Classifications

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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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Definitions

• a galvanic couple as the power source in iontophoresis patch devices is well known in the art. See e.g., U.S. Patent Nos. 5,147,297 , 5,162,043 , 5,298,017 , 5,326,341 , 5,405,317 , 5,685,837 , 6,584,349 , 6,421, 561 , and 6,653,014 and U.S. Patent Applications 2004/0267237 and 2004/0138712 .
• the galvanic couple is made from dissimilar metals, such as a zinc donor electrode and a silver chloride counter electrode.
• galvanic couple powered iontophoresis patch devices activate automatically when body tissue and/or fluids form a complete circuit with the galvanic system to generate the electricity. These devices are often applied to the human body in order to provide an intended benefit, such as electric stimulation, enhanced healing, or antimicrobial treatment.
• the invention features a galvanic particulate including a first conductive material and a second conductive material, wherein both the first conductive material and the second conductive material are exposed on the surface of the particulate, wherein the particle size of the particulate is from about 10 nanometers to about 100 micrometers, wherein the second conductive material comprises from about 0.01 percent to about 10 percent, by weight, of the total weight of the particulate, and wherein the difference of the standard potentials of the first conductive material and the second conductive material is at least about 0.2 V.
• the invention features a method of manufacturing the particulate of the invention by contacting a particulate of the first conductive material with a solution comprising a salt of the the second conductive material.
• the invention features an ingestible composition containing a particulate of the invention and a bio-absorbable polymer.
• the invention features an oral dosage form comprising a particulate of the invention and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• the invention features a method of treating a gastrointestinal disorder by orally administering a particulate of the present invention.
• a product is a product containing the galvanic particulates (or a composition containing the galvanic particulates) in finished packaged form.
• the product contains instructions directing the user ingest, topically apply, or otherwise administer the galvanic particulates or composition (e.g., to treat a skin condition). Such instructions may be printed on the outside of the product, a label insert, or on any additional packaging.
• the present invention features promoting the galvanic particulates or composition containing the galvanic particulates of the present invention for an intended use.
• promoting is promoting, advertising, or marketing. Examples of promoting include, but are not limited to, written, visual, or verbal statements made on the product or in stores, magazines, newspaper, radio, television, internet, and the like.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable means that the ingredients which the term describes are suitable for its intended use (e.g., suitable of ingestion or contact with the skin or mucosa) without undue toxicity, incompatibility, instability, irritation, allergic response, and the like.
• safe and effective amount means an amount of the ingredient or the composition sufficient to provide the desired benefit at a desired level, but low enough to avoid serious side effects.
• the safe and effective amount of the ingredient or composition will vary with the area being treated, the age of the end user, the duration and nature of the treatment, the specific ingredient or composition employed, the particular pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier utilized, and like factors.
• the term “treating” or “treatment” means the treatment (e.g., alleviation or elimination of symptoms and/or cure) and/or prevention or inhibition of the condition (e.g., a skin, mucosal, or nail condition).
• the galvanic particulates are administered locally or systemically to the subject (e.g., a human) in need to such treatment.
• the galvanic particulates are used to exert their effects on (i.e., to treat, to improve the health of, to cure, to eliminate and/or to reduce the quantity of) a living organism, including vertebrate animals (mammals including human, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibian), insects, plants, micro-organisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi and viruses).
• vertebrate animals mammals including human, birds, fish, reptiles, and amphibian
• insects e.g., insects, plants, micro-organisms (e.g., bacteria, fungi and viruses).
• the galvanic particulates of the present invention include a first conductive material and a second conductive material, wherein both the first conductive material and the second conductive material are exposed on the surface of the particulate.
• the particulate includes the first conductive material and the surface of the particulate is partially coated with the second conductive material.
• the galvanic particulates are produced by a coating method wherein the weight percentage of the second conductive material is from about 0.001% to about 20%, by weight, of the total weight of the particulate, such as from about 0.01% to about 10%, by weight, of the total weight of the particulate.
• the coating thickness of the second conductive material may vary from single atom up to hundreds of microns.
• the surface of the galvanic particulate comprises from about 0.001 percent to about 99.99 percent such as from about 0.1 to about 99.9 percent of the second conductive material.
• the galvanic particulates are produced by a non-coating method (e.g., by sintering, printing or mechanical processing the first and the second conductive materials together to form the galvanic particulate) wherein the second conductive material comprises from about 0.1% to about 99.9%, by weight, of the total weight of the particulate, such as from about 10% to about 90%, of the total weight of the particulate.
• a non-coating method e.g., by sintering, printing or mechanical processing the first and the second conductive materials together to form the galvanic particulate
• the second conductive material comprises from about 0.1% to about 99.9%, by weight, of the total weight of the particulate, such as from about 10% to about 90%, of the total weight of the particulate.
• the galvanic particulates are fine enough that they can be suspended in the semi-solid compositions during storage. In a further embodiment, they are in flattened and/or elongated shapes.
• the advantages of flattened and elongated shapes of the galvanic particulates include a lower apparent density and, therefore, a better floating/suspending capability in the topical composition, as well as better coverage over the biological tissue, leading to a wider and/or deeper range of the galvanic current passing through the biological tissue (e.g., the skin or mucosa membrane).
• the longest dimension of the galvanic particulates is at least twice (e.g., at least five times) the shortest dimension of such particulates.
• the galvanic particulates may be of any shape, including but not limited to, spherical or non-spherical particles or elongated or flattened shapes (e.g., cylindrical, fibers or flakes).
• the average particle size of the galvanic particulates is from about 10 nanometers to about 500 micrometers, such as from about 100 nanometers to about 100 micrometers. What is meant by the particle size the maximum dimension in at least one direction.
• the galvanic particulate comprises at least 90 percent, by weight, of conductive materials (e.g., the first conductive material and the second conductive material), such as at least 95 percent, by weight, or at least 99 percent, by weight, when a coating method is used for the production of the galvanic particulates.
• conductive materials e.g., the first conductive material and the second conductive material
• first conductive materials/second conductive materials include (with a "/" sign representing an oxidized but essentially non-soluble form of the metal), but are not limited to, zinc-copper, zinc-copper/copper halide, zinc-copper/copper oxide, magnesium-copper, magnesium-copper/copper halide, zinc-silver, zinc-silver/silver oxide, zinc-silver/silver halide, zinc-silver/silver chloride, zinc-silver/silver bromide, zinc-silver/silver iodide, zinc-silver/silver fluoride, zinc-gold, zinc-carbon, magnesium-gold, magnesium-silver, magnesium-silver/silver oxide, magnesium-silver/silver halide, magnesium-silver/silver chloride, magnesium-silver/silver bromide, magnesium-silver/silver iodide, magnesium-silver-sil
• the first conductive material or second conductive material may also be alloys, particularly the first conductive material.
• the alloys include alloys of zinc, iron, aluminum, magnesium, copper and manganese as the first conductive material and alloys of silver, copper, stainless steel and gold as second conductive material.
• the particulate, made of the first conductive material is partially coated with several conductive materials, such as with a second and third conductive material.
• the particulate comprises at least 95 percent, by weight, of the first conductive material, the second conductive material, and the third conductive material.
• the first conductive material is zinc
• the second conductive material is copper
• the third conductive material is silver.
• the difference of the Standard Electrode Potentials (or simply, Standard Potential) of the first conductive material and the second conductive material is at least about 0.1 volts, such as at least 0.2 volts.
• the materials that make up the galvanic couple have a standard potential difference equal to or less than about 3 volts.
• the Standard Potential of zinc is -0.763V (Zn/Zn2 + )
• the Standard Potential of copper is +0.337 (Cu/Cu2 - )
• the difference of the Standard Potential is therefore 1.100V for the zinc-copper galvanic couple.
• Standard Potential of magnesium (Mg/Mg2 + ) is -2.363V, and the difference of the Standard Potential is therefore 2.700V.
• Additional examples of Standard Potential values of some materials suitable for galvanic couples are: Ag/Ag + : +0.799V, Ag/AgCl/Cl - : 0.222V, and Pt/H 2 /H + : 0.000V. Pt may also be replaced by carbon or another conductive material. See, e.g., Physical Chemistry by Gordon M. Barrow, 4th Ed., McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1979, Page 626 .
• the conductive electrodes are combined (e.g., the second conductive electrode is deposited to the first conductive electrode) by chemical, electrochemical, physical or mechanical process (such as electroless deposition, electric plating, vacuum vapor deposition, arc spray, sintering, compacting, pressing, extrusion, printing, and granulation) conductive metal ink (e.g., with polymeric binders), and other known metal coating and powder processing methods commonly used in powder metallurgy, electronics and medical device manufacturing processes, such as the methods described in the book: " Asm Handbook Volume 7: Powder Metal Technologies and Applications” (by Asm International Handbook Committee, edited by Peter W. Lee, 1998, pages 31-109, 311-320 ).
• chemical, electrochemical, physical or mechanical process such as electroless deposition, electric plating, vacuum vapor deposition, arc spray, sintering, compacting, pressing, extrusion, printing, and granulation
• conductive metal ink e.g., with polymeric binders
• all the conductive electrodes are manufactured by chemical reduction processes (e.g., electroless deposition), sequentially or simultaneously, in the presence of reducing agent(s).
• reducing agents include phosphorous-containing reducing agents (e.g., a hypophosphite as described in US Patent Nos 4,167,416 and 5,304,403 ), boron-containing reducing agents, and aldehyde- or keton-containing reducing agents such as sodium tetrahydridoborate (NaBH4) (e.g., as decribed in US 20050175649 ).
• the second conductive electrode is deposited or coated onto the first conductive electrode by physical deposition, such as spray coating, plasma coating, conductive ink coating, screen printing, dip coating, metals bonding, bombarding particulates under high pressure-high temperature, fluid bed processing, or vacuum deposition.
• physical deposition such as spray coating, plasma coating, conductive ink coating, screen printing, dip coating, metals bonding, bombarding particulates under high pressure-high temperature, fluid bed processing, or vacuum deposition.
• the coating method is based on displacement chemical reaction, namely, contacting a particulate of the first conductive material (e.g., metallic zinc particle) with a solution containing a dissolved salt of the second conductive material (e.g. copper acetate, copper lactate, copper gluconate, or silver nitrate).
• the method includes flowing the solution over the particulate of the first conductive material (e.g., zinc powder) or through the packed powder of the first conductive material.
• the salt solution is an aqueous solution.
• the solution is contains an organic solvent, such as an alcohol, a glycol, glycerin or other commonly used solvents in pharmaceutical production to regulate the deposition rate of the second conductive material onto the surfaces of the first particulates, therefore controlling the activity of the galvanic particulates produced.
• an organic solvent such as an alcohol, a glycol, glycerin or other commonly used solvents in pharmaceutical production to regulate the deposition rate of the second conductive material onto the surfaces of the first particulates, therefore controlling the activity of the galvanic particulates produced.
• the galvanic particulates of the present invention may also be coated with other materials to protect the galvanic materials from degradation during storage (e.g, oxidation degradation from oxygen and moisture), or to modulate the electrochemical reactions and to control the electric current generate when in use.
• the exemplary coating materials over the galvanic material(s) are inorganic or organic polymers, natural or synthetic polymers, biodegradable or bioabsorbable polymers, silica, glass, various various metal oxides (e.g, oxide of zinc, aluminum, magnisum, or titanium) and other inorganic salts of low solubility (e.g, zinc phosphate).
• the coating methods are known in the art of metallic powder processing and metal pigment productions, such as those decribed by U.S. Patent devisons US 5,964,936 ; U.S. 5,993,526 ; US 7,172812 ; US 20060042509A1 and US 20070172438 .
• the galvanic particulates are stored in anhydrous forms, e.g., as a dry powder or immobilized in a fabric with binding agents, or as an essentially anhydrous non-conducting organic solvent composition (e.g., dissolved in polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, glycerin, liquid silicone, and/or alcohol).
• the galvanic particulates are embedded into the anhydrous carrier (e.g., inside a polymer) or coated onto a substrate (e.g., as a coating or in the coating layer of a healthcare product such as wound dressing or dental floss).
• the galvanic particulates are encapsulated in compositions of microcapsules, liposomes, micelles, or embedded in the lipophilic phase of oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) types of emulsion systems (e.g., W/O lotion, W/O ointment, or O/W creams), as well as self-emulsifying compositions, in order to achieve self-life stability, retard the activation of the galvanic particulates, or prolong the action of galvanic particulates.
• O/W oil-in-water
• W/O water-in-oil
• self-emulsifying compositions in order to achieve self-life stability, retard the activation of the galvanic particulates, or prolong the action of galvanic particulates.
• the galvanic particulates may also be compressed into tablets, incorporated into the polymer composition in the tablet coating film, incorporated into either hard or soft gelatin capsules, or incorporated waxy materials (e.g., as used in suppositories) or polymers (into bioabsorbable polymers as used in implant products or into biocompatible polymers as used in dental bracelets and toothbrushes).
• the coating (shell) materials used in the microcapsules may have an enteric property (e.g., being insoluble at acidic condition and only soluble when exposed to a medium with the pH value near or equal to neutral pH), or have a pH-sensitive permeability for the water and solute molecules and ions, or is biodegradable or bioabsorbable.
• the galvanic particulates have great versatility in applications, and can be used in many consumer and medical products for human and animal applications such as ingestible compositions (such as tablets and solutions), topical compositions (such as creams, lotions, gels, shampoos, cleansers, powders patches, bandages, and masks for application to the skin or mucosal membranes), garments (such as undergarments, underwears, bras, shirts, pants, pantyhose, socks, head caps, facial masks, gloves, and mittens), linens (such as towels, pillow covers or cases and bed sheets), and personal and medical products (such as sanitizing products for household and clinical settings, microcides for plants) and devices (such as toothbrushes, dental flosses, periodontal implants or inserts, orthodontic braces, joint wraps/supports, buccal patches, ocular inserts or implants such as contact lenses, nasal implants or inserts, and contact lens cleaning products, wound dressings, diapers, sanitary napkins, and wipes, tampons
• the galvanic particulates induce certain desirable biological responses that facilitate the treatment of the barrier membrane conditions (e.g., induced by the electric current passage through the skin, intestine, or mucosal membrane and/or enhancing the delivery of an active agent).
• the galvanic particulates provide multiple mechanism of actions to treat conditions, such as to enhance delivery of an active agents by iontophoresis and/or electro-osmosis as well as provide electric stimulation to treat the contacted tissue (e.g., to increase blood circulation or other benefits).
• an “active agent” is a compound (e.g., a synthetic compound or a compound isolated from a natural source) that has a cosmetic or therapeutic effect on the barrier membrane and the surrounding tissues (e.g., a material capable of exerting a biological effect on a human body) such as therapeutic drugs or cosmetic agents.
• therapeutic drugs include small molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acid materials, and nutrients such as minerals and extracts.
• the amount of the active agent in the carrier will depend on the active agent and/or the intended use of the composition or product.
• the composition containing the galvanic particulates further contain a safe and effective amount of the active agent, for example, from about 0.001 percent to about 20 percent, by weight, such as from about 0.01 percent to about 10 percent, by weight, of the composition.
• the galvanic particulates can be combined with an active agent (such as antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and analgesic agents) to enhance or potentiate the biological or therapeutic effects of that active agent.
• an active agent such as antimicrobial agents, anti-inflammatory agents, and analgesic agents
• the galvanic particulates can also be combined with other substances to enhance or potentiate the activity of the galvanic particulates.
• Substances that can enhance or potentiate the activity of the galvanic particulates include, but are not limited to, organic solvents (such as alcohols, glycols, glycerin, polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycol), surface active agents (such as nonionic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants and polymeric surfactants), and water-soluble polymers.
• organic solvents such as alcohols, glycols, glycerin, polyethylene glycols and polypropylene glycol
• surface active agents such as nonionic surfactants, zwitterionic surfactants, anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants and polymeric surfactants
• water-soluble polymers such as water-soluble polymers.
• the galvanic particulates of the present invention can form conjugates or composites with synthetic or natural polymers including by not limited to proteins, polysaccharides, hyaluronic acid of various molecular weight, hyal
• the composition contains a chelator or chelating agent.
• chelators include, but are not limited to, amino acids such as glycine, lactoferrin, edetate, citrate, pentetate, tromethamine, sorbate, ascorbate, deferoxamine, derivatives thereof, and mixtures thereof.
• Other examples of chelators useful are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,487,884 and PCT Publication Nos. 91/16035 and 91/16034 .
• the galvanic particulates are used to provide the intended therapeutic electric stimulation effects by applying the galvanic particulates directly to the target location of the body in need such a therapeutic treatment (e.g., either topically or inside the body), including soft tissues (e.g., the skin, mucosa, epithelium, wound, eye and its surrounding tissues, cartilage and other soft musculoskeletal tissues such as ligaments, tendons, or meniscus), hard tissues (e.g., bone, teeth, nail matrix, or hair follicle), and soft tissue-hard tissue conjunctions (e.g., conductive tissues around periodontal area involved teeth, bones or soft tissue of the joint).
• soft tissues e.g., the skin, mucosa, epithelium, wound, eye and its surrounding tissues, cartilage and other soft musculoskeletal tissues such as ligaments, tendons, or meniscus
• hard tissues e.g., bone, teeth, nail matrix, or hair follicle
• soft tissue-hard tissue conjunctions e.g.,
• Such therapeutic effects include, but are not limited to: antimicrobial effects (e.g., antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-parasitic effects); anti-inflammation effects including effects in the superficial or deep tissues (e.g., reduce or elimination of soft tissue edema or redness); elimination or reduction of pain, itch or other sensory discomfort (e.g., headache, sting or tingling numbness); regeneration or healing enhancement of both soft and hard tissues; modulation of stem cell differentiation and tissue development such as modulation of tissue growth (e.g., enhancing growth rate of the nail or regrowth of hair loss due to alopecia) or increase soft tissue volume (e.g., increasing collagen or elastin in the skin or lips); increasing adepocyte metabolism or improving body appearance (e.g., effects on body contour or shape); and increasing circulation of blood or lymphocytes.
• antimicrobial effects e.g., antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-parasitic effects
• compositions suitable for ingesting by the mammal, such as a human, in need to such treatment involve compositions suitable for ingesting by the mammal, such as a human, in need to such treatment.
• the compositions contain a safe and effective amount of (i) the galvanic particulates and (ii) a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• the ingestible compositions herein contain, per dosage unit (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, teaspoonful and the like) an amount of the galvanic particulates and/or active agent necessary to deliver an effective dose as described above.
• the ingestible compositions herein contains, per unit dosage unit of from about 1 mg to about 5 g of the galvanic particulates and/or active agent, such as from about 50 mg to about 500 mg, and may be given at a dosage of from about 1 mg/kg/day to about 1 g/kg/day, such as from about 50 to about 500 mg/kg/day.
• compositions are in unit dosage forms from such as tablets, pills, capsules, powders, granules, solutions or suspensions, and drops.
• the compositions are provided in the form of tablets, such as those containing 1, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 500, and/or 1000 milligrams of the galvanic particulates and/or active agent for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated.
• the composition may be administered on a regimen of 1 to 4 times per day.
• the compositions may be administered in a single daily dose, or the total daily dosage may be administered in divided doses of two, three or four times daily.
• Optimal dosages to be administered may be readily determined by those skilled in the art, and will vary with the particular galvanic particulates and/or active agent used, the mode of administration, the strength of the preparation, and the advancement of the disease/ condition being treated. In addition, factors associated with the particular patient being treated, including patient age, weight, diet and time of administration, will result in the need to adjust dosages.
• compositions containing one or more types of the galvanic particulates of the invention described herein can be prepared by intimately mixing the galvanic particulates with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
• the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending upon the type of formulation.
• suitable carriers and additives include but not limited to water, glycols, alcohols, silicones, waxes, flavoring agents, buffers (such as citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, lactate buffer, gluconate buffer), preservatives, stabilizers, coloring agents and the like; and for solid preparations, such as powders, capsules and tablets, suitable carriers and additives include starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like.
• Solid oral preparations may also be coated with substances such as sugars, soluble polymer film, insoluble-but-solute permeable polymer film.
• Oral preparation may also be coated with enteric coating, which is not soluble in the acidic stomach environment but will dissolve in the intestine as the pH becomes neutral so as to modulate major site of galvanic particulate action.
• enteric coating which is not soluble in the acidic stomach environment but will dissolve in the intestine as the pH becomes neutral so as to modulate major site of galvanic particulate action.
• the galvanic particulates should preferably be kept in an anhydrous or relatively non-conductive phase or compartment.
• the galvanic particulates are mixed with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, e.g. conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents, to form a solid preformulation composition containing a homogeneous mixture of the galvanic particulates.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier e.g. conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphate or gums, and other pharmaceutically-acceptable diluents.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier e.g. conventional tableting ingredients such as corn starch, lactose, sucrose, sorbitol, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, dicalcium phosphat
• This solid preformulation composition may then subdivided into unit dosage forms of the type described above.
• the tablets or pills of the novel composition can be coated or otherwise compounded to provide a dosage form affording the advantage of prolonged action.
• the tablet or pill can comprise an inner dosage and an outer dosage component, the latter being in the form of an envelope over the former.
• the two components can be separated by an enteric layer which serves to resist disintegration in the stomach and permits the inner component to pass intact into the duodenum or to be delayed in release.
• enteric layers or coatings such materials including a number of polymeric acids with such materials as shellac, cetyl alcohol and cellulose acetate.
• ingestible compositions containing the galvanic particulates are used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, such as ulcers, diarrhea, and gastrointestinal pain.
• the galvanic particulates can be combined with active agents known to treat diarrhea which include, but are not limited to: bismuths (such as Bismuth Subsalicylate), Loperamide, Simethicone, Nitazoxanide, Ciprofloxacin, and Rifaximin, salts and prodrugs (such as esters) thereof.
• active agents known to treat diarrhea include, but are not limited to: bismuths (such as Bismuth Subsalicylate), Loperamide, Simethicone, Nitazoxanide, Ciprofloxacin, and Rifaximin, salts and prodrugs (such as esters) thereof.
• the galvanic particulates can be combined with active agents known to treat gastric ulcers which include, but are not limited to: Lansoprazole, Naproxen, Esomeprazole, Famotidine, Nizatidine, Ranitidine, and Omeprazole, and salts and prodrugs thereof.
• the galvanic particulates can be combined with active agents known to treat intra-abdominal infections which include, but are not limited to: Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Gentamicin, Ertapenem; Cefepime, Cefoxitin, Cilastatin, Imipenem; Ceftriaxone, Clavulanate, and Ticarcillin, and salts and prodrugs thereof.
• active agents known to treat intra-abdominal infections include, but are not limited to: Moxifloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Ceftazidime, Gentamicin, Ertapenem; Cefepime, Cefoxitin, Cilastatin, Imipenem; Ceftriaxone, Clavulanate, and Ticarcillin, and salts and prodrugs thereof.
• ingestible compositions containing the galvanic particulates are used for treatment of pain (such as throat pain).
• Oral dosage forms can be in the forms of, but not limited to, lozenges or liquids.
• Galvanic particulates can be combined with active agents known to treat sore throat, which include, but are not limited to: Acetaminophen, Dextromethorphan, Pseudoephedrine, Chlorpheniramine, Pseudoephedrine, Guaifenesin, Doxylamine, Zinc, and Ibuprofen, and salts and prodrugs thereof.
• ingestible compositions containing the galvanic particulates are used as oral supplements or complements to oral supplements.
• Oral dosage forms can be in the forms of, but not limited to, lozenges, tablets, caplets, powders, or liquids.
• Galvanic particulates can be combined with oral supplements of vitamins and minerals, which include, but are not limited to: Dibasic Calcium Phosphate, Magnesium Oxide, Potassium Chloride, Microcrystalline Cellulose, Ascorbic Acid (Vit. C), Ferrous Fumarate, Calcium Carbonate, dl-Alpha Tocopheryl Acetate (Vit.
• the metal components of the galvanic particulates can serve as mineral supplements generated in situ, e.g. zinc metal converted to zinc ion in situ.
• topical compositions useful in the present invention involve compositions containing the galvanic particulates that are suitable for administering to mammalian skin, such as human skin.
• the compositions contain a safe and effective amount of (i) the galvanic particulates and (ii) a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• compositions may be made into a wide variety of products that include but are not limited to leave-on products (such as lotions, creams, gels, sticks, sprays, and ointments), skin cleansing products (such as liquid washes, solid bars, and wipes), hair products (such as shampoos, conditioners, sprays, and mousses), shaving creams, film-forming products (such as masks), make-up (such as foundations, eye liners, and eye shadows), deodorant and antiperspirant compositions, and the like.
• leave-on products such as lotions, creams, gels, sticks, sprays, and ointments
• skin cleansing products such as liquid washes, solid bars, and wipes
• hair products such as shampoos, conditioners, sprays, and mousses
• shaving creams film-forming products
• film-forming products such as masks
• make-up such as foundations, eye liners, and eye shadows
• deodorant and antiperspirant compositions and the like.
• These product types may contain
• the composition or product is used for the treatment of skin conditions.
• treatments include, but are not limited to: the treatment of acne (e.g., blackheads and whiteheads), rosacea, nodule-cystic, and other microbial infections of the skin; reduction the visible signs of skin aging (e.g., wrinkles, sagging, sallowness, and age-spots); firming the skin; enhancing the elasticity of the skin; folliculitis and pseudo-folliculitis barbae; sebum regulation (e.g., sebum reduction or oily/shining skin appearance inhibition or control); pigmentation regulation (e.g., reduction of hyperpigmentation such as freckles, melasma, actinic and senile lentigines, age-spots, post-inflammatory hypermelanosis, Becker's naevus, and facial melanosis or enhancing the pigmentation of light skin); hair growth retardation (e.g.,
• the composition or product contains an anti-acne and/or anti-rosacea active agent.
• anti-acne and anti-rosacea agents include, but are not limited to: retinoids such as tretinoin, isotretinoin, motretinide, adapalene, tazarotene, azelaic acid, and retinol; salicylic acid; benzoyl peroxide; resorcinol; sulfur; sulfacetamide; urea; antibiotics such as tetracycline, clindamycin, metronidazole, and erythromycin; anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone), ibuprofen, naproxen, and hetprofen; and imidazoles such as ketoconazole and elubiol; and salts and prodrugs thereof.
• corticosteroids e.g., hydrocortisone
• anti-acne active agents include essential oils, alpha-bisabolol, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, camphor, ⁇ -glucan, allantoin, feverfew, flavonoids such as soy isoflavones, saw palmetto, chelating agents such as EDTA, lipase inhibitors such as silver and copper ions, hydrolyzed vegetable proteins, inorganic ions of chloride, iodide, fluoride, and their nonionic derivatives chlorine, iodine, fluorine, and synthetic phospholipids and natural phospholipids such as ArlasilkTM phospholipids CDM, SV, EFA, PLN, and GLA (Uniqema, ICI Group of Companies, Wilton, UK).
• essential oils alpha-bisabolol, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, camphor, ⁇ -glucan, allantoin, feverfew, flavonoids
• the composition or product contains an anti-aging agent.
• suitable anti-aging agents include, but are not limited to: inorganic sunscreens such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide; organic sunscreens such as octyl-methoxy cinnamates; retinoids; dimethylaminoathanol (DMAE), copper containing peptides, vitamins such as vitamin E, vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin B and vitamin salts or derivatives such as ascorbic acid di-glucoside and vitamin E acetate or palmitate; alpha hydroxy acids and their precursors such as glycolic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, ascorbic acid, alpha-hydroxybutyric acid, alpha- hydroxyisobutyric acid, alpha-hydroxyisocaproic acid, atrrolactic acid, alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, ethyl pyruvate, galacturonic acid, glucoheptonic acid, glucoheptono 1,4-lac
• the composition or product contains a depigmentation agent.
• suitable depigmentation agents include, but are not limited to: soy extract; soy isoflavones; retinoids such as retinol; kojic acid; kojic dipalmitate; hydroquinone; arbutin; transexamic acid; vitamins such as niacin and vitamin C; azelaic acid; linolenic acid and linoleic acid; placertia; licorice; and extracts such as chamomile and green tea; and salts and prodrugs thereof.
• the composition or product contains an antipsoriatic active agent.
• antipsoriatic active agents include, but are not limited to, corticosteroids (e.g., betamethasone dipropionate, betamethasone valerate, clobetasol propionate, diflorasone diacetate, halobetasol propionate, triamcinonide, dexamethasone, fluocinonide, fluocinolone acetonide, halcinonide, triamcinolone acetate, hydrocortisone, hydrocortisone verlerate, hydrocortisone butyrate, aclometasone dipropionte, flurandrenolide, mometasone furoate, methylprednisolone acetate), methotrexate, cyclosporine, calcipotriene, anthraline, shale oil and
• the composition or product contains a plant extract as an active agent.
• plant extracts include, but are not limited to, feverfew, soy, glycine soja, oatmeal, what, aloe vera, cranberry, witch-hazel, alnus, arnica, artemisia capillaris, asiasarum root, birch, calendula, chamomile, cnidium, comfrey, fennel, galla rhois, hawthorn, houttuynia, hypericum, jujube, kiwi, licorice, magnolia, olive, peppermint, philodendron, salvia, sasa albo- marginata, natural isoflavonoids, soy isoflavones, and natural essential oils.
• the composition or product contains a buffering agent such as citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, lactate buffer, gluconate buffer, or gelling agents, thickeners, or polymers.
• a buffering agent such as citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, lactate buffer, gluconate buffer, or gelling agents, thickeners, or polymers.
• the composition or product contains a fragrance effective for reducing stress, calming, and/or affecting sleep such as lavender and chamomile.
• topical compositions useful in the present invention involve compositions containing the galvanic particulates that are suitable for administering to the mucosal membrane, such as human oral, rectal, and vaginal musocal membranes.
• the compositions contain a safe and effective amount of (i) the galvanic particulates and (ii) a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.
• compositions may be made into a wide variety of products for application on mucosa, including but not limited to vaginal creams, tampons, suppositories, floss, mouthwash, toothpaste.
• Other product forms can be formulated by those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the composition or product is used for the treatment of a mucosal membrane conditions.
• treatments include, but are not limited to, treatment of vaginal candidiasis and vaginosis, genital and oral herpes, cold sore, canker sore, oral hygiene, periodontal disease, teeth whitening, halitosis, prevention of biofilm attachment, and other microbial infections of the mucosa.
• the galvanic particulates can be incorporated into compositions for the treatment of candidiasis with actives such as, but not limited to: Tioconazole; Clotrimazole; and Nystatin.
• the galvanic particulates can be incorporated into compositions for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis with actives such as, but not limited to, Clindamycin Hydrochloride and Metronidazole.
• the galvanic particulates can be incorporated into compositions for the treatment of periodontal disease with actives such as, but not limited to minocycline.
• compositions for Treatment of Wounds and Scars are Compositions for Treatment of Wounds and Scars
• the galvanic particulates are incorporated into wound dressings and bandages to provide electric therapy for healing enhancement and scar prevention.
• the wound exudation fluid and/or wound cleansing solution serves to activate a galvanic particulate containing wound dressing/bandage to (i) deliver active agents preincorporated in the wound dressing/bandage and/or (ii) to generate electrochemically beneficial metal ions followed with delivery of the beneficial metal ions into the wound and/or (iii) treat the wound with therapeutic electric current which may increase blood circulation, stimulate tissue immune response, and/or suppress tissue inflammation, which may lead to accelerated healing and reduced scarring.
• the composition or product contains an active agent commonly used as for topical wound and scar treatment, such as topical antibiotics, anti-microbials, wound healing enhancing agents, topical antifungal drugs, anti-psoriatic drugs, and antiinflammatory agents.
• an active agent commonly used as for topical wound and scar treatment such as topical antibiotics, anti-microbials, wound healing enhancing agents, topical antifungal drugs, anti-psoriatic drugs, and antiinflammatory agents.
• antifungal drugs include but are not limited to miconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, sertaconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, clioquinol, bifoconazole, terconazole, butoconazole, tioconazole, oxiconazole, sulconazole, saperconazole, clotrimazole, undecylenic acid, haloprogin, butenafine, tolnaftate, nystatin, ciclopirox olamine, terbinafine, amorolfine, naftifine, elubiol, griseofulvin, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs.
• the antifungal drug is an azole, an allylamine, or a mixture thereof.
• antibiotics include but are not limited to mupirocin, neomycin sulfate bacitracin, polymyxin B, 1-ofloxacin, tetracyclines (chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline - 10 hydrochloride and tetrachcycline hydrochoride), clindamycin phsphate, gentamicin sulfate, metronidazole, hexylresorcinol, methylbenzethonium chloride, phenol, quaternary ammonium compounds, tea tree oil, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs.
• mupirocin neomycin sulfate bacitracin
• polymyxin B 1-ofloxacin
• tetracyclines chlortetracycline hydrochloride, oxytetracycline - 10 hydrochloride and tetrachcycline hydrochoride
• antimicrobials include but are not limited to salts of chlorhexidine, such as lodopropynyl butylcarbamate, diazolidinyl urea, chlorhexidene digluconate, chlorhexidene acetate, chlorhexidene isethionate, and chlorhexidene hydrochloride.
• Other cationic antimicrobials may also be used, such as benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, triclocarbon, polyhexamethylene biguanide, cetylpyridium chloride, methyl and benzothonium chloride.
• antimicrobials include, but are not limited to: halogenated phenolic compounds, such as 2,4,4',-trichloro-2- hydroxy diphenyl ether (Triclosan); parachlorometa xylenol (PCMX); and short chain alcohols, such as ethanol, propanol, and the like.
• the alcohol is at a low concentration (e.g., less than about 10% by weight of the carrier, such as less than 5% by weight of the carrier) so that it does not cause undue drying of the barrier membrane.
• anti-viral agents for viral infections such as herpes and hepatitis
• examples of anti-viral agents for viral infections include, but are not limited to, imiquimod and its derivatives, podofilox, podophyllin, interferon alpha, acyclovir, famcyclovir, valcyclovir, reticulos and cidofovir, and salts and prodrugs thereof.
• anti-inflammatory agent examples include, but are not limited to, suitable steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as corticosteroids such as hydrocortisone, hydroxyltriamcinolone alphamethyl dexamethasone, dexamethasone-phosphate, beclomethasone dipropionate, clobetasol valerate, desonide, desoxymethasone, desoxycorticosterone acetate, dexamethasone, dichlorisone, diflorasone diacetate, diflucortolone valerate, fluadrenolone, fluclarolone acetonide, fludrocortisone, flumethasone pivalate, fluosinolone acetonide, fluocinonide, flucortine butylester, fluocortolone, fluprednidene (fluprednylidene)acetate, flurandrenolone, halcinonide, hydrocortisone acetate, hydrocortisone
• wound healing enhancing agent examples include recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and other growth factors, ketanserin, iloprost, prostaglandin E 1 and hyaluronic acid, scar reducing agents such as mannose-6-phosphate, analgesic agents, anesthetics, hair growth enhancing agents such as minoxadil, hair growth retarding agents such as eflornithine hydrochloride, antihypertensives, drugs to treat coronary artery diseases, anticancer agents, endocrine and metabolic medication, neurologic medications, medication for cessation of chemical additions, motion sickness, protein and peptide drugs.
• PDGF recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor
• ketanserin ketanserin
• iloprost prostaglandin E 1 and hyaluronic acid
• scar reducing agents such as mannose-6-phosphate
• analgesic agents anesthetics
• hair growth enhancing agents such as minoxadil
• the galvanic particulates are used, with or without other antifungal active agents, to treat and prevent fungal infections (e.g., dermatophytes such as trichophyton mentagrophytes), including, but not limited to, onychomycosis, sporotrichosis, tinea unguium, tinea pedis (athlete's foot), Tinea cruris (jock itch), tinea corporis (ringworm), tinea capitis, tinea versicolor, and candida yeast infection-related diseases (e.g., candida albicans) such as diaper rash, oral thrushm, cutaneous and vaginal candidiasis, genital rashes, Malassezia furfur infection- related diseases such as Pityriasis versicolor, Pityriasis folliculitis, seborrhoeic dermatitis, and dandruff.
• fungal infections e.g., dermatophytes such as trichophyton men
• the galvanic particulates are used, with or without other antibacterial active agents, to treat and prevent bacterial infections, including, but not limited to, acne, cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles and carbuncles, as well as acute wounds and chronic wounds (venous ulcers, diabetic ulcers and pressure ulcers).
• bacterial infections including, but not limited to, acne, cellulitis, erysipelas, impetigo, folliculitis, and furuncles and carbuncles, as well as acute wounds and chronic wounds (venous ulcers, diabetic ulcers and pressure ulcers).
• the galvanic particulates are used, with or without other antiviral active agents, to treat and prevent viral infections of the skin and mucosa, including, but not limited to, molluscum contagiosum, warts, herpes simplex virus infections such as cold sores, kanker sores and genital herpes.
• the galvanic particulates are used, with or without other antiparasitic active agents, to treat and prevent parasitic infections, including, but not limited to, hookworm infection, lice, scabies, sea bathers' eruption and swimmer's itch.
• the particulates are administered to help treat ear infections (such as those caused by streptococcus oneumoniae), rhinitis and/or sinusitis (such as caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae), and strep throat (such as caused by Streptococcus pyogenes).
• ear infections such as those caused by streptococcus oneumoniae
• rhinitis and/or sinusitis such as caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae
• strep throat such as caused by Streptococcus pyogenes
• the particulates are ingested by an animal (e.g., as animal feed) or a human (e.g., as a dietary supplement) to help prevent outbreaks of food borne illnesses (e.g., stemming from food borne pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica).
• an animal e.g., as animal feed
• a human e.g., as a dietary supplement
• outbreaks of food borne illnesses e.g., stemming from food borne pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella enterica.
• the invention features a method of killing pathogens drug resistant microorganisms by contacting the microorganism with a composition containing a galvanic particulate including a first conductive material and a second conductive material, wherein both the first conductive material and the second conductive material are exposed on the surface of the particulate, and wherein the difference of the standard potentials of the first conductive material and the second conductive material is at least about 0.2 V.
• the particle size of said particulate is from about 10 nanometers to about 1000 micrometers, such as from about 1 micrometer to about 100 micrometers.
• the second conductive material is from about 0.01 percent to about 10 percent, by weight, of the total weight of the particulate.
• the drug resistant microoriganism is a bacteria, such as MRSA and VRE.
• the particulates are administered via a nasal spray, rinse solution, or ointment.
• the galvanic particulates can also be used to stimulate nail growth, enhance nail strength, and reduce nail infection or discoloration.
• the galvanic particulates can be incorporated into compositions for the treatment of onychomychosis with actives such as, but not limited to: miconazole, econazole, ketoconazole, sertaconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voricoriazole, clioquinol, bifoconazole, terconazole, butoconazole, tioconazole, oxiconazole, sulconazole, saperconazole, clotrimazole, undecylenic acid, haloprogin, butenafine, tolnaftate, nystatin, ciclopirox olamine, terbinafine, amorolfine, naftifine, elubiol, griseofulvin, and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts and prodrugs.
• actives such
• Galvanic particulates can be incorporated into compositions for improving the look and feel of nails with ingredients such as, but not limited to: biotin, calcium panthotenate, tocopheryl acetate, panthenol, phytantriol, cholecalciferol, calcium chloride, Aloe Barbadensis (Leaf Juice), silk Protein, soy protein, hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, green tea extract, acetylcysteine and cysteine.
• ingredients such as, but not limited to: biotin, calcium panthotenate, tocopheryl acetate, panthenol, phytantriol, cholecalciferol, calcium chloride, Aloe Barbadensis (Leaf Juice), silk Protein, soy protein, hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, green tea extract, acetylcysteine and cysteine.
• the galvanic particulates can be used to reduce the visibility of skin facial wrinkles, reduce atrophy, or increase collagen stimulation.
• the galvanic particulates may be used either alone or in conjunction with other components well known in the art, such as subcutaneous fillers, implants, periodontal implants, intramuscular injections, and subcutaneous injections, such as bio-absorbable polymers.
• the galvanic particulates may be used in conjunction with collagen and/or hyaluronic acid injections.
• the galvanic particulates can be incorporated into biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering and organ printing with techniques known in the art.
• the galvanic particulates are incorporated into transdermal drug delivery patches to enhance active agent penetration into the skin by iontophoresis and to reduce skin irritation by electric stimulation and electrically generated beneficial ions, such as zinc ions.
• active agents include peptides, polypeptides, proteins, and nucleic acid materials comprising DNA; and nutrients.
• polypeptide and protein active agents include thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), vasopressin, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH or LHRH), melanotropin-stimulating hormone (MSH), calcitonin, growth hormone releasing factor (GRF), insulin, erythropoietin (EPO), interferon alpha, interferon beta, oxytocin, captopril, bradykinin, atriopeptin, cholecystokinin, endorphins, nerve growth factor, melanocyte inhibitor-1, gastrin antagonist, somatotatin, encephalins, melatonin, vaccines, botox (Botulinum neurotoxins), cyclosporin and its derivatives (e.g., biologically active fragments or analogs).
• TRH thyrotropin-releasing hormone
• active agents include anesthetics; analgesics (e.g., fentanyl and salts thereof such fentanyl citrate); drugs for treating psychiatric disorders, epilepsies, and migraine; drugs for stopping drug additions and abuses; anti-inflammatory agents; drugs to treat hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, gastric acidity and ulcers; drugs for hormone replacement therapies and contraceptives such as estrogens and androgens; antibiotics, antifungals, antiviral and other antimicrobial agents; antineoplastic agents, immunosuppressive agents and immunostimulants; and drugs acting on blood and the blood forming argans including hematopoietic agents and anticoagulants, thrombolytics, and antiplatelet drugs.
• analgesics e.g., fentanyl and salts thereof such fentanyl citrate
• drugs for treating psychiatric disorders, epilepsies, and migraine drugs for stopping drug additions and abuses
• anti-inflammatory agents drugs to treat hypertension, cardiovascular diseases
• active agents that can be delivered into the body using such patches include vaccines for various diseases, such as those for influenza, AIDS, hepatitis, measles, mumps, rubella, rabies, rubella, avercella, tetanus, hypogammaglobulinemia, Rh disease, diphtheria, botulism, snakebite, back widow bite and other insect bite/sting, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), chronic lymphocytic leukemia, cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, acute renal rejection, oral polio, tuberculosis, pertussis, Haemophilus b, Pneumococcus, and Staphylococcus aureus.
• ITP idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
• CMV chronic lymphocytic leukemia
• CMV cytomegalovirus
• the galvanic particulates can be incorporated onto fibers, nonwovens, hydrocolloids, adhesives, films, polymers, and other substrates. Products include but are not limited to dental floss, toothbrushes, sanitary napkins, tampons, bandages, wound dressings, casts, hairbrushes, and clothing. In one embodiment, the galvanic particulates are in contact with the tissue interface. Methods of applying the galvanic particulates on the substrates include electrostatic spray coating, mechanical sieving, co-extrusion, adhesive spraying,
• the partilciates may also be coated onto medical implants or surgical tools (e.g., to help prevent infections).
• galvanic particulates were inhibitory against a wide-range of microorganisms, including antibiotic resistant bacteria (MRSA and MRSE), yeast ( Candida albicans ), and odor-producing species ( Corynebacterium aquaticum, C. jeikeium, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Micrococcus lylae, S. epidermidis ).
• MRSA and MRSE antibiotic resistant bacteria
• yeast Candida albicans
• odor-producing species Corynebacterium aquaticum, C. jeikeium, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Micrococcus lylae, S. epidermidis .
• This in vitro efficacy shows the promises of using galvanic particulates for wound infection products, vaginal health products, and odor-reducing products.
• Agar discs containing copper-zinc galvanic particulates from Example 1(a) or zinc acetate at a concentration of 0.1%, 0.5%, or 1% were exposed to about 6 log CFU of MRSA or C. albicans in saline in microwell plate and incubated at 37°C and 200 rpm for 24 hrs. Plate count was performed to enumerate the viable microorganisms after the incubation. Log reduction was defined as the log difference of the inoculum before and after the incubation with the test articles (e.g., a log reduction of 6 for the inoculum of 6 log means all the inoculum were killed, and a log reduction of 3 for the inoculum of 6 log means 50% of the inoculum were killed).
• results show that the galvanic particulates have significantly more antimicrobial potency that zinc acetate, a metal salt control.
• Agar discs with either galvanic particulates from Example 1(a) copper metal powders, zinc metal powders, or a control TSA only agar disc were inoculated with either 10e3 VRE or 10e5 MRSA. The zone of inhibition was evaluated. Results, reported in Table 3, indicated that 1% copper-zinc galvanic particulates inhibited growth of the inoclum completely, while the control, copper metal powder, and zinc metal powder discs showed no inhibition.
• Zone of inhibition testing was performed on agar discs containing copper-zinc galvanic particulates from Example 1(a) at 0.5%, Zn acetate at 0.5%, and Cu acetate at 0.1%.
• the discs were placed on TSA agar surface, inoculated with about 6 log CFU of MRSA or C. albicans, and incubated at 37°C for 24 hr. It was found that with both MRSA and C. albicans, the 0.5% galvanic particulates showed a significant, visible zone of inhibition.
• the 0.5% zinc acetate showed a smaller zone of inhibition, approximately one half the radius of the zone produced with the 0.5% galvanic particulates.
• the 0.1% copper acetate did not show any visible zone of inhibition with MRSA nor C. albicans.
• Agar discs containing 0.1% copper coated zinc galvanic particulates from Example 1(a) or zinc acetate at 1% or copper acetate at 0.1% were exposed to about 6 log CFU of MRSA or C. albicans in saline in microwell plates, and incubated at 37°C, 200 rpm for 24 hr. Plate count was performed to enumerate the viable microorganisms after the incubation. Log reduction was defined as the log difference of the inoculum before and after the incubation with the test articles. The results are depicted below in Table 4. Table 4 LOG REDUCTION C. albicans MRSA 1% Galvanic Particulates 6.4 6.7 1% Zinc Acetate 4.7 5.1 0.1% Copper Acetate 0.3 0.2
• Agars discs containing either galvanic particulates as described in Example 1(a) or zinc acetate at 1% were placed on TSA agar surface inoculated with about 6 log CFU of MRSA or C. albicans and incubated at 37°C for 24 hr (day-1). After the incubation the agar discs were observed for zone of inhibition, then removed from the plates and placed onto a newly inoculated TSA plates with the same inoculum and incubated for 24 hr (day-2). It was found that on day 1, both the galvanic particulate disc and zinc acetate disc produce a zone of inhibition against C.
• the zone produced by the galvanic particulates was larger than that of the zinc acetate disc.
• the disc containing the galvanic particulates demonstrated a visible zone of inhibition; the disc containing the zinc acetate did not show any inhibition. This demonstrates that the galvanic particulates have antimicrobial or inhibitory effects over sustained periods of time.
• Example 1(a) The ability of the galvanic particulates from Example 1(a) to modulate immune responses was illustrated by their ability to reduce the production of cytokines by activated human T-cells stimulated with the T-cell receptor (TCR) activating agent phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in the following assay.
• TCR T-cell receptor
• PHA phytohaemagglutinin
• Human T-cells were collected from a healthy adult male via leukopheresis. The T-cells were isolated from peripheral blood via Ficol gradient, and the cells were adjusted to a density of 1x10 6 cells/mL in serum free lymphocyte growth medium (ExVivo-15, Biowhittaker, Walkersville, MD). Human T-cells were stimulated with 10 ⁇ g/mL PHA in the presence or absence of test compounds following published method ( Hamamoto Y., et al. Exp Dermatol 2:231-235, 1993 ). Following a 48-hour incubation at 37°C with 5% CO 2 , supernatant was removed and evaluated for cytokine content using commercially available multiplex cytokine detection kit. The results are depicted in Table 7.
• the galvanic particulates were found to be able to modulate the release of inflammatory mediators induced by T-cell stimulation. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory activity was greater than that of copper metal powder, zinc metal powder, copper ion (Copper (II) Acetate), or zinc ions (Zinc Chloride) alone.
• Nuclear Factor Kappa Beta is a transcription factor that binds to the NF-kB binding site on the promoter region of pro-inflammatory genes, such as COX-2 and Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) ( Bell S, et al (2003) Cell Signal.;15(1):1-7 ).
• NF-kB is involved in regulating many aspects of cellular activity, in stress, injury and especially in pathways of the immune response by stimulating synthesis of pro-inflammatory proteins, such as Cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), thus leading to inflammation ( Chun KS, t al. (2004) Carcinogenesis 25:445-454 .; Fenton MJ (1992) Int J Immunopharmacol 14:401-411 ).
• NF-kB itself is induced by stimuli such as pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta), bacterial toxins (e.g. LPS and exotoxin B), a number of viruses/viral products (e.g. HIV-1, HTLV-I, HBV, EBV, and Herpes simplex), as well as pro-apoptotic and necrotic stimuli (e.g., oxygen free radicals, UV light, and gamma-irradiation). Inhibition of NF-kB activation is likely to reduce inflammation by blocking the subsequent signaling that results in transcription of new pro-inflammatory genes.
• pro-inflammatory cytokines e.g. TNF-alpha and IL-1beta
• bacterial toxins e.g. LPS and exotoxin B
• viruses/viral products e.g. HIV-1, HTLV-I, HBV, EBV, and Herpes simplex
• NF-kB NF-kB
• Inhibitors of NF-kB are likely to inhibit the subsequent signaling that results in the presence of MMPs in the dermal matrix, and the more of the pathway that is inhibited, the more likely there will be no induction of MMPs.
• Recently inhibition of the NF-kB pathway has shown to result in a subsequent induction in collagen synthesis ( Schreiber J, et al. (2005) Surgery. 138:940-946 ).
• inhibition of NF-kB activation may also provide anti-aging benefits to skin by increasing collagen synthesis.
• FB293 cells a stable transfected human epithelial cell line containing the gene reporter for NF-kB was obtained from Panomics (Fremont, CA), were used.
• FB293 cells were plated at a density of 5x10 4 cells/mL in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA).
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
• FB293 cells were stimulated with 50ng/mL 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA)(Sigma St Louis, MO) in the presence or absence of galvanic particulates.
• TPA 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate
• Galvanic particulates thus, were found to substantially reduce NF-kB activation.
• This example demonstrates that galvanic particulates can modulate the production of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to inflammation of the skin.
• This example also demonstrates that galvanic particulates may also protect elastin and collagen fibers from damage and degradation that can lead to aging of the skin.
• Epidermal equivalents EPI 200 HCF
• MatTek MatTek (Ashland, MA). These epidermal equivalents were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C in maintenance medium without hydrocortisone.
• galvanic particulates Based on this example, topical application of galvanic particulates was able to significantly reduce the UV-stimulated release of inflammatory mediators. Therefore, galvanic particulates would be expected to provide an effective the anti-inflammatory benefit when applied to skin.
• Methyl nicotinate (methyl 3-pyridinecarboxylate) is a known vasodilator causing an increased cutaneous blood flow upon its application on the skin. See, Guy R. H., Arch. Dermatol Res (1982) 273:91-95 . In this experiment, between 10 mM-solution of methyl nicotinate (Aldrich Chemical, St. Louis, Mo.) was topically applied for 30 seconds under occlusion (2.5 cm disk, Hill Top Research Inc, Cincinnati, Ohio) on the volar forearm of volunteers based on the method of Jumbelic et al. (Skin Pharmacol Physiol. (2006) 19:147-152 ).
• Galvanic particulates (10 mg/ml) from Example 1(a) in 70% ethanol/30% propylene glycol vehicle were topically applied after induction of erythema by methyl nicotinate challenge. Redness was assessed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. See Kollias N, et al., Photochem Photobiol. (1992) (56):223-227 .
• Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) has strong oxidizing properties and is therefore a powerful bleaching agent. Hydrogen peroxide is also an effective anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and antiviral compound that is even effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates ( Flournoy DJ, Robinson MC. (1990) Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 12:541-544 ). In addition, rinsing the oral cavity with a solution of hydrogen peroxide results in a significant reduction of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in saliva ( Matula C, Hildebrandt M, Nahler G. (1988) J Int Med Res.;16:98-106 ). The reduction in bacteria in the oral cavity can help reduce the incidence of gingivitis.
• MRSA methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• Peroxides have been used in tooth whitening for more than 100 years, and hydrogen peroxide is one of the most commonly used active agents used in tooth whitening. ( Li Y. (1996) Food Chem Toxicol. 34:887-904 ). Hydrogen peroxide is also an effective vasoconstrictor that can reduce the appearance of dark circles, and result in a skin whitening effect. ( Stamatas GN, Kollias N. (2004). J Biomed Opt. 9:315-322 ; Goette DK, Odom RB. (1977) South Med J. 70:620-622 .).
• Example 1(a) The ability of galvanic particulates from Example 1(a) to induce the production of hydrogen peroxide was illustrated in the following assay.
• Human keratinocyte cells were seeded in assay plates at identical densities and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C with 5% CO 2 .
• To detect hydrogen peroxide production keratinocytes were loaded for a 30-minute incubation period with 5 ⁇ M of the hydrogen peroxide-sensitive fluorescent probe 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA, Invitrogen Carlsbad, CA). Cells were treated with galvanic particulates or zinc or copper metal powders alone over increasing amounts of time.
• CM-H2DCFDA the hydrogen peroxide-sensitive fluorescent probe
• galvanic particulates were able to significantly induce the production of hydrogen peroxide. Furthermore, the production of hydrogen peroxide generated by galvanic particulates was substantially greater than that of copper metal powders or zinc metal powders alone. Therefore, galvanic particulates would be expected to provide an effective skin lightening, tooth whitening, and anti-bacterial activity when applied to skin.
• Topical Gel A topical gel formulation of Table 13 containing galvanic particulates of Example 1 can be manufactured as follows: Table 13 INCI Name % (w/w) in Formulation Propylene Glycol 0-60 Hydroxyethyl Acrytate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer 0-5 Glycerin 99.7% 0-50 PEG-12 Dimethicone 0-50 Cyclopentasiloxane 0-50 Galvanic Particluates 0.01-5 Into a main vessel, the Propylene Glycol and Glycerin were added.
• the Hydroxyethyl Acrylate/Sodium Acryloyldimethyl Taurate Copolymer was then added and mixed until uniform, following which it was heated to 40C until the composition clears and no particles are present. The batch is then cooled to 40C, following which the remaining ingredients were added and mixed until uniform and further cooled.
• Topical Stick A topical gel formulation of Table 14(a) containing galvanic particulates of Example 1 can be manufactured as follows: Table 14(a) INCI NAME % (w/w) in Formulation cyclomethicone 0-75 propylene glycol 0-50 sodium stearate 0-50 PEG 400 0-100 Ozokerite 0-30 Paraffin 0-50 Cetyl Alcohol 0-50 Galvanic Particluates 0.01-5 In main vessel, all ingredients except for propylene glycol and galvanic particulates were combined and heated to 85-90°C until completely melted. In a separate container, the propylene glycol and galvanic particulates were mixed until the particulates were evenly dispersed.
• Dual chamber or dual phase topical product A topical composition in a dual-chamber package for the purpose of dispensing 2 separate formulations that may otherwise be unstable if stored in a single chamber over time can be made.
• a dual-chamber topical composition with one anhydrous composition in a single chamber, separated from an aqueous or conducting composition in a second chamber can be made as follows. Chamber 1 contains the composition described in Example 14(a). Chamber 2 contains the following formulation of Table 14(b).
• the formulations are loaded into a dual-chamber package, with each formulation in a separate chamber. At the point of use, the formulations are dispensed and mixed onto the site of application.
• An alternate way of dispensing the formulations is in a two-step process, whereby the first formulation is dispensed onto the skin followed by the second formulation. The two are mixed together and applied on the desired application site.
• Example 1(a) The galvanic particulates of Example 1(a) were evaluated in an in vitro onychomycosis model similar to that described in Yang, et al. Mycopathologia 148: 79-82, 1999 .
• cow hoofs were used. Hoofs were punched into plates of 1.3 cm in diameter and then sterilized in an autoclave. The hoof plates were placed in sterile Petri dishes with their external face on sterile filter paper soaked with one of the antifungal preparations or with sterile water as controls. An agar block from a dermatophyte culture was implanted on the internal face.
• the whole apparatus was placed in a larger Petri dish containing sterile water to prevent dehydratation. After inoculation, the dermatophytes were moistened with 5 microliters of Sabouraud broth on a daily basis. The broth was deposited with a micro-pipette on the internal face of the hoof plate at the base of the agar block. The experimental material was placed on the hoof system at day 0, and the fungal growth was monitored daily, to determine the first day that the fungus grew through the nail. The date of appearance and amount of growth breakthrough was recorded. Hydrocolloid coated with 3.6 mg/cm 2 galvanic particulates was compared to untreated control. All samples were replicated 3 times.
• Aging of the skin is a complex phenomenon resulting from the interaction of several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic aging is an inevitable, genetically programmed process. Among extrinsic influences (e.g., wind, heat, cigarette smoke, chemicals, etc.), ultraviolet radiation appears to be the single most important factor associated with aging of the skin. As skin ages, it generally loses elasticity as it ages. This is attributed to skin thinning and loss of elastin and collagen in the dermal matrix, as well as losses in the subcutaneous tissue (such as fat layers and muscle mass), which are expressed as sagging of the skin. The mechanical properties of the skin are, in particular, heavily influenced by the microstructural arrangement of collagen and elastin in the dermal matrix.
• Elastin is a critical component of extracellular matrix, and is especially abundant in tissues subject to physical deformations, such as skin. Galvanic particulates were found to effectively inhibit the enzymes that degrade elastin in the skin and thus would be expected to enhance the elasticity of the skin.
• Human leukocyte elastase was purchased from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.), and reconstituted at 1 unit/ml in phosphate buffered saline (PBS, Invitrogen life Technologies, Carlsbad, Calif.). Soluble bovine neck ligament elastin labeled with BODIPY FL dye was purchased from Molecular Probes, Inc. (Eugene, Oreg.), such that the fluorescence was quenched in the conjugate, and could be activated upon elastase digestion. Human leukocyte elastase (0.0625 U/ml), elastin substrate (25 ⁇ g/ml), and increasing concentrations of test material were incubated for two hours at 37C. Fluorescence was measured at excitation at 490 nm and emission at 520 nm using a fluorescent plate reader Gemini from Molecular Devices (Sunnyvale, Calif.). Background fluorescence of substrate alone had been subtracted from each measurement.
• PBS phosphate buffere
• Galvanic particulates of Example 1(a) inhibited HLE activity in a dose dependent manner as shown in Table 15. As low as 10 ug/ml of 'Galvanic particulates' resulted in approximately 50% reduction in HLE activity. This example demonstrates that 'Galvanic particulates' can protect elastin fibers from damage and degradation. Table 15 Galvanic particulates (ug/ml) Elastase Inhibition (%) 0 0 1.0 46.5 10 48.7 100 53.8 1000 60.8
• Example 17 Galvanic particulates reduces Pigmentation in Pigmented Epidermal Equivalents
• Example 1(a) Galvanic particulates of Example 1(a) was also tested for its ability to reduce pigmentation in pigmented epidermal equivalents.
• the pigmented epidermal equivalents contain human normal melanocytes, together with normal, human-derived epidermal keratinocytes, which have been cultured to form a multi-layered, highly differentiated model of the human epidermis.
• the epidermal equivalents used were EpiDermTM reconstructed human epidermis from MatTek Corp. (Ashland, MA).
• Pigmented epidermal equivalents (MEL-A, consists of normal human keratinocytes pooled from variety of phototype skins and normal human melanocytes derived from Asian donor) were treated with galvanic particulates at 1% suspended in water for six days and samples were harvested on the seventh day of the study. The harvested equivalents were stained with Fontana-Mason (F&M) ( Sheenan DC, Hrapckak BB, eds: Theory and practice of Histo-Thchnology (St Louis: CV Mosby, 1980) pp 223-277 ). F&M staining identifies silver nitrate reducing activity, which, in skin, identifies melanin.
• F&M Fontana-Mason
• the galvanic particulates was suspended in water at 1% (w/v) and applied topically once daily for 6 days. On the seventh day of the study, the equivalents were fixed, sectioned and F&M stained. F&M-stained histological sections were evaluated for the change in pigment deposition. All images were obtained and analyzed with Image Pro Plus 4.0 software (Media Cybernetics, Silver Spring, MD). Parameters measured were surface area of stained material within melanocyte and keratinocytes and the total surface area of the cells in the culture, and the relative pigmented area was calculated. A value of 100% was assigned to untreated controls, and values of treatment groups were normalized to their relevant controls. Data are presented with standard deviation (SigmaPlot ® 5.0, SPSS Science, Chicago, IL). At least three sections per equivalent, three equivalents per experiment were processed. Each experiment was repeated three times.
• Table 16 shows the results of representative data, normalized for their relative controls (H 2 O), demonstrating that galvanic particulates treatment reduced pigmentation. This table demonstrates the specificity of the compositions of this invention in reducing pigmentation (e.g., reducing pigmentation by up to 51 %).
• Table 16 Test Material Concentration % Melanin Control (H 2 O) - 100% Galvanic Particulates 1 % (W/V) 51+/- 5%
• Example 1(a) The galvanic particulates as described in Example 1(a) was tested in an in vitro pigmentation model with pigmented epidermal equivalents.
• Pigmented epidermal equivalents contain human normal melanocytes, together with normal, human-derived epidermal keratinocytes, which have been cultured to form a multi-layered, highly differentiated model of the human epidermis.
• the 0.01% galvanic particulates was suspended in water and placed onto the epidermal equivalents (4.2 cm 2 ).
• the study included a placebo control of water alone.
• the epidermal equivalents were monitored for 7 days. Histology results show that the galvanic particulates treatment reduced melanin deposition in skin equivalents by Day 7 compared to the placebo. This indicates that the galvanic particulates can have skin depigmentation benefits.
• Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) has strong oxidizing properties and is therefore a powerful bleaching agent. Hydrogen peroxide is also an effective anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral compound that is even effective against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates ( Flournoy DJ, Robinson MC. (1990) Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol. 12:541-544 ). In addition, rinsing the oral cavity with a solution of hydrogen peroxide results in a significant reduction of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in saliva ( Matula C, Hildebrandt M, Nahler G. (1988) J Int Med Res.;16:98-106 ). The reduction in bacteria in the oral cavity can help reduce the incidence of gingivitis.
• MRSA methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus
• Peroxides have been used in tooth whitening for more than 100 years, and hydrogen peroxide is one of the most commonly used active agents used in tooth whitening. ( Li Y. (1996) Food Chem Toxicol. 34:887-904 ). Hydrogen peroxide is also an effective vasoconstrictor that can reduce the appearance of dark circles, and result in a skin whitening effect. ( Stamatas GN, Kollias N. (2004). J Biomed Opt. 9:315-322 ; Goette DK, Odom RB. (1977) South Med J. 70:620-622 .).
• Example 1(b) The ability of galvanic particulates from Example 1(b) to induce the production of hydrogen peroxide was illustrated in the following assay.
• Human keratinocyte cells were seeded in assay plates at identical densities and incubated for 48 hours at 37°C with 5% CO 2 .
• To detect hydrogen peroxide production keratinocytes were loaded for a 30-minute incubation period with 5 ⁇ M of the hydrogen peroxide-sensitive fluorescent probe 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA, Invitrogen Carlsbad, CA). Cells were treated with galvanic particulates or zinc or copper metal powders alone over increasing amounts of time.
• CM-H2DCFDA the hydrogen peroxide-sensitive fluorescent probe
• galvanic particulates were able to significantly induce the production of hydrogen peroxide.
• the production of hydrogen peroxide generated by galvanic particulates was substantially greater than that of copper metal powders or zinc metal powders alone.
• the production of hydrogen peroxide generated by galvanic particulates created using the Ethanol process was substantially greater than that of galvanic particulates created using the water process. Therefore, galvanic particulates created using the Ethanol process would be expected to provide an effective skin lightening, tooth whitening, and anti-bacterial activity when applied to skin.
• Example 20 Controlling rate of reaction, quality, and activity of galvanic particulates
• Example 19 Changing the conditions of the metal plating of one metal onto another has been shown in Example 19 to affect the activity of galvanic particulates.
• the ability to control the rate of plating copper onto zinc powders is illustrated with the following example.
• the process described in Example 1(b) was performed with various types of 0.61 % w/w copper acetate solutions outlined in Table 19.
• the reaction time refers to the time it took for the copper to completely deposit onto the zinc powder, indicated by the copper salt solution changing from blue to clear.
• Table 19 % water % ethanol reaction time (hr) 0 100 48.00 10 90 5.67 15 85 0.50 17 83 0.52 18 82 0.50 20 80 0.00
• the rate of the coating reaction can be regulated by the polarity of the metal salt solution.
• Example 19 shows that the activity of the resulting galvanic particulates is affected by manufacturing conditions.

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