EP2592691A1 - Receiver antenna for circular polarised satellite radio signals - Google Patents
Receiver antenna for circular polarised satellite radio signals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2592691A1 EP2592691A1 EP13150259.3A EP13150259A EP2592691A1 EP 2592691 A1 EP2592691 A1 EP 2592691A1 EP 13150259 A EP13150259 A EP 13150259A EP 2592691 A1 EP2592691 A1 EP 2592691A1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- radiator
- ring line
- antenna
- vertical
- conductive base
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
- H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
- H01Q1/325—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle
- H01Q1/3275—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the location of the antenna on the vehicle mounted on a horizontal surface of the vehicle, e.g. on roof, hood, trunk
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/24—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
- H01Q21/29—Combinations of different interacting antenna units for giving a desired directional characteristic
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q7/00—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop
- H01Q7/005—Loop antennas with a substantially uniform current distribution around the loop and having a directional radiation pattern in a plane perpendicular to the plane of the loop with variable reactance for tuning the antenna
Definitions
- the invention relates to an antenna for receiving circularly polarized satellite radio signals.
- Satellite radio signals are transmitted due to polarization rotations in the transmission path usually with circularly polarized electromagnetic waves.
- program contents are transmitted, for example, in frequency bands closely spaced separate frequency bands. This is done in the example of SDARS satellite broadcasting at a frequency of about 2.33 GHz in two adjacent frequency bands each with a bandwidth of 4 MHz with a spacing of the center frequencies of 8 MHz.
- the signals are emitted by different satellites with a circularly polarized in one direction electromagnetic wave.
- circularly polarized antennas are used to receive in the corresponding direction of rotation.
- Such antennas are for example off DE-A-4008505 and DE-A-10163793 known.
- This satellite broadcasting system is additionally supported by the regional emission of terrestrial signals in another, arranged between the two satellite signals frequency band of the same bandwidth. Similar satellite broadcasting systems are currently being planned.
- the satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS) also radiate circularly polarized waves in one direction at the frequency of approximately 1575 MHz, so that the antenna forms mentioned can basically be designed for this service.
- the from the DE-A-4008505 known antenna is constructed on a substantially horizontally oriented conductive base and consists of crossed horizontal dipoles with V-shaped downwards inclined, consisting of linear ladder parts Dipolhharn which are mechanically fixed at an azimuthal angle of 90 degrees to each other and attached to the upper end of a fixed to the conductive base linear vertical conductor.
- the from the DE-A-10163793 known antenna is also constructed on a generally horizontally oriented conductive base and consists of crossed azimuthally mounted at 90 ° to each other frame structures. In both antennas, the mutually spatially offset by 90 ° antenna parts in the electrical phase are interconnected shifted by 90 ° to each other to generate the circular polarization. Similarly, patch antennas act. All of the prior art antennas are less efficient in terms of low elevation angle reception.
- antenna forms are suitable for the reception of satellite signals, which are emitted by high-flying satellites - so-called HEOS.
- HEOS high-flying satellites
- the object of the invention is therefore to provide an antenna which, depending on their design, both for a particularly high-performance reception of low elevational angle incident circularly polarized satellite signals and for the high-power reception of higher elevation angle in incident satellite signals with sufficient gain and high cross polarization suppression can be designed over a large elevation angle range and in particular the possibility of an economical production should be given.
- the advantage of the invention is associated with the reception of linearly polarized and received at low elevation waves with azimuthally nearly homogeneous directional diagram to enable particularly high profit.
- the antenna can advantageously in combination with the above-described and from the DE-A-4008505 and the DE-A-10163793 known antennas and patch antennas according to the prior art to a directional antenna with adjustable or dynamically traceable azimuthal main direction in the radiation pattern are designed. This advantage is explained in more detail below.
- Another advantage of an antenna according to the invention is its particularly simple manufacturability, which allows the realization by simple curved sheet metal structures.
- the antenna for receiving circularly polarized satellite radio signals comprises at least one substantially horizontally oriented conductor loop arranged above a conductive base surface 6, with an arrangement for electromagnetic excitation 3 of the conductor loop connected to an antenna connection 5.
- the conductor loop is designed as a ring line emitter 2 by a polygonal or circular closed loop in a horizontal plane with the height h over the conductive base 6 extending.
- the ring line radiator 2 forms a resonant structure and is electrically excited by the electromagnetic excitation 3 in such a way that the current distribution on the ring line of a running line wave adjusts in a direction of rotation whose phase difference over the extended length of the ring line structure is just M * 2 ⁇ .
- M is at least two and is an integer.
- At least one radiator 4 which is vertical on the ring line radiator 2 and extends toward the conductive base surface, is / which is / are electromagnetically coupled to both the ring line radiator 2 and the electrically conductive base surface 6.
- the height h is preferably less than 1/5 of the free space wavelength ⁇ to choose.
- Another very important advantage of the present invention results from the property that, in addition to the horizontally polarized ring line emitter 2, at least at one ring line coupling point 7, there is another emitter 4, which has a polarization oriented perpendicular to the polarization of the ring line emitters 2. In the presence of terrestrially vertically polarized signals, this emitter can advantageously also be used to receive these signals.
- Azimuthal is generally aimed at broadcasting.
- the distribution of the currents on an antenna in receive mode depends on the terminator at the antenna junction.
- the distribution of the currents on the antenna conductors related to the supply current at the antenna connection point is independent of the source resistance of the supplying signal source and is thus uniquely linked to the directional diagram and the polarization of the antenna.
- FIG. 1 shows the basic form of an antenna according to the invention with a designed as a resonant structure circular loop emitter 2 for generating a circularly polarized field.
- a resonant structure circular loop emitter 2 for generating a circularly polarized field.
- M represents an integer and M assumes at least the value 2.
- a further advantage of an antenna of this kind is that the phase of the circular polarization is rotated with the azimuthal angle of the propagation vector in M-times and thus in at least 2-fold dependence.
- an antenna of this type can be combined with a crossed radiator 24 of the same center Z according to the prior art to a directional antenna with an azimuthal main direction.
- the directivity with azimuthal main direction results from the combination of the radiation diagram of the crossed radiator 24 with simple dependence of the phase of the azimuthal and the radiation diagram of the ring line radiator.
- the directional antenna can be easily formed with a directional pattern with azimuthal main direction.
- crossed emitters 24 are, as already stated, for example DE-A-4008505 and DE-A-10163793 known.
- the from the DE-A-4008505 known antenna is constructed on a substantially horizontally oriented conductive surface and consists of crossed horizontal dipoles, which are mechanically fixed at an azimuthal angle of 90 degrees to each other and attached to the upper end of a fixed to the conductive base linear vertical conductor.
- the from the DE-A-10163793 known antenna is also constructed on a generally horizontally oriented conductive base and consists of crossed azimuthally mounted at 90 ° to each other frame structures.
- the mutually spatially offset by 90 ° antenna parts in the electrical phase are interconnected shifted by 90 ° to each other to generate the circular polarization.
- the effect of all these crossed emitters is essentially based on the fact that the individual antenna parts are placed at a right angle "crossed" and perpendicular to the ground plane levels and offset the antenna parts of the different planes to produce the circular polarization by 90 ° in phase are interconnected.
- the effect of patch antennas can also be represented in a similar way.
- a ring line emitter 2 according to the invention has the particular advantage that it can be provided as a basic form for a single antenna system, which by additional placement with a crossed emitter - such as from DE-A-10163793 , of the DE-A-4008505 or as a readily available patch antenna - can be supplemented to a directional antenna that can be tracked in the main direction of the radiation or to an antenna diversity system.
- a crossed emitter - such as from DE-A-10163793 , of the DE-A-4008505 or as a readily available patch antenna - can be supplemented to a directional antenna that can be tracked in the main direction of the radiation or to an antenna diversity system.
- the ring line emitter 2 is designed to extend in a horizontal plane with the height h over the conductive base 6, so that it forms an electrical line with respect to the conductive base 6 with a characteristic impedance resulting from the height h and the effective diameter of the im Essentially results in a wire-shaped loop conductor.
- a support of vertical components of the electric radiation field is carried out according to the invention by vertical radiators 4, which allow the emission of vertical electric field components, and on the excitation 3 of the ring line radiator 2 takes place in the example shown.
- Generation of the signals which are different in phase by 90 ° for feeding in at the base points of the vertical radiators 4 can take place, for example, by means of a power divider and phase shift network 31 and in each case via a corresponding matching network 25.
- the electromagnetic excitation 3 takes place in such a way that equally large signals are fed between the lower ends of the vertical radiator 4 and the electrically conductive base, which are each shifted by 360 ° / 4 to each other in phase.
- the ring line radiator 2 in FIG. 3 for M 2 as a closed square line ring with the edge length of substantially 2 * ⁇ / 4 above the conductive base 6 at a distance h above the conductive Base 6 formed.
- the electromagnetic excitation 3 is designed as a ramp-shaped directional coupling conductor 12 with a preferably horizontal extent of substantially ⁇ / 4. This is designed substantially as a linear conductor, which advantageously extends in a plane which includes one side of the ring line radiator 2 and which is oriented perpendicular to the electrically conductive base surface 6.
- the linear conductor starting from the antenna connection 5 located on the conductive base 6, leads via a vertical feed line 4 to a coupling end spacing 16 to one of the corners of the ring line emitter 2 and is substantially below an adjacent corner from there in accordance with a ramp function led to the base 6 and connected to this via the ground terminal 11 conductive.
- the adaptation to the antenna connector 5 can be easily made.
- the particular advantage of this arrangement consists in the contactless coupling of the excitation 3 to the square-shaped ring line radiator 2, which according to the invention enables a particularly simple production of the antenna.
- antennas according to the invention are those arrangements in which the ring line radiator 2 of the extended length L at substantially similar distances L / N to each other ring line coupling points 7 are designed and to each of these a vertical radiator 4 is coupled, which on the other are coupled via ground connection points 11 to the electrically conductive base 6.
- FIG. 4 shows an arrangement of this kind, wherein the versatile design excitation 3 is indicated in a general form.
- electromagnetic coupling that is preferably galvanic or capacitive coupling of the antenna parts, consisting of the ring line structure 2 and the circle group of the vertical radiator 4 at the loop coupling points 7, the antenna parts are coupled together in such a way that the antenna parts constructively to a circular contribute to polarized field.
- the ring line emitter 2 acts as a radiating element which generates a circularly polarized field with a main beam direction at medium elevation angles. This field is superimposed on the electromagnetic field generated by the vertical radiators 4.
- the electromagnetic field generated by the circle group of the vertical radiator 4 in diagonal elevation is also circularly polarized with the azimuth substantially independent main beam direction. At very low elevation, this field is vertically polarized and substantially azimuthally independent as well.
- the resonance structure is connected to the antenna connection 5 via an excitation 3 in such a way that the line wave on the ring line emitter 2 propagates substantially only in one direction of rotation so that one period of the line wave is contained in the direction of rotation of the ring structure.
- the ring structure with N vertical radiators can be divided into N segments.
- I ⁇ 2 I ⁇ 1 • exp j M ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ / N
- the vertical radiators 4 together with the reactances X form in their equivalent circuit diagram a filter consisting of a series inductance, a parallel capacitance and a further series inductance.
- the parallel capacitance is selected by setting the reactances X so that the filter is adapted on both sides to the conductor impedance of the annular line.
- the resonant structure thus consists of N conductor segments of length L / N and in each case a filter connected thereto. Each filter causes a phase rotation ⁇ .
- the antenna is also particularly suitable for receiving signals from low-flying satellites.
- the antenna can also be advantageously used for satellite broadcasting systems in which terrestrial, vertically polarized signals are also transmitted in support of the reception.
- the vertical radiator 4 as in FIG. 5 coupled via horizontal radiator elements 14 to the loop coupling points 7.
- the horizontal radiator elements 14 can be used flexibly for further shaping of the vertical radiation pattern of the antenna.
- FIG. 6 illustrated circular structure with equidistant over the circumference of the ring line radiator 2 formed ring line crosspoints 7 and there galvanically connected vertical radiators 4, each with one at the base point to the ground terminal point 11 introduced capacity 15 as a reactance circuit 13.
- the excitation 3 of this resonant structure can be designed in different ways and is therefore in FIG. 6 not shown.
- FIG. 7 is one of the vertical radiator 4 of a rectangular shaped ring line radiator 2 with the reactance circuit 13 realized as a capacitor 15 not to the ground terminal 11 on the electrically conductive base 6 but to the formed on the level of the conductive base 6 connection to the matching network 25 and thus coupled to the antenna connector 5.
- the reactance circuit 13 realized as a capacitor 15 not to the ground terminal 11 on the electrically conductive base 6 but to the formed on the level of the conductive base 6 connection to the matching network 25 and thus coupled to the antenna connector 5.
- the design of the characteristic impedance can be carried out in a known manner, for example by selecting the effective diameter of the substantially linear ring line emitter 2, or as exemplified by an additional conductor 19 reducing the characteristic impedance.
- the support of the unidirectionality of the wave propagation on the ring line emitter 2 is achieved by alternately different design of the characteristic impedance of the circulating successive sections between two adjacent ring line crosspoint 7a - 7b and 7b - 7c, etc.
- the fine-tuning of the unidirectionality of the wave propagation is also done by slightly different choice of the lengths of the sections with length differences between 5 and 10%.
- the electromagnetic excitation 3 is designed by partial coupling 20 to one of the vertical radiator 4 at one of the loop coupling points 7.
- the unidirectional effect of the electromagnetic excitation 3 with respect to the wave propagation is given by partial coupling to a vertical radiator 4 via a coupling conductor 23 guided in parallel to a part of the ring-shaped radiator 2 and the other end of the coupling conductor 23 is on a vertical and the base surface 6 extending radiator 4e connected, the latter being connected via a matching network 25 to the antenna terminal 5.
- the matching network 25 is designed in the form of a parallel to the electrically conductive base surface 6 high-impedance transmission line over about 1 ⁇ 4 of the wavelength advantageously.
- An essential feature of an antenna according to the present invention is the possibility for particularly low-cost production.
- an outstandingly advantageous form of the antenna with square ring-shaped radiator 2 is similar in nature to that in FIG. 7 designed and in FIG. 9 for reasons of clarity with only four vertical radiators 4a - 4d shown.
- the ring line emitter 2 with the vertical emitters 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, together with the flat-shaped capacitance electrodes 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d individually shaped at their lower end, can be made, for example, from a coherent, stamped and formed sheet metal part.
- the characteristic impedance of the sections of the ring line radiator 2 can be designed individually by choosing the width of the connectors.
- the electrically conductive base 6 is preferably designed as a conductive coated circuit board.
- the reactance circuits 13 realized as capacitances 15 are formed in such a way that the capacitance electrodes 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d are provided by interposing a dielectric plate 33 located between them and the electrically conductive base 6 for coupling three vertical radiators 4a, 4b, 4c the electrically conductive base 6 are designed.
- this is designed as a planar counterelectrode 34 isolated from the conductive layer of the printed circuit board.
- the sheet metal part, the Dielectric plate 33 and designed as a printed circuit board electrically conductive base 6 can be connected to each other, for example, by a low-cost bonding and thus without complex soldering.
- the connection to a receiver can be realized in a known manner, for example by connecting a microstrip line or a coaxial line, starting from the antenna connection 5.
- FIG. 10 instead of a dielectric plate 33 between the lower ends of the vertical radiators 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and the electrically conductive base 6 designed as a conductive coated printed circuit board, a further conductive coated, dielectric circuit board is inserted.
- the conductive base 6 extending substantially in a base plane E1 at the location of the ring conduit radiator 2 is formed as a conductive cavity 38 opened upwards.
- This cavity 38 is thus an effective part of the conductive base 6 and consists of a cavity base surface 39 in a base surface plane E2 located at a distance h1 parallel to and below the surface plane E1.
- the cavity base surface 39 is connected to the planar part of the conductive base 6 via the cavity side surfaces 40.
- the ring line emitter 2 is introduced into the cavity 38 in a further horizontal ring line plane E at the height h extending above the cavity base surface 39.
- the environment of the ring line radiator 2 with the cavity basically has a narrowing the frequency bandwidth of the antenna 1 effect, which is essentially determined by the cavity spacing 41 between the ring line radiator 2 and the cavity 38. Therefore, the conductive cavity base surface 39 should be at least large enough to at least cover the vertical projection surface of the loop emitter 2 to the base surface plane E2 located below the conductive base. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, however, the cavity base surface 39 is larger and selected in such a way that the cavity side surfaces 40 can be designed as vertical surfaces and while a sufficient cavity spacing 41 between the ring line radiator 2 and the cavity 38 is given ,
- the base surface plane E2 is advantageous to choose the base surface plane E2 to be approximately as large as the vertical projection surface of the ring line radiator 2 to the base surface plane E2 and make the cavity side surfaces 40 along a contour inclined from a vertical line.
- the inclination of this contour is to be selected in such a way that when required Frequency bandwidth of the antenna 1 is given a sufficiently large cavity spacing 41 between the ring line radiator 2 and the cavity 38 at each point.
- the inclination of the cavity side surfaces 40 is selected in each case in the manner that at a vertical distance z above the cavity base surface 39, the horizontal distance d between the vertical connecting line between the ring tube radiator 2 and the cavity base surface 39 and the nearest cavity side surface 40 assumes at least half the vertical distance z.
- the frequency bandwidth of the antenna 1 increases the further the cavity 38 is opened upwards. If, while maintaining the last-mentioned necessary cavity spacing 41 between the ring line radiator 2 and the cavity 38, the cavity side surfaces 40 are designed vertically, the necessary frequency bandwidth is also ensured. The same also applies if the height h of the ring line plane E is greater than the depth of the cavity base surface 39, as shown in FIG. 12a is shown. That is, h is larger than h1 and the antenna 1 is not fully integrated with the vehicle body.
- the reactance circuit 13 is designed multi-frequency in such a way that both the resonance of the ring line emitter 2 and the required direction of the line shaft on the ring line emitter 2 is given in separate frequency bands.
- ring line emitters 2 offer the advantage of a particularly space-saving design.
- a plurality of ring line radiators for the different frequencies of multiple radio services to a common center Z are designed. Due to their different resonant frequencies, the different ring line radiators influence only slightly, so that small distances between the ring lines of the ring radiators 2 can be designed.
- the ring line emitter 2 and the crossed emitter are combined with the same center Z, so that the phase reference points of the two emitters are congruent in the common center Z.
- a directional antenna with a predetermined azimuthal main direction and elevation design a directional antenna with a predetermined azimuthal main direction and elevation. This is done by the different azimuthal dependency of the phases of the circularly polarized waves of the two emitters from the azimuthal angle of the propagation vector, depending on the phase position of the M current waves on the ring line emitter 2, the radiation depending on the azimuth angle of the propagation vector superimposed supportive or attenuating ,
- a controllable phase shifter 42 and a summation network 44 thus formed in an advantageous manner in the azimuthal directional pattern of the combined antenna arrangement at the directional antenna port 43, a main direction of the radiation, which of Setting the phase shifter 39 is dependent. This property allows z. B. the advantageous tracking of the main beam direction in mobile satellite reception.
- the reactance circuits 45a-45h are designed in such a way that, when fed in at the radiator junction 46, the current distribution of a current line wave is established whose phase difference over one revolution is just 2 * 2 ⁇ .
- the stretched length of the ring line radiator 2a can also be shorter by a shortening factor k ⁇ 1 than the corresponding dual wavelength 2 ⁇ .
- the phase difference of 2 * 2 ⁇ on the Ring line by increasing the line inductance and / or the line capacitance to the conductive base 6 done.
- the ring line sections of the ring line radiator 2 can be selected substantially shorter than a quarter wavelength up to ⁇ / 8.
- FIG. 15 shows a plan view of the directional antenna in FIG. 14 , wherein the ring line radiator 2 is formed as a substantially regular octagon and the crossed radiator 24 is located centrally in the interior of the ring line radiator 2.
- the ring line coupling points 7 are each formed at the corners of the octagonal ring line radiator 2.
- To each of the vertical radiator 4 are connected.
- the summation network 44 as summation and selection network 44a, it is possible to select separately between the received signals of the two emitters 2, 24 and the weighted superimposition-possibly with different weightings.
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Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft eine Antenne für den Empfang zirkular polarisierter Satellitenfunksignale.The invention relates to an antenna for receiving circularly polarized satellite radio signals.
Insbesondere bei Satelliten-Rundfunksystemen kommt es besonders auf die Wirtschaftlichkeit sowohl bezüglich der vom Satelliten abgestrahlten Sendeleistung als auch auf die Effizienz der Empfangsantenne an. Satellitenfunksignale werden aufgrund von Polarisationsdrehungen auf dem Übertragungsweg in der Regel mit zirkular polarisierten elektromagnetischen Wellen übertragen. Vielfach werden Programminhalte zum Beispiel in frequenzmäßig dicht nebeneinander liegenden getrennten Frequenzbändern übertragen. Dies geschieht im Beispiel des SDARS-Satellitenrundfunks bei einer Frequenz von circa 2,33 GHz in zwei benachbarten Frequenzbändern jeweils mit einer Bandbreite von 4 MHz mit einem Abstand der Mittenfrequenzen von 8 MHz. Die Signale werden von unterschiedlichen Satelliten mit einer in einer Richtung zirkular polarisierten elektromagnetischen Welle abgestrahlt. Demzufolge werden zum Empfang in der entsprechenden Drehrichtung zirkular polarisierte Antennen verwendet. Solche Antennen sind zum Beispiel aus
Die aus der
Diese genannten Antennenformen sind zwar für den Empfang von Satellitensignalen geeignet, welche von hoch fliegenden Satelliten - so genannten HEOS - abgestrahlt werden. Insbesondere für unter niedrigem Elevationswinkelbereich einfallende Satelliten-Funksignale, die von geostationären Satelliten - so genannten GEOS ausgestrahlt werden, sind jedoch eine Verbesserung der Empfangsleistung, der Kreuzpolarisationsunterdrückung und es ist die Verbesserung des Empfangs vertikal polarisierter, von terrestrischen Sendern ausgestrahlten Signalen wünschenswertAlthough these antenna forms are suitable for the reception of satellite signals, which are emitted by high-flying satellites - so-called HEOS. However, particularly for low elevation angular range incident satellite signals broadcast by GEOS geostationary satellites, there is an improvement in received power, cross-polarization rejection and it is desirable to improve the reception of vertically polarized signals emitted by terrestrial transmitters
Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es deshalb, eine Antenne anzugeben, welche je nach ihrer Auslegung sowohl für einen besonders leistungsstarken Empfang von unter niedrigen Elevationswinkein einfallenden zirkular polarisierten Satellitensignalen als auch für den leistungsstarken Empfang von unter höheren Elevationswinkein in einfallenden Satellitensignalen mit ausreichendem Gewinn und mit hoher Kreuzpolarisationsunterdrückung über einen großen Elevationswinkelbereich gestaltet werden kann und wobei insbesondere auch die Möglichkeit zu einer wirtschaftlichen Herstellung gegeben sein soll.The object of the invention is therefore to provide an antenna which, depending on their design, both for a particularly high-performance reception of low elevational angle incident circularly polarized satellite signals and for the high-power reception of higher elevation angle in incident satellite signals with sufficient gain and high cross polarization suppression can be designed over a large elevation angle range and in particular the possibility of an economical production should be given.
Diese Aufgabe wird bei einer Antenne nach dem Oberbegriff des Hauptanspruchs durch die kennzeichnenden Merkmale des Hauptanspruchs und die in den weiteren Ansprüchen vorgeschlagenen Maßnahmen gelöst.This object is achieved in an antenna according to the preamble of the main claim by the characterizing features of the main claim and the measures proposed in the other claims.
Mit einer Antenne nach der Erfindung ist der erfindungsgemäße Vorteil verbunden, auch den Empfang linear vertikal polarisierter und unter niedriger Elevation empfangener Wellen mit azimutal nahezu homogenem Richtdiagramm mit besonders hohem Gewinn zu ermöglichen. Weiterhin kann die Antenne in vorteilhafter Weise in Kombination mit den oben geschilderten und aus der
Gemäß der Erfindung umfasst die Antenne für den Empfang zirkular polarisierter Satellitenfunksignale wenigstens eine im Wesentlichen horizontal orientierte über einer leitenden Grundfläche 6 angeordnete Leiterschleife, mit einer mit einem Antennenanschluss 5 verbundenen Anordnung zur elektromagnetischen Erregung 3 der Leiterschleife. Die Leiterschleife ist als Ringleitungsstrahler 2 durch eine polygonale oder kreisförmige geschlossene Ringleitung in einer horizontalen Ebene mit der Höhe h über der leitenden Grundfläche 6 verlaufend gestaltet. Der Ringleitungsstrahler 2 bildet eine Resonanzstruktur und ist durch die elektromagnetische Erregung 3 in der Weise elektrisch erregt, dass sich auf der Ringleitung die Stromverteilung einer laufenden Leitungswelle in einer Umlaufrichtung einstellt, deren Phasenunterschied über die gestreckte Länge der Ringleitungsstruktur gerade M*2π beträgt. Hierbei beträgt M mindestens zwei und ist eine ganze Zahl. Für den technisch besonders interessanten Wert M = 2 ergibt sich dabei der besonders hohe Strahlungsgewinn für zirkulare Polarisation für niedrige Elevationswinkel im Vergleich mit genannten Antennen nach dem Stande der Technik. Zur Unterstützung der vertikal orientierten Anteile des elektromagnetischen Feldes ist mindestens ein am Ringleitungsstrahler 2 vertikaler und zur leitenden Grundfläche hin verlaufender Strahler 4 vorhanden, welcher/welche sowohl mit dem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 als auch der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 6 elektromagnetisch verkoppelt ist/sind. Zur Erzeugung einer reinen Leitungswelle ist die Höhe h vorzugsweise kleiner als 1/5 der Freiraum-Wellenlänge λ zu wählen.According to the invention, the antenna for receiving circularly polarized satellite radio signals comprises at least one substantially horizontally oriented conductor loop arranged above a
Die bei Antennen nach der vorliegenden Erfindung geforderten Fertigungstoleranzen können in vorteilhafter Weise wesentlich leichter eingehalten werden. Ein weiterer sehr wesentlicher Vorteil der vorliegenden Erfindung ergibt sich aus der Eigenschaft, dass neben dem horizontal polarisierten Ringleitungsstrahler 2 mindestens an einem Ringleitungs-koppelpunkt 7 ein weiterer Strahler 4 vorhanden ist, welcher eine senkrecht zur Polarisation der Ringleitungsstrahler 2 orientierte Polarisation aufweist. Dieser Strahler kann bei Vorhandensein terrestrisch vertikal polarisiert ausgestrahlter Signale vorteilhaft auch zum Empfang dieser Signale eingesetzt werden.The required in antennas according to the present invention manufacturing tolerances can be maintained in an advantageous manner much easier. Another very important advantage of the present invention results from the property that, in addition to the horizontally polarized
Die Erfindung wird im Folgenden an Hand von Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert. Die zugehörigen Figuren zeigen im Einzelnen:
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Fig. 1 : Antenne nach der Erfindung mit einem als Resonanzstruktur gestaltetenkreisförmigen Ringleitungsstrahler 2 zur Erzeugung eines zirkular polarisierten Feldes mit azimutal abhängiger Phase mit einerelektromagnetischen Erregung 3, welche durch Einspeisung an λ/4 voneinander entfernten Ringleitungs-koppelpunkten 7 von um 90° in der Phase unterschiedlichen Signalen zur Erzeugung einer umlaufenden Welle von einer Wellenlänge über den Umfang der Leitung gegeben ist. Die Unterstützung vertikaler Komponenten des elektrischen Strahlungsfeldes erfolgt durch dievertikalen Strahler 4, welche jeweils an einerUnterbrechungsstelle 23 mit einerverlustarmen Blindwiderstandsschaltung 13 der Reaktanz X beschaltet sind -
Fig. 2 :Ringleitungsstrahler 2 am Beispiel für M = 2 jedoch mit einerelektromagnetischen Erregung 3 an 8 jeweils um λ/4 längs der Ringleitung versetzten Ringleitungs-Koppelpunkten 7 durch in der Phase jeweils um 90° versetzten Signalen der Speisequellen. Die Speisequellen derErregung 3 können auf an sich bekannte Weise durch Leistungsteilung und 90°-Hybridkoppler beziehungsweise durch ein Verteilnetzwerk aus Mikrostreifenleitung gewonnen werden. -
Fig. 3 : Antenne nach der Erfindung mit einem als geschlossenen quadratischen Leitungsring für M = 2 mit der Kantenlänge von 2*λ/4gestalteten Ringleitungsstrahler 2. DieErregung 3 ist als berührungslose Ankopplung an denRingleitungsstrahler 2 über die rampenförmige λ/4-richtwirkende Koppelstruktur 18 mit demAntennenanschluss 5 gestaltet. Die Koppelstruktur 18 beinhaltet denvertikalen Strahler 4 -
Fig. 4 : Antenne nach der Erfindung, beispielhaft mitkreisförmigem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 mit allgemeinangedeuteter Erregung 3 und mit am Umfang äquidistant angeordneten Ringleitungs-Koppelpunkten 7 mit daran angekoppeltenvertikalen Strahlern 4, in welche an Unterbrechungsstellenverlustarme Blindwiderstandsschaltungen 13 mit den für die Erzeugung einer umlaufenden Stromwelle auf demRingleitungsstrahler 2 notwendigen unterschiedlichen Reaktanzen X eingeschaltet sind. Durch Gestaltung der Reaktanzen X ist es möglich, die Teilabschnitte L/N um den Verkürzungsfaktor k<1 kürzer zu gestalten als es dem Wert L/N = M*λ/N entspräche, so dass vielmehr gilt: L/N = k*M*λ/N. -
Fig. 5 : Antenne nach der Erfindung wie in , jedoch mit horizontalen Zusatzelementen zur weiteren Formung des RichtdiagrammsFigur 4 -
Fig. 6 : Antenne nach der Erfindung für M = 2 mit einer besonders vorteilhaften kreisförmigen Ausführungsform desRingleitungsstrahlers 2 mit im Wesentlichen äquidistant auf dem Umfang verteilt befindlichenvertikalen Strahlern 4. Die auf unterschiedliche Weisegestaltbare Erregung 3 ist nicht gezeichnet. -
Fig. 7 : Antenne nach der Erfindung mit einem rechteckförmig gestalteten Strahler wie in jedoch mitFigur 3elektromagnetischer Erregung 3 durch Einspeisung am unteren Ende an einem dervertikalen Strahler 4 über dasAnpassnetzwerk 25 und über die als Kapazität 15gestaltete Blindwiderstandsschaltung 13. Die Unterstützung der Unidirektionalität der Wellenausbreitung auf demRingleitungsstrahler 2 ist durch abwechselnd unterschiedliche Gestaltung der Wellenwiderstände der im Umlaufsinn aufeinander folgenden Teilstücke zwischen zwei benachbarten Ringleitungs-Koppelpunkt 7a -7b beziehungsweise 7b -7c etc. erreicht. Die Feinabstimmung der Unidirektionalität der Wellenausbreitung erfolgt durch geringfügig unterschiedliche Längen der Teilstücke. -
Fig. 8 : Antenne nach der Erfindung wie in , wobei dasFigur 7Anpassnetzwerk 25 in Form einer parallel zur elektrischleitenden Grundfläche 6 gelegten hochohmigen Übertragungsleitung über etwa ¼ der Wellenlänge ausgeführt ist. -
Fig. 9 : Grundsätzliche konstruktive Ausführungen einesRingleitungsstrahlers 2 mit vertikalen Strahlern und Kapazitäten 15 nach der Erfindung wie in . Die Kapazitäten 15 sind in der Weise gebildet, dass dieFiguren 3 bis 8vertikalen Strahler 4 an ihrem unteren Ende zu individuell gestalteten 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d ausgeformt sind. Durch Zwischenlage zwischen diesen und der als elektrischflächigen Kapazitätselektroden beschichteten Leiterplatte 35 ausgeführten elektrischleitenden Grundfläche 6 befindlichendielektrischen Platte 33 sind die Kapazitäten 15 zur Ankopplung von drei 4a, 4b, 4c an die elektrischvertikalen Strahlern leitende Grundfläche 6 gestaltet. Zur kapazitiven Ankopplung des viertenvertikalen Strahlers 4d, an denAntennenanschluss 5 ist dieser als eine von der leitenden Schicht isolierte, flächige Gegenelektrode 34 gestaltet. -
Fig. 10 : Antenne nach der Erfindung wie in . Zwischen den unteren Enden der vertikalen Strahler 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d und die als leitend beschichtete Leiterplatte ausgeführte elektrischFiguren 9leitende Grundfläche 6 ist eine weitere leitend beschichtete dielektrische Leiterplatte eingefügt. Die unteren Enden der vertikalen Strahler 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d sind galvanisch mit auf der Oberseite der dielektrischen Leiterplatte gedruckten 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d zur Bildung der Kapazitäten 15 für die kapazitive Ankopplung von drei derflächigen Kapazitätselektroden vertikalen Strahler 4 an die elektrischleitende Grundfläche 6 verbunden. Für die kapazitive Ankopplung des viertenvertikalen Strahlers 4d an denAntennenanschluss 5 ist dieser als eine von der leitenden Schicht isolierte, flächige Gegenelektrode 34 gestaltet. -
Fig. 11 : Antenne nach der Erfindung wie inFiguren 11 und12 für M = 2 , wobei die leitende Struktur, bestehend aus dem achteckiggeformten Ringleiter 2 und den damit verbundenenvertikalen Strahlern 4 durch einedielektrische Stützstruktur 36 in der Weise fixiert ist, dass an Stelle derdielektrischen Platte 33 ein Luftspalt zur Bildung des Dielektrikums realisiert ist. -
Fig. 12 : Profilansicht einesRingleitungsstrahlers 2 in einer sich nach obenöffnenden Kavität 38, welche z. B. zum Zwecke der Integration in eine Fahrzeugkarosserie durch Ausformung derleitenden Grundebene 6 gestaltet ist. Die Höhe h1 bezeichnet die Tiefe der Kavität und die Höhe h den Abstand desRingleitungsstrahlers 2 über der Kavitäts-Basisfläche 39. Ein zugeringer Abstand 41 zwischen demRingleitungsstrahler 2 und den Kavitäts-Seitenflächen 40 hat eine die Frequenzbandbreite der Antenne 1 einengende Wirkung.- a) h > h1: teilweise Integration
- b) h = h1: vollständige Integration
-
Fig. 13 :Ringleitungsstrahler 2 nach der Erfindung kombiniert mit einem gekreuztenStrahler 24 mit gleichem Zentrum Z nach dem Stand der Technik mit zirkularer Polarisation bei höheren Eievationswinkeln, wobei sich die Phase dessen zirkularer Polarisation mit dem azimutalen Winkel des Ausbreitungsvektors in einfacher Abhängigkeit dreht. Durch Überlagerung der Empfangssignale des gekreuzten Strahlers 24 mit denEmpfangssignalen des Ringleitungsstrahlers 2, dessen Phase der zirkularen Polarisation mit dem azimutalen Winkel des Ausbreitungsvektors in M-facher Abhängigkeit gedreht ist, ist eine Richtantenne mit einem Richtdiagramm mit azimutaler Hauptrichtung am Richtantennen-Anschluss 43 gebildet. -
Fig. 14 : Richtantenne wie inFigur 13mit kreisförmigem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 mit N = 8vertikalen Strahlern 4 und M = 2 vollen Umläufen der Leitungswelle kombiniert mit einem gekreuztenStrahler 24 mit gleichem Zentrum Z nach dem Stand der Technik.Die vertikalen Strahler 4 sind aufdem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 im Wesentlichen äquidistant verteilt und entsprechend einer Phasen-Differenz der laufenden Welle von jeweils π/2 angeordnet. Die Empfangssignale an der Strahler-Anschlussstelle 46 desRingleitungsstrahlers 2 und der Anschlussstelle des gekreuzten Strahlers 28 werden überein steuerbares Phasendrehglied 42 im Summations-Netzwerk 44 zur Bildung des Richtdiagramms mit steuerbarer azimutaler Hauptrichtung überlagert. -
Fig. 15 : Richtantenne wie inFigur 14 jedoch mit achteckig geformtem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 (Phasendifferenz der laufenden Welle von 4π verteilt über dem Umfang). -
Fig. 16 : Räumliches Richtdiagramm der Richtantenne inFigur 15 mit ausgeprägter azimutaler Hauptrichtung (Pfeil) und Nullstelle.
-
Fig. 1 : Antenna according to the invention with a designed as a resonant structurecircular ring radiator 2 for generating a circularly polarized field with azimuthally dependent phase with anelectromagnetic excitation 3, which by feeding at λ / 4 apart ringline coupling points 7 of 90 ° in phase different Signals for generating a rotating wave of a wavelength over the circumference of the line is given. The support of vertical components of the electric radiation field is effected by thevertical radiator 4, which in each case aninterruption point 23 are connected to a low-loss reactance circuit 13 of the reactance X. -
Fig. 2 Ring conductor radiator 2 using the example of M = 2, but with anelectromagnetic excitation 3 to 8 each by λ / 4 along the loop line offsetring line crosspoints 7 by in each case by 90 ° offset signals of the supply sources. The feed sources of theexcitation 3 can be obtained in a manner known per se by power splitting and 90 ° hybrid coupler or by a distribution network of microstrip line. -
Fig. 3 : Antenna according to the invention with a designed as a closed square line ring for M = 2 with the edge length of 2 * λ / 4ring line emitter 2. Theexcitation 3 is as a contactless coupling to thering line emitter 2 via the ramped λ / 4-directional coupling structure 18 with theantenna connection 5 designed. The coupling structure 18 includes thevertical radiator 4 -
Fig. 4 : Antenna according to the invention, for example, with circularring line emitter 2 with generally indicatedexcitation 3 and with circumferentially equidistantly arrangedring line crosspoints 7 withvertical emitters 4 coupled thereto, in which at points of interruption low-impedance reactance circuits 13 with the for generating a rotating current wave on theRing line radiator 2 necessary different reactances X are turned on. By designing the reactances X, it is possible to make the sections L / N shorter by the shortening factor k <1 than would be the value L / N = M * λ / N, so that on the contrary: L / N = k * M * λ / N. -
Fig. 5 : Antenna according to the invention as inFIG. 4 , but with horizontal additional elements for further shaping of the directional diagram -
Fig. 6 : Antenna according to the invention for M = 2 with a particularly advantageous circular embodiment of thering line radiator 2 with substantially equidistantly distributed on the circumferencevertical radiators 4. The excitable indifferent ways excitation 3 is not drawn. -
Fig. 7 : Antenna according to the invention with a rectangular shaped radiator as inFIG. 3 However, withelectromagnetic excitation 3 by feeding at the lower end of one of thevertical radiator 4 via thematching network 25 and the designed as a capacitor 15reactance circuit 13. The support of the unidirectionality of the wave propagation on theloop antenna 2 is characterized by alternately different design of the wave resistances of the circulating successive sections between two adjacentloop cross-coupling point 7a -7b and 7b -7c etc. achieved. The fine-tuning of the unidirectionality of the wave propagation takes place by means of slightly different lengths of the sections. -
Fig. 8 : Antenna according to the invention as inFIG. 7 , wherein thematching network 25 in the form of a parallel to the electricallyconductive base surface 6 high-impedance transmission line is performed over about ¼ of the wavelength. -
Fig. 9 Basic constructive embodiments of aring line radiator 2 with vertical radiators and capacitors 15 according to the invention as inFIGS. 3 to 8 , The capacitances 15 are formed in such a way that thevertical radiators 4 are formed at their lower end to form individualized 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d. By interposition between these and the electricallyarea capacitance electrodes conductive base plate 6 designed as an electricallyconductive base plate 6 locateddielectric plate 33 are the capacitances 15 for coupling three 4a, 4b, 4c to the electricallyvertical radiators conductive base 6 designed. For the capacitive coupling of the fourthvertical radiator 4d, to theantenna connection 5, this is designed as a flat counterelectrode 34 isolated from the conductive layer. -
Fig. 10 : Antenna according to the invention as inFigures 9 , Between the lower ends of the 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d and designed as a conductive coated circuit board electricallyvertical radiators conductive base 6, a further conductive coated dielectric circuit board is inserted. The lower ends of the 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d are galvanic withvertical radiators 32a, 32b, 32c, 32d printed on the upper surface of the dielectric board to form capacitances 15 for the capacitive coupling of three of thesurface capacitive electrodes vertical radiators 4 to the electrical onesconductive base 6 connected. For the capacitive coupling of the fourthvertical radiator 4d to theantenna terminal 5, this is designed as a flat counterelectrode 34 isolated from the conductive layer. -
Fig. 11 : Antenna according to the invention as inFigures 11 and12 for M = 2, wherein the conductive structure consisting of the octagonal shapedring conductor 2 and the associatedvertical radiators 4 is fixed by adielectric support structure 36 in such a way that instead of thedielectric plate 33, an air gap for the formation of the dielectric is realized , -
Fig. 12 : Profile view of aring line radiator 2 in an upwardly openingcavity 38, which z. B. is designed for the purpose of integration in a vehicle body by forming theconductive ground plane 6. The height h1 denotes the depth of the cavity and the height h the distance of thering line radiator 2 above the cavity base surface 39. Too small adistance 41 between thering line radiator 2 and the cavity side surfaces 40 has a narrowing the frequency bandwidth of the antenna 1 effect.- a) h> h1: partial integration
- b) h = h1: complete integration
-
Fig. 13 :Ring line radiator 2 according to the invention combined with a crossedradiator 24 with the same center Z according to the prior art with circular polarization at higher Eevationswinkeln, wherein the phase of its circular polarization rotates with the azimuthal angle of the propagation vector in simple dependence. By superposition of the received signals of the crossedradiator 24 with the received signals of thering line radiator 2 whose phase of the circular polarization is rotated with the azimuthal angle of the propagation vector in M-fold dependence, a directional antenna is formed with a directional pattern with azimuthal main direction at thedirectional antenna port 43. -
Fig. 14 : Directional antenna as inFIG. 13 with circularring line radiator 2 with N = 8vertical radiators 4 and M = 2 full rounds of the line shaft combined with a crossedradiator 24 with the same center Z according to the prior art. Thevertical radiators 4 are distributed substantially equidistantly on thering line radiator 2 and arranged in accordance with a phase difference of the current wave of π / 2 in each case. The received signals at theradiator connection point 46 of thering line radiator 2 and the connection point of the crossed radiator 28 are superimposed via a controllablephase rotation element 42 in thesummation network 44 to form the directional diagram with controllable azimuthal main direction. -
Fig. 15 : Directional antenna as inFIG. 14 However, with octagonal shaped ring line radiator 2 (phase difference of the current wave of 4π distributed over the circumference). -
Fig. 16 : Spatial directional diagram of the directional antenna inFIG. 15 with pronounced azimuthal main direction (arrow) and zero.
Der Ringleitungsstrahler 2 der Erfindung ist als eine passive Resonanzstruktur für eine Sende- oder Empfangsantenne gestaltet, welche die Abstrahlung bzw. den Empfang von im Wesentlichen zirkular polarisierten Wellen in einem Elevationswinkelbereich zwischen theta=20° (vertikal) und theta=70° und im Wesentlichen vertikal polarisierter Wellen in einem Elevationswinkelbereich zwischen theta = 90° und theta = 85° ermöglicht, wobei theta den Winkel der einfallenden Welle gegenüber der Vertikalen beschreibt. Azimutal wird dabei im allgemeinen Rundstrahlung angestrebt.The
Die Verteilung der Ströme auf einer Antenne im Empfangsbetrieb ist vom Abschlusswiderstand an der Antennenanschlussstelle abhängig. Im Gegensatz hierzu ist im Sendebetrieb die auf den Speisestrom an der Antennenanschlussstelle bezogene Verteilung der Ströme auf den Antennenleitern vom Quellwiderstand der speisenden Signalquelle unabhängig und ist somit eindeutig mit dem Richtdiagramm und der Polarisation der Antenne verknüpft. Aufgrund dieser Eindeutigkeit in Verbindung mit dem Gesetz der Reziprozität, nach welchem die Strahlungseigenschaften - wie Richtdiagramm und Polarisation - im Sendebetrieb wie im Empfangsbetrieb identisch sind, wird die erfindungsgemäße Aufgabe bezüglich Polarisation und Strahlungsdiagramme an Hand der Gestaltung der Antennenstruktur zur Erzeugung entsprechender Ströme im Sendebetrieb der Antenne gelöst. Damit ist auch die erfindungsgemäße Aufgabe für den Empfangsbetrieb gelöst. Alle im Folgenden durchgeführten Betrachtungen über Ströme auf der Antennenstruktur und deren Phasen beziehungsweise deren Phasenbezugspunkt beziehen sich somit auf den reziproken Betrieb der Empfangsantenne als Sendeantenne, wenn nicht ausdrücklich der Empfangsbetrieb angesprochen ist.The distribution of the currents on an antenna in receive mode depends on the terminator at the antenna junction. In contrast, in the transmission mode, the distribution of the currents on the antenna conductors related to the supply current at the antenna connection point is independent of the source resistance of the supplying signal source and is thus uniquely linked to the directional diagram and the polarization of the antenna. Because of this uniqueness in connection with the law of reciprocity, according to which the radiation properties - such as directional diagram and polarization - are identical in the transmission mode as in receiving mode, the object of the invention with respect to polarization and radiation patterns on the basis of the design of the antenna structure for generating corresponding currents in the transmission mode of Antenna solved. Thus, the object of the invention for the receiving operation is solved. All considerations made below about currents on the antenna structure and their phases or their phase reference point thus refer to the reciprocal operation of the receiving antenna as a transmitting antenna, unless the receiving mode is specifically addressed.
Ein weiterer Vorteil einer Antenne dieser Art besteht darin, dass die Phase der zirkularen Polarisation mit dem azimutalen Winkel des Ausbreitungsvektors in M-facher und somit in mindestens 2-facher Abhängigkeit gedreht ist. Somit kann eine Antenne dieser Art mit einem gekreuzten Strahler 24 mit gleichem Zentrum Z nach dem Stand der Technik zu einer Richtantenne mit azimutaler Hauptrichtung kombiniert werden. Die Richtwirkung mit azimutaler Hauptrichtung ergibt sich dabei aus der Kombination des Strahlungs-Diagramms des gekreuzten Strahlers 24 mit einfacher Abhängigkeit der Phase vom azimutalen und des Strahlungs-Diagramms des Ringleitungsstrahlers. Durch Überlagerung der Empfangssignale des gekreuzten Strahlers 24 mit den Empfangssignalen des Ringleitungsstrahlers 2, dessen Phase der zirkularen Polarisation mit dem azimutalen Winkel des Ausbreitungsvektors in M-facher Abhängigkeit gedreht ist, kann auf einfache Weise die Richtantenne mit einem Richtdiagramm mit azimutaler Hauptrichtung gebildet werden. Solche gekreuzten Strahler 24 sind, wie eingangs bereits ausgeführt, zum Beispiel aus
Der Ringleitungsstrahler 2 ist in einer horizontalen Ebene mit der Höhe h über der leitenden Grundfläche 6 verlaufend gestaltet, so dass er in Bezug auf die leitende Grundfläche 6 eine elektrische Leitung bildet mit einem Wellenwiderstand, der sich aus der Höhe h und dem wirksamen Durchmesser des im Wesentlichen drahtförmigen Ringleitungs-Leiters ergibt. Zur Erzeugung der gewünschten zirkularen Polarisation mit azimutal abhängiger Phase einer Drehrichtung der Strahlung im Fernfeld ist es notwendig, auf dem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 eine ausschließlich in einer Richtung sich ausbreitenden Leitungswelle zu erregen. Dies wird erfindungsgemäß durch eine elektromagnetische Erregung 3 bewirkt, welche die umlaufende Welle von einer Wellenlänge über den Umfang der Leitung in ausschließlich einer Drehrichtung bewirkt. Hierfür erfolgt die Einspeisung in
In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sind in
In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist der Ringleitungsstrahler 2 in
Besonders vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen von Antennen nach der Erfindung sind solche Anordnungen, bei denen an den Ringleitungsstrahler 2 der gestreckten Länge L in im Wesentlichen ähnlichen Abständen L/N zueinander Ringleitungs-Koppelpunkte 7 gestaltet sind und an diese jeweils ein vertikaler Strahler 4 angekoppelt ist, welche andererseits über Masse-Anschlusspunkte 11 an die elektrisch leitende Grundfläche 6 angekoppelt sind. Zur Erzeugung einer sich ausschließlich in einer Richtung ausbreitenden Leitungswelle auf dem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 ist es erfindungsgemäß besonders vorteilhaft, in den vertikalen Strahlern 4 an Unterbrechungsstellen Blindwiderstandsschaltungen 13 einzuschalten, um durch die Gestaltung von deren Reaktanz X die Ausbreitungsrichtung dieser Welle festzulegen und die Ausbreitung einer Welle in der hierzu entgegen gesetzten Richtung zu unterbinden.Particularly advantageous embodiments of antennas according to the invention are those arrangements in which the
Im Folgenden wird die Wirkungsweise der erfindungsgemäßen Resonanzstruktur an Hand von
Die Ringstruktur mit N vertikalen Strahlern kann in N Segmente aufgeteilt werden. Als Bedingung für eine kontinuierliche Welle mit einer Periode im Umlaufsinn gilt für die Ströme I2 und I1 zueinander benachbarter Segmente:
Es gilt weiterhin für den Strom am Ringleitungs-Koppelpunkt 7, welcher in den vertikalen Strahler 4 einfließt:
und
wobei
die Phasendrehung über den Wellenleiter der Länge UN für ein Segment bildet.It also applies to the current at the
and
in which
forms the phase rotation across the waveguide of length UN for one segment.
Damit muss der Strom IS über die Impedanz des vertikalen Strahlers 4 zusammen mit der Reaktanz X im Fuß-Anschlusspunkt des vertikalen Strahlers 4 so eingestellt werden, dass gilt:
Die vertikalen Strahler 4 zusammen mit den Reaktanzen X bilden in ihrem Ersatzschaltbild ein Filter, bestehend aus einer Serieninduktivität, einer Parallelkapazität und einer weiteren Serieninduktivität. Die Parallelkapazität wird über Einstellung der Reaktanzen X so gewählt, dass das Filter beidseitig an die Leiterimpedanz der ringförmigen Leitung angepasst ist. Die Resonanzstruktur besteht somit aus N Leitersegmenten der Länge L/N und jeweils einem daran angeschlossenen Filter. Jedes Filter bewirkt eine Phasendrehung ΔΦ. Die Länge L/N der Leitersegmente wird dann so eingestellt, dass sich über diesem Leitersegment eine Phasendrehung von
gemäß Gleichung (3) einstellt, welche zusammen mit der Phasendrehung ΔΦ des entsprechenden Filters eine resultierende Phasendrehung über einem Segment von
ergibt. Die elektromagnetische Welle, welche sich im Umlaufsinn entlang der Ringstruktur ausbreitet, erfährt somit bei einem Umlauf die Phasendrehung von M*2π. Mit dieser besonders vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung besteht somit die Möglichkeit, die gestreckte Länge L der Schleifenantenne 2 um den Verkürzungsfaktor k<1 kürzer als die M-fache Wellenlänge λ zu gestalten, sodass L = k*M* λ gilt.The
in accordance with equation (3) which, together with the phase rotation ΔΦ of the corresponding filter, results in a resulting phase shift over a segment of
results. The electromagnetic wave, which propagates in the circumferential direction along the ring structure, thus undergoes the phase rotation of M * 2π in one revolution. With this particularly advantageous Embodiment of the invention thus has the possibility to make the stretched length L of the
Durch Einhaltung der in Gleichung 4 angegebenen Bedingung für den Strom in den vertikalen Strahlern 4 ergibt sich erfindungsgemäß deren konstruktiver Beitrag zur zirkularen Polarisation in diagonaler und noch niedrigerer Elevation mit azimutaler Rundcharakteristik. Hierdurch ergibt sich der besondere Vorteil der Hauptstrahlung mit zirkularer Polarisation in niedrigerer Elevation mit der vorliegenden Erfindung. Somit ist die Antenne auch insbesondere für den Empfang von Signalen niedrig fliegender Satelliten besonders geeignet. Zudem kann die Antenne vorteilhaft auch für solche Satelliten-Rundfunksysteme eingesetzt werden, bei welchen zur Unterstützung des Empfangs zusätzlich terrestrisch, vertikal polarisierte Signale ausgestrahlt werden.By observing the condition given in
In einer weiteren und vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung werden die vertikalen Strahler 4 wie in
Insbesondere für die Perfektionierung der Rundstrahlung eines Ringleitungsstrahlers 2 eignet sich die in
In
Bei der in
Eine wesentliche Eigenschaft einer Antenne nach der vorliegenden Erfindung ist die Möglichkeit zur besonders aufwandsarmen Herstellung. Eine diesbezüglich herausragend vorteilhafte Form der Antenne mit quadratischem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 ist ihrem Wesen nach ähnlich wie in
In einer weiteren Variante der Konstruktion einer derartigen Antenne wird in
In
Insbesondere im Fahrzeugbau besteht häufig das Interesse, die sichtbare Bauhöhe einer auf der Fahrzeughaut angebrachten Antenne möglichst niedrig zu gestalten. Dieser Wunsch geht hin bis zur Gestaltung einer vollkommen unsichtbaren Antenne, wobei diese vollständig in die Fahrzeughaut integriert ist. In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung wird deshalb, wie in den
Die Umgebung des Ringleitungsstrahlers 2 mit der Kavität hat grundsätzlich eine die Frequenzbandbreite der Antenne 1 einengende Wirkung, welche im Wesentlichen vom Kavitäts-Abstand 41 zwischen dem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 und der Kavität 38 bestimmt wird. Deshalb sollte die leitende Kavitäts-Basisfläche 39 mindestens so groß sein, dass sie die vertikale Projektionsfläche des Ringleitungsstrahlers 2 auf die unterhalb der leitenden Grundfläche gelegenen Basisflächen-Ebene E2 mindestens überdeckt. In einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist jedoch die Kavitäts-Basisfläche 39 größer und in der Weise gewählt, dass die Kavitäts-Seitenflächen 40 als vertikale Flächen gestaltet werden können und dabei ein hinreichender Kavitäts-Abstand 41 zwischen dem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 und der Kavität 38 gegeben ist.The environment of the
Für den Fall, dass für die Ausbildung der Kavität mit vertikalen Kavitäts-Seitenflächen 40 nicht genügend Raum zur Verfügung steht, ist es vorteilhaft, die Basisflächen-Ebene E2 etwa so groß zu wählen wie die vertikale Projektionsfläche des Ringleitungsstrahlers 2 auf die Basisflächen-Ebene E2 und die Kavitäts-Seitenflächen 40 längs einer gegenüber einer vertikalen Linie geneigten Kontur zu gestalten. Hierbei ist die Neigung dieser Kontur in der Weise zu wählen, dass bei geforderter Frequenzbandbreite der Antenne 1 ein hinreichend großer Kavitäts-Abstand 41 zwischen dem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 und der Kavität 38 an jeder Stelle gegeben ist. Für den in
Für die vorteilhafte Gestaltung einer Multibandantenne nach der Erfindung ist die Blindwiderstandsschaltung 13 in der Weise mehrfrequent gestaltet, dass sowohl die Resonanz des Ringleitungsstrahlers 2 als auch die geforderte Laufrichtung der Leitungswelle auf dem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 in voneinander getrennten Frequenzbändern gegeben ist. Insbesondere für die Bildung von Kombinations-Antennen für mehrere Funkdienste bieten Ringleitungsstrahler 2 nach der vorliegenden Erfindung den Vorteil einer besonders raumsparenden Gestaltbarkeit. Zu diesem Zweck können zum Beispiel mehrere Ringleitungsstrahler für die unterschiedlichen Frequenzen mehrerer Funkdienste um ein gemeinsames Zentrum Z gestaltet werden. Aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen Resonanzfrequenzen beeinflussen sich die unterschiedlichen Ringleitungsstrahler nur wenig, so dass geringe Abstände zwischen den Ringleitungen der Ringsstrahler 2 gestaltet werden können.For the advantageous design of a multiband antenna according to the invention, the
Wie weiter oben bereits ausgeführt, dreht sich bei einem Ringleitungsstrahler 2 mit zirkularer Polarisation und azimutalem Runddiagramm nach der Erfindung die Phase des ausgestrahlten elektromagnetischen Fernfeldes M-fach mit dem azimutalen Winkel des Ausbreitungsvektors aufgrund der sich in einer Laufrichtung ausbreitenden M Stromwellenzüge auf der Ringleitung. Aufgrund der entsprechenden Länge der Ringleitungsstruktur bilden sich z. B. bei M = 2 zwei vollständige Wellenzüge einer laufenden Welle aus. In
In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsformen der Erfindung nach
Bei Überlagerung der Empfangssignale unter geeigneter Gewichtung und Phasenbeziehung des Ringleitungsstrahlers und des gekreuzten Strahlers 24 lässt sich erfindungsgemäß eine Richtantenne mit einer vorgegebenen azimutalen Hauptrichtung und Elevation gestalten. Dies geschieht durch die unterschiedliche azimutale Abhängikeit der Stromphasen auf den beiden Strahlern 2, 24, wobei sich abhängig von der Phasenlage der Stromwelle auf dem Ringleitungsstrahlern 2 in Bezug auf die Phase des gekreuzten Strahlers 24, die Strahlung abhängig vom Azimutwinkel des Ausbreitungsvektors bereichsweise unterstützend bzw. abschwächend überlagert. Durch amplitudengerechte Zusammenfassung der Signale der beiden Strahler 2, 24 über das steuerbares Phasendrehglied 42 und ein Summations-Netzwerk 44, bildet sich somit in vorteilhafter Weise im azimutalen Richtdiagramm der kombinierten Antennenanordnung am Richtantennen-Anschluss 43 eine Hauptrichtung der Strahlung aus, welche von der Einstellung des Phasendrehglieds 39 abhängig ist. Diese Eigenschaft erlaubt z. B. die vorteilhafte Nachführung der Hauptstrahlrichtung beim mobilen Satellitenempfang. Die Richtwirkung der Überlagerung der Empfangssignale geht aus dem in
Claims (15)
die als Kapazitäten (15) realisierten Blindwiderstandsschaltungen (13) in der Weise gebildet sind, dass die vertikalen Strahler (4) an ihrem unteren Ende zu individuell gestalteten flächigen Kapazitätselektroden (32a, 32b, 32c, 32d) ausgeformt sind , und durch Zwischenlage zwischen diesen und der als elektrisch leitend beschichtete Leiterplatte ausgeführten elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche (6) befindlichen dielektrische Platte (33), die Kapazitäten (15) zur Ankopplung von drei vertikalen Strahlern (4a,4b,4c) an die elektrisch leitende Grundfläche (6) gestaltet sind und zur kapazitiven Ankopplung des vierten vertikalen Strahler (4d) an den Antennenanschluss (5) dieser als eine von der leitenden Schicht isolierte, flächige Gegenelektrode (34) gestaltet ist.Antenna according to one of claims 7 to 9, characterized in that
the reactance circuits (13) realized as capacitances (15) are formed in such a way that the vertical radiators (4) are formed at their lower end into individually designed capacitive surface electrodes (32a, 32b, 32c, 32d) and by interposition therebetween and the electrically conductive base (6) located as an electrically conductive printed circuit board located dielectric plate (33), the capacitors (15) for coupling three vertical radiators (4a, 4b, 4c) to the electrically conductive base (6) are designed and for the capacitive coupling of the fourth vertical radiator (4d) to the antenna connection (5), this is configured as a planar counterelectrode (34) insulated from the conductive layer.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102010035934A DE102010035934A1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2010-08-31 | Receiving antenna for circularly polarized satellite radio signals |
EP11157768.0A EP2424036B1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2011-03-10 | Receiver antenna for circular polarised satellite radio signals |
Related Parent Applications (3)
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EP11157768.0A Division EP2424036B1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2011-03-10 | Receiver antenna for circular polarised satellite radio signals |
EP11157768.0A Division-Into EP2424036B1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2011-03-10 | Receiver antenna for circular polarised satellite radio signals |
EP11157768.0 Division | 2011-03-10 |
Publications (2)
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EP2592691A1 true EP2592691A1 (en) | 2013-05-15 |
EP2592691B1 EP2592691B1 (en) | 2014-07-23 |
Family
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Family Applications (2)
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EP13150259.3A Active EP2592691B1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2011-03-10 | Receiver antenna for circular polarised satellite radio signals |
EP11157768.0A Active EP2424036B1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2011-03-10 | Receiver antenna for circular polarised satellite radio signals |
Family Applications After (1)
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EP11157768.0A Active EP2424036B1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2011-03-10 | Receiver antenna for circular polarised satellite radio signals |
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US (1) | US8643556B2 (en) |
EP (2) | EP2592691B1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE102010035934A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
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DE102010035932B4 (en) * | 2009-09-10 | 2018-12-20 | Fuba Automotive Electronics Gmbh | Antenna for receiving circularly polarized satellite radio signals |
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RU2505892C2 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2014-01-27 | Российская Федерация, От Имени Которой Выступает Министерство Промышленности И Торговли Российской Федерации | Multi-resonant unidirectional dipole antenna |
RU2505893C2 (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2014-01-27 | Российская Федерация, От Имени Которой Выступает Министерство Промышленности И Торговли Российской Федерации | Unidirectional cone antenna |
DE102012014913A1 (en) | 2012-07-29 | 2014-05-15 | Heinz Lindenmeier | Electrically small spotlight for vertically polarized radio signals |
WO2014110508A1 (en) * | 2013-01-11 | 2014-07-17 | Chi-Chih Chen | Multiple-input multiple-output ultra-wideband antennas |
DE102016207434B4 (en) | 2016-04-07 | 2017-11-23 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | antenna device |
DE102016010200A1 (en) * | 2016-05-04 | 2017-11-09 | Heinz Lindenmeier | Antenna under a cup-shaped antenna cover for vehicles |
DE102016005556A1 (en) * | 2016-05-06 | 2017-11-09 | Heinz Lindenmeier | Satellite antenna under an antenna cover |
JP7224716B2 (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2023-02-20 | 株式会社ヨコオ | antenna device |
DE102017003072A1 (en) | 2017-03-30 | 2018-10-04 | Heinz Lindenmeier | Antenna for receiving circularly polarized satellite radio signals for satellite navigation on a vehicle |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP2592691B1 (en) | 2014-07-23 |
EP2424036A2 (en) | 2012-02-29 |
EP2424036A3 (en) | 2012-06-06 |
US8643556B2 (en) | 2014-02-04 |
DE102010035934A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
EP2424036B1 (en) | 2018-08-22 |
US20120050120A1 (en) | 2012-03-01 |
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