EP2787489A1 - Procédé de contrôle d'objets imprimés - Google Patents

Procédé de contrôle d'objets imprimés Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2787489A1
EP2787489A1 EP13455003.7A EP13455003A EP2787489A1 EP 2787489 A1 EP2787489 A1 EP 2787489A1 EP 13455003 A EP13455003 A EP 13455003A EP 2787489 A1 EP2787489 A1 EP 2787489A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
digital image
reduced
switch
objects
fine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP13455003.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Andreas Vrabl
Reinhard Granec
Konrad Mayer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH
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AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH filed Critical AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH
Priority to EP13455003.7A priority Critical patent/EP2787489A1/fr
Priority to EP14161755.5A priority patent/EP2787490A1/fr
Publication of EP2787489A1 publication Critical patent/EP2787489A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
    • G07D7/202—Testing patterns thereon using pattern matching

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for testing printed objects according to the preamble of claim 1. Furthermore, the invention relates to a device for testing printed objects according to the preamble of patent claim 8.
  • the invention is preferably used to test freshly printed or fed banknotes before dispensing.
  • other objects in particular printing units, can also be checked for conformity with a given reference object or with a reference printing unit.
  • a digital image is preferably created both from the respective printing unit to be tested and from the reference printing unit, and the two digital images thus created are compared with one another.
  • Fig. 1 shows schematically the procedure of the prior art.
  • printing units 1 are created by a printing press 15.
  • the printing units 1 After production, the printing units 1 by means of a conveyor belt 12 through the Receiving area of a receiving unit 11 transported.
  • the recording unit 11 creates a digital image 2 of the respective printing unit 1.
  • the digital image 2 is supplied to a computing unit 16.
  • the arithmetic unit 16 optionally reduces the resolution of the digital image 2 of the printing unit 1, so that the arithmetic unit 16 can check the digital images 2 supplied to it at a speed which corresponds to the production rate or the clock rate of the objects 1. This avoids that the arithmetic unit 16 operates too slowly and an examination of the printing units in real time is not possible.
  • a comparison result in the form of a comparison value is obtained.
  • This comparison value is compared with a threshold, which indicates which comparison result is just considered to be tolerable. If the determined comparison result is worse than the threshold value, the digital image 2 and the object 1 from which the digital image originates are classified as defective; otherwise the digital image 2 and the object 1 assigned to it are classified as error-free.
  • the position of a switch 13 is switched, so that those objects 1b which have been identified as defective are rejected by the objects 1a identified as faultless. Faulty objects 1b are destroyed or recycled or, if there are no serious defects, put on the market as inadequate goods.
  • the articles 1a, 1b are stored and made available in separate containers 17a, 17b according to their classification via separate conveyor belts 12a, 12b downstream of the switch 13.
  • the aim of the invention is to provide a method which, on the one hand, permits a precise examination and, on the other hand, has a lower consumption of resources than the methods mentioned above.
  • the invention solves this problem in a method of the type mentioned above with the characterizing features of claim 1.
  • This procedure has the significant advantage that a fine test is only required if the rough check previously carried out has not yielded a clear result. As a result, the effort associated with the fine inspection can be reduced to a small proportion of the objects, such as printing units.
  • a simple and efficient implementation provides that the coarse test and the fine test respectively identical or different test algorithms are used, which are adapted to the respective resolution of the images to be compared.
  • the first threshold value used for the coarse test for the distinction between error-free and potentially defective reduced digital images indicates a higher match than the second threshold used in the fine test.
  • the resolution of the digital image and / or the reference image is reduced by reducing the local resolution of the respective image and / or by combining individual color channels, in particular by the respective image is converted from color to black and white or grayscale and / or by reducing the resolution depth of the individual color channels.
  • the reduced digital images are fed to a piecewise affine transformation before the coarse examination and brought into coincidence with the reduced reference image.
  • the digital images before the fine test of a non-linear equalization, and possibly one before the fine test successive rotation, distortion or piecewise affine transformation supplied and gebacht with the reference image to cover are provided.
  • the first threshold value is set such that a proportion of 1 / n, in particular 3% to 10%, of the objects is detected to be potentially erroneous, where n corresponds to the ratio between the memory size of the digital image and the memory size of the reduced digital image.
  • At least one object located in the buffer is classified as defective and / or discarded.
  • the invention solves the above object in a device of the type mentioned above with the characterizing features of claim 8.
  • the first arithmetic unit For excreting articles of very poor quality, provision can be made for the first arithmetic unit to classify the object as "in any case erroneous" for coarse testing and rough classification of a reduced digital image present at its input if the first comparison value indicates a lower match than a predefined third threshold value.
  • a preferred arrangement of the first switch provides that for the removal of objects with very poor quality, the first switch has a third output, which leads via a transport device provided for this purpose to a container for at least faulty items and that the first diverter transports items from their entrance to their third exit if the gross classification result is "in any case erroneous".
  • a simple and efficient implementation provides that for the coarse test and the fine test respectively programs with the same test algorithms are stored in the first arithmetic unit and the second arithmetic unit, which are adapted to the respective resolution of the digital images and reference images to be compared.
  • the first threshold used for the coarse test for the distinction between error-free and potentially erroneous pictures indicates a higher match than the second threshold used in the fine check.
  • Fig. 2 schematically shows a first embodiment of a test device according to the invention.
  • Fig. 3 shows schematically the distribution of the quality of printing units and made by the coarse and fine check separation of the printing units based on the print quality.
  • Fig. 2 a first embodiment of a test device according to the invention is shown. This testing device is preceded by a production unit 25, which creates the objects to be tested 1. Alternatively, it is also possible that the objects to be tested are located in a memory and are supplied to the respective test with a time delay.
  • the objects 1 are transported via a transport device 22, which in the present case is designed as a conveyor belt, and arrive on their transport through the receiving area 21 'of a receiving unit 21.
  • the receiving unit 21 creates a digital image 2 from the respective object 1.
  • a reduction unit 29 is created Basis of the digital image 2 a digital image reduced in its resolution 3.
  • the reduction of the resolution can be carried out according to different criteria, wherein only the reduction of the amount of data of the reduced digital image 3 with respect to the digital image 2 is required.
  • a reduction of the resolution can be achieved by reducing the number of pixels.
  • the number of image channels can also be reduced; for example, the reduced digital image 3 can be created by weighting the individual color values associated with a pixel and assigning them to the positionally corresponding pixel of the reduced digital image 3.
  • the color depth is reduced, ie that the discretization, with which individual color values are resolved, is coarsened. For example, from a digital image 2, for each color channel and pixel each 16 bits available a reduced digital image 3 can be created for which only 4 or 8 bits are available per color channel and pixel.
  • the reduction of the resolution of the digital image 2 and the concomitant creation of the reduced digital image 3 is performed in the present embodiment of the reduction unit 29, which is the recording unit 21 downstream.
  • the reduced digital image 3 is fed to a first computing unit 26a, which carries out a rough checking and rough classification of the object 1 or of the reduced digital image 3 that it has produced.
  • the digital image 2 can also be fed to the first arithmetic unit 26a, the reduction unit 29 being designed as part of the first arithmetic unit 26a, which generates the reduced digital image 3 on the basis of the digital image 2 supplied to it.
  • a reference image 4 is available for testing the object 1, which in terms of its resolution, its color depth and the channels used corresponds to the digital image 2 of a defect-free object 1 which is expected during the recording.
  • This reference image 4 can be predetermined or created by taking a good object.
  • the reference image 4 can also be created by a statistical method, for example by averaging or median formation, of the values of digital images of several error-free reference objects.
  • a reduced reference image 5 is created.
  • the reduction of the image information of the reduced reference image 5 is carried out in the same way as in the creation of the reduced digital images 3 based on the captured digital images 2.
  • the reduced reference image 5 is stored in the first processing unit 26a or otherwise kept available for retrieval.
  • Each reduced digital image 3 arriving at the first arithmetic unit 26a or created by the first arithmetic unit 26a is compared with the reduced reference image 5.
  • the types of image comparison mentioned in connection with the prior art come into question.
  • comparison methods can be used, as described in the cited documents.
  • a first comparison result V 1 is obtained in the form of a digital numerical value.
  • This first comparison result V 1 is compared with a first threshold value S 1 . If the first comparison result V 1 indicates a worse match of the reduced digital image 3 with the reduced reference image 5 than a comparison result corresponding to the first threshold value S 1 , the respective reduced digital image 3 and thus also the object 1 from which the respective reduced digital image 3 originates , recognized as potentially defective and viewed. Otherwise, the article 1 is recognized as a defect-free article 1a and viewed.
  • a third threshold value S 3 is predetermined, which corresponds to a very poor comparison result. If the comparison result V 1 obtained on the basis of the comparison of the reduced digital image 3 with the reduced reference image 5 indicates a worse match than the third threshold S 3 , then the respective object 1 from which the reduced digital image 3 originates is referred to as a "faulty" object 1c viewed.
  • Such a sorting out, at any rate, of defective articles 1c by the first arithmetic unit 26a merely constitutes a special development of the invention for relieving the fine test yet to be displayed, and basically does not need to be provided.
  • a first diverter 23a is actuated by the latter. If the respective object 1 reaches the first switch 23a, the switch 23a is set depending on its classification, so that the object 1 reaches one of the transport units 22a, 22b, 22c assigned to the respective classes specified by the classification.
  • the first switch 23a has an input and at least two outputs.
  • the input of the first switch 23a is connected downstream of the transport unit 22.
  • the first exit of the first switch 23a leads via a second transport device 22a to a container 27a for faultless articles 1a.
  • the second output of the first switch 23a leads via a third transport device 22b to the second switch 23b.
  • the first switch 23a is, as already mentioned, controlled by the first computing unit 26a.
  • the first diverter 23a transports items 1 from their entrance to their first exit when the gross classification result is fed "error-free". If the article 1 is classified as error-free, it is conveyed via a first transport unit 22a to a container 27a for defect-free articles 1a and held therein.
  • the first diverter 23a transports items 1 from their entrance to their second exit, when the gross classification result "potentially erroneous" is supplied to them. If the item 1 is classified as “potentially defective”, it is conveyed via a second transport unit 22b to a buffer 24 for potentially defective items 1b and kept available there.
  • the buffer 24 has the task of buffering the irregular arrival of objects 1b classified as “potentially defective” and of making such objects 1b available on a regular basis, without an overloading of the second arithmetic unit 26b during the fine inspection of the objects 1b.
  • the first switch 23a has a third output and transports articles 1 from their input to their third output when the rough classification result is supplied to them "in any case erroneous".
  • these devices in particular a container 27c for in any case defective articles 1c as well as the transport device 22c leading to it, are not a mandatory component of the invention.
  • the first diverter 23a thus has a number of outputs corresponding to the number of classes provided by the classification of the first arithmetic unit 26a. Depending on the assignment of the respective object 1 to one of the classes, the position of the first switch 23a is selected accordingly, so that the respectively differently classified objects are separated according to their classification.
  • the respective first comparison results V 1 stored in a FIFO memory of the first arithmetic unit 26a. If an object 1 now arrives at the first switch 23a, the oldest value written to the FIFO memory is read out of it and the first switch 23a is set in accordance with this value. The value is then deleted from the FIFO memory.
  • the objects 1b classified as "potentially defective” are rechecked by a second arithmetic unit 26b. As already mentioned, these potentially defective articles 1b are kept available in a buffer 24 connected downstream of the second outlet of the first switch 23b.
  • the digital images 2 associated with the objects classified as potentially defective are transferred to the second arithmetic unit 26b and in this case according to the FIFO principle, i. in the order of their arrival, worked off.
  • the order of execution of the fine examination of the digital images 2 corresponds to the order of the objects 1b in the buffer.
  • the second arithmetic unit 26b may be supplied with the digital images 2 of all objects 1 to be tested. In this case, the arithmetic unit 26b discards the digital images 2 of those not classified as "potentially defective" Objects 1a, 1c and only processes the digital images 2 of the objects 1b classified as "potentially defective".
  • the second arithmetic unit 26b carries out the fine classification on the basis of a comparison of the digital image 2 produced by the recording unit 21 with a reference image 4.
  • a reference image 4 is provided which corresponds in resolution, the channels used and the color depth to the expected digital image of a defect-free object 1.
  • the second arithmetic unit 26b compares the digital image 2 of the subject 1 with the reference image 4 in the same way as the first arithmetic unit 26a compares the reduced digital image 3 with the reduced reference image 5.
  • the only difference between the comparison process carried out on the first and the second arithmetic unit 26a, 26b is that the second arithmetic unit 26b determines a second comparison value V 2 with the full image resolution.
  • This second comparison value V 2 is compared with a second threshold value S 2 and a fine classification is carried out, with the respective object 1 b being indicated as a "defective" object 1 c in a comparison result V 2 which indicates a worse match than the second threshold value S 2 . otherwise it is classified as a "faultless" item 1a '.
  • comparison methods can be used for the coarse and the fine test, which differ only in terms of the resolution used.
  • the fine test it is particularly advantageous if several different test methods are available for the fine test, which are adapted to different types of errors. If a subclassification for potential error types is made in the rough check, depending on the subclassification in the course of the rough classification, a fine check specially tailored to the presumed error can be carried out. For example, if an item is considered “potentially defective" in the coarse classification, with a subclassification "potential misprints of the squeegee type" being made, the fine test may use a test method that specifically investigates the presence of squeegee strips. In addition, the rough classification can be added to the estimated position of the respective error and used as a parameter of fine classification.
  • the objects 1b fed to the buffer 24 are supplied on request to the second processing unit 26b to a second switch 23b, which is also controlled by the second processing unit 26b.
  • the second arithmetic unit 26b carries out a fine classification for each of the items 1 into one of the classes "error-free” and “erroneous”, wherein the items may optionally also be assigned to further classes.
  • subclassifications such as "Color Error Fault Type Error” or "Squeegee Style Fault Type Error” are also possible as subclasses of the "Faulty” class. These sub-classifications can be used to initiate feedback to the production unit 25, if present, and to carry out corresponding readjustments.
  • the second switch 23b separates the articles 1b conveyed from the buffer 24 according to their classification into "defect-free" articles 1a 'and “defective” articles 1c' by guiding them to respective different transport units 28a, 28c.
  • the second switch 23b has one input and two outputs, it being additionally possible to provide a further output for each possible classification result of the fine classification.
  • the input of the second switch 23b is connected downstream of the output of the first switch 23a for "potentially defective" articles 1 via the third transport unit 22b.
  • the first exit of the second switch 23b leads via a fourth transport device 28a to a further container 27a 'for faultless articles 1a'.
  • the second output of the second switch 23b leads via a fifth transport device 28c to a further container 27c 'for defective articles 1c'.
  • the second switch 23b transports items 1 from their entrance to their first exit when the fine classification result is supplied "error-free" by the second processing unit 26b.
  • the second diverter 23b transports items 1 from their entrance to their second exit when the fine classification result is "erroneously" supplied from the second arithmetic unit 26b.
  • Articles 1a 'classified as such "free of defects” are transported via the fourth transport unit 28a to the further container 27a' for defect-free articles 1a 'and stored therein and made available.
  • Articles 1c 'classified as "defective” in this way are transported via the fifth transport unit 28c to the container 27c' for defective articles 1c 'and stored therein and made available.
  • Fig. 3 schematically the setting of the first and the second threshold value S 1 , S 2 is shown.
  • Fig. 3 indicates on the ordinate the probability that an item 1 has a certain match with an ideal reference item.
  • the larger the respective comparison value V 1 , V 2 the worse is the correspondence between the respective digital image 2 , 3 and the associated reference image 4 , 5.
  • the abscissa represents a threshold value T which corresponds to the quality that an object 1 may have in the worst case in order to be classified as error-free. Due to the examination of the coincidence of the respective digital image 2, 3 with the reference image 4, 5 by the first and second arithmetic unit 26a, 26b, the comparison value V 2 determined by the second arithmetic unit 26b has a greater accuracy than that of the first Arithmetic unit 26a determined first comparison value V 1 .
  • the inaccuracy with which the coarse test is affected is represented by the first interval I 1 , whereby the qualitatively worst boundary, here the upper one, of this first interval I 1 corresponds to the limit value T 1 .
  • S 1 T + I 1/2.
  • the width of the first interval I 1 in this embodiment corresponds to the error spread of the comparison made during the coarse test.
  • the width of the second interval I 2 corresponds to the lower error spread of the comparison made during the fine test compared to the rough test.
  • the intervals lie symmetrically about the respective threshold values S 1 , S 2 , S 3 .
  • the obliquely shaded surface area under the curve indicates the maximum expected proportion of the objects to be tested in the course of the fine test. The closer the interval limits of the first interval I 1 are selected, the fewer items need to be subjected to the fine check, however, the more complex the coarse check will be.
  • a third threshold value S 3 can be selected as shown below.
  • the third threshold value S 3 T + I 1 ' / 2 set so that it at least the Interval width I 1 '/ 2 worse, here greater, is selected as the threshold T.
  • S 3 T - I 1 ' / 2 applies accordingly.
  • the following alternative adaptive procedure for creating a uniform utilization between the first arithmetic unit 26a and the second arithmetic unit 26b can be used.
  • the first threshold S 1 ' can alternatively be chosen so that on average every n-th reduced digital image 2 is potentially defective is recognized.
  • the adaptive first threshold value S 1 ' may be set in an interval between an optimum quality S max and the first threshold value S 1 .
  • S max> S 1 '> S 1 T + I 1/2.
  • S 1 corresponds to a minimum value of agreement.
  • the adaptive first threshold S 1 'within the predetermined interval is adapted to a greater consistency indexed value, so that more reduced digital images are classified as potentially faulty 3 after this change. Conversely, if the number of reduced digital images 3 identified as potentially defective is too large, the adaptive first threshold value S 1 'is adapted so that less reduced digital images 3 are classified as potentially defective after this change.
  • the first threshold value S 1 is adaptively determined by specifying that only 4% of the digital images classified by the first arithmetic unit 26 a are classified as "potentially defective". If, as before If the number of objects 1b classified as "potentially defective" is approximately 4% of the total objects 1 to be inspected, then for a real-time capable fine classification with the arithmetic unit 26b for each of the objects 1b approximately 25 times the time for fine checking is available ,
  • the reduced digital images 3 are supplied before the coarse examination of a piecewise affine transformation and brought into coincidence with the reduced reference image 5. Such a procedure is known from the prior art and is performed by the first computing unit 26a.
  • the digital images 2 may be fed before the fine check of a non-linear equalization, and possibly a before or after rotation, distortion or piecewise affine transformation, and be covered with the reference image 4 to cover. This is likewise known from the prior art and is performed by the second arithmetic unit 26b.

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  • Computer Vision & Pattern Recognition (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
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EP13455003.7A 2013-04-03 2013-04-03 Procédé de contrôle d'objets imprimés Withdrawn EP2787489A1 (fr)

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EP13455003.7A EP2787489A1 (fr) 2013-04-03 2013-04-03 Procédé de contrôle d'objets imprimés
EP14161755.5A EP2787490A1 (fr) 2013-04-03 2014-03-26 Procédé de contrôle d'objets imprimés

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112017151A (zh) * 2019-05-28 2020-12-01 肖特瑞士股份公司 高吞吐量透明物品的分类方法和系统

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US5652802A (en) * 1990-02-05 1997-07-29 Cummins-Allison Corp. Method and apparatus for document identification
DE19744999A1 (de) 1997-01-17 1998-07-23 Heidelberger Druckmasch Ag Verfahren zur Inspektion eines Druckproduktes
EP0881603A1 (fr) * 1996-01-25 1998-12-02 SANYO ELECTRIC Co., Ltd. Procede d'examen de feuilles et de billets etc., permettant de detecter les contrefacons et procede d'estimation de leur sens d'insertion
WO2002073545A1 (fr) * 2001-03-14 2002-09-19 De La Rue International Limited Appareil et procede d'identification d'objet
EP1349119A2 (fr) * 2002-03-26 2003-10-01 Hitachi, Ltd. Distributeur de billets
EP2058772A2 (fr) * 2007-11-07 2009-05-13 Hitachi-Omron Terminal Solutions, Corp. Appareil de manipulation de billets de banque et distributeur automatique

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5652802A (en) * 1990-02-05 1997-07-29 Cummins-Allison Corp. Method and apparatus for document identification
EP0881603A1 (fr) * 1996-01-25 1998-12-02 SANYO ELECTRIC Co., Ltd. Procede d'examen de feuilles et de billets etc., permettant de detecter les contrefacons et procede d'estimation de leur sens d'insertion
DE19744999A1 (de) 1997-01-17 1998-07-23 Heidelberger Druckmasch Ag Verfahren zur Inspektion eines Druckproduktes
WO2002073545A1 (fr) * 2001-03-14 2002-09-19 De La Rue International Limited Appareil et procede d'identification d'objet
EP1349119A2 (fr) * 2002-03-26 2003-10-01 Hitachi, Ltd. Distributeur de billets
EP2058772A2 (fr) * 2007-11-07 2009-05-13 Hitachi-Omron Terminal Solutions, Corp. Appareil de manipulation de billets de banque et distributeur automatique

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"The Colour Image Processing Handbook", 1998, CHAPMAN & HALL, pages: 8 - 23,66-90
"Trichromatic opponent color classification", vol. 39, 4 March 1998, ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD., pages: 24444 - 2458
M. BOLLMANN ET AL.: "Advances in Structural and Syntactical Pattern Recognition", 20 August 1996, article "Opponent Color Processing Based on Neural Models"
M. S. MILLÄN; M. CORBALÄN: "Optical Pattern Recognition based on Color Vision Models", vol. 20, 2 May 1995, OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA, pages: 1722 - 1724
SILVIO BORER ET AL.: "First European Conference on Color in Graphics", April 2002, article "Opponent Color Space Motivated by Retinal Processing"

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112017151A (zh) * 2019-05-28 2020-12-01 肖特瑞士股份公司 高吞吐量透明物品的分类方法和系统

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