EP2759865A1 - Flüssigkristallanzeigetafel und Herstellungsverfahren dafür - Google Patents

Flüssigkristallanzeigetafel und Herstellungsverfahren dafür Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2759865A1
EP2759865A1 EP13163056.8A EP13163056A EP2759865A1 EP 2759865 A1 EP2759865 A1 EP 2759865A1 EP 13163056 A EP13163056 A EP 13163056A EP 2759865 A1 EP2759865 A1 EP 2759865A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
conductive metal
liquid crystal
oxide film
transparent conductive
crystal display
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Granted
Application number
EP13163056.8A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2759865B1 (de
Inventor
Kangpeng Yang
Yuan Li
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Xiamen Tianma Microelectronics Co Ltd
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Xiamen Tianma Microelectronics Co Ltd
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/133382—Heating or cooling of liquid crystal cells other than for activation, e.g. circuits or arrangements for temperature control, stabilisation or uniform distribution over the cell
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
    • G02F1/133509—Filters, e.g. light shielding masks
    • G02F1/133514—Colour filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
    • G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
    • G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
    • G02F1/133308—Support structures for LCD panels, e.g. frames or bezels
    • G02F1/133334—Electromagnetic shields

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the technical field of a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), and more particularly, to an LCD panel and a method for manufacturing the LCD panel.
  • LCD Liquid Crystal Display
  • a liquid crystal which is of a special substance form, is characterized by both a birefringence feature specific to a crystal and a liquid fluidity feature.
  • a Liquid Crystal Display is a display device produced based on the fact that an optical property of a liquid crystal molecule changes under the effect of an external electric field, and is divided into various types, which have been widely applied to a variety of displays and electronic instruments so far.
  • the response time of the liquid crystal is increased at a low temperature.
  • the increased response time of the liquid crystal deteriorates an image display quality, resulting in streaking and smears of a dynamic image, which affects a visual effect. If the temperature further drops (e.g. below - 30°C), the orientation layer of the display device will be failed and turn into a crystal due to the nonexistence of the liquid crystal state, thus an image cannot be displayed due to the loss of the liquid crystal state performance.
  • a heater is employed to heat the LCD screen in the prior art.
  • a Chinese patent No. CN2503560Y discloses a liquid crystal display module operatable normally under a ultralow temperature, which includes a printed circuit board, an LED backlight, a liquid crystal display and a heater provided between the LED backlight and the liquid crystal display, where the heater is a glass plate with a transparent conductive film, and electrodes are arranged adjacent to both short sides of the glass plate and may be inserted into insertion holes at both lateral sides of the printed circuit board.
  • the heater provided between the backlight and the liquid crystal display device increases the thickness of the liquid crystal display module and the structural complexity.
  • the present invention proposes the following technical solution.
  • a liquid crystal display panel includes:
  • conductive metal strips electrically insulated from each other and electrically connected with the transparent conductive metal oxide film are provided at side edges of the transparent conductive metal oxide film, and an external current is allowed to flow through the transparent conductive metal oxide film via the conductive metal strips.
  • a heating electrode is provided on the array substrate and electrically connected with the conductive metal strip on the color filter substrate through a conductive metal, and a current outputted by the heating electrode is allowed to flow to the transparent conductive metal oxide film through the conductive metal strip in order for heating.
  • a polarizer is provided on the side surface of the transparent conductive metal oxide film away from the color filter substrate.
  • the conductive metal strip is made of a titanium aluminum alloy or silver paste.
  • the polarizer only covers the transparent conductive metal oxide film.
  • the conductive metal is made of silver paste.
  • the liquid crystal display panel is provided with a driving signal by an external circuit which transmits the driving signal into the liquid crystal display panel through the heating electrode in order for heating.
  • the external circuit is a flexible printed circuit.
  • the transparent conductive metal oxide film is made of any one of or any combination of indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide and aluminum zinc oxide.
  • the present invention further provides a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal display panel, including steps of:
  • a transparent conductive metal oxide film on a side surface of the color filter substrate away from the liquid crystal layer, and forming conductive metal strips electrically insulated from each other and electrically connected with the transparent conductive metal oxide film at side edges of the transparent conductive metal oxide film, so that an external current is allowed to flow through the transparent conductive metal oxide film via the conductive metal strips.
  • the method includes forming a heating electrode on the array substrate, wherein the heating electrode is connected electrically with the conductive metal strip provided on the color filter substrate through a conductive metal, and a current outputted by the heating electrode is allowed to flow to the transparent conductive metal oxide film through the conductive metal strip in order for heating.
  • the conductive metal strip is made of a titanium aluminum alloy or silver paste.
  • the method includes providing a polarizer on the side surface of the transparent conductive metal oxide film away from the color filter substrate.
  • the polarizer only covers the transparent conductive metal oxide film.
  • the conductive metal is made of silver paste, and the heat electrode is connected electrically with the conductive metal strip on the color filter substrate by means of dropping silver paste.
  • the method includes providing the liquid crystal display panel with a driving signal through an external circuit, wherein the external circuit transmits the driving signal into the liquid crystal display panel through the heating electrode in order for heating.
  • the external circuit is a flexible printed circuit.
  • the transparent conductive metal oxide film is made of any one of or any combination of indium tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide and aluminum zinc oxide. Compared to the prior art, the present invention obtains a liquid crystal display panel with the improved display effect and antistatic ability at a low temperature, and with the reduced cost and the compact structure.
  • Fig.1 is a schematic view of a color filter substrate according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a top view of the liquid crystal display panel according to the embodiment.
  • Fig. 3 is a side view of the liquid crystal display panel according to the embodiment.
  • Fig. 4 is a top view of another color filter substrate according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 5 is a top view of a heating plate according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • Fig. 6 is a schematic circuit diagram of equivalent resistance of a specific heating plate.
  • Figs. 7-9 are side views of the color filter substrate prepared in various processing steps.
  • the invention provides a liquid crystal display panel, which includes: an array substrate; a color filter substrate arranged opposite to the array substrate; and a liquid crystal layer formed between the array substrate and the color filter substrate.
  • Fig.1 is a schematic view of a color filter substrate 1 according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 is a top view of a liquid crystal display panel according to the invention
  • Fig. 3 is a side view of the liquid crystal display panel taken along a direction in Fig. 2 .
  • a transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 lies on the side surface of the color filter substrate 1 that is away from the liquid crystal layer.
  • the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 may be made of any one of or any combination of indium tin oxide (ITO), zinc oxide (ZnO), indium zinc oxide (IZO) and aluminum zinc oxide (AZO), and preferably ITO.
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • ZnO zinc oxide
  • IZO indium zinc oxide
  • AZO aluminum zinc oxide
  • Two conductive metal strips 5 which are electrically insulated from each other, are arranged adjacent to both lateral sides of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3, respectively, and electrically connected to the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3, so that an external current is allowed to flow through the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 via the conductive metal strips 5.
  • the conductive metal strip 5 may be made of silver paste or a titanium aluminum alloy, and preferably of the silver paste. More preferably, the width of the conductive metal strip 5 is of a range from 0.5mm to 1.0mm.
  • a polarizer 4 is formed on the side surface of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3, that is away from the color filter substrate 1. Preferably, the polarizer 4 only covers the transparent conductive metal oxide film3, as shown in Fig. 1 .
  • the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 positioned between the color filter substrate 1 and the polarizer 4 may function as a heating plate, which heats the liquid crystal display panel at a low temperature to enhance the display effect of the liquid crystal display panel, further, the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 has a function of reducing static electricity so as to enhance the antistatic ability of the liquid crystal display panel.
  • the conductive metal strips 5 provided adjacent to both sides of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 are used for current transmission, so that an external current is allowed to flow through the transparent conductive metal oxide film via the conductive metal strips 5, thereby heating the liquid crystal display panel, such that the deterioration of the image display quality and the problems of streaking and smears of the dynamic image caused by the increased response time of the liquid crystal at a low temperature will be avoided, therefore the visual effect will be improved.
  • Figs. 1 and 2 illustratively show the case where the conductive metal strips 5 are provided adjacent to both lateral sides of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3, to allow the current to flow into a conductive metal strip 5 on one side of the film 3 and flow out from the conductive metal strip 5 on the other side of the film 3.
  • the conductive metal strips 5 also can be provided on other portions at the edge of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3, as long as the conductive metal strips 5 include two separate portions electrically insulated from each other such that the current may flow into one of the portions and flow out from the other portion.
  • Fig. 4 schematically shows a top view of another potential color filter substrate.
  • a stage portion 9 is provided on the array substrate 2, and corresponds to a region on the array substrate 2 except for the region correspondingly facing to the color filter substrate 1.
  • the stage portion 9 is provided with heating electrodes 7-1 and 7-2, and may also include a driving chip in another embodiment.
  • the heating electrodes 7-1 and 7-2 are connected electrically with the conductive metal strips 5 on the color filter substrate 1 through a conductive metal 6, and a current outputted by the heating electrodes 7-1 or 7-2 is allowed to flow through the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 via the conductive metal strips 5 for the purpose of heating.
  • the liquid crystal display panel may be provided with a driving signal by an external circuit, which transmits the driving signal into the liquid crystal display panel through the heating electrode for the purpose of heating.
  • the heating electrodes 7-1 and 7-2 are connected electrically with the external circuit which provides a driving voltage or current signal for the liquid crystal display panel, and the driving signal provided flows through the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 via the heating electrodes 7-1 and 7-2.
  • the external circuit may be a flexible printed circuit (FPC).
  • the electrical connection and signal transmission between the color filter substrate 1 and the array substrate 2 is implemented through the conductive metal 6 and the heating electrodes 7-1 and 7-2.
  • the conductive metal 6 may be made of any one or any alloy of titanium, aluminum, copper, molybdenum, silver, etc., and preferably be made of silver paste.
  • the specific heating in the present embodiment is implemented in such a manner that: the driving signal is provided by the flexible printed circuit and transmitted to the liquid crystal display panel through the heating electrodes for the purpose of the heating.
  • the flexible printed circuit provides the current for the heating electrode 7-1 (or 7-2), from which the current flows out to a conductive metal strip 5 on the side of the heating electrode 7-1 (or 7-2) through the conductive metal 6 electrically connected to the conductive metal strip 5, then the current is inputted to the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 through the conductive metal strip 5, thereafter flows out from the other conductive metal strip 5 on another side and flows back to the heating electrode 7-2 (or 7-1) through the other conductive metal 6 connected electrically with the other conductive metal strip 5.
  • the current flows evenly through the entire transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 due to the existence of the conductive metal strips 5, such that the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 can generate heat evenly, hereby improving the heating effect.
  • the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 may consist of three portions 3-1, 3-2 and 3-3, which are of resistances R1, R2 and R3, respectively.
  • the resistance of the conductive metal strip 5 on one side is R6.
  • the equivalent circuit diagram of the resistance value of the entire panel consisting of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 and the conductive metal strips 5 thereon is illustrated in Fig. 6 .
  • the display effect of the liquid crystal display panel can be enhanced when the heating electrodes are used to heat the liquid crystal display panel, thus the liquid crystal display panel can be more widely used.
  • the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 provided between the color filter substrate 1 and the upper polarizer 4 can function to reduce the static electricity, thereby enhancing the antistatic ability of the liquid crystal display panel.
  • the structures of enhancing the display effect at a low temperature and the antistatic performance may be integrated, such that the structure of the liquid crystal display panel is simplified and the cost is reduced.
  • a layer of transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 is evenly formed on the color filter substrate 1 by means of sputtering, chemical vapor deposition, or thermal evaporation, etc.
  • the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 may be made of any one of or any combination of ITO, ZnO, IZO, and AZO, and preferably ITO.
  • the thickness of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 may meet the requirement of the sheet resistance and the transmittance in use, and the transmittance depends on the brightness requirements of various products.
  • the sheet resistance of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 is 3 ⁇ 15 ⁇ / ⁇ (ohm per square). Specifically, the sheet resistance of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 is 10 ⁇ / ⁇ .
  • the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 is patterned by etching away portions of the transparent conductive metal oxide film on two opposite side edges of the color filter substrate 1, and preferably, the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 is etched by a distance of 0.5 ⁇ 1.0mm toward the inner part of the color filter substrate 1 at each of those two side edges of the color filter substrate 1, as shown in Fig. 8 .
  • the conductive metal strips 5 are formed on the regions where the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 is etched away, and the conductive metal strips 5 are connected electrically with the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3, as shown in Fig. 9 .
  • the conductive metal strips 5 may be made of silver paste or a titanium aluminum alloy, and preferably of silver paste, and the width of the conductive metal strip 5 preferably is 0.5 ⁇ 1.0mm.
  • Figs. 8 and 9 illustratively shows the situation where the conductive metal strips 5 are provided adjacent to two lateral sides of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 on the color filter substrate 1, so that the current may flow into the conductive metal strip at one side and flow out from the conductive metal strip at the other side.
  • other portion of the edge of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 may be etched away, where the portion etched away includes two separate regions.
  • conductive metal strips may be formed on the regions where the transparent conductive metal oxide film is etched away, as long as the conductive metal strips include two separate portions electrically insulated from each other so that the current is allowed to flow into one of the two portions and flow out from the other of the two portions.
  • the conductive metal strips 5 are made of silver paste
  • a layer of ultraviolet (UV) glue is applied on the surface of the silver paste to enhance the reliability of the silver paste.
  • the thickness of the conductive metal strips 5 may be more than the thickness of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 sandwiched therebetween, and in the follow step of attaching the upper polarizer 4, the polarizer 4 can be trimmed to preferably cover only over the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3.
  • the thickness of the conductive metal strips 5 are substantially the same as the thickness of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 sandwiched therebetween, and in the follow step of attaching the polarizer 4, the polarizer 4 is placed on both the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 and the conductive metal strips 5.
  • the conductive metal strips 5 are distributed evenly adjacent to two sides of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3, the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 functions as a heating plate, and the conductive metal strips 5 may function as two electrodes of the heating plate, such that the current is allowed to flow into the conductive metal strip 5 at one side, through the heating plate formed by the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3, and subsequently flow out from the conductive metal strip 5 at the other side, thereby enhancing the evenness of the heat generated by the heating plate.
  • the array substrate 2 includes the stage portion 9, the color filter substrate 1 is formed as described above (that is, the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 is formed on the side surface of the color filter substrate 1 away from the liquid crystal layer, and the conductive metal strips 5 insulated from each other and electrically connected with the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 are formed on the edge of the film 3, so that the external current is allowed to flow through the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 via the conductive metal strips 5), and liquid crystal molecules (not shown) are injected between the array substrate 2 and the color filter substrate 1.
  • Two heating electrodes 7-1 and 7-2 are formed at two ends of the stage portion 9, respectively.
  • the heating electrode 7-1 or 7-2 is connected electrically with the conductive metal strip 5 on the color filter substrate 1 through the conductive metal 6, and the current outputted by the heating electrode 7-1 or 7-2 flows to the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 through the conductive metal strips 5 for the purpose of heating.
  • the conductive metal 6 is formed between the color filter substrate 1 and the array substrate 2 by means of dropping the silver paste, or any other manners.
  • the conductive metal 6 achieves the electrical connection between the two conductive metal strips 5 on the color filter substrate 1 and the two heating electrodes 7-1, 7-2 on the array substrate 2, respectively.
  • the liquid crystal display panel may be provided with a driving signal by the external circuit, which transmits the driving signal into the liquid crystal display panel through the heating electrodes in order for the heating.
  • the external circuit is a flexible printed circuit (FPC).
  • the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 may also function to reduce the static electricity, thereby enhancing the antistatic ability of the liquid crystal display panel, such that the cost is reduced and the structure of the liquid crystal display panel is simplified.
  • a polarizer 4 on the side surface of the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3 away from the color filter substrate 1, as shown in Fig. 1 .
  • the polarizer 4 may cover only the transparent conductive metal oxide film 3.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • Mathematical Physics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Liquid Crystal (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
EP13163056.8A 2013-01-28 2013-04-10 Flüssigkristallanzeigetafel und Herstellungsverfahren dafür Active EP2759865B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201310032342.7A CN103926723B (zh) 2013-01-28 2013-01-28 液晶显示面板及其制造方法

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EP2759865A1 true EP2759865A1 (de) 2014-07-30
EP2759865B1 EP2759865B1 (de) 2018-08-22

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US (1) US9176338B2 (de)
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US9182622B2 (en) * 2013-11-21 2015-11-10 Omnivision Technologies, Inc. Thermal carrier for an LCOS display panel and associated methods
CN104635292B (zh) * 2015-03-13 2017-06-16 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 一种偏振光片及其制备方法和显示屏
CN105223747B (zh) * 2015-10-27 2019-04-05 南京中电熊猫液晶显示科技有限公司 一种显示面板
CN105223722A (zh) * 2015-11-02 2016-01-06 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 一种彩膜基板、液晶显示面板、液晶显示装置及制造方法
CN106646967A (zh) * 2016-10-28 2017-05-10 努比亚技术有限公司 液晶显示屏及其温度补偿方法
CN106952935B (zh) * 2017-03-03 2019-10-22 上海天马有机发光显示技术有限公司 一种显示面板及显示装置
CN107247337A (zh) * 2017-06-16 2017-10-13 中航华东光电（上海）有限公司 一种裸眼立体显示装置及其工作方法
CN108983476B (zh) * 2018-08-31 2021-09-07 上海天马微电子有限公司 液晶显示面板与液晶显示装置
CN110262107B (zh) * 2019-06-25 2022-05-06 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 显示面板、显示装置及显示面板的防静电残留方法
CN112394559B (zh) * 2019-08-12 2023-05-16 群创光电股份有限公司 电子装置
CN112320790A (zh) * 2019-09-20 2021-02-05 张莉 耐低温高阻透明导电膜的制备方法
CN111694181B (zh) * 2020-07-07 2022-06-21 中航华东光电有限公司 低温均匀加热的液晶屏组件方法
CN112713394A (zh) * 2020-12-20 2021-04-27 英特睿达(山东)电子科技有限公司 混合透明天线
CN114200706A (zh) * 2021-12-13 2022-03-18 中国电子科技集团公司第五十五研究所 一种加热高效适用于极低温环境的液晶屏
CN115494666B (zh) * 2022-11-02 2024-05-17 业成光电（深圳）有限公司 液晶模组的制造方法

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CN103926723A (zh) 2014-07-16
CN103926723B (zh) 2017-05-24
US9176338B2 (en) 2015-11-03
EP2759865B1 (de) 2018-08-22
US20140211134A1 (en) 2014-07-31

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