EP2720063A1 - Automatische Kalibrierung eines zentralen Energiemessgerätes - Google Patents

Automatische Kalibrierung eines zentralen Energiemessgerätes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2720063A1
EP2720063A1 EP12188306.0A EP12188306A EP2720063A1 EP 2720063 A1 EP2720063 A1 EP 2720063A1 EP 12188306 A EP12188306 A EP 12188306A EP 2720063 A1 EP2720063 A1 EP 2720063A1
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Prior art keywords
calibration
channel
measuring
voltage
channels
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EP12188306.0A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2720063B1 (de
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Mauro Gioino
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Alstom Transport Technologies SAS
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Alstom Transport SA
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Priority to ES12188306T priority Critical patent/ES2787825T3/es
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R35/00—Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass
    • G01R35/04—Testing or calibrating of apparatus covered by the other groups of this subclass of instruments for measuring time integral of power or current

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an energy meter unit with self calibration functions.
  • the main way of carrying out self calibration consists in providing a reference signal with known parameters for testing the measuring channels and comparing the measured parameters of the reference signals with the known, nominal ones. From the comparison a calibration adjustment can be carried out in several different ways. Alternatively in some energy meters there is provided in the energy meter a first and a second reference electric energy measuring unit. The energy value measured by the two measuring units is compared and if a difference is determined a calibration adjustment is carried out on the output of the first measuring unit. This configuration needs two measuring units and the reference measuring unit has to be constantly monitored relatively to its accuracy for being a reliable reference measuring unit for the calibration of the first energy measuring unit.
  • the aim of the present invention is to provide for an energy meter unit with self calibration functions, which energy meter is able to carry out the calibration procedure without any interruption of measuring on going.
  • a further object of the present invention is to define a specific calibration procedure allowing to avoid interruption of the energy measurements and to extend the calibration period set by the regulations.
  • Still a further object the present invention aims to provide for an energy meter that allows to limit the number of components contributing to stability.
  • the present invention achieves the above mentioned aims by means of an energy meter unit with self calibration functions, comprising:
  • Each channel being provided with switching means for cyclically switching each of the said first and second current measuring channels and the said first and second voltage measuring channels alternatively to the power feeding line and to the means for carrying out the calibration test and the calibration of the said channels, thereby carrying out the current and voltage measurements in the power feeding line and the calibration alternatively with one of the said first and second current measuring channels and with one of the said first and second voltage measuring channels.
  • the new calibration procedure achieving the aims of avoiding interruption of the on going power measurements can so be defined basing on the measuring channel redundancy.
  • each analogical acquisition channel is doubled in order to permit measurements on a channel and calibration on the other channel in the same time.
  • One example of specific calibration procedure may provide for example that periodically (e.g. 5 minutes) the first and second channels for measuring the current and the voltage are exchanged in order to get the measurements from the more recent calibrated channel, without any interruption in the energy calculation and for carry out the calibration test and adjustments on the other measuring channel of the said two channels.
  • the switching means connect each of the first and second AC and/or DC current and AC and/or DC voltage measuring channel to the power feeding line and to a source of reference signals for the calibration test.
  • the device is able to auto-detect the "out of calibration" status.
  • the switching means can be driven by a control unit which is driven by the processing unit or the switching means can be driven by the said processing unit directly.
  • a first and second measuring channel for the AC currents a first and second measuring channel for the DC currents, a first and second measuring channel for the AC voltages and a first and second measuring channel for the DC voltages.
  • the reference signals for carrying out the calibration test and the calibration of each channel are at least one, preferably two or more different signals having predetermined reference voltages and each switching means has one input for each reference signal and one input for the power feeding line which can be alternatively switched to one of the said first and second AC and/or DC current and voltage measuring channels.
  • the calibration test means determines the measured voltages of the said reference signals by the measuring channel respectively switched to the said reference signal and compares the said measured voltages of the reference signals with the nominal voltage values of the reference signals.
  • the calibration means determines correction parameters of the said measurement channel as a function of the result of the said comparison.
  • three different reference signals are provided having different reference voltages and having different functions for the calibration test: one for determining the offset of the measuring channel, and the other two for determining the gain factor of the measuring channel.
  • the calibration test means determine an offset correction parameter from the difference of the measured offset reference signal and the nominal offset reference signal and means for determining a gain correction parameter from the comparison between the measured gain reference signals and the nominal gain reference signals, each channel being provided with calibration means comprising an adder which adds the offset correction parameter to the measured values by the said channel and a variable gain amplifier which has an input for feeding the gain correction parameter and thus controlling the setting of the gain of the said amplifier.
  • a further input channel for a further reference signal having a sine wave waveform and a reference frequency for determining the current and voltage measurements phase shift and compensate the said phase shift.
  • the ratio between the reactive and active power measured on the two calibration channels represents the phase shift to be compensated.
  • phase shift compensation on the signals can be carried out digitally by the processing unit on the sampled signals.
  • the offset reference signal is a signal having 0 volt and the gain reference signals being signals having a identical voltage value respectively positive and negative.
  • the calibration test means and the calibration means are at least partly formed by a processing unit, preferably the processing unit processing the measurement signals in order to calculate and store the energy measurements.
  • An executable calibration test and calibration program being loaded and executed by the said processing unit the said program providing the processing unit to carry out the functions of determining the offset and gain correction parameters.
  • the processing unit carries out the steps of adding the offset correction parameter and of multiplying the gain correction parameter to the measure signals and in one embodiment the said steps are performed directly in digital way on the single acquired sample.
  • the present invention also provides for a method for carrying out auto calibration in an energy meter which method comprises a combination or sub combination of one or more of the above mentioned steps for testing the measuring channels and determining the calibration adjustments of the said channels using two or more reference signals for determining two or more calibration adjustment parameters.
  • each measuring channel is doubled and each of this two measuring channels is alternatively switched to the line in which the energy consumption has to be measured and to one of the reference signals, so that alternatively one of the two measuring channels is submitted to the calibration test and the other is functional for the energy measurement.
  • one reference signal is for determining an additive calibration adjustment parameter to the measured signals of a channel and the other for determining a multiplicative calibration adjustment parameter of the measured signal of a channel.
  • the additive calibration adjusting parameter can be determined by the difference of the voltage measures of a first reference signal having a predetermined reference voltage with the predetermined nominal value of the said reference voltage and this difference is added to the signals measured by the corresponding channel and the multiplicative calibration adjusting parameter is determined by the ratio of the difference between the measured voltage values of two further reference signals, preferably having same voltage but different polarity, to the difference of the nominal values of the said reference voltages, while the said calibration adjustment parameter is applied to the signals measured by the corresponding channel as the gain of the amplification of the measured signal.
  • Further reference signal could be provided which is a 50Hz signal for the phase shift compensation.
  • the invention still relates to a method for operating an energy meter according to one or more of the claimed features of the energy meter disclosed above and in the claims 1 to 14 and which method comprises one or more of the combination of steps claimed in claim 15 and in the above description .
  • the influence factors on the energy measurement are reduced to the shunt resistor and to the voltage reference: using a very high accuracy resistor the limit during the life time is the stability of the voltage reference which can be maintained within very low values.
  • each first and second measuring channel alternatively to the line to be monitored and to the reference signals for carrying out calibration test is executed by first switching both the said first and said second measuring channels to the line to be monitored for a certain period of time and then switching one of the said first and second channels to the reference signals for carrying out the calibration test and the calibration according to the present invention.
  • the switching means has to be configured in such a way as to allow such kind of switching steps.
  • the calibration means or the calibration test means in which ever way these means are configured has a memory for a maximum difference value between the measured parameters of at least one or all the reference signals and the nominal (ideal or theoretical) parameters which maximum difference has a function of a threshold. If the difference value between the measured parameters of at least one or all the reference signals and the nominal (ideal or theoretical) parameters exceed the said threshold, then the measuring channel is declared as non functional or "failure" and the calibration is not carried out on that channel. A corresponding indication that a channel is declared non functional is generated. The indication may be of any kind.
  • the present invention allows to extend the calibration period from 1 ⁇ 2 years to 10 ⁇ 20 years. Moreover, with the autodetection the calibration period is not fixed to a pre-defined time but defined by the device itself, with a great benefit in preventive maintenance costs.
  • the said digital processing unit having a memory for the measured data and in the said digital processing unit being programmed in such a way as to carry out calculating the power consumption from the measured current and voltage values in the power line, carrying out calibration tests on the measuring channels and carrying out the calibration of the said measuring channels;
  • the said processing unit generating driving signals for the multiplexers .
  • the redundancies of the measuring channels permit to increase the mission reliability, even if without auto-calibration features.
  • means are provided for validating the reliability of the calibration test.
  • the reliability of the calibration test depends on the stability and reliability of the characteristic parameter of the reference signals injected in the channel to be tested, which characteristic parameter is the voltage of the reference signals.
  • At least two or more reference signals are generated by independent sources and are injected alternatively and in sequence in the channel to be tested.
  • Each of the at least two reference signals is used for determining a calibration adjustment parameter of a set of two or more calibration parameters and each adjustment parameter of the said set is used for defining a characteristic curve according to a predetermined function.
  • the characteristic curve determined as the function of the said set of calibration adjustment parameters is compared to the characteristic curve determined with the other set of calibration adjustment parameters and if the difference between the two characteristic curve exceeds a certain threshold the calibration test is considered not reliable.
  • the above method is based on the fact that when the at least two reference signals are provided by two completely independent sources, it is highly improbable that both of the said at least two reference signals are not correct or faulty and also that the drift for both the said at least two reference signals is of the same order.
  • the present invention provides for a method for carrying out a test to validate the reliability of the self calibration procedure of an electric energy meter having at least a couple of measuring channels, which method comprises the steps of:
  • the calibration is considered non reliable and a warning alarm is generated and an external adjustment is suggested.
  • the invention also is directed to an energy meter comprising means for carrying out a test to validate the reliability of the self calibration procedure, the said means consisting in:
  • the reference signals are preferably three reference signals each one having a different voltage. And one of which is a 0Volt reference signal for determining the off set of the measuring channel and the other two are reference signals having different voltage values for determining the gain characteristic of the measuring channel, the characteristic curve being a straight line.
  • a 0Volt reference signal for determining the off set of the measuring channel
  • the other two are reference signals having different voltage values for determining the gain characteristic of the measuring channel, the characteristic curve being a straight line.
  • the energy meter comprises four double measuring channels globally indicated by 1, each double channel consists in two independent measuring channels 101 and 102 which are connected each one to an input of a processing unit 2.
  • the processing unit preferably a digital signal processor reads the measured data and as a first task calculates the energy consumption. Electric energy consumption is calculated in W/h or kW/h. Therefore measuring energy consumption in a power feeding line needs to acquire the measurements of the voltage and current value in the said power feeding line.
  • the energy meter could be provided with only two double measuring channels 1. One of which for acquiring the measured values of an AC or DC current and the other double channel for acquiring the measured values of an AC or DC voltage in the power feeding line.
  • a first and second measuring channel 101, 102 for the AC or DC current and a first and second measuring channel for the AC or DC voltage is present in the energy meter.
  • double measuring channels 1 i.e. consisting in a first and second measuring channel for the AC and DC currents and voltages, as it is the case of the example in figure 1 .
  • the measures of voltage and currents in a power feeding line are all transformed in a voltage measure by a contact or input interface 3 of the measuring channels to the power feeding line comprising a current/voltage converter 103.
  • this converter 103 is a high precision resistor as indicated by the detail in figure 1 .
  • Each channel 101, 102 comprises in series between its input and its output an LPF filter 4 an amplifier 5, preferably a differential amplifier and an Analog/digital converter which output is connected to an input port of the processing unit 2.
  • the eight AD converters are formed by two A/D converters 6, 7 each one having four independent A/D conversion channels whose outputs are connected to a port of the processing unit 2.
  • This can be achieved by dedicated input ports or by a communication protocol of the data strings generated by the A/D converter which allows indentifying univoquely the data corresponding to each separate channel of the A/D converter and thus of the measured values by each corresponding measuring channel.
  • the four A/D channels of each A/D converter 6, 7 are identified by the suffix 0,1, 2,and 3.
  • the advantage of the two independent A/D converters is the simultaneous acquisition of current and voltage samples of each couple of measured signals.
  • the energy meter unit furthermore comprises for the first and second channels 101, 102 of each double measuring channel 1 a switching means which in the present example is a multiplexer 8.
  • Each multiplexer 8 has one input indicated as IN which is connected to the input or connection interface 3 for each double measuring channel 1.
  • IN input or connection interface 3 for each double measuring channel 1.
  • Each multiplexer 8 has further inputs for at least one, or for more than one reference signal.
  • One indicated by 0V REF is a 0 voltage reference signal and is used to carry out the calibration test relatively to offset drifts of the measuring channels.
  • the other two inputs are for two more reference signals having a certain non zero, predetermined voltage.
  • the two reference signals have different voltages which are preferably of identical value but inverted polarity so to be symmetric relatively to the 0volt reference voltage.
  • the two inputs of these two reference signals are indicated respectively by +V REF and -V REF .
  • Each multiplexer 8 has two outputs indicated by out-A and out-B which are respectively connected to the first and to the second measuring channel 101 and 102 of each double measuring channel 1.
  • the first and second measuring channels 101 and 102 can be connected alternatively or together to the input IN of the multiplexer 8 and thus to the interface 3 with the power feeding line to be monitored and the first and second measuring channels 101 and 102 can be connected alternatively one to the other to one of the reference signals 0V REF , +V REF and -V REF .
  • Each multiplexer 8 is driven by a control signal generated by a control unit which can be a separate control unit driven by the processing unit 2 or which control unit can be the processing unit 2 itself in which a multiplexer control program is loaded and executed.
  • a control unit which can be a separate control unit driven by the processing unit 2 or which control unit can be the processing unit 2 itself in which a multiplexer control program is loaded and executed.
  • the embodiment of figure 1 shows that all the first channels 101 and all the second channels 102 of each double measuring channels are connected respectively only to the first A/D converter 6 and to the second A/D converter 7. This kind of crossing of the two channels 101 and 102 to the first and second channels allows to exploit the redundant configuration of the energy meter according to the present invention in order to still allow energy consumption measurements if one A/D converter fails or is damaged.
  • first and second channel 101, 102 of each double measuring channel 1 are not connected to the same channel 0, 1, 2, or 3 of the two A/D converters, but the first channel 101 is connected to a certain channel of the first A/D converter 6 and the second channel 102 is connected to a different channel of the second A/D converter as the one to which the first channel 101 is connected to the first A/D converter 6.
  • This allows to maintain aligned the sampling of the two ADC involving the couples 00,11,22,33 representing AC and DC voltage and current correlated signals.
  • the calibration means for testing and adjusting calibration of the measuring channels 101, 102 are formed by the reference signals and obviously by the mean for generating such signals, which is internal to the energy mete, by a differential amplifier 5 and by the processing unit 2 which in the present embodiment is able to execute a calibration test and calibration adjustment program which has been loaded in its memory.
  • This particular arrangement allows to easily implement or modify the calibration testing and adjusting procedure, avoiding as far as possible hardware modifications in the energy meter.
  • a particular way of carry out calibration according to the present invention provides testing and adjustment of two calibration parameters of each measuring channel 101, 102 which are the 0Volt offset of the measuring channel and the gain of each channel.
  • the adjustment is carried out by determining an additive calibration adjustment consisting in an offset adjustment parameter to be added to the measured voltage values by the corresponding measuring channel and by determining a multiplicative calibration adjustment consisting a gain adjustment parameter to be multiplied with the voltage values measured by the corresponding measuring channel.
  • the offset adjustment parameter is added to the voltage measures by a measuring channel by the processing unit 2.
  • the gain adjustment parameter is applied as multiplicative factor to the voltage measures by a measuring channel by the processing unit 2.
  • the said functions are carried out digitally on the sampled signals received by the processing unit 2.
  • the processing unit 2 is provided with dedicated memories or memories areas such as a RAM for saving the measured data and the adjustment parameters. Since several configuration of processing unit 2 can be chosen by the skilled person from a rich spectrum of processing units available in the state of the art and each processing unit being able to carry out the above described functions, the structure of the processing unit is not disclosed in detail.
  • Full scale of 16bit acquisition shall be adapted to shunt resistor used for input signal measurement: As an example the following data may apply Max. input signal [mA] Shunt resistor [ ⁇ ] Max. Equivalent FS [Count] (signed) Full Scale [Count] (signed) ⁇ 50 40.2 ⁇ 29273 - 32767 ⁇ 32768 Outputs: data converted (counts) available for calculation function (with calibration function included)
  • Calibration procedure is implemented in order to guarantee the accuracy on energy measurement.
  • Switching between channels is implemented with multiplexer management in order to guarantee continuous acquisition of input signals: one channel measuring the input signal, the second in calibration.
  • Each configurable time (TCALIBRATION) calibration procedure execute following steps:
  • Run-time calibration shall be executed according to following acquisition stage configuration: Signal/ measuring channel ADC Channel of the ADC Main/Dual VDC/101 ADC2 Ch1 Main VDC/102 ADC1 Ch0 Dual IDC/101 ADC2 Ch0 Main IDC/102 ADC1 Ch1 Dual VAC/101 ADC2 Ch3 Main VAC/102 ADC1 Ch2 Dual IAC/101 ADC2 Ch2 Main IAC/102 ADC1 Ch3 Dual
  • T_CALIBRATION Each programmable time (T_CALIBRATION) the calibration procedure will be applied switching alternatively the main and dual channels
  • the calibration sequence CS for each channel comprises as disclosed above three phases:
  • Each of the said phases P1 to P3 has a duration of approximately some seconds, preferably 5 seconds.
  • a fourth phase P4 being provided after the third phase P3 which is the switching phase during which the first channel and the second channel are connected together to the same input signal in order to provide an instantaneous switching without unwanted transients
  • This fourths switching phase has also a duration of 5 seconds.
  • the calibration sequence CS id performed in the final 20s of the T_CALIBRATION period (typically 5 minutes).
  • the remaining time (P0 in Fig.2 ) is a sort of stand-by for the channel under calibration during which the channel itself is maintained connected to 0 Vref.
  • the scheme of figure 2 combines also a graph of the real (measured) characteristic curves of a channel during calibration and of the corresponding ideal characteristic curve for a measuring channel.
  • n A and n B are the measured values when the channel is connected respectively to the 0V REF , -V REF , and +V REF reference signals.
  • each value acquired by the channel (nA, nB, n0) is compared with the ideal value. If the difference exceed a defined threshold the channel is declared "failure" and the calibration will be not carried out. This situation may be signalled in every desired way in order to carry out the necessary steps.
  • a further reference signal may be provided for calibration.
  • This reference signal may be used to calibrate also the phase shift.
  • a fourth calibration signal made by a 50Hz sine wave may be provided. The amplitude of the signal is not relevant. From the active and reactive power measurements it is possible to compensate the phase shift of current and voltage measuring channels 101, 102 which is mainly due to LPF filters 4.
  • the reference signals 0Vref, -Vref and +Vref can be used for determining a characteristic curve of the channel under test which in the present example is a straight line.
  • the said parameters can be used for drafting a real characteristic curve which can be compared to the ideal one. If each of the said reference voltages or at least two of the said reference voltages are generated by independent sources it will be highly improbable that if a fault occurs in the source or the reference voltage is not correct, the same error is present also for all the reference voltages so that the resulting real reference curve will be different and not parallel to the ideal characteristic curve. A threshold may be set for this difference so that if the said threshold is exceeded the channel can be set as faulty and an alarm or other kind of signals may be generated for carrying out the necessary maintenance steps.
  • the energy meter according to the invention also allows for testing the reliability of the calibration test due to reference signals faults such as aberration or drifts.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Current Or Voltage (AREA)
EP12188306.0A 2012-10-12 2012-10-12 Automatische Kalibrierung eines zentralen Energiemessgeràtes Active EP2720063B1 (de)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES12188306T ES2787825T3 (es) 2012-10-12 2012-10-12 Calibración automática de la unidad central del contador de energía
EP12188306.0A EP2720063B1 (de) 2012-10-12 2012-10-12 Automatische Kalibrierung eines zentralen Energiemessgeràtes

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EP12188306.0A EP2720063B1 (de) 2012-10-12 2012-10-12 Automatische Kalibrierung eines zentralen Energiemessgeràtes

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EP2720063B1 EP2720063B1 (de) 2020-02-05

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