Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G25/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
  • C10G25/003—Specific sorbent material, not covered by C10G25/02 or C10G25/03
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G25/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents
  • C10G25/12—Recovery of used adsorbent
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  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G27/00—Refining of hydrocarbon oils in the absence of hydrogen, by oxidation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G53/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes
  • C10G53/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only
  • C10G53/08—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only including at least one sorption step
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G53/00—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes
  • C10G53/02—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only
  • C10G53/14—Treatment of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, by two or more refining processes plural serial stages only including at least one oxidation step
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/1817—Compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/02—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for reducing smoke development
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1233—Inorganic compounds oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1266—Inorganic compounds nitrogen containing compounds, (e.g. NH3)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1275—Inorganic compounds sulfur, tellurium, selenium containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/12—Inorganic compounds
  • C10L1/1291—Silicon and boron containing compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/16—Hydrocarbons
  • C10L1/1616—Hydrocarbons fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/1805—Organic compounds containing oxygen oxidised hydrocarbon fractions
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/182—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof
  • C10L1/1822—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10L1/1824—Organic compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxy groups; Salts thereof hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms mono-hydroxy
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1852—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/185—Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Aldehydes; Ketones
  • C10L1/1857—Aldehydes; Ketones
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2230/00—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole
  • C10L2230/22—Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole for improving fuel economy or fuel efficiency

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a fuel additive, a fuel additive obtained by this process, a fuel containing a fuel additive prepared by the process, and kits and processes using such a fuel additive.
• Fossil fuels in the form of liquid fossil fuels are still one of the main pillars of the energy industry in developed countries at the present time.
• Another application of such liquid fossil fuels is also the heat supply and, albeit to a lesser extent, supplying the population with electrical energy.
• Another approach is to suppress the formation of deposits in engines or to reduce deposits formed in the engine by adding substances, in particular substances with detergent action.
• substances in particular substances with detergent action.
• An example of substances that have been developed in this context can be found in the EP 0 626 994 B1 Find.
• this strategy again has, similar to the previously described, the disadvantage that on the one hand the achievable efficiency increases are limited and, secondly, that again larger amounts of substance must be added, which in turn can significantly affect the economics of such a process.
• a process for the preparation of a catalytic fuel additive is known from EP 478 828 A1 known.
• the method described in this document has the great disadvantage that there are used as starting materials natural and highly variable in their composition substances such as seawater and calcined animal bones, so that it is extremely difficult to long term a consistent product and thus a reproducible result to reach.
• seawater is used as the starting material here, it is also incomprehensible to a viewer which exact ingredients, in which concentration and in which combination exactly lead to the desired solution, so that in this respect the substances described there are neither comprehensible nor in any way could be reproduced or optimized.
• the use of seawater also has the problem that is not ensured by the differences in composition that the additive obtained according to this process can always meet all the requirements for fuel additives used in combination with modern engines.
• a further object of the present invention is to provide a fuel additive with which a uniform and reproducible increase in the efficiency of an engine as well as a reduction in exhaust emissions can be achieved.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide methods and kits with which both the fuel consumption and the pollutant emissions of an internal combustion engine can be reduced uniformly and reproducibly.
• the above object is achieved by a process for the preparation of a fuel additive based on a liquid hydrocarbon mixture with the following steps, namely: a.) Providing a liquid A hydrocarbon mixture comprising at least one hydrocarbon component consisting of one or more aliphatic C 2 -C 18 -hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of the alkanes, the alkenes, the alkynes, the alcohols, the aldehydes, the ketones, the hydroperoxides, the ethers, the esters and mixtures thereof, and an alcohol component consisting of one or more C 1 -C 8 monoalcohols, wherein the hydrocarbon component and the alcohol component are completely miscible, b.) treating the liquid hydrocarbon mixture with a solid mixture comprising at least one inorganic silicon compound and / or at least one mineral salt, and c.) separating the liquid hydrocarbon mixture from the solid mixture, wherein the liquid hydrocarbon mixture forms the fuel additive.
• the object is further achieved by a fuel additive which can be prepared or produced by the abovementioned process.
• the object is further achieved by a fuel comprising a fuel additive prepared by the method described above or the above-mentioned fuel additive.
• treating the hydrocarbon mixture with the solid mixture means that the hydrocarbon mixture is intensively mixed with the solid mixture over a given period of time and at a given temperature.
• the solid mixture is used according to the invention in such an amount that it does not come to a complete, preferably not to a significant resolution.
• treating the hydrocarbon mixture with the solid mixture may also be understood to a limited extent as a leaching of the solid mixture with the hydrocarbon mixture.
• the treating of the hydrocarbon mixture with the solid mixture is preferably carried out according to the process of the present invention in that the solid mixture is in the form of a fixed bed and the hydrocarbon mixture is pumped generally in the form of a cycle through the fixed bed.
• Another possibility is to simply treat the hydrocarbon mixture in a stirred reactor with the fixed bed. In both cases, it should be pointed out once again that during the treatment with the amount of solid mixture used, preferably no appreciable dissolution of the solid in the hydrocarbon mixture occurs, so that the solid mixture is available for further treatment after separation of the hydrocarbon mixture.
• the solids mixture is used based on the hydrocarbon mixture in an amount corresponding to a mass ratio of 0.5: 1 to 5: 1, preferably 1: 1 to 3: 1 and in particular from 1.5: 1 to 2: 1.
• the solid mixture is used in excess, based on the mass of the hydrocarbon mixture.
• the separation of the liquid hydrocarbon mixture from the solid mixture is carried out according to the invention by mechanical separation methods, usually by filtration, sedimentation or a combination of the two methods, wherein the sedimentation can be accelerated, for example by centrifugation.
• the separation of the liquid hydrocarbon mixture from the solid mixture can take place both in one or in several steps, for example by combined sedimentation and filtration or multiple filtration.
• the expression “consist of” or “consisting of” denotes a closed enumeration and, in addition to the expressly stated components or steps, excludes any other constituents or steps beyond technically unavoidable traces or impurities.
• a fuel in the context of the present invention is generally a liquid hydrocarbon consisting of hydrocarbons or at least predominantly of hydrocarbons, it being possible for further additives, such as are known to the person skilled in the art, or possibly also water, to be present in the fuel.
• the fuel is selected from the group consisting of gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, light oil and heavy oil.
• An internal combustion engine of the present invention is any engine in which a fuel for generating energy is burned. This includes both internal combustion engines of all types and types, as well as jet engines and gas turbines, but also e.g. burners operated with liquid hydrocarbons, e.g. in heating systems or power plants.
• the liquid hydrocarbon mixture used in the process comprises at least one hydrocarbon component consisting of one or more aliphatic C 2 -C 18 -hydrocarbons selected from the group consisting of the alkanes, the alkenes, the alkynes, Alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, hydroperoxides, ethers, esters, and mixtures thereof.
• the aliphatic hydrocarbons used in the process may be saturated or partially unsaturated.
• the cited aliphatic C 2 -C 18 hydrocarbons which form, either alone or in combination, a hydrocarbon component of the hydrocarbon mixture used in the process according to the invention, are known per se to the person skilled in the art and can be used by the person skilled in the art with regard to the later desired properties of the fuel additive, eg in terms of boiling point, viscosity or solubility in the various fuels to be used.
• Examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons which may form the at least one hydrocarbon component in the process according to the present invention include, but are not limited to, products and by-products of refining and processing fossil and renewable fuels, especially distillates from the lignite coal tar treatment or the so-called Slop fraction from mineral oil storage. Distillatively processed mineral oil fractions from light liquid separators can also be used purposefully and successfully. Also usable are products and by-products from the production of organic bulk and fine chemicals.
• hydrocarbon component substances are used which are already present, for example. in the refining of hydrocarbons or e.g. incurred as a by-product in the production of biodiesel.
• hydrocarbon component substances are used which are already present, for example. in the refining of hydrocarbons or e.g. incurred as a by-product in the production of biodiesel.
• these are u.a. Fatty acid esters which are obtained in the transesterification of vegetable and animal oils or fats, fatty acid methyl esters in particular (fatty methyl ester acid FAME) are used, since these are often available on economically favorable terms.
• the alcohol component used in the process according to the invention consists of one or more C 1 -C 8 monoalcohols.
• Such C 1 -C 8 monoalcohols are known per se to a person skilled in the art and this can be both the amount and the type of monoalcohol (s) (monoalcohols), based on the desired properties of the fuel additive to be prepared, in particular with regard, for example, to boiling point and solubility , choose.
• Examples of the C 1 -C 8 monoalcohols according to the invention include, in particular, methanol, ethanol, n- propanol, i -propanol, n- butanol, i -butanol, sec-butanol, t -butanol, pentanol, hexanol, cyclohexanol, Heptanol and octanol.
• An exemplary and preferred source of the alcohol component is alcohols obtained from the dehydrating workup of fusel alcohols from the bioalcohol distillation.
• the inorganic silicon compounds that can be used in a solid mixture according to the method of the invention may be any inorganic silicon compound known to those skilled in the art.
• these are SiO 2 and its modifications and silicic acids and their derivatives.
• inorganic mixed compounds containing silicon such as aluminosilicates, eg in the form of zeolites.
• a mineral salt as may be used in the process of the invention, is meant any ionic salt-like inorganic compound known to those skilled in the art. These salts may be metal salts, but also other salts, such as ammonium salts.
• the term mineral salts also includes mixed salts and optionally Solvatformen, such as. Hydrate forms, and salt mixtures.
• a salt is used, which does not lead to an increase in the Exhaust gases contained pollutants.
• the mineral salt used in the process of the present invention is free of heavy metals, and more preferably, as mentioned above, for use in engines equipped with exhaust gas catalyst, preferably free of lead.
• the process comprises a further step d.) Of treating the liquid hydrocarbon mixture with an oxidizing agent, wherein the oxidizing agent is preferably selected from the group consisting of ozone, oxygen, air, hydrogen peroxide, the organic and the inorganic peroxides, preferably from the group consisting of oxygen, air, hydrogen, the alkali metal peroxides, in particular lithium, sodium, potassium peroxide, the alkaline earth metal peroxides, the persulphates, in particular ammonium, sodium, potassium persulphate, the organic peracids, in particular MCPBA and dibenzoyl peroxide.
• the oxidizing agent is preferably selected from the group consisting of ozone, oxygen, air, hydrogen peroxide, the organic and the inorganic peroxides, preferably from the group consisting of oxygen, air, hydrogen, the alkali metal peroxides, in particular lithium, sodium, potassium peroxide, the alkaline earth metal peroxides, the persulphates, in particular ammonium
• Step d.) both during the treatment of the hydrocarbon mixture with the solid mixture as well as thereafter, possibly also after separation of the solid mixture, take place.
• step d.) Takes place at least during part of the treatment of step b.).
• the process after step c.) Or optionally after step d.) Comprises a further step e.) Of adding a solubility improver, wherein the solubility enhancer is preferably selected from the fatty acid alkyl esters, in particular from the fatty acid methyl esters, in particular from the methyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats.
• the solubility enhancer is preferably selected from the fatty acid alkyl esters, in particular from the fatty acid methyl esters, in particular from the methyl esters of vegetable oils and animal fats.
• the at least one inorganic silicon compound is selected from zeolites, polysilicic acids, silicates, in particular sodium and potassium silicates, silicon dioxide, silica gel and water glasses.
• the at least one mineral salt is selected from the alkali metal salts, the alkaline earth metal salts, the ammonium salts, and mixtures thereof.
• the at least one mineral salt is selected from the carbonates, the hydrogencarbonates, the sulfates, the hydrogen sulfates, the phosphates, the hydrogen phosphates, the dihydrogen phosphates, the halides and mixtures thereof.
• a halide in the sense of the invention denotes a fluoride, chloride, bromide or iodide.
• the above ingredients result in an effective fuel additive, but at the same time are generally available at competitive prices on the market.
• the abovementioned constituents furthermore generally have the advantage that they have low toxicity and ease of handling and also do not lead to toxic exhaust gases during combustion.
• the solid mixture preferably has neither strongly acidic nor strongly alkaline properties.
• the molar ratio of the cationic component of the at least one mineral salt to the bound silicon in the at least one inorganic silicon compound is from 2: 1 to 10: 1, preferably from 4: 1 to 5: 1.
• the alcohol component constitutes from 5 to 95% by volume, preferably from 70 to 95% by volume, of the liquid hydrocarbon.
• liquid hydrocarbon mixture is substantially free of aromatic hydrocarbons.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons often have the disadvantage that they exert a toxic effect on the human and animal organism, so that they are already in view of the handling by the end user less desirable. Further, the emission of aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. is strictly monitored and regulated by motor vehicles, so that it is also preferred with regard to the achievement of any existing environmental standards if the fuel additive according to the invention has no aromatic hydrocarbons. Aromatic hydrocarbons are also responsible due to the unfavorable carbon-to-hydrogen ratio for increased soot formation, which is also undesirable.
• the treatment in step d.) Is carried out for 5 to 200, preferably for 48 to 120 hours.
• the process is carried out at temperatures of 10 to 60 ° C, preferably from 20 to 55 ° C.
• the process is carried out at pressures of 0.5 to 6 bar, preferably 1 to 2 bar.
• a fuel additive can be obtained which can be used both in petrol and diesel engines of motor vehicles, and, for example, in load dies, which are e.g. used for power generation, leading to a reduction in fuel consumption and pollutant emissions.
• load dies which are e.g. used for power generation
• the present invention also relates to the use of a fuel additive prepared by the process according to the invention or of a fuel additive according to the invention for the production of a fuel.
• the present invention also relates to the use of a fuel additive according to the invention or a fuel additive prepared by the process according to the invention for reducing the fuel consumption and / or emissions of an internal combustion engine.
• the invention further relates to a method for reducing the fuel consumption and / or the emissions of an internal combustion engine, comprising mixing a fuel additive of the invention or a fuel additive prepared by the process according to the invention with a fuel for the internal combustion engine and operating the internal combustion engine with such a fuel.
• the invention further relates to a method for operating an internal combustion engine, wherein the fuel of the internal combustion engine, a fuel additive according to the invention or a fuel additive prepared by the process according to the invention is added.
• the invention further relates to a kit comprising a fuel additive according to the invention or a fuel additive prepared by the process according to the invention and a guide for mixing the fuel additive with a fuel.
• the molar ratio of zeolite bound silicon to ammonium (NH 4 +) is 0.012.
• the total mass of the fixed bed corresponds to twice the mass of all liquid components used.
• the temperature of the system is thermostated to 60 ° C via an intercooler.
• the pressure loss over the fixed bed is 0.17 bar.
• the treatment is interrupted, the fixed bed is added 0.005% of its total mass of sodium peroxide and the treatment continued for another 5h.
• the liquid phase is then removed, withdrawn and pressed through a filter device for the separation of mechanical residues.
• the substance mixture thus obtained can be used directly as an additive to the fuel.
• the fixed bed remaining in the system will be recovered for the next batch used, only the peroxide must be re-dosed. The process generates no waste apart from the slight filter residue.
• the mixture of active substances obtained by the method described above is subjected to a test on the test engine.
• a equipped with direct injection diesel engine is operated without catalytic exhaust aftertreatment in medium load.
• the injection system works according to the common rail principle. Charging takes place by means of turbocharger and charge air cooling.
• Comparatively low-sulfur diesel fuel according to standard EN 590 with and without addition of the active substance mixture is tested for identical operating modes of the engine. 80 ppm of the active ingredient mixture are added to the diesel sample to be added, and the entire mixture is then intensively homogenized by internal circulation at ambient temperature.
• the gravimetric principle is used to determine the fuel consumption.
• the analysis of the exhaust gas is carried out using a commercially available exhaust gas measuring system BEA 850 from Bosch and computer-aided evaluation.
• the evaluation of the particle output is based on the measurement of the blackening of an exhaust filter used. The test was started for both fuel samples after running the engine to steady-state operating temperature and carried out over 14 h.
• a fatty acid methyl ester mixture obtained by transesterification from refined elderberry oil and conforming to the biodiesel standard EN 14214, is mixed with tertiary butyl ethyl ether (ETBE) in a molar ratio of 25: 1 in a sufficiently large reservoir with stirring.
• EBE tertiary butyl ethyl ether
• This mixture is brought into contact with a fixed bed at 2 bar for 3 hours and the treatment isothermal at 35 ° C.
• the fixed bed is composed of molecular sieve 5A, extruded in strand form and sodium carbonate of commercial quality, wherein the molar ratio of carbonate: silicon is about 4.
• the process is stopped first.
• the system is now metered volumetrically 2-propanol so much that a tenfold dilution results.
• the procedure is then continued for another 10 hours.
• the liquid mixture is withdrawn after the end of the treatment and pressed after cooling to room temperature over a fuel filter. After that it
• the mixture of active substances produced in this way is comparatively tested and examined on a test bench petrol engine.
• the additiv elected test pattern was added to 150 vppm of the drug mixture described above, the interference in the fuel was carried out by recirculation for several hours via a centrifugal pump.
• the fuel consumption was determined gravimetrically at two load points, each corresponding to a constant speed of 60 km / h (load point 1) or 100 km / h (load point 2). Attention was paid to the constancy of the oil temperature in order to avoid distortions due to changing oil viscosity.
• the active compound concentrate produced in this way is used as fuel additive in diesel-powered electricity generators.
• a long-term double-blind study on four generator modules over a trial period of four months (consumption determination volumetrically via calibrated fuel storage tanks, consumption calculation normalized to generated electric energy per each Time unit) compared to non-additized base fuel used as biodiesel mineral diesel blend (B30 with 30% sojamethyl ester content in mineral diesel) gives the following results: additives measured exhaust gas component average emissions in vol% percentage deviation in consumption without particle 0,006 0 NOx 0.058 KW 0,007 CO 0.023 with 450 vppm particle 0.003 / - 50% -3.1 NOx 0.032 / - 45% KW 0.006 / -14% CO 0.021 / - 9%
• the generators were operated at a constant speed of (network fluctuations statistically averaged) 1500 rpm.

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• 2012
  • 2012-05-15 EP EP12168102.7A patent/EP2664663A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
• 2013
  • 2013-05-15 WO PCT/EP2013/060054 patent/WO2013171269A1/fr unknown

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