an antenna and another structure reducing the coupling between adjacent antennas between antennas of an array
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
  • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
  • H01Q15/006—Selective devices having photonic band gap materials or materials of which the material properties are frequency dependent, e.g. perforated substrates, high-impedance surfaces
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q19/00—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic
  • H01Q19/10—Combinations of primary active antenna elements and units with secondary devices, e.g. with quasi-optical devices, for giving the antenna a desired directional characteristic using reflecting surfaces
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
  • H01Q21/06—Arrays of individually energised antenna units similarly polarised and spaced apart
  • H01Q21/061—Two dimensional planar arrays
  • H01Q21/065—Patch antenna array
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
  • H01Q25/00—Antennas or antenna systems providing at least two radiating patterns

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of transmitting or receiving antennas as radiating elements that can reach significant directivity levels at frequencies of the order of one or more GHz.
• the invention also relates to a single or two-dimensional array antenna forming permanent or reconfigurable beams comprising a plurality of elementary antennas according to the invention arranged on a surface.
• Elementary antennas of the BIE (Electromagnetic Interference Band) type each having a structure designed on the principle of electromagnetic band-gap materials and each having a radiation pattern suitable for forming on a lighted surface a task close to a disk, are conventionally used as radiating elements of a more complex antenna.
• BIE Electromagnetic Interference Band
• an elementary antenna of the BIE type comprises, in a conventional manner, a probe capable of transforming electrical energy into electromagnetic energy and vice versa, and an assembly of elements into at least two materials differing in their permittivity and / or their permeability and / or their conductivity within which the probe is disposed.
• This assembly conventionally comprises a structure designed on the principle of electromagnetic band-gap materials (BIE). This structuring makes it possible to improve the directivity of the elementary antenna, by providing the radiation of the elementary antenna as well as a spatial and frequency filtering of the electromagnetic waves produced or received by the elementary antenna.
• the elementary antennas of BIE type have a strong coupling.
• This strong coupling generates harmful and disruptive interactions between the elementary antennas, due to the uncontrolled capture and redistribution by each probe of the energy emitted by the neighboring probes. This results in radiation patterns of the corresponding network antenna generally chaotic and not directive.
• elementary radiating surfaces generated by each source are superimposed and form a non-uniform surface unacceptable for agility.
• the object of the invention is to propose a high-directivity BIE elementary antenna capable of generating a predefined radiating surface whose coupling with a neighboring antenna of the same type is improved, that is to say an elementary antenna which disturbs little and is slightly disturbed by elementary antennas Surroundings of identical structure, and whose radiating surface generated is well limited thus avoiding the overlap of the radiating surfaces with each other.
• the invention relates to an elementary antenna intended to form an element of a network antenna comprising:
• a probe capable of transforming electrical energy into electromagnetic energy and vice versa
• the probe being contained in the plane of the reflector in contact with the cavity or in the cavity in contact with the plane reflector, the cavity constituting a defect in the periodicity of the structure conferring on the assembly the behavior of an Electromagnetic Prohibited Band material failing which the arrangement of the elements in said assembly provides radiation and a spatial and frequency filtering of the electromagnetic waves produced or received by the probe, which filtering allows in particular one or more operating frequencies of the elementary antenna inside the a non-conducting frequency band;
• said elementary antenna being characterized in that it comprises a wall enclosure adapted to reflect the electromagnetic waves at the operating frequency or frequencies, said wall enclosure being an extension in the direction orthogonal to the plane reflector and surrounding at the same time and only the probe , the cavity and the structure, for generating an elementary radiating surface of predetermined shape and imposed by the wall enclosure.
• This wall enclosure creates on the upper surface of the device a radiating surface of predefined shape by its outline whereas the conventional BIE elementary antennas without wall enclosure generate radiating surfaces with a circular geometry larger than the physical opening.
• the wall enclosure has a cross section whose inner contour is circumscribed in a circle and whose ratio of the area of the surface contained in the circle to the area of the surface contained in the internal contour is between 1 and 5;
• the wall enclosure has a cross section whose outer contour is a regular polygon preferably having three or four sides;
• the wall enclosure has a cross section whose external contour is a first regular polygon and whose internal contour is a second regular polygon, the second polygon being homothetic of the first polygon, the first and second polygons being concentric and preferably having three or four sides;
• the probe is comprised in the assembly formed by ribbon antennas, dipoles, circular polarization antennas, slots and coplanar wire-plate antennas;
• the probe is a ribbon antenna
• the wall enclosure comprises four metal walls which delimit a parallelepiped having a height along the axis orthogonal to the plane reflector and a cross section with respect to this same square axis, the height, respectively the length of one side of the square, being substantially equal to one time, respectively half, the / of the wavelength associated with the operating frequency of the elementary antenna.
• the invention also relates to a mono or two-dimensional array antenna comprising a plurality of adjoining elementary antennas, defined above and arranged between them to compactly cover in one piece one or more plane support surfaces, thereby generating surfaces. pixelated radiations responsible for several lobes of radiation. A radiating surface is thus generated, on which electromagnetic fields are responsible for the desired radiation under the principle of radiation equivalence of a radiating aperture known to those skilled in the art.
• the total number of elementary antennas forming the plurality is equal to a number of lines N multiplied by a number of columns M, and the elementary antennas are arranged between them to compactly cover a rectangle of a flat support surface; in order to form a rectangular matrix of NM elementary antennas with N rows and M columns, and the wall enclosures facing two adjacent any elementary antennas are in contact;
• the mono or two-dimensional network antenna further comprises:
• power distribution means means for supplying the plurality of elementary antennas in amplitude and in phase, said supply means being connected at input to the power distribution means, and connected at output to said plurality of elementary antennas by controllable switches for selectively powering or turning off each elemental antenna;
• the supply means comprise phase shift means and / or amplification means.
• FIG. 1 is a three-dimensional view of a single exemplary embodiment of an elementary antenna according to the invention
• FIG. 2 is a plot of the evolution curves of the gain as a function of frequency, respectively for an elementary antenna of the state of the art and for an elementary antenna of FIG. 1;
• FIG. 3 is a partial three-dimensional view of a network antenna according to the invention comprising elementary antennas described in FIG. 1;
• FIG. 4 is a more complete overall diagram of the network antenna of FIG. 3 according to the invention.
• FIG. 5A is a view from above of the array antenna of FIGS. 3 and 4;
• FIG. 5B is a view from above of a conventional network antenna of the state of the art.
• FIG. 6 is a plot of the evolution curves of the gain as a function of frequency, respectively for a network antenna of the state of the art and for a network antenna of FIGS. 3 and 4;
• FIG. 7A is a radiation diagram of the array antenna of FIGS. 3 and 4;
• FIG. 7B is a radiation diagram of a network antenna of the state of the art.
• FIG. 8 is a plot of the evolution curves of the coupling between two adjacent elementary antennas as a function of frequency, respectively for a network antenna of FIG. 3 and for a network antenna of the state of the art;
• FIG. 9 is a partial three-dimensional view of a one-dimensional array antenna according to the invention comprising elementary antennas according to the invention and described in FIG. 1;
• FIG. 10 is a representation of the radiating surface generated by a conventional elementary antenna of the state of the art.
• FIG. 1 1 is a representation of the radiating surface generated by an elementary antenna according to the invention
• FIG. 12A is a schematic view of a network antenna according to the invention in which all the elementary antennas are powered;
• FIG. 12B is a representation of the corresponding synthesized radiating surface by the network antenna configured according to FIG. 12A;
• FIG. 13A is a schematic view of a network antenna according to the invention in which only a column of elementary antennas is powered;
• FIG. 13B is a representation of the corresponding synthesized radiated surface by the array antenna configured according to FIG. 13A;
• FIG. 14 is a schematic representation of the operating principle of the network antenna according to the invention.
• FIG. 15 is a schematic representation of a network antenna according to the invention configured to generate, by the combination of pixelated radiating surfaces, the desired radiating surface;
• FIG. 16 is a schematic view of a two-dimensional array antenna according to the invention comprising a plurality of elementary antennas according to the invention covering three distinct flat surfaces of support.
• an elementary antenna 2 intended to form a radiating element of a network antenna, comprises a planar reflector 4 of electromagnetic waves, a probe 6 capable of transforming electrical energy into electromagnetic energy and vice versa, a assembly 8 of elements in at least two materials differing in their permittivity and / or / their permeability and / or their conductivity, and a wall enclosure 10 adapted to reflect electromagnetic waves at the operating frequency or frequencies of the elemental antenna 2.
• the plane reflector 4 is a metal plane supporting the probe 6.
• the probe 6 is a plate antenna (called a patch antenna) comprising a metal plate 11 of square shape, and a dielectric substrate 12 of square shape on which is printed the metal plate 1 1 and which separates the metal plate 1 1 plane reflector 4.
• the length of one side of the metal plate 1 1 is equal to half the wavelength ⁇ 0 associated with a predetermined operating frequency of the elementary antenna 2 while the length denoted L on one side of the substrate dielectric 12 is substantially equal to the wavelength ⁇ 0 associated with the operating frequency of the elementary antenna 2.
• the assembly 8 comprises a structure 14, configured on the principle of materials known as electromagnetic band gap (BIE) and having a periodicity in the direction orthogonal to the plane reflector 4, and a cavity 16 formed here of air or vacuum and separating the structure 14 of the probe 6.
• BIE electromagnetic band gap
• the structure 14 comprises an alternation of plane layers of two materials, for example respectively alumina and air, distinguished by their permittivity and / or their permeability and / or their conductivity.
• the structure 14 comprises two strips 18, 20 of BIE materials of the same dimensions, forming a plane cross disposed vis-à-vis the probe 6 through the air cavity 16 at a height designated by h of the reflector plane 4
• Each strip has a length equal to the length L on the side of the dielectric substrate 12 and a width less than the length of one side of the metal plate 11.
• the height h is here substantially equal to half the wavelength associated with the operating frequency of the elementary antenna 2, that is to say ⁇ 0/2 .
• the ratio of the height h to the thickness of the structure 14 is greater than 5.
• the wall enclosure 10 has four metal walls 21 which surround both the probe 6, the cavity 16, and the structure 14 comprising the two strips 18 and 20.
• the four metal walls 21 delimit a parallelepiped which has, on the one hand, a vertical extension of height h along the orthogonal axis Z to the plane reflector 2, and secondly, a cross section with respect to this same axis Z of square shape.
• the side of the square forming the XY extension cross section has the same length L as the square side forming the dielectric substrate 12.
• the cavity 16 constitutes a defect in the periodicity of the structure 14 and thus confers on the assembly 8 the behavior of a BIE material in default in which the arrangement of the elements in said assembly 8 ensures the radiation and a spatial and frequency filtering of the electromagnetic waves produced or received by the probe 6.
• the filtering allows in particular one or more operating frequencies of the elementary antenna 2 within a non-conducting frequency band.
• the assembly 8 thus allows the elementary antenna 2 to allow several frequency propagation modes within a non-conducting band, according to one or several spatial directions allowed, the spatial filtering itself being dependent on the frequency and the nature of the materials that the assembly comprises 8.
• the presence of the wall enclosure 10 substantially reduces the coupling between the probes 6 of two elementary antennas 2 juxtaposed and in contact with each other by their metal walls 21 terraces.
• the wall enclosure 10 allows the elementary antenna 2 to generate a radiation spot with the appropriate shape and field distribution.
• the materials constituting the assembly 8 are, preferably, low loss materials, such as for example plastic, ceramic, ferrite or metal.
• the cavity 16 can be:
• an elementary antenna comprises a probe capable of transforming electrical energy into electromagnetic energy and vice versa, an electromagnetic wave plane reflector supporting the probe, an assembly of elements in at least two materials differing in their permittivity and / or / their permeability and / or their conductivity.
• the assembly comprises a structure configured on the principle of materials
• Electromagnetic Band Prohibited and having a periodicity in the orthogonal direction to the plane reflector, and a cavity in contact with the planar reflector and the structure.
• the probe is contained in the plane of the reflector in contact with the cavity or in the cavity in contact with the planar reflector, the cavity constituting a defect in the periodicity of the structure conferring on the assembly the behavior of a BIE material in default.
• the arrangement of the elements in said assembly provides radiation and a spatial and frequency filtering of the electromagnetic waves produced or received by the probe, which filtering allows in particular one or more operating frequencies of the elementary antenna within a non-conducting frequency band.
• the elementary antenna comprises a wall enclosure adapted to reflect the electromagnetic waves at the operating frequency or frequencies, the wall enclosure being an extension in the direction orthogonal to the plane reflector and surrounding at the same time and only the probe, the cavity and the structure, for generating an elementary radiant surface of predetermined shape and imposed by the wall enclosure
• the probe of the elementary antenna is comprised in the assembly formed by ribbon or plate antennas, dipoles, circular polarization antennas, slots and coplanar wire-plate antennas.
• the probe is contained in the plane of the reflector in contact with the cavity or in the cavity in contact with the plane reflector.
• the wall enclosure has a cross section whose inner contour is circumscribed in a circle and whose ratio of the area of the surface contained in the circle to the area of the surface contained in the internal contour is included between 1 and 5.
• the wall enclosure has a cross section whose outer contour is a regular polygon preferably having three or four sides.
• the wall enclosure has a cross section whose external contour is a first regular polygon and whose internal contour is a second regular polygon, the second polygon being homothetic of the first polygon, the first and second polygons being concentric and having preferably three or four sides.
• curves 22, 24 respectively represent the evolution of the gain as a function of the frequency for a conventional patch type antenna and for the elementary antenna of FIG.
• the elementary patch antenna of the state of the art has a maximum gain of 8 dBi while the elementary antenna 2 according to the invention has a maximum gain of 1 1 .5 dBi on curve 24.
• the elementary antenna 2 according to the invention thus has much higher performance, in terms of gain and directivity, than a conventional patch antenna of the state of the art.
• a two-dimensional array antenna 26 is composed of a plurality of elementary antennas 2 identical to those of FIG. 1 and disposed on a flat surface.
• the two-dimensional array antenna 26 comprises 5 rows and 5 columns, ie a total number of elementary antennas 2 equal to 25.
• the elementary antennas 2 of the plurality 27 are here defective BIE antennas, each of which comprises a plane reflector 4, a plate or ribbon probe 6, a BIE assembly 8 with a cavity 16, and a wall enclosure 10 composed of four walls. metal 21 surrounding both the probe 6 and the assembly 8.
• the embodiment of the two-dimensional array antenna 26 is in no way limiting to that described in FIG. 3, other embodiments of the two-dimensional array antenna 26 that can be envisaged in terms of variants of the elementary antennas 2 , or in terms of the number of radiating elements and their arrangement.
• the elementary antennas 2 of the plurality 27 constituting the two-dimensional array antenna 26 are arranged between them to compactly cover in one piece one or more flat support surfaces, thereby generating pixelated radiating surfaces responsible for several lobes of radiation.
• the total number of elementary antennas 2 that comprises the two-dimensional array antenna 26 is equal to a number of lines N multiplied by a number of columns M.
• the elementary antennas 2 are arranged between them to compactly cover a rectangle of a flat support surface so as to form a rectangular matrix of NM elementary antennas N rows and M columns, wherein the wall enclosures 10 vis-à-vis two elementary antennas Any 2 neighbors are in contact.
• the two-dimensional array antenna 26 comprises power distribution means, designated generally by the reference 28, and means for supplying the plurality 27 of elementary antennas 2, generally denoted by the reference 30.
• the power supply means 30 are connected at input to the power distribution means 28, and connected at the output to the plurality of elementary antennas 2 by controllable switches 31, for selectively supplying or switching off each elementary antenna 2.
• Each controllable switch 31 is connected to a single elementary antenna
• the antenna two-dimensional network 26 comprises, upstream of the plane surface of elementary antennas 2, 25 controllable switches 31 connected to the elementary antennas 2.
• the two-dimensional array antenna 26 also comprises means for controlling the controllable switches 31, generally denoted by the reference 32 in FIG.
• the selective and controllable power supply of the elementary antennas 2 makes it possible to obtain a two-dimensional array antenna 26 that is agile and that forms permanent or reconfigurable beams, having a radiation pattern with a main lobe formed.
• the supply means 30 also comprise phase shift means and / or amplification means.
• phase shift and / or amplification means make it possible to obtain a two-dimensional array antenna 26 having optimal phase and amplitude distribution.
• phase shift and / or amplification means make it possible to improve the quality of the radiation patterns, said radiation patterns having reduced secondary lobes and a refined main lobe.
• the two-dimensional array antenna according to the invention has the advantage of being reconfigurable and having a limited number of elements and therefore a less complex structure compared to existing network antennas.
• FIGS. 5A and 5B are respectively provided top views of a two-dimensional array antenna 26 according to the invention, and a two-dimensional array antenna of the state of the art comprising elementary antennas each without enclosing walls. .
• curves 34 and 36 respectively represent the evolution of the gain of the two-dimensional array antennas shown in FIGS. 5A and 5B, as a function of frequency.
• Curve 34 represents the gain of the two-dimensional array antenna 26 according to the invention shown in FIG. 5A and composed of elementary antennas 2 having wall speakers 10
• curve 36 represents the gain of the antenna bidimensional network shown in Figure 5B and composed of elementary antennas of the state of the art without wall speakers.
• the gain is proportional to the directivity, it can be seen from these curves that the directivity is significantly improved with the two-dimensional array antenna 26 according to the invention, compared with the two-dimensional array antenna of the state of the art.
• the two-dimensional array antenna of the state of the art has a maximum gain of 17 dBi whereas, according to the curve 34, the two-dimensional array antenna 26 according to the invention reaches a maximum gain of 18.8 dBi.
• FIGS. 7A and 7B show respectively the radiation patterns of a two-dimensional array antenna 26 according to the invention and a two-dimensional array antenna of the state of the art.
• FIG. 7B it can clearly be seen that the radiation pattern of the two-dimensional array antenna of the state of the art is disturbed and has a plurality of secondary lobes.
• the radiation pattern of the two-dimensional array antenna 26 according to the invention, shown in FIG. 7A has a high directivity with reduced secondary lobes.
• the presence of the wall speakers 10 improves the directivity of the two-dimensional array antenna 26.
• curves 38 and 40 respectively represent the evolution of coupling as a function of frequency between two elementary antennas of the same type and juxtaposed.
• Curve 38 represents the coupling between two adjacent elementary antennas of a two-dimensional array antenna of the state of the art
• curve 40 represents the coupling between two adjacent elementary antennas 2 of a two-dimensional array antenna 26 according to the invention.
• the BIE elementary antenna according to the invention makes it possible to generate a radiation spot with the shape and distribution in appropriate fields, and has a high directivity and a coupling with a neighboring antenna of the same improved type.
• the elementary antenna according to the invention disturbs little and is slightly disturbed by surrounding elementary antennas. Therefore, in the two-dimensional array antenna according to the invention, a smaller number of elementary antennas will be necessary to achieve the same level of directivity as a network antenna using BIE elementary antennas devoid of reflective wall enclosure.
• the two-dimensional array antenna according to the invention which results from the assembly and the juxtaposition of elementary antennas according to the invention, will comprise a limited number of elements compared to two-dimensional antennas of the state of the art. and will have a less complex structure and therefore less expensive than existing two-dimensional array antennas.
• the network antenna according to the invention is one-dimensional, that is to say that the network antenna comprises, for example, a plurality of elementary antennas aligned in a single direction.
• the elementary antennas forming the network antenna according to the invention are preferably joined.
• FIGS. 10 and 11 show respectively the radiating surface generated by a conventional elementary antenna of the state of the art, and the radiating surface generated by an elementary antenna according to the invention. These FIGS. 10 and 11 show clearly that the wall enclosure creates on the surface of the elementary antenna a radiating surface of square shape predefined by its outline, unlike the conventional elementary antenna comprising no wall enclosure and thereby generating a radiating surface with circular and non-predefined geometry.
• the elementary antenna according to the invention is capable of generating a radiating surface of predefined shape and of limited shape imposed by the wall enclosure, thus avoiding the overlapping of the radiating surfaces with each other when the elementary antennas are juxtaposed.
• FIGS. 12A and 12B respectively show a network antenna according to the invention in which all the elementary antennas are powered, and the corresponding synthesized radiating surface.
• FIGS. 13A and 13B respectively show a network antenna according to the invention in which only a column of elementary antennas is fed, and the corresponding synthesized radiating surface.
• the network antenna according to the invention is reconfigurable, that is to say that it allows to have an agility on the formation of a radiating surface by selective feeding of the elementary antennas. component, and thus makes it possible to generate all kinds of pixelated radiating surfaces, by combining the elementary surfaces generated by each elemental antenna.
• the designation "network antenna” used for the invention corresponds to and conventionally defines an antenna fed by a plurality of sources connected to a feed network ("feeding network" in English) and does not correspond to to a network of antennas whose naming in English is "antenna array”.
• the operating principle of the "pixelated radiating aperture” network antenna according to the invention consists in generating a radiating surface of any desired shape. This radiating surface creates, by the theory of radiating openings, the radiation patterns making it possible to ensure a given coverage on earth either by simple spatial Fourier transform, or by a double spatial Fourier transform using a reflector. This operation is illustrated in Figure 14.
• this radiant surface in a first step it is pixelated and in a second step the array antenna composed of a plurality of elementary antennas is controlled so that each elementary antenna corresponding to a pixel of the radiating surface generates a portion of the Thus, a good approximation of the radiating surface is made by the combination of elementary surfaces generated by each elemental antenna corresponding to a pixel.
• the network antenna comprises, in one piece, a plurality of distinct support plane surfaces of different orientations, each of which is arranged with an associated set of elementary antennas, thus generating different pixelated radiating surfaces responsible for several lobes of radiation. different orientations.
• the network antenna 42 comprises a plurality of elementary antennas arranged together to cover in a compact manner in one piece three flat support surfaces 44, 46, 48, in the example shown in Fig. 16, the three planar support surfaces 44, 46, 48 each define a different normal direction.

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• 2011
  • 2011-12-21 FR FR1162141A patent/FR2985096B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2012
  • 2012-12-20 US US14/366,474 patent/US9711867B2/en active Active
  • 2012-12-20 CN CN201280063980.9A patent/CN104137333B/zh active Active
  • 2012-12-20 JP JP2014548040A patent/JP6173344B2/ja active Active
  • 2012-12-20 EP EP12806483.9A patent/EP2795724B1/de active Active
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