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Definitions

• the present invention relates to an AlN substrate and a method for producing the AlN substrate.
• a heat spreader made of a material that has high thermal conductivity is used.
• a base substrate that is a component of a laminated substrate formed by sticking the base substrate and a semiconductor substrate together can be mentioned as the heat spreader (see Patent Literature 1, etc.).
• a single-layered or multi-layered semiconductor layer is epitaxially grown on an exposed surface on the semiconductor substrate side, and, as a result, a semiconductor device, such as the aforementioned semiconductor light-emitting device, is formed.
• the base substrate is required to have high thermal conductivity as mentioned above, and is also required to have a small difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the base substrate and the semiconductor substrate in order to prevent the laminated substrate from curving or peeling off.
• an AlN substrate that satisfies these requirements is suitably used as the base substrate if a substrate made of GaN etc., is used as the semiconductor substrate.
• Patent Literature 2 many defects (pores) are present inside a conventional AlN substrate that is produced by sintering AlN (aluminum nitride), and, if a bonding surface to be bonded to the semiconductor substrate is subjected to, for example, mirror polishing in order to improve the efficiency of heat transfer, the pore will be opened, and there is a possibility that a desired heat transfer effect cannot be obtained because the pore appears on the bonding surface in the form of a void that obstructs heat transfer between the base substrate and the semiconductor substrate.
• AlN aluminum nitride
• a problem resides in the fact that, in the laminated substrate that includes the conventional AlN substrate serving as a base substrate, heat from the semiconductor device formed on the semiconductor substrate cannot be removed by being efficiently transferred from the semiconductor substrate to the AlN substrate, and this heat easily causes the malfunction or the breakdown of the semiconductor device.
• An object of the present invention is to provide an AlN substrate superior to a conventional one in the efficiency of heat transfer between the AlN substrate and another member, such as a semiconductor substrate, that is bonded to a bonding surface, and to provide a method for producing the AlN substrate.
• the present invention is an AlN substrate having a bonding surface to be bonded to another member, composed of a sintered body of AlN including a group 2A element and a group 3A element, a surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface is 15 nm or less, voids being exposed on the bonding surface and having long diameters of 0.25 ⁇ m or more, a mean value of the long diameters is 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and a maximum value of the long diameters is 1.8 ⁇ m or less.
• the AlN substrate of the present invention consists of a sintered body of AlN including a group 2A element and a group 3A element as mentioned above, and has a smooth surface serving as a bonding surface that includes voids small in number and whose surface roughness Ra is 15 nm or less, and, in voids that are present on the bonding surface and whose long diameters are 0.25 ⁇ m or more, the mean value of the long diameters is set at 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and the maximum value thereof is set at 1.8 ⁇ m or less, and therefore the efficiency of heat transfer between the AlN substrate and another member, such as a semiconductor substrate, that is bonded to the bonding surface can be made higher than before.
• a laminated substrate is formed by sticking the AlN substrate of the present invention serving as, for example, a base substrate and a semiconductor substrate together, heat from a semiconductor device, such as a semiconductor light-emitting device, formed on the semiconductor substrate can be more efficiently transferred from the semiconductor substrate to the AlN substrate than before, and can also be removed as promptly as possible through, for example, a heat release member connected to the AlN substrate, and therefore the malfunction or breakdown of the semiconductor device caused by the heat can be reliably prevented.
• a semiconductor device such as a semiconductor light-emitting device
• the group 2A element is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ca and Mg.
• the AlN substrate of the present invention includes the group 2A element at a rate of 0.009 mass% or more and 0.28 mass% or less in oxide equivalent.
• the group 3A element is at least one selected from the group consisting of Y and lanthanoids.
• the AlN substrate of the present invention includes the group 3A element at a rate of 0.02 mass% or more and 4.5 mass% or less in oxide equivalent.
• the present invention is a method for producing the AlN substrate of the present invention, and is characterized by including a step of forming a precursor of the AlN substrate by a sintering material that includes AlN being 88.7 mass% or more and 98.5 mass% or less, a group 2A element being 0.01 mass% or more and 0.3 mass% or less in oxide equivalent, and a group 3A element being 0.05 mass% or more and 5 mass% or less in oxide equivalent, a step of sintering the precursor at a temperature of 1500°C or more and 1900°C or less and, as a result, forming a sintered body, and a step of applying hot isostatic processing (HIP) treatment onto the sintered body at a temperature of 1450°C or more and 2000°C or less and at a pressure of 9.8 MPa or more.
• HIP hot isostatic processing
• a sintered body (tentative sintered body) of AlN that has a theoretical density falling within a fixed range and that is formed by being sintered at a comparatively low temperature within the aforementioned temperature range from a precursor formed by the sintering material including each component mentioned above is subjected to HIP treatment under the aforementioned conditions, and, as a result, pores that are present inside the sintered body can be filled, and the size of each pore can be reduced in diameter, and the number of the pores can be reduced.
• the group 2A element contained in the sintering material reacts with an oxide on the surface of AlN particles by heating in the aforementioned temperature range at the HIP treatment step, and functions to promote the generation of a liquidphase along with other sintering assistant components contained in the sintering material, whereas the group 3A element functions to appropriately adjust the viscosity of the liquid phase generated thereby.
• hydrostatic pressure falling within the aforementioned pressure range is applied to the whole of the sintered body at the HIP treatment step, and, as a result, the sintering assistant that has reached a semi-molten state is allowed to flow at a grain boundary part of the sintered body, and crystal grains that form the sintered body are rearranged so as to densify the sintered body, and, as a result, the number of the pores can be reduced by filling the pores present inside the sintered body as mentioned above, and the size of each of the remaining pores can be reduced.
• the bonding surface to be bonded to another member is subjected to mirror polishing etc., after completing the HIP treatment, and, as a result, the pores are opened, and, in voids appearing on the bonding surface and having long diameters of 0.25 ⁇ m or more, the mean value of the long diameters can be set at 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and the maximum value thereof can be set at 1.8 or less, and the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface serving as the parameter of the number of voids can be set at 15 nm or less as mentioned above.
• the pore is an open pore, and therefore, likewise, it is impossible to produce a densified AlN substrate that is equivalent to an AlN substrate produced according to the production method of the present invention.
• an AlN substrate superior to a conventional one in the efficiency of heat transfer between the AlN substrate and another member, such as a semiconductor substrate, that is bonded to a bonding surface, and it is possible to provide a method for producing the AlN substrate.
• the present invention is an AlN substrate having a bonding surface to be bonded to another member, composed of a sintered body of AlN including a group 2A element and a group 3A element, a surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface is 15 nm or less, voids being exposed on the bonding surface and having long diameters of 0.25 ⁇ m or more, a mean value of the long diameters is 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and a maximum value of the long diameters is 1.8 ⁇ m or less.
• the AlN substrate is made of an AlN sintered body including a group 2A element and a group 3A element as described above, and has a smooth surface that has only a few voids and whose bonding surface has a surface roughness Ra of 15 nm or less, and, in voids having long diameters of 0.25 ⁇ m or more that are present on the bonding surface, the mean value of the long diameters is set to be 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and the maximum value of the long diameters is set to be 1.8 ⁇ m or less, and therefore the efficiency of heat transfer between the AlN substrate and another member, such as a semiconductor substrate, that is bonded to the bonding surface can be made higher than before.
• a laminated substrate is formed by sticking the AlN substrate of the present invention serving as, for example, a base substrate and a semiconductor substrate together, heat from a semiconductor device, such as a semiconductor light-emitting device, formed on the semiconductor substrate can be more efficiently transferred from the semiconductor substrate to the AlN substrate than before, and can also be removed as promptly as possible through, for example, a heat release member connected to the AlN substrate, and therefore the malfunction or breakdown of the semiconductor device caused by the heat can be reliably prevented.
• a semiconductor device such as a semiconductor light-emitting device
• the reason why the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface is limited to 15 nm or less as mentioned above is as follows.
• the surface roughness Ra exceeds 15 nm, many voids will be present on the bonding surface even if it falls within the range of the long diameters of voids and even if the mean value of the long diameters falls within the aforementioned range, and therefore it is impossible to obtain an effect by which the efficiency of heat transfer between the AlN substrate and another member to be bonded to the bonding surface is improved. Additionally, there is also a fear that the other member will become low in the bonding strength and will easily peel off.
• the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface it is preferable to make the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface as small as possible in the aforementioned range, and, in particular, it is preferable to set the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface at 10 nm or less.
• the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface is represented by the "arithmetical mean deviation Ra of the assessed profile” that is established in Japan Industrial Standard JIS B 0601:2001 "Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS)- Surface texture: Profile method- Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters.”
• the reason why the long diameters of voids, which are exposed on the bonding surface and based on which the mean value and the maximum value of the long diameters are calculated, are limited to 0.25 ⁇ m or more is as follows.
• small voids the long diameter of each of which is 0.25 ⁇ m or less will not be counted as voids when the mean value and the maximum value of the long diameters of voids exposed on the bonding surface are calculated.
• the reason why, in voids that are exposed on the bonding surface and that have long diameters of 0.25 ⁇ m or more, the mean value of the long diameters is limited to 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and the maximum value thereof is limited to 1.8 ⁇ m or less is as follows.
• the mean value of the long diameters of the voids is 1.0 ⁇ m or less in the aforementioned range in consideration of further improving the effect of heightening the efficiency of heat transfer.
• the maximum value of the long diameters of the voids is 1.2 ⁇ m or less in the aforementioned range.
• the mean value of the long diameters of the voids at 0.3 ⁇ m or more in the aforementioned range, and it is preferable to set the maximum value thereof at 0.5 ⁇ m or more in the aforementioned range. It is substantially difficult to set the mean value and the maximum value to be less than the aforementioned range.
• the long diameters of the voids exposed on the bonding surface will be represented by values measured by the following method.
• carbon is vapor-deposited onto a bonding surface, which has undergone mirror polishing or the like, of an AlN substrate, and five arbitrary fields of view are photographed at 1000-fold magnification by use of a scanning electron microscope. Thereafter, a photographed image is enlarged three times, and all voids confirmed in the field of view are subjected to ellipse approximation, and its long axis is measured as a long diameter. Thereafter, the mean value and the maximum value of the long diameters are found from measurement values of the long diameters of all voids having long diameters of 0.25 ⁇ m or more, excluding the voids the long diameter of each of which is less than 0.25 ⁇ m.
• At least one selected from, for example, the group consisting of Ca and Mg is used as the group 2A element.
• at least one selected from, for example, the group consisting of Y and lanthanoids is used as the group 3A element.
• the percentage of the group 2A element is, preferably, 0.009 mass% or more in oxide equivalent based on the composition of a sinteringmaterial used as its starting material, and is, preferably, 0.28 mass% or less.
• the percentage of the group 3A element is, preferably, 0.02 mass% or more in oxide equivalent, and is, preferably, 4.5 mass% or less.
• the reason why the percentage of the group 2A element is less than the aforementioned range is that, in many cases, the percentage of the group 2A element in the sintering material used as a starting material in the production method of the present invention is smaller than the predetermined value described above. In those cases, there is a fear that an effect brought about by mixing the group 2A element with the sintering material cannot be obtained, and voids exposed on the bonding surface of the AlN substrate that has been polished will exceed the range determined in the present invention, and will become large.
• the reason why the percentage of the group 2A element exceeds the aforementioned range is that, in many cases, the percentage of the group 2A element in the sintering material is likewise larger than the predetermined value described above, and, in those cases, there is a fear that voids exposed on the bonding surface of the AlN substrate that has been polished will likewise exceed the range determined in the present invention because of the action of excessive group 2A elements, and will become large.
• the reason why the percentage of the group 3A element is less than the aforementioned range is that, in many cases, the percentage of the group 3A element in the sintering material is smaller than the predetermined value described above, and, in those cases, there is a fear that an effect brought about by mixing the group 3A element with the sintering material cannot be obtained, and voids exposed on the bonding surface of the AlN substrate that has been polished will exceed the range determined in the present invention, and will become large.
• the reason why the percentage of the group 3A element exceeds the aforementioned range is that, in many cases, the percentage of the group 2A element in the sintering material is likewise larger than the predetermined value described above, and, in those cases, there is a fear that the thermal conductivity of an AlN substrate to be produced cannot be maintained within a suitable range of thermal conductivity required of the AlN substrate, especially within a range of 80 W/m-K or more described later.
• the AlN substrate may contain Si at a rate of 0.3 mass% or less in oxide equivalent.
• the lower limit of the content rate of Si is 0 mass%, i.e., a case in which Si is not contained is included.
• the remainder of the AlN substrate is substantially AlN.
• substantially denotes that Al that is not a component of the aforementioned compound AlN, or O, or other inevitable impurities may be contained in a complex oxide that forms a grain boundary, in addition to AlN.
• the content rate of each component in oxide equivalent can be found from a result obtained by analyzing the bonding surface, which has undergone mirror polishing, of the AlN substrate according to a glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS).
• GDMS glow discharge mass spectrometry
• the AlN substrate of the present invention has a thermal conductivity of 80 W/m ⁇ K or more in consideration of giving high thermal conductivity to remove heat from a semiconductor device, such as a semiconductor light-emitting device, as promptly as possible.
• the thermal conductivity is 260 W/m ⁇ K or less in the aforementioned range.
• the thermal conductivity is adjustable by appropriately changing the particle diameter of a crystal grain of AlN that is a component of an AlN sintered body, the composition of a sintering material, and so on, it is substantially difficult to form an AlN substrate that has high thermal conductivity that exceeds 260 W/m ⁇ K in an AlN sintered body.
• the thermal expansion coefficient of the AlN substrate is about 3.5 ⁇ 10 -6 /K or more and about 4.8 ⁇ 10 -6 /K or less.
• the AlN substrate of the present invention can be suitably used as a base substrate as described above in order to create a laminated substrate by sticking the semiconductor substrate and the AlN substrate together, and can also be used as an insulating substrate in which a semiconductor device or the like is directly bonded to the bonding surface.
• the AlN substrate has high thermal conductivity, and is excellent in the efficiency of heat transfer between the AlN substrate and another member as described above, and therefore heat from a semiconductor device, such as a semiconductor light-emitting device, can be more efficiently transferred to the AlN substrate than before, and can also be removed as promptly as possible through a heat release member or the like that is connected to the AlN substrate, and therefore the malfunction or breakdown of the semiconductor device caused by the heat can be reliably prevented.
• a semiconductor device such as a semiconductor light-emitting device
• the AlN substrate of the present invention includes a step of forming a precursor of the AlN substrate by use of a sintering material that includes AlN falling within a range of 88.7 mass% or more and 98.5 mass% or less, a group 2A element falling within a range of 0.01 mass% or more and 0.3 mass% or less in oxide equivalent, and a group 3A element falling within a range of 0.05 mass% or more and 5 mass% or less in oxide equivalent, a step (sintering step) of sintering the precursor at a temperature of from 1500°C to 1900°C so as to form a sintered body, and a step (HIP treatment step) of applying HIP treatment to the sintered body at a temperature of from 1450°C to 2000°C and under a pressure of 9.8 MPa or more.
• a sintering material that includes AlN falling within a range of 88.7 mass% or more and 98.5 mass% or less, a group 2A element falling within a range of 0.01 mass%
• various materials such as AlN, the group 2A element, and the group 3A element mentioned above, that serve as raw materials forming an AlN substrate through the sintering step and the HIP treatment step exclusive of organic substances, such as binders or organic solvents described later, or water that are removed not later than the sintering step are generically called sintering material.
• the mass% of AlN, the mass% of the group 2A element, or the mass% of the group 3A element is the content rate in the total amount of the sintering material.
• the content rate (in oxide equivalent) of the total of the two or more kinds of elements used together is required to fall within the aforementioned range.
• the reason why the content rate of AlN in the total amount of the sintering material is limited to 88.7 mass% or more and 98.5 mass% or less in the present invention is as follows.
• the reason why the content rate of the group 2A element in the total amount of the sintering material is limited to 0.01 mass% or more and 0.3 mass% or less in oxide equivalent is as follows.
• the content rate of the group 2A element is less than the aforementioned range, it is impossible to obtain an effect by which the generation of a liquid phase is promoted together with other sintering assistant components contained in the sintering material while reacting with an oxide on the surface of AlN particles as described above by means of the group 2A element. Therefore, low-temperature sintering is not advanced, and it is impossible to obtain an effect by which a sintered body is densified by rearranging crystal grains that form the sintered body during HIP treatment, and pores that are present inside the sintered body are filled or are reduced in diameter.
• At least one selected from the group consisting of Ca and Mg is used as the group 2A element, and, particularly, Ca is used as the group 2A element in consideration of, for example, the aforementioned promotion effect.
• the reason why the content rate of the group 3A element in the total amount of the sintering material is limited to 0.05 mass% or more and 5 mass% or less in oxide equivalent is as follows.
• the content rate of the group 3A element is less than the aforementioned range, the viscosity of a liquid phase will be too low, and it will become difficult for the liquid phase component to remain in the grain boundary, and the movement of a sintering assistant will be obstructed during HIP treatment, and therefore it is impossible to obtain an effect by which a sintered body is densified by rearranging crystal grains that form the sintered body, and pores that are present inside the sintered body are filled or are reduced in diameter.
• At least one selected from the group consisting of Y and lanthanoids is used as the group 3A element in consideration of, for example, the effect of adjusting the viscosity of the liquid phase, and, particularly, it is preferable to use Yb and Nd of the lanthanoids together or to use these two elements and Y together.
• Al that is not a component of AlN is additionally contained in the sintering material within a range of 0.05 mass% or more and 5 mass% or less in oxide equivalent of the total amount of the sintering material, in addition to each component mentioned above.
• the content rate of Al that is not a component of AlN is less than the aforementioned range, there is a fear that the amount of generation of a liquid phase will decrease, and sintering will not be advanced. On the other hand, if it exceeds the aforementioned range, there is a fear that the generation temperature of the liquidphase will rise, and crystal grains of AlN will coarsen.
• a grain boundary phase is liable to segregate to the triple point of the AlN crystal grain, and, if this segregation occurs, the movement of the sintering assistant will be obstructed during HIP treatment, and therefore there is also a fear that it will be impossible to obtain an effect by which a sintered body is densified by rearranging crystal grains that form the sintered body, and pores that are present inside the sintered body are filled or are reduced in diameter.
• An oxide that is present on the surface of AlN particles used as raw material is also regarded as being included in an oxide of Al that is not a component of AlN.
• the amount of an oxide included in AlN used as raw material is calculated beforehand, and, if the amount of the oxide is below a predetermined value in the aforementioned range, it is recommended to add the oxide of Al and set the additional amount so that the total amount of the oxide reaches the predetermined value.
• the oxide conversion weight x of the group 2A element and the oxide conversion weight y of Al that is not a component of AlN among each component mentioned above are adjusted to satisfy formula (1): 0.05 ⁇ x / x + y ⁇ 0.35
• the oxide conversion weight z of the group 3A element and the oxide conversion weight y of Al that is not a component of AlN are adjusted to satisfy formula (2): 0.20 ⁇ y / z + y ⁇ 0.60
• Si may be contained in the sintering material in order to heighten the bondability with respect to a semiconductor substrate or the like according to, for example, the direct bonding method.
• Si may be contained in the sintering material in order to heighten the bondability with respect to a semiconductor substrate or the like according to, for example, the direct bonding method.
• Each component other than AlN can be mixed with AlN in a state of a compound, such as oxide, nitride, carbide, carbonate, or complex oxide. If a compound other than the oxide is used, it is recommended to adjust the amount of the compound to be mixed so that the content rate of the group 2A element or the like contained in the compound falls within the aforementioned range in oxide equivalent.
• the mean particle diameter of powder of AlN among the components mentioned above is 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 3.0 ⁇ m or less.
• the mean particle diameter of powder of the compound of the group 2A element is 0.2 ⁇ m or more and 5.0 ⁇ m or less.
• the mean particle diameter of powder of the compound of the group 3A element is 0.2 ⁇ m or more and 4.0 ⁇ m or less.
• the mean particle diameter of powder of the compound of Al that is not a component of AlN is 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 3.0 ⁇ m or less.
• the mean particle diameter of powder of the compound of Si is 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 6.0 ⁇ m or less.
• each component mentioned above is less than the aforementioned range, there is a fear that the powder will become bulky and will have difficultyinbeingevenlymixed, andnecessarysintereddensity cannot be obtained.
• the mean particle diameter exceeds the aforementioned range, each component will not be sufficiently pulverized at a blending step, and therefore there is a fear that the composition will become non-uniform, and a variation in density will occur after being sintered, or the shedding of grains will occur at, for example, the polishing step after completing HIP treatment, and the surface roughness will become high after processing.
• Slurry is prepared by additionally mixing a binder and a dispersive medium with the sintering material, and a green sheet is produced by molding the slurry in a sheet-like shape.
• Both a binder using an organic solvent as a dispersive medium and a binder using water as a dispersive medium are usable as the aforementioned binder.
• binders such as an acryl-based binder, a polyvinyl butyral-based binder, and a cellulose-based binder
• an organic solvent as a dispersive medium that is one of the aforementionedtwo.
• One kind or two kinds or more of, for example, various alcohols can be mentioned as the organic solvent.
• binders such as a polyvinyl alcohol-based binder, an acryl-based binder, a urethane-based binder, and a vinyl acetate-based binder, can be mentioned as the binder using water as a dispersive medium.
• a dispersing agent or a plasticizer may be mixed with the slurry in order to improve the stability of the slurry, the dispersibility of the sintering material, or the flexibility of the green sheet.
• both a dry blending method and a wet blending method can be employed by use of a general blender, such as a ball mill, an attritor, or a planetary mill.
• a general blender such as a ball mill, an attritor, or a planetary mill.
• coarse grains may be sieved by use of, for example, a mesh whose hole diameter is about 1 ⁇ m.
• an extrusion method is employed as a molding method for molding the slurry in a sheet-like shape and producing a green sheet.
• the green sheet may be produced by piling up a plurality of thin sheets produced according to, for example, a doctor blade method.
• the temperature of drying is 0°C or more, particularly 15°C or more, and 80°C or less, particularly 50°C or less.
• the period of time of drying is preferably one hour or more, more preferably ten hours or more, and particularly twenty hours or more.
• the period of time is less than the aforementioned range, there is a fear that drying will be insufficient, and cracks or the like will be liable to occur at a binder-removing step, which is a subsequent step, because of volatilization of the dispersive medium remaining in the preform.
• the period of time of drying is 48 hours or less in the aforementioned range in consideration of the productivity etc., of the AlN substrate.
• the preform is heated to more than the thermal decomposition temperature of the binder, and the binder and other organic substances are removed, and, as a result, a precursor that is made of only a sintering material and that has not yet been sintered is produced.
• the binder-removing processing may be performed in an oxidizing atmosphere, such as the air, in order to promote the thermal decomposition of the binder, or may be performed in an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere.
• the temperature is 400°C or more and 600°C or less.
• the temperature is less than the aforementioned range, there is a fear that the binder cannot be removed sufficiently, and sintering will be obstructed by the binder remaining in the precursor at a sintering step, which is a subsequent step, and the binder will be gasified so that cracks occur in the sintered body.
• the temperature is 500°C or more and 900°C or less.
• the temperature is less than the aforementioned range, there is a fear that the binder cannot be removed sufficiently, and sintering will be obstructed by the binder remaining in the precursor at the sintering step, which is a subsequent step, and the binder will be gasified so that cracks occur in the sintered body.
• the period of time of the binder-removing processing is one hour or more and ten hours or less when the binder-removing processing is performed in any atmosphere.
• the period of time is less than the aforementioned range, there is a fear that the binder cannot be removed sufficiently, and sintering will be obstructed by the binder remaining in the precursor at the sintering step, which is a subsequent step, and the binder will be gasified so that cracks occur in the sintered body.
• the precursor is sintered at a temperature of 1500°C or more and 1900°C or less in an inert atmosphere, such as a nitrogen atmosphere, and a sintered body is formed.
• the temperature is less than the aforementioned range, sintering will be insufficient, and pores that are present inside the sintered body will be too large, and therefore, at a HIP treatment step that is a subsequent step, it is impossible to obtain an effect by which a sintered body is densified by rearranging crystal grains that form the sintered body, and pores that are present inside the sintered body are filled or are reduced in diameter.
• the temperature of sintering is 1600°C or more and 1750°C or less in the aforementioned range in consideration ofdensifyingthe sintered body even more excellently and filling or reducing pores that are present inside the sintered body in diameter at the HIP treatment step that is a subsequent step.
• the period of time of sintering is one hour or more and ten hours or less.
• the period of time is less than the aforementioned range, the period of time required for the rearrangement or for the combination of crystal grains at the sintering step is short, and therefore there is a fear that a variation in density will become large in the sintered body, and the pores can only partially be filled or reduced in diameter even if HIP treatment is performed at the subsequent step.
• the sintered body is subjected to HIP treatment in an inert atmosphere, such as a nitrogen atmosphere or an argon atmosphere, at a temperature of 1450°C or more and 2000°C or less and under a pressure of 9.8 MPa or more.
• an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere or an argon atmosphere
• the temperature is less than the aforementioned range, the generation of a liquid phase by a reaction between a sintering assistant and an oxide on the surface of AlN particles as described above is not advanced, and therefore there is a fear that it will be impossible to obtain an effect by which a sintered body is densified by rearranging crystal grains that form the sintered body, and pores that are present inside the sintered body are filled or are reduced in diameter, which is generated by the flow of the liquid phase. Therefore, there is also a fear that the surface roughness Ra will exceed 15 nm.
• the temperature is 1600°C or more and 1900°C or less in consideration of densifying the sintered body even more excellently and filling or reducing pores that are present inside the sintered body in diameter at the HIP treatment step.
• the pressure is less than the aforementioned range, it will be impossible to obtain an effect by which a sintered body is densified by rearranging crystal grains that form the sintered body, and pores that are present inside the sintered body are filled or are reduced in diameter.
• the pressure is 196 MPa or less in the aforementioned range.
• the period of time of the HIP treatment is one hour or more and ten hours or less.
• the period of time is less than the aforementioned range, the movement of the sintering assistant will not be performed sufficiently even if a liquid phase is generated, and therefore there is a fear that it will be impossible to satisfactorily obtain an effect by which a sintered body is densified by rearranging crystal grains, and pores that are present inside the sintered body are filled or are reduced in diameter.
• the bonding surface, which is bonded to another member, of the AlN substrate that has undergone the HIP treatment is subjected to, for example, mirror polishing as described above, and is finished so that the surface roughness Ra is 3 nm or less, and the mean value of the long diameters of voids that are exposed on the bonding surface and each of which has a long diameter of 0.25 ⁇ m or more is 1.5 ⁇ m or less, and the maximum value thereof is 1.8 ⁇ m or less, and, as a result, the AlN substrate can be used as, for example, a base substrate of a laminated substrate.
• polishing methods such as machine polishing of, for example, lap processing by loose grains and fixed grains or chemical mechanical polishing, can be employed as the polishing method.
• the AlN substrate that has not yet been polished may be subjected to heat treatment in an inert atmosphere, such as a nitrogen atmosphere or an argon atmosphere, while being pressed in the surface direction if necessary.
• an inert atmosphere such as a nitrogen atmosphere or an argon atmosphere
• the temperature of heat treatment is 1500°C or more and 1900°C or less. If the temperature of heat treatment is less than the aforementioned range, there is a fear that the warpage correcting effect cannot be satisfactorily obtained. Even if it exceeds the aforementioned range, a further effect cannot be obtained, and it is unreasonable.
• the period of time of heat treatment is 0.5 hours or more and 5 hours or less. If the period of time of heat treatment is less than the aforementioned range, there is a fear that the warpage correcting effect cannot be satisfactorily obtained. Even if it exceeds the aforementioned range, a further effect cannot be obtained, and it is unreasonable.
• the pressure applied in the surface direction is 150 Pa or more and 1000 Pa or less in surface pressure. If the pressure is less than the aforementioned range, there is a fear that the warpage correcting effect cannot be satisfactorily obtained. Even if it exceeds the aforementioned range, a further effect cannot be obtained, and it is unreasonable.
• the warpage of the AlN substrate is within ⁇ 0.7 ⁇ m/1 mm, particularly within ⁇ 0.3 ⁇ m/1 mm in terms of the maximum amount of displacement in a direction perpendicular to the bonding surface per millimeter in length on the bonding surface of the AlN substrate.
• Powder of each component mentioned below was prepared as the sintering material.
• Powders of the respective components mentioned above are mixed together so that the content rates in the total amount of the sintering material are set as follows (note that this mixture is referred to as "Composition A”), and a slurry was prepared by mixing the dispersive medium and the binder together.
• the slurry was molded in a sheet-like shape of 260 mm in length ⁇ 260 mm in width ⁇ 1.2 mm in thickness according to the extrusion method, and, as a result, a green sheet was produced, and this green sheet was naturally dried under the conditions of temperature: 24 ⁇ 4°C and period of time: 24 hours, and, as a result, a preform was produced.
• the preform was placed on a jig made of boron nitride, and was subjected to binder-removing processing in the air under the conditions of temperature: 500°C and period of time: 5 hours, and, as a result, a precursor that has not yet been sintered and that is made of only the sintering material was produced.
• the precursor was sintered in a nitrogen atmosphere under the conditions of temperature: 1650°C, period of time: 5 hours, and pressure: 1 atmospheric pressure, and, as a result, a sintered body was produced.
• the sintered body was subjected to HIP treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere under the conditions of temperature: 1790°C, period of time: 1 hour, and pressure: 98MPa, and then its external shape was formed by lap processing by loose grains, and its bonding surface was subjected to mirror polishing, and, as a result, a disk-shaped AlN substrate of ⁇ 200 ⁇ 0.7 mmt was produced.
• the warpage of the AlN substrate was 0.8 ⁇ m/mm.
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the temperature of sintering at the sintering step was 1480°C (Comparative example 1), 1500°C (Example 2), 1600°C (Example 3), 1750°C (Example 4), 1850°C (Example 5), 1900°C (Example 6), and 1920°C (Comparative example 2).
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the period of time of sintering at the sintering step was 1 hour (Example 7) and 10 hours (Example 8).
• Arithmetic mean heights Ra were found from contour curves of surface roughness measured by the field of view of 0.6 mm ⁇ 0.5 mm by use of a non-contact type surface roughness meter at five arbitrary places on the bonding surface, which is one side of a disk, of the AlN substrate produced in each example and each comparative example mentioned above, and then the mean value thereof was calculated, and was determined as surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface of the AlN substrate of each example and each comparative example.
• carbon was vapor-deposited onto the bonding surface, which is one side of a disk, of the AlN substrate produced in each example and each comparative example, and five arbitrary fields of view were photographed at 1000-fold magnification by use of a scanning electron microscope.
• the thermal conductivity in the thickness direction of an AlN substrate produced in each example and each comparative example was measured according to a laser flash method.
• the thermal expansion coefficient in the surface direction of an AlN substrate produced in each example and each comparative example was measured by use of a differential dilatometer.
• the bonding surface, which is one side of a disk and which has undergone mirror polishing, of an AlN substrate produced in each example and each comparative example was analyzed by glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS), and from analysis results, the percentage (mass%) of group 2A elements and group 3A elements contained in the AlN substrate was calculated in terms of oxide equivalent.
• GDMS glow discharge mass spectrometry
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the temperature of HIP treatment was 1430°C (Comparative example 3), 1450°C (Example 9), 1600°C (Example 10), 1700°C (Example 11), 1900°C (Example 12), 2000°C (Example 13), and 2030°C (Comparative example 4).
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the pressure of HIP treatment was 8.5 MPa (Comparative example 5), 9.8 MPa (Example 14), and 196 MPa (Example 15).
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the HIP treatment step was excluded, and the temperature of sintering was 1500°C (Comparative example 6), 1650°C (Comparative example 7), and 1900°C (Comparative example 8) at the sintering step.
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the HIP treatment step was excluded, and the sintering step was performed at the following two stages (A) and (B).
• the temperature of the HIP treatment is required to be set at 1450°C or more and 2000°C or less in order to set the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface of a produced AlN substrate and the mean value and the maximum value of the long diameters of voids so as to respectively fall within the ranges determined in the present invention.
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the sintering material of Composition B (Example 16), that of Composition C (Example 17), and that of Composition D (Comparative example 10) shown in Table 5 were used instead of the sintering material of Composition A.
• Table 5 Composition Mass% (in oxide equivalent excluding AlN) AlN Group 2A element Group 3A element Al that is not a component of AlN Si Ca Y Yb Nd A 96.8 0.1 - 1.1 1.0 0.8 0.2 B 88.7 0.3 1.5 1.5 2.0 5.0 1.0 C 98.5 0.05 0.5 - 0.4 0.6 - D 99.0 0.01 - 0.05 0.04 0.8 0.1
• the content rate of AlN is required to be set at 88.7 mass% or more and 98.5 mass% or less of the total amount of the sintering material in order to set the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface of a produced AlN substrate and the mean value and the maximum value of the long diameters of voids so as to respectively fall within the ranges determined in the present invention.
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the sintering material of Composition E (Example 18), that of Composition F (Example 19), that of Composition G (Comparative example 11), and that of Composition H (Comparative example 12) shown in Table 8 were used instead of the sintering material of Composition A.
• Table 8 Composition Mass% (in oxide equivalent excluding AlN) AlN Group 2A element Group 3A element Al that is not a component of AlN Si Ca Y Yb Nd E 95.0 0.01 1.19 1.2 1.5 0.8 0.3 F 95.0 0.3 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.8 0.3 G 95.0 0.005 0.6 1.5 1.5 1.1 0.295 H 95.0 0.4 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.5 0.3
• the content rate of the group 2A element is required to be set at 0.01 mass% or more and 0.3 mass% or less in oxide equivalent of the total amount of the sintering material in order to set the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface of a produced AlN substrate and the mean value and the maximum value of the long diameters of voids so as to respectively fall within the ranges determined in the present invention.
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the sintering material of Composition J (Example 20), that of Composition K (Example 21), that of Composition L (Example 22), that of Composition M (Comparative example 13), and that of Composition N (Comparative example 14) shown in Table 11 were used instead of the sintering material of Composition A.
• Table 11 Composition Mass% (in oxide equivalent excluding AlN) AlN Group 2A element Group 3A element Al that is not a component of AlN Si Ca Y Yb Nd J 98.5 0.3 0.05 - - 0.85 0.3 K 95.8 0.2 - 0.5 0.5 3.0 - L 93.0 0.2 1.0 2.0 2.0 1.3 0.5 M 95.1 0.2 - 0.03 - 3.87 0.8 N 92.8 0.2 - 3.0 3.0 0.9 0.1
• Table 12 Composition Group 3A element (Mass%) Sintering step HIP treatment step Temperature (°C) Period of time (hr) Temperature (°C) Pressure (MPa) Comparative example 13 M 0.03 1650 5 1790 98
• the content rate of the total of the group 3A element is required to be set at 0.05 mass% or more and 5 mass% or less in oxide equivalent of the total amount of the sintering material in order to set the surface roughness Ra of the bonding surface of a produced AlN substrate and the mean value and the maximum value of the long diameters of voids so as to respectively fall within the ranges determined in the present invention.
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that the conditions of sintering at the sintering step were set at Temperature: 1500°C, Period of time: 5 hours, and Pressure: 1 atmospheric pressure in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the conditions of the HIP treatment were set at Temperature: 1450°C, Periodoftime: 1 hour, and Pressure 19.6 MPa in a nitrogen atmosphere.
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 23 except that the temperature of the HIP treatment was 1440°C (Comparative example 15), 1650°C (Example 24), 1790°C (Example 25), 2000°C (Example 26), and 2015°C (Comparative example 16).
• Table 14 Raw material composition Sintering step HIP treatment step Temperature (°C) Period of time (hr) Temperature (°C) Pressure (MPa) Comparative example 15 A 1500 5 1440 19.6 Example 23 A 1500 5 1450 19.6 Example 24 A 1500 5 1650 19.6 Example 25 A 1500 5 1790 19.6 Example 26 A 1500 5 2000 19.6 Comparative example 16 A 1500 5 2015 19.6
• An AlN substrate was produced in the same way as in Example 1 except that both sides of the AlN substrate, which has been produced under the same conditions as in Example 1 and which has undergone HIP treatment and which has not yet been polished, were sandwiched between boron nitride plates, and were heat-treated for 2 hours at 1500°C (Example 27), at 1700°C (Example 28), at 1800°C (Example 29), and at 1900°C (Example 30) in a state in which a molybdenum plate was placed as a weight so that the surface pressure reaches 490 Pa, and thereafter the warpage ( ⁇ m/1mm) of the AlN substrate was measured. Results are shown in Table 16 along with results of Example 1.

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