EP2766916A1 - Vakuum-elektronenstrahlanordnung und verfahren zur herstellung einer elektrode dafür - Google Patents
Vakuum-elektronenstrahlanordnung und verfahren zur herstellung einer elektrode dafürInfo
- Publication number
- EP2766916A1 EP2766916A1 EP12766910.9A EP12766910A EP2766916A1 EP 2766916 A1 EP2766916 A1 EP 2766916A1 EP 12766910 A EP12766910 A EP 12766910A EP 2766916 A1 EP2766916 A1 EP 2766916A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- arrangement according
- surface layer
- electrode
- open
- backbone
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 12
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 47
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 106
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 17
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000001427 coherent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000004381 surface treatment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- WUUZKBJEUBFVMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper molybdenum Chemical compound [Cu].[Mo] WUUZKBJEUBFVMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007788 roughening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 101000848724 Homo sapiens Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910015269 MoCu Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 102100034584 Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000712 assembly Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000429 assembly Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009125 cardiac resynchronization therapy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000873 masking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007517 polishing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019592 roughness Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005476 soldering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
- H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
- H01J23/027—Collectors
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J23/00—Details of transit-time tubes of the types covered by group H01J25/00
- H01J23/02—Electrodes; Magnetic control means; Screens
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J25/00—Transit-time tubes, e.g. klystrons, travelling-wave tubes, magnetrons
- H01J25/34—Travelling-wave tubes; Tubes in which a travelling wave is simulated at spaced gaps
Definitions
- the invention relates to a vacuum electron beam arrangement and a method for producing an electrode.
- vacuum electron beam assemblies having a primary electrode emitting electron source and an electrode which are often referred to as electron beam tubes, are understood without limitation to a tubular cylindrical shape in general arrangements in which within an evacuated space, an electron source emits electrons to achieve a desired operation of the device and in which secondary electrons are undesirable.
- the secondary electrons are formed, for example, by impinging primary electrons on an electrode located in the movement region of the primary electrons.
- the invention relates in particular to vacuum electron tubes with bundling of the primary electrons to form a directed primary electron beam, in particular running-field tubes, wherein as electrodes, for example, beam apertures, grid electrodes and in particular collector electrodes for the emission of secondary electrons are of importance. Electrodes can also be beam targets.
- the present invention is based on the invention of specifying a vacuum electron beam arrangement with an electron source for primary electrons and an electrode which can be acted upon by the latter and a method for producing an electrode for such an arrangement with the aim of low secondary electron emission. Solutions according to the invention are described in the independent claims. The dependent claims contain advantageous refinements and developments of the invention.
- the open-pore surface layer can be produced in an advantageous manner.
- An open-pore structure contains in a coherent framework a plurality of interconnected cavities as pores, wherein near-surface pores may have openings directly to the surface.
- pores cavities are considered which z. B. in contrast to grooves or channels in all directions have similar dimensions and z. B. by ellipsoids with major axis ratios of an average of 5: 1 max can be described approximated.
- the proportion of openings of pores pointing directly to the surface is at least 10%, in particular at least 20%, of the surface of the surface layer.
- the proportion of openings of pores directly attributed to the surface is advantageously not more than 80% of the surface area.
- the length fraction of undercut edge portions is advantageously on average at least 5%, in particular at least 10%, preferably at least 20%, of the total length of the edges.
- An undercut is usually characterized by the fact that away from the surface, after the edge delimiting an opening, the following wall section extends away from the opening.
- An average pore diameter is determined from a pore quantity of those larger pores, hereinafter also referred to as large pores, which yield 80% of the total open pore volume.
- the mean layer thickness of the open-pored surface layer is advantageously at least 50%, in particular at least 100%, preferably at least 150% of this average pore diameter.
- the layer thickness is at most 10 times, preferably at most 5 times, this average pore diameter. Surface roughnesses of less than 5% of this mean pore diameter are not considered pores open to the surface.
- the average pore diameter is advantageously between 2 ⁇ and 15 ⁇ , in particular between 3 ⁇ and 10 ⁇ .
- the layer thickness of the open-pore surface layer is advantageously at least 2 ⁇ , in particular at least 3 ⁇ .
- the layer thickness is at most 30 ⁇ , in particular at most 20 ⁇ .
- the production of the open-pored surface layer takes place via the intermediate step of a surface layer of a composite material of at least a first material which forms the later open-pored surface layer as an open-pore skeleton, and of a second, the pores of the skeleton in the composite material filling material. Due to the composite material properties of the two materials can be advantageously connected.
- the first material may advantageously contain molybdenum and / or tungsten.
- the second material consists predominantly, preferably essentially completely, of copper.
- the two materials are advantageously combined in such a way that selective removal of the second material from the first material can be carried out by conventional methods.
- the two materials coexist in the composite material in a microscopically spatially finely distributed form, without forming chemical compounds or alloys to any appreciable extent.
- a thin alloy layer at the interfaces of the first and second layers is generally not critical.
- the production of the electrode or at least the surface layer by an open-pore skeleton of the first material is produced and the second material is introduced in liquefied state in the pores of the skeleton, which is also referred to as impregnation of the first material with the second material ,
- the second material has for this purpose a lower melting point than the first material.
- the basic structure may have a greater thickness than the layer thickness of the later open-pored surface layer.
- the open-pore skeleton can z. B. made of a metal powder compact of the first material by sintering.
- the composite material can be produced, for example, by simultaneous spray-compacting of first and second material or by press-compacting a material mixture of first and second material.
- the open cell surface layer is made from the composite material by selectively removing the second material from the composite material. In this case, both the remaining small amounts of the second material in or on the skeleton as well as a small removal of the first material may be permissible.
- a selective removal of the second material from the backbone of the first material may, for example, be wet-chemically by a material-selective mordant.
- the removal of the second material from the skeleton of the first material by a material-selective electrochemical process, in particular by electropolishing, wherein the process parameters are adjustable so that the second material is selectively released from the first material.
- electropolishing methods are typically used to produce smooth surfaces with as little roughness as possible
- the electropolishing process adapted to the dissolution of the second material serves the opposite purpose of roughening the surface.
- the process parameters are chosen such that sharp edges and points of the skeleton of the invention are obtained. material to be rounded during electropolishing.
- the rounding of tips and edges of the skeleton of the first material can also be done in a separate on the removal of the first material matched, preferably again electrochemical process.
- the second material may advantageously serve for mechanical processing of the composite material for macroscopic shaping of the desired electrode surface by supporting the open-pored basic structure made of the first material during mechanical processing, which may in particular involve a mechanical material removal of composite material.
- the mechanical mate- rialabtrag may in particular include a cutting removal process.
- the compared to pure tungsten or molybdenum improved machinability of a composite WCu x or MoCu x with z. B. 30% share x of copper is known per se.
- the second basic structure of the first material extends in the finished electrode advantageously from the surface over the layer thickness of the open-pored surface layer deeper into the electrode or passes through them completely. Facing away from the surface, the electrode continues perpendicular to the surface after the open-pored surface layer then advantageously in the form of the composite material filled with the second material backbone of the first material.
- the second material may advantageously close the pores of the first material vacuum-tight and / or ensure good thermal conductivity of the composite material, with copper being the second material is particularly suitable for the latter effect.
- Fig. 3 is a schematic drawing representation of the surface layer
- FIG. 4 is an EM-recording of an open-pored surface
- FIG. 5 is a section through an open-pored surface layer
- the traveling-wave tube TWT contains in an evacuated interior a cathode KA which emits electrodes.
- the electrons emitted by the cathode KA are accelerated by means of a grating arrangement Gl and bundled to form an electron beam ES.
- the only schematically indicated grating arrangement G1 can contain, in particular, acceleration grids, control grids, shadow gratings, diaphragms, which can be at different potentials.
- the focused electron beam ES is passed through the magnetic field of a magnet arrangement MA through a delay line VL and interacts with a high-frequency field, which is coupled in at a signal input SE as an RF input signal and coupled out as an amplified output signal at the signal output SA.
- the electron beam ES which runs over the length of the delay line against a braking potential gradient, with a residual energy of the electrons in a typically multi-stage collector CO passed, in which the Electrons should be absorbed as completely as possible.
- secondary electrons Upon impact of the electrons on surfaces within the collector, secondary electrons can form, which are accelerated by the potential gradient acting on the electron beam ES in the direction of the grating arrangement Gl and the cathode KA and impair the performance and lifetime of the traveling-wave tube TWT by damaging the cathode. It is therefore desirable to minimize the emission of secondary electrons in the collector CO. Disturbing secondary electron emission can also occur elsewhere in the traveling-wave tube, in particular in a shadow gate frequently used for pulse-operated cathode ray tubes. Other types of vacuum CRTs may be similarly affected by secondary electron emission.
- FIG. 2 shows the example of a collector intermediate ring of a traveling wave tube representative of different, secondary electron emitting components of a vacuum cathode ray tube.
- the typically circular cylindrical intermediate ring ZR is shown enlarged in FIG. 2 (A) as a sectional view with a sectional plane containing the central axis MA of the circular shape.
- FIGS. 2 (B) to 2 (F) show in a further enlarged view of a detail circled in FIG. 2 (A) various steps of a preferred production method.
- the intermediate ring ZR is produced in such a way that from a mixture of a metal powder, for example molybdenum, and a filler in a preliminary stage of a sintering process, a so-called green body is pressed, in which the partial particles are in mutual contact as the first material.
- the first material is referred to in Fig. 2 (B) as a coherent basic structure P1, the interspaces are filled with a filler FS completely or partially.
- the metal particles are fixedly connected to one another at their contact surfaces and, on the other hand, the filler material FS is removed, so that after conclusion of the sintering process, a coherent framework GG with cavities HG is formed which is formed from the interconnected metal particles. Also, the cavities HG are interconnected in a three-dimensional structure.
- second material in liquid form for example molten copper
- second material in liquid form for example molten copper
- the liquid second material M2 substantially completely fills the cavities HG of the skeleton GG, resulting in a structure of the type outlined in FIG. 2 (B), in which a composite material of a molybdenum skeleton GG is used as the first material for the intermediate ring present by copper as the second material M2 completed interstices of the backbone.
- Such a body of a composite material of molybdenum and copper can advantageously be processed much easier by mechanical surface processing methods than the pure molybdenum skeleton GG or a solid molybdenum body.
- Fig. 2 (E) is shown schematically that on an axial end face and a radially inner wall surface of the circular cylindrical intermediate ring material removal MB was made with respect to the previous contours shown with a broken line. The sketch is not to scale. In the material removal, for example by a machining turning, a smearing of the surface structures may occur. Due to the mechanical material-removing machining a desired shape and dimension of the intermediate ring ZR can be achieved with high precision. After mechanical surface treatment, optionally as shown in FIG.
- a surface treatment is performed selectively dissolves second material M2 in a surface layer OS from the skeleton GG, so that the surface has an open-pored structure. It turns out that even after selectively removing the second material M2 in the surface layer OS, a reliable solderability of the surface is maintained, which is advantageous for the typically soldering connection of the intermediate ring ZR with geometrically adjacent components of the collector CO of a traveling wave tube TWT.
- the microporous structure of the surface layer OS does not adversely affect such a process.
- the solder fills the pores of the surface layer OS substantially completely and forms a vacuum-tight and mechanically strong anchoring.
- the entire surface of the intermediate ring ZR can be subjected to the processing step of selectively removing copper as a second material in the surface layer OS of the composite material without masking individual surface regions, which can be done, for example, in a bath comprising the entire intermediate ring ZR.
- the selective removal of second material M2 in the surface layer OS is preferably carried out wet-chemically, in particular electrochemically.
- a preferred method for the selective removal of the second material from the surface layer OS is the so-called electropolishing, in which in an aqueous solution an electrolyte, which is adapted to the material to be dissolved, is used in conjunction with the application of an electrical voltage.
- the release of the second material can be largely without releasing the Scaffold GG forming first material done. But it can also be used a solution which causes a dissolution of the first material, wherein the first material of the skeleton GG is less dissolved than the second material.
- release of first material may be intended to remove sharp edges and spikes or smeared material lugs of the first material so that the remaining backbone GG on the surface of the surface layer OS is freed of microscopically fine sharp structures within the porous structure.
- a separate electro polishing process with parameters matched to the first material is selected.
- the method of electropolishing is known per se and is used to achieve very smooth polished surfaces.
- the process of electropolishing is used to roughen a surface of a composite material and to produce a porous surface.
- Suitable for this purpose are in particular material-selective pickling or the so-called plasma polishing, which also represents an electrochemical process.
- the method with removal of microscopically sharp structures of the first material in a polishing step and selective removal of second material from the surface layer OS in another polishing step represents a preferred embodiment with a particularly advantageous surface with particularly low secondary electron emission.
- Fig. 3 shows in a diagrammatic representation in a further enlarged scale again steps of already explained with reference to FIG. 2 production in a simplified form.
- FIG. 3 shows in a diagrammatic representation in a further enlarged scale again steps of already explained with reference to FIG. 2 production in a simplified form.
- first material M1 which has empty interspaces HG.
- the gaps HG communicate with each other in a three-dimensional structure, so that cavities appearing isolated in the sectional plane of FIG. 3 (A) are connected to other cavities via structures perpendicular to the drawing plane and areas appearing isolated in the sectional plane of FIG. 3 (A) first material M1 likewise via three-dimensional structures are part of the basic framework GG to be regarded as rigid.
- Fig. 3 (B) the situation after impregnation of the skeleton GG of first material is shown with second material.
- the second material fills in the interstices HG of the basic framework GG according to FIG. 3 (A) and forms a composite material MV with the first material.
- the step of the mechanically material-removing surface treatment is omitted in the drawing of Fig. 3 and in Fig. 3 (C) is equal to the transition from reaching to the surface OF material composite MV shown to produce the porous surface layer OS.
- the porous structure of the backbone GG with the hollow spaces is again present.
- the material composite MV with second material M2 remains in the interstices of the basic structure of first material M1 unchanged from the surface OF by the surface layer OS.
- an undercut HS of the opening of the hole At an open pore PO of the surface layer OS of the first material, there is an undercut HS of the opening of the hole. RE PO to the surface forming edge explicitly drawn.
- the formation of such undercuts in the formation of the surface layer OS proves to be of particular advantage with regard to a desired low secondary electron emission.
- the proportion of pore edges with such undercuts HS is advantageously at least 10%, in particular at least 20% of all edge portions.
- FIG. 4 shows the porous structure of the surface layer in the form of images obtained by means of a scanning electron microscope of the surface of an intermediate ring processed by electropolishing, the viewing direction being perpendicular to FIG. 4 (A) and inclined to the surface in FIG. 4 (B) runs.
- the intermediate ring consists of a molybdenum-copper composite material with approximately 30% by weight of copper in the composite material.
- the photographs show a strongly fissured surface layer with a porous molybdenum skeleton and irregular cavities in the surface layer as well as a considerable amount of undercut edges of the pores on the surface of the molybdenum skeleton.
- the mean pore diameter is in the examples shown in Fig. 4 (A) and (B) at about 5-8 ⁇ .
- FIG. 5 shows two micrographs of micrographs in loop planes perpendicular to the surface of the molybdenum backbone in a near-surface region.
- the photographs each show a strongly fissured, microporous surface layer OS on the surface of an electrode body EK. Spaced apart from the surface by the surface layer OS, the electrode body EK consists of a material composite of a molybdenum-copper backbone as the second material filling the interstices of the backbone.
- the recording according to FIG. 5 (A) shows a structure which can be assigned to the recordings according to FIG. 4 and is produced by electropolishing.
- Fig. 5 (B) shows a surface structure produced by pickling. The average thicknesses of the surface layers are in the examples shown at about 8-10 ⁇ .
- FIG. 6 shows by way of example measured values for secondary electron emission for different surfaces, wherein the secondary electron emission coefficient SEEY is plotted against the energy with which primary electrons impinge on the surface. Smooth curves are assigned to the discrete measured values on the basis of common theories for the dependence of the emission coefficient SEEY on the energy of the primary electrons.
- the measured values represented by upright crosses (+) are obtained from a sample in which up to the surface a composite of molybdenum and copper with about 30 percent by weight copper according to the sketches of FIG. 2 (D) or FIG. 3 (B ) is present.
- the measured values represented by tilted crosses (x) are obtained from a sample of material in which a porous surface layer has been formed by selectively removing copper from the aforementioned sample composition by a wet-chemical pickling process.
- the surface so stained already shows strongly reduced values of the secondary electron emission coefficient, especially in the range of primary electron energy values below 1 keV, which is particularly important for use in a traveling wave tube.
- a further significant improvement results for a sample in which, in a two-stage electropolishing process as described above, the upper surface shown in FIG. 2 (F) or FIG. 3 (C) and depicted in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 (A). surface layer was generated.
- energies of the primary electrons between 0.5 keV and 1 keV energies of the primary electrons between 0.5 keV and 1 keV.
Landscapes
- Cold Cathode And The Manufacture (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE102011053949A DE102011053949A1 (de) | 2011-09-27 | 2011-09-27 | Vakuum-Elektronenstrahlanordnung und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Elektrode dafür |
PCT/EP2012/066596 WO2013045183A1 (de) | 2011-09-27 | 2012-08-27 | Vakuum-elektronenstrahlanordnung und verfahren zur herstellung einer elektrode dafür |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP2766916A1 true EP2766916A1 (de) | 2014-08-20 |
EP2766916B1 EP2766916B1 (de) | 2018-10-10 |
Family
ID=46968154
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP12766910.9A Active EP2766916B1 (de) | 2011-09-27 | 2012-08-27 | Vakuum-elektronenstrahlanordnung und verfahren zur herstellung einer elektrode dafür |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP2766916B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE102011053949A1 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2013045183A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
ES2564054B1 (es) | 2014-09-16 | 2016-12-27 | Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (Csic) | Recubrimiento anti-multipactor |
CN105762047B (zh) * | 2016-04-14 | 2017-08-11 | 中国科学院电子学研究所 | 空间行波管及其收集极、制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL232328A (de) * | 1957-10-21 | |||
IT1009545B (it) * | 1974-01-07 | 1976-12-20 | Getters Spa | Struttura a trappola per intercet tare elettroni e particelle elet tricamente cariche |
JPS50129763A (de) * | 1974-04-02 | 1975-10-14 | ||
US6759004B1 (en) * | 1999-07-20 | 2004-07-06 | Southco, Inc. | Process for forming microporous metal parts |
US7623004B2 (en) * | 2006-09-13 | 2009-11-24 | Dieter Wolk | Method and structure for inhibiting multipactor |
JP2009252444A (ja) * | 2008-04-03 | 2009-10-29 | Nec Microwave Inc | コレクタ電極及び電子管 |
JP2010225534A (ja) * | 2009-03-25 | 2010-10-07 | Netcomsec Co Ltd | コレクタ及び電子管 |
CN101964290B (zh) * | 2009-07-22 | 2012-01-18 | 中国科学院电子学研究所 | 一种多级降压收集极材料及其制备和表面处理方法 |
CN102117724A (zh) * | 2009-12-30 | 2011-07-06 | 中国科学院电子学研究所 | 多级降压收集极用多孔金属电极 |
-
2011
- 2011-09-27 DE DE102011053949A patent/DE102011053949A1/de active Pending
-
2012
- 2012-08-27 EP EP12766910.9A patent/EP2766916B1/de active Active
- 2012-08-27 WO PCT/EP2012/066596 patent/WO2013045183A1/de active Application Filing
Non-Patent Citations (1)
Title |
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See references of WO2013045183A1 * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE102011053949A1 (de) | 2013-03-28 |
WO2013045183A1 (de) | 2013-04-04 |
EP2766916B1 (de) | 2018-10-10 |
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