EP2256864B1 - Antenna for circular polarisation with a conductive base - Google Patents

Antenna for circular polarisation with a conductive base Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2256864B1
EP2256864B1 EP10005480.8A EP10005480A EP2256864B1 EP 2256864 B1 EP2256864 B1 EP 2256864B1 EP 10005480 A EP10005480 A EP 10005480A EP 2256864 B1 EP2256864 B1 EP 2256864B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
slot
radiator
antenna
electrically conductive
line
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EP10005480.8A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2256864A1 (en
Inventor
Stefan Lindenmeier
Heinz Lindenmeier
Jochen Hopf
Leopold Reiter
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Delphi Deutschland GmbH
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Delphi Delco Electronics Europe GmbH
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Publication of EP2256864A1 publication Critical patent/EP2256864A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
    • H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
    • H01Q9/16—Resonant antennas with feed intermediate between the extremities of the antenna, e.g. centre-fed dipole
    • H01Q9/28—Conical, cylindrical, cage, strip, gauze, or like elements having an extended radiating surface; Elements comprising two conical surfaces having collinear axes and adjacent apices and fed by two-conductor transmission lines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/10—Resonant slot antennas
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q21/00—Antenna arrays or systems
    • H01Q21/24—Combinations of antenna units polarised in different directions for transmitting or receiving circularly and elliptically polarised waves or waves linearly polarised in any direction

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an antenna on the outer skin of a vehicle for the reception of circularly polarized satellite signals, in which a at a distance in front of the front of an electrically conductive ground plane 2 in the flat outer skin of a vehicle and oriented perpendicular to the electrically conductive ground plane symmetry plane SE running with essentially parallel to the electrically conductive ground plane 2 oriented electric dipole radiator 1 with dipole connection point 8 and connected to the latter and in the plane of symmetry SE to the electrically conductive ground plane extending feed line 6 and an antenna connection point 12 are present antennas for generating and receiving other types of polarization other than horizontal or vertical polarization are known from various publications.
  • US-A-4129871 is concerned with the task of modifying horizontally polarized radiating transmitting antennas so that they radiate circularly polarized signals in order to achieve a better television reception, especially in urban areas.
  • US-A-5021797 discloses an elliptically polarized radiating antenna for television signals having a plurality of slot antennas and parasitic dipoles
  • US-A-5272487 discloses an antenna with a conductive mast that can emit elliptically polarized signals, with an emphasis on optimizing the radiation pattern.
  • JP-A-2006-186880 is an antenna for a vehicle for receiving polarized signals, consisting of a slot radiator and a dipole.
  • an electric dipole radiator designed in the same way and extending in a further plane of symmetry oriented perpendicular to both the plane of symmetry SE and the electrically conductive base 2 is used. Both dipole radiators are connected together via a 90 ° phase shifter and the combined signal is conducted via the feed line 6 to the base.
  • Antennas of this type are known, for example from the DE 4008505 A1 , They are often used to receive satellite radio services such as Inmarsat, SDARS, Worldspace, etc.
  • satellite radio services such as Inmarsat, SDARS, Worldspace, etc.
  • An antenna is known in which a provided at a distance from the front of an electrically conductive ground plane in the flat outer skin of a vehicle and in a plane oriented perpendicular to the electrically conductive ground plane symmetry plane, provided with parallel to the electrically conductive ground plane oriented electric dipole radiator with dipole connection point is. At this a in the plane of symmetry to the electrically conductive ground plane extending dipole feed line and an antenna connection point is present.
  • a slot radiator In the electrically conductive ground plane, a slot radiator is designed with its longitudinal extent along the section line between the plane of symmetry and the electrically conductive ground plane with the slot radiator connection point, which is formed by mutually opposite slot connection points located on the longitudinal edges.
  • the slot radiator with the slot radiator connection point is as approximately rectangular slot with straight longitudinal edges and compared to the longitudinal extent of small slot width in the electrically conductive ground plane given by the line of intersection between the plane of symmetry and the electrically conductive ground plane, extending parallel to the longitudinal extent and through the center formed of the slot leading longitudinal symmetry line.
  • the electric dipole radiator and the course of the dipole feed line are designed symmetrically to the line of symmetry perpendicular to the electrically conductive ground plane and running through the center of the slot.
  • the electric dipole radiator with its dipole connection point is electrically symmetrically fed.
  • the electric dipole radiator and the slot radiator have a same resonant frequency.
  • the object of the invention is to provide an improved antenna for the reception of satellite signals with circular polarization.
  • Antennas according to the invention can be advantageously used in particular because of their aerodynamically favorable designability in connection with the low volume of construction outside the body of a vehicle or aircraft.
  • the circular polarization is generated in antennas according to the prior art in such a way that two linearly polarized and in their spatial longitudinal extent mutually perpendicular antennas are present, which in the far field of the antenna, the two spatially oriented perpendicular to each other and 90 ° to each other in the Phase shifted electromagnetic fields.
  • the present invention demonstrates a solution which allows two linearly polarized antennas to be combined but with a longitudinal extent substantially along a common line.
  • This solution consists in the advantageous combination of a slot radiator 3, which is designed in an electrically conductive base 2 along its longitudinal symmetry line SL and arranged in the dipole 14 above this electrically conductive base 2 and parallel to both the electrically conductive base 2 and the longitudinal symmetry line SL electrical Dipole radiator 1.
  • FIG. 1 shows the basic form of a circular polarization antenna according to the invention.
  • a slot radiator 3 in the conductive base 2 is a slot with its longitudinal extent 4 along the line of intersection between the plane of symmetry SE and the conductive base 2 with the slot radiator connection point 7, which by located on opposite longitudinal edges 18 and mutually adjacent slot connection points 19 is formed, formed.
  • the electric dipole radiator 1 with dipole connection point 8 is mounted at a distance from the front side of the electrically conductive base 2. This is oriented substantially parallel to the electrically conductive base 2 and extends in a direction perpendicular to the electrically conductive base 2 oriented plane, here called the plane of symmetry SE.
  • the electric dipole radiator 1 is connected with its dipole connection point 8 to the dipole feed line 6, which is guided in the plane of symmetry SE to the electrically conductive base 2 and extends substantially perpendicular to the electrically conductive base 2 out.
  • the circular polarization is formed by the electromagnetic radiation field of the introduced into the electrically conductive base 2 slot heater 3, the electric field is oriented in the far field perpendicular to its longitudinal extent 4.
  • the slot radiator 3 is therefore arranged with its longitudinal extent 4 along the line of intersection between the plane of symmetry SE and the electrically conductive base area 2, producing a perpendicularly oriented electric radiation field necessary for the circular polarization in a distant reference point to the radiation field of the electric dipole radiator 1.
  • the slot radiator connection point 7 is formed by slot connection points 19 located opposite one another and located on the longitudinal edges 18 of the slot radiator 3.
  • both the electric dipole radiator 1 and the slot radiator 3 are tuned at the frequency for which the antenna is designed, in each case to its resonant frequency, at which the antenna impedance is substantially real.
  • each half-wavelength resonance ( ⁇ / 2) of the two emitters is of particular importance.
  • the slot radiator 3 is introduced with the slot radiator connection point 7 as an elongated approximately rectangular slot with substantially straight longitudinal edges 18 in the electrically conductive base 2. Over the small slot width 5 compared to the longitudinal extent 4, the frequency bandwidth results at the resonance frequency of the slot determined by the longitudinal extent 4.
  • Round radiation properties of the antenna can be achieved according to the invention by observing symmetry conditions in a simple manner.
  • the slot radiator 3 is symmetrical to the longitudinal line SL of symmetry section line between the Symmetrieebene SE and the electrically conductive base 2 to make.
  • the further easy-to-follow symmetry condition is the symmetrical configuration of the electric dipole radiator 1 and its symmetrical feed to the symmetry line ZL perpendicular to the electrically conductive base 2 and passing through the center Z of the slot.
  • the symmetrical feeding at the dipole connection point 8 takes place via the dipole feed line 6 extending substantially symmetrically to the symmetry line ZL.
  • FIG. 2 is to support the radiation on the electric dipole radiator 1 facing the front of the electrically conductive base 2 by shielding against the radiation on the back of the slot radiator 3 on the back of the base 2 by a cavity resonator 15 covered.
  • the cavity resonator 15 is advantageously designed as a conductively bound cavity body, which completely covers the slot radiator 3 and which is electrically connected to the electrically conductive base 2, so that a perfect shield against the radiation of the electromagnetic fields of the slot radiator 3 in the on the back of the electrically conductive base 2 is given half space.
  • the reactive energy stored in the cavity influences - depending on the dimensions of the cavity - the resonance characteristics of the slot radiator 3.
  • the longitudinal extent 4 of the slot radiator 3 is selected about half a wavelength ( ⁇ / 2).
  • the expansion of the cavity body in the longitudinal direction of the slot is at least greater than half a wavelength ( ⁇ / 2) and its dimension in symmetrical mounting transversely to the longitudinal direction of the slot suitably greater than ( ⁇ / 4) selected.
  • the slot is disposed approximately at the level of the electrically conductive base 2 and the cavity body is below, for example, no stylistic disadvantages associated with the application to vehicles, because the housing covering the antennas are wider down to achieve sufficient strength .
  • Its dimension perpendicular to the electrically conductive base 2 is advantageously greater than ( ⁇ / 10) selected depending on the required bandwidth of the slot radiator 3.
  • the center of the cuboid cavity body is suitably chosen lying on the vertical symmetry line ZL.
  • the dipole spacing is 14 to form the circular polarization of the antenna from the electrically conductive base 2 about a quarter of the free space wavelength selected.
  • the phase difference in the interest of the shortest possible dipole feed line 6 for this elevation angle is advantageously 180 ° to choose.
  • the electrical length of the dipole feed line 6 is then approximately ⁇ / 2 and can be implemented to bridge the geometric distance of ⁇ / 4 between the slot connection points 19 and the dipole radiator connection point 8.
  • the required superimposition of the radiation fields of the two radiators at an electrical phase angle of + -90 ° is thus established via the path difference of the electromagnetic wave, which results from the distance of ⁇ / 4 of the electric dipole radiator 1 from the electrically conductive base 2.
  • the signal powers prevailing at the slot radiator connection point 7 and at the dipole connection point 8 must be set approximately the same.
  • the dipole connection point 8 due to the bundling of the radiation, which results together with the mirrored to the electrically conductive base 2 electric dipole radiator 1, set correspondingly lower than at the slot radiator junction 7. Accordingly, to achieve the circular polarization to select both the signal powers and the electrical phase angles at the two radiator connection points 7, 8 in accordance with the different magnitudes of the directional diagrams of the two radiators or their different phases relative to a distant reference point, at a certain predetermined elevation angle. Also, the distance 14 can be varied advantageously for adjusting the vertical directional diagram of the electric dipole radiator 1 and does not have to be selected exactly to ⁇ / 4.
  • This distribution network 13 is in Fig. 1 in a particularly simple embodiment via an asymmetrically designed with respect to the electrically conductive base 2 as a ground plane antenna line 11 to the antenna connection point 12 and in the vicinity of the Center Z formed.
  • one of the slot connection points 19 of the slot radiator connection point 7 is formed by the ground connection of the antenna line 11 on one of the two longitudinal edges 18.
  • the other of the slot connection points 19 is connected by connecting the voltage-carrying conductor of the antenna line 11 adjacent to the opposite longitudinal edge 18.
  • the dipole feed line 6 is designed as a symmetrical two-wire line. Their two conductors are connected with their feed line connection points 25 each with one of the slot connection points 19 of the slot radiator connection point 7. In this way, a conversion of the signals conducted asymmetrically polarized by the antenna line 11 into the signals conducted on the symmetrical two-wire line and symmetrically polarized relative to the electrically conductive base area 2 is achieved in a low-effort manner.
  • the slot connection points 19 of the slot radiator connection point 7 thus also form the feed line connection points 25.
  • the impedance at a slot radiator junction 7 mounted in the center Z of a slot radiator 3 is generally much higher than that of an elongated dipole radiator with values below 100 ohms, up to several kilo-ohms.
  • the chain circuit of several lines with different characteristic impedances and an electrical length of ⁇ / 4 can be used by way of example.
  • the large impedance of the slot radiator 3 compared to the characteristic impedance of the technically feasible lines is bridged into the impedance level of the electric dipole radiator 1 in two steps. For such an impedance transformation carried out in several steps, sufficiently low-impedance line characteristic impedances result, which can be realized on conventional electrical printed circuit boards.
  • antennas according to the invention it is therefore advantageous, for example, to design the dipole feed line 6 by two ⁇ / 4 transformers in chain connection.
  • a first transformation step first the extremely high impedance of the slot radiator 3 at the slot radiator connection point 7 by an electrically ⁇ / 4-long line with a technically feasible characteristic impedance transformed into an impedance which is less than the impedance of the electric dipole radiator 1.
  • the necessary characteristic impedance can be realized as a ribbon cable.
  • the further transformation - starting from this impedance level - in the higher resistance of the electric dipole radiator 1 can then take place in a second transformation step with an electrically ⁇ / 4-long line with a likewise readily realizable line impedance.
  • An exemplary embodiment of such an advantageous antenna according to the invention thus has an electrical length of ⁇ / 2 in the region of the dipole feed line 6.
  • another line piece can be supplemented to cause additional phase rotations.
  • this overall electrically ⁇ / 2-long dipole feed line 6 can be easily arranged by meandering, designed substantially symmetrically to the vertical line of symmetry ZL and running in the plane of symmetry SE wiring so that overall the geometric length of ⁇ / 4 is bridged.
  • ⁇ r of 4 the straight length of a ⁇ / 2 long line gives exactly a geometric length of ⁇ / 4.
  • the antenna may alternatively be used for left or right polarized signals.
  • the dipole and the dipole feed line 6 are printed on a printed circuit board.
  • This technology allows the design of the characteristic impedance and the transformation properties of the feed line 6 within wide limits.
  • inductive and capacitive blanking elements or concentrated dummy elements printed on the printed circuit board can be applied to the design of matching networks 10 and / or phase rotation elements 17.
  • transformation circuits with resonance character - for example, as a parallel resonant circuit with partial coupling - can be realized, which allow the adaptation of the low impedance of the electric dipole radiator 1 to the impedance level of the high-impedance slot radiator 3 to transform.
  • the dipole feed line 6 consists of a printed symmetrical two-wire line, which is connected at its one end to the electric dipole radiator 1 and at the other End is connected to a consisting of dummy elements transformation circuit with a resonant character, which causes the impedance matching to the high impedance level of the slot radiator 3.
  • the line length required for meeting the phase condition is again advantageously provided by a meander-shaped design of the feed line 6, which is guided substantially symmetrically to the vertical line of symmetry ZL and in the plane of symmetry SE.
  • phase-shift chain circuits of lumped reactive elements can be used which do not transform the impedance.
  • the distribution network 13 is formed from a substantially consisting of concentrated reactive elements circuit.
  • Fig. 2 is in a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the distribution network 13 connected via a relation to the electrically conductive base 2 asymmetrically designed as a ground surface antenna line 11 to the antenna connection point 12 and in the vicinity of the center Z as in FIG. 1 formed by the one of the feeder line connection points 25 by the ground terminal of the antenna line 11 on one of the two longitudinal edges 18 and the other of the feeder line connection points 25 by connecting the voltage-carrying conductor of the antenna line 11 adjacent formed on the opposite longitudinal edge 18 and there also the dipole feed line 6 is connected with its feed line connection points 25.
  • the slot radiator connection point 7 is formed at a distance 16 from the center Z and connected via a parallel branching of the unbalanced antenna line 11 via slot connection points 19 formed in an analogous manner.
  • the antenna resistance of the slot radiator 3 at resonance is maximum in the center Z when the slot radiator connection point 7 is formed and is generally much larger than the characteristic resistance of conventional lines. It changes with increasing distance 16 from the center Z to smaller values. In the interest of better adaptation to such line structures, it is therefore advantageous according to the invention to choose the distance 16 accordingly.
  • the fulfillment of the phase and power conditions is carried out according to the invention in the part of the wiring between the parallel branching of the antenna line 11 and the slot radiator connection point 7 on the one hand and to the dipole connection point 8 on the other.
  • the antenna line 11 is designed to the slot radiator connection point 7 as an asymmetrical with respect to the electrically conductive base 2 as a ground surface stripline 20 whose strip conductor is coupled in known manner by radiation coupling to the slot of the slot radiator 3.
  • the strip conductor is guided in the region of the slot of the slot radiator 3 perpendicular to its longitudinal extent and at least partially over the slot.
  • the one of the slot connection points 19 is given by the ground point at the point where the strip conductor crosses the one of the longitudinal edges 18 in plan view.
  • the other of the slot connection points 19 is given by non-contact radiation coupling of the voltage-carrying stripline on the opposite longitudinal edge 18.
  • the dipole radiator connection point 8 is in the example of Fig. 5 is again arranged in the center Z of the slot radiator 3, wherein the two dipole feed line connection points 25 are again arranged on the two longitudinal edges 18. Due to the electrical dipole radiator 1 connected in the center of the slot radiator 3 is additionally damped, so that the distance 16 must be chosen correspondingly smaller than he would have to be chosen without this damping for the adjustment.
  • the slot radiator 3 is partially included in the distribution network 13 for dividing the signal power present at the antenna connection point 12 on the slot radiator 3 on the one hand and the electric dipole radiator 1 on the other.
  • the slot of the slot radiator 3 at its both ends is formed by substantially transverse to its longitudinal symmetry line SL oriented transverse slots 22.
  • these transverse slots 22 are advantageously designed at both ends to be similar and symmetrical to the longitudinal symmetry line SL, as shown in FIG FIG. 4 is shown.
  • the slot resonance frequency thus occurs at a smaller longitudinal extent 4 than half the free space wavelength ⁇ .
  • the length of the electric dipole radiator 1 can be shortened by the fact that it is loaded at its two ends in each case with a similar end capacity 21.
  • Such end capacities 21 may, for example, as in FIG. 4 be indicated, formed by substantially vertically oriented conductor structures.
  • Such conductor structures according to the invention are particularly advantageous because they do not increase the transverse dimension of the part of the antenna located above the electrically conductive base 2.
  • the electrically conductive base 2 is given by the outer surface of an electrically conductive and formed of sheet metal vehicle body itself, in which the slot radiator 3 is introduced into the sheet.
  • the surface of the electrically conductive body is then designed such that it substantially fills the recess of the electrically conductive vehicle body, and its outer surface is substantially complemented with its surface to a plane and in this way the electrically conductive base 2 is designed.
  • the recess to be introduced into the vehicle body can advantageously be chosen to be only slightly larger in the longitudinal and transverse dimensions than required by the dimensions of the slot.
  • the electrically conductive base 2 is designed as a conductive surface, preferably made of sheet metal and mounted under the vehicle skin.
  • the slot radiator 3 is introduced and it carries in an advantageous embodiment of the invention on its rear side Cavity resonator 15 and on its front side the electric dipole radiator 1 and the dipole feed line 6.
  • the mounting of the antenna can be done on the inside of the vehicle body.
  • the dimensions of the electrically conductive base 2 are two-dimensional sufficiently large to choose so that adjust approximately the radiation properties of the antenna, as they apply to an antenna of this type with extended electrically conductive base 2.

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Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Antenne auf der Außenhaut eines Fahrzeugs für den Empfang zirkular polarisierter Satellitensignale, bei der ein in einem Abstand vor der Vorderseite einer elektrisch leitenden Grundebene 2 in der ebenen Außenhaut eines Fahrzeugs und in einer senkrecht zur elektrisch leitenden Grundebene orientierten Symmetrieebene SE verlaufender mit im Wesentlichen parallel zur elektrisch leitenden Grundebene 2 orientierten elektrischer Dipolstrahler 1 mit Dipol-Anschlussstelle 8 und eine an Letztere angeschlossene und in der Symmetrieebene SE zur elektrisch leitenden Grundebene hin verlaufende Speiseleitung 6 und eine Antennen-Anschlussstelle 12 vorhanden sind, Antennen zur Erzeugung und zum Empfang anderer Polarisationsarten außer horizontaler oder vertikaler Polarisation sind aus verschiedenen Schriften bekannt.The invention relates to an antenna on the outer skin of a vehicle for the reception of circularly polarized satellite signals, in which a at a distance in front of the front of an electrically conductive ground plane 2 in the flat outer skin of a vehicle and oriented perpendicular to the electrically conductive ground plane symmetry plane SE running with essentially parallel to the electrically conductive ground plane 2 oriented electric dipole radiator 1 with dipole connection point 8 and connected to the latter and in the plane of symmetry SE to the electrically conductive ground plane extending feed line 6 and an antenna connection point 12 are present antennas for generating and receiving other types of polarization other than horizontal or vertical polarization are known from various publications.

US-A-4129871 beschäftigt sich mit der Aufgabe, horizontal polarisiert abstrahlende Sendeantennen so zu modifizieren, dass sie zirkular polarisierte Signale abstrahlen, um einen besseren Fernsehempfang besonders im städtischen Gebiet zu erreichen.
US-A-5021797 offenbart eine elliptisch polarisiert abstrahlende Antenne für Fernsehsignale mit einer Vielzahl von Schlitzantennen und parasitären Dipolen
US-A-5272487 offenbart eine Antenne mit einem leitfähigen Mast, die elliptisch polarisierte Signale ausstrahlen kann, wobei das Augenmerk auf einer Optimierung des Abstrahlverhaltens liegt.
JP-A-2006-186880 ist eine Antenne für ein KfZ zum Empfang polarisierter Signale, bestehend aus einem Schlitzstrahler und einem Dipol. US-A-4129871 is concerned with the task of modifying horizontally polarized radiating transmitting antennas so that they radiate circularly polarized signals in order to achieve a better television reception, especially in urban areas.
US-A-5021797 discloses an elliptically polarized radiating antenna for television signals having a plurality of slot antennas and parasitic dipoles
US-A-5272487 discloses an antenna with a conductive mast that can emit elliptically polarized signals, with an emphasis on optimizing the radiation pattern.
JP-A-2006-186880 is an antenna for a vehicle for receiving polarized signals, consisting of a slot radiator and a dipole.

Zur Gestaltung einer Antenne für zirkulare Polarisation wird nach dem Stande der Technik ein in gleicher Weise gestalteter und in einer sowohl zur Symmetrieebene SE und zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 senkrecht orientierten weiteren Symmetrienebene verlaufender elektrischer Dipolstrahler eingesetzt. Beide Dipolstrahler werden über ein 90° Phasendrehglied zusammengeschaltet und das zusammengefasste Signal über die Speiseleitung 6 zur Grundfläche geleitet. Antennen dieser Art sind z.B. bekannt aus der DE 4008505 A1 . Sie werden häufig zum Empfang von Satelliten-Funkdiensten- wie zum Beispiel Inmarsat, SDARS, Worldspace etc. - eingesetzt. Insbesondere bei Verwendung solcher Antennen auf Fahrzeugen zeigt es sich als nachteilig, dass die Antenne - bei Montage der Antenne auf der Außenhaut des Fahrzeugs - auf dessen Außenseite ein dreidimensionales Gebilde darstellt. Häufig besteht zum Beispiel für die Anbringung der Antenne auf einem Fahrzeugdach oder einem Kotflügel die Forderung nach einer weitgehend zweidimensionalen Struktur, deren Ausdehnung quer zur Fahrtrichtung minimal ist. Dies ist sowohl aus Gründen der Geräuscharmut durch Luftverwirbelung als auch aus stilistischen Gründen erwünscht. Diese Forderung gilt in besonderem Maße für die Teile der Antenne, die über die Fahrzeugaußenhaut herausragen, während in der Ebene der Außenhaut geringe Querabmessungen unproblematisch sind.In order to design an antenna for circular polarization, according to the prior art, an electric dipole radiator designed in the same way and extending in a further plane of symmetry oriented perpendicular to both the plane of symmetry SE and the electrically conductive base 2 is used. Both dipole radiators are connected together via a 90 ° phase shifter and the combined signal is conducted via the feed line 6 to the base. Antennas of this type are known, for example from the DE 4008505 A1 , They are often used to receive satellite radio services such as Inmarsat, SDARS, Worldspace, etc. In particular, when using such antennas on vehicles, it is disadvantageous that the antenna - when mounting the antenna on the outer skin of the vehicle - on the outside of a three-dimensional Represents entity. Often, for example, for the attachment of the antenna on a vehicle roof or fender the demand for a largely two-dimensional structure whose extension is transverse to the direction of travel is minimal. This is desirable for reasons of low noise due to air turbulence as well as stylistic reasons. This requirement applies in particular to the parts of the antenna that protrude beyond the vehicle outer skin, while in the plane of the outer skin small transverse dimensions are unproblematic.

Aus der Druckschrift R. COX ET AL: "Circularly polarized phased array antenna element", IRE TRANSACTIONS N ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, Bd. 18, Nr. 6, 1. November 1970 (1970-11-01), Seiten 804-807 ist eine Antenne bekannt, bei der ein in einem Abstand von der Vorderseite einer elektrisch leitenden Grundebene in der ebenen Außenhaut eines Fahrzeugs und in einer senkrecht zur elektrisch leitenden Grundebene orientierten Symmetrieebene verlaufender, mit parallel zur elektrisch leitenden Grundebene orientierter elektrischer Dipolstrahler mit Dipol-Anschlussstelle vorgesehen ist. An diese ist eine in der Symmetrieebene zur elektrisch leitenden Grundebene hin verlaufende Dipol-Speiseleitung und eine Antennen-Anschlussstelle vorhanden. In der elektrisch leitenden Grundebene ist ein Schlitzstrahler mit seiner Längsausdehnung entlang der Schnittlinie zwischen der Symmetrieebene und der elektrisch leitenden Grundebene mit der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle gestaltet, welche durch einander gegenüberliegende, auf den Längsrändern befindliche Schlitz-Anschlusspunkte gebildet ist. Der Schlitzstrahler mit der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle ist als etwa rechteckförmiger Schlitz mit geraden Längsrändern und im Vergleich zur Längsausdehnung kleiner Schlitzbreite in die elektrisch leitende Grundebene mit der durch die Schnittlinie zwischen der Symmetrieebene und der elektrisch leitenden Grundebene gegebenen, parallel zur Längsausdehnung verlaufenden und durch das Zentrum des Schlitzes führenden Längssymmetrielinie gebildet. Der elektrische Dipolstrahler und der Verlauf der Dipol-Speiseleitung sind symmetrisch zu der auf der elektrisch leitenden Grundebene senkrecht stehenden und durch das Zentrum des Schlitzes laufenden Symmetrielinie gestaltet. Der elektrische Dipolstrahler mit seiner Dipol-Anschlussstelle ist elektrisch symmetrisch gespeist. Der elektrische Dipolstrahler und der Schlitzstrahler besitzen eine gleiche Resonanzfrequenz.From the Reference R. COX ET AL: "Circularly Polarized Phased Array Antenna Element", IRE TRANSACTIONS N ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, Vol. 18, No. 6, Nov. 1, 1970 (1970-11-01), pp. 804-807 An antenna is known in which a provided at a distance from the front of an electrically conductive ground plane in the flat outer skin of a vehicle and in a plane oriented perpendicular to the electrically conductive ground plane symmetry plane, provided with parallel to the electrically conductive ground plane oriented electric dipole radiator with dipole connection point is. At this a in the plane of symmetry to the electrically conductive ground plane extending dipole feed line and an antenna connection point is present. In the electrically conductive ground plane, a slot radiator is designed with its longitudinal extent along the section line between the plane of symmetry and the electrically conductive ground plane with the slot radiator connection point, which is formed by mutually opposite slot connection points located on the longitudinal edges. The slot radiator with the slot radiator connection point is as approximately rectangular slot with straight longitudinal edges and compared to the longitudinal extent of small slot width in the electrically conductive ground plane given by the line of intersection between the plane of symmetry and the electrically conductive ground plane, extending parallel to the longitudinal extent and through the center formed of the slot leading longitudinal symmetry line. The electric dipole radiator and the course of the dipole feed line are designed symmetrically to the line of symmetry perpendicular to the electrically conductive ground plane and running through the center of the slot. The electric dipole radiator with its dipole connection point is electrically symmetrically fed. The electric dipole radiator and the slot radiator have a same resonant frequency.

Aus dem Dokument FILIPOVIC D S ET AL: "A thin boardband cavity-backed slot spiral antenna for automotive applications", IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATIN SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM. 2001 DIGEST. APS. BOSTON, MA, JULY 8 - 13, 2001; [IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATIN SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM], NEW YORK, NY: IEEE, US, 8. Juli 2001 (2001-07-08), Seiten 414-417 vol.1 ist es bekannt, dass Fahrzeuge mit Antennen zum Empfang zirkular polarisierter Satellitensignale ausgestattet werden können.From the document FILIPOVIC DS ET AL: "A thin board tape cavity-backed slot for automotive applications", IEEE ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATIN SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM. 2001 DIGEST. APS. BOSTON, MA, JULY 8-13, 2001; [IEEE ANTENNA'S PROPAGATIN SOCIETY INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM], NEW YORK, NY: IEEE, US, July 8, 2001 (2001-07-08), pp. 414-417 vol.1 It is known that vehicles can be equipped with antennas for receiving circularly polarized satellite signals.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine verbesserte Antenne für den Empfang von Satellitensignalen mit zirkularer Polarisation zu schaffen.The object of the invention is to provide an improved antenna for the reception of satellite signals with circular polarization.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Merkmale des Hauptanspruchs gelöst.This object is solved by the features of the main claim.

Antennen nach der Erfindung können insbesondere aufgrund ihrer strömungstechnisch günstigen Gestaltbarkeit in Verbindung mit dem geringen Bauvolumen außerhalb der Karosserie eines Fahrzeugs beziehungsweise Flugzeugs vorteilhaft eingesetzt werden.Antennas according to the invention can be advantageously used in particular because of their aerodynamically favorable designability in connection with the low volume of construction outside the body of a vehicle or aircraft.

Die Erfindung wird im Folgenden an Hand der Figuren näher beschrieben. Es zeigen:

  • Fig.1:
    • Grundprinzip einer Antenne nach der Erfindung mit einem gestreckten Dipol 1 und mit der elektrischen Länge einer halben Wellenlänge (λ/2) mit einer Speiseleitung 6 über einer elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 mit Schlitzstrahler 3 im Abstand 14 von vorzugsweise etwa einer Viertelwellenlänge und einer einfachen Parallelverzweigung als Verteilnetzwerk 13 und einer als Streifenleitung 20 ausgeführten Antennen-Leitung 11.
  • Fig.2:
    • Antenne nach der Erfindung wie in Figur 1, jedoch mit einem Verteilnetzwerk 13 mit Anpassnetzwerk 10 aus konzentrierten Blindelementen zur Einstellung der richtigen Phasen zur Speisung des Schlitzstrahlers 3 und des Dipolstrahlers 1 und der Anpassung der Impedanzen zur erforderlichen Leistungsaufteilung.
  • Fig.3:
    • Antenne nach der Erfindung wie in Figur 2, jedoch mit einem Phasenschiebernetzwerk 17 in der Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 zur Einhaltung der Phasenbedingung der zeitlich um 90° gegeneinander verschobenen elektromagnetischen Felder des Schlitzstrahlers 3 und des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1 im Fernfeld sowie ein Anpassnetzwerk 10 zur Anpassung der Dipolimpedanz an die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6.
  • Fig.4:
    • Antenne nach der Erfindung wie in Figur 3, jedoch mit kurzen Querschlitzen 22 an den beiden Enden des Schlitzstrahlers 3 zur Verringerung der Längsausdehnung 4 des Schlitzstrahlers 3 und mit Endkapazitäten 21 zur Verringerung der Länge des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1.
  • Fig.5:
    • Antenne nach der Erfindung mit einer Speisung des Schlitzstrahlers 3 über eine Mikro-Streifenleitung 20 zur einfacheren und verlustarmen Anpassung an die Antennen-Leitung 11
The invention will be described in more detail below with reference to the figures. Show it:
  • Fig.1 :
    • Basic principle of an antenna according to the invention with an elongated dipole 1 and the electrical length of half a wavelength (λ / 2) with a feed line 6 over an electrically conductive base 2 with slot radiator 3 at a distance 14 of preferably about a quarter wavelength and a simple parallel branching as Distribution network 13 and an antenna line 11 designed as a stripline 20.
  • Fig.2 :
    • Antenna according to the invention as in FIG. 1 but with a distribution network 13 with matching network 10 of concentrated reactive elements for setting the correct phases for feeding the slot radiator 3 and the dipole radiator 1 and the matching of the impedances to the required power distribution.
  • Figure 3 :
    • Antenna according to the invention as in FIG. 2 , but with a phase shifter network 17 in the dipole feed line 6 to comply with the phase condition of the temporally shifted by 90 ° to each other electromagnetic fields of the slot radiator 3 and the electric dipole radiator 1 in the far field and a matching network 10 for adjusting the dipole impedance to the dipole feed line. 6
  • Figure 4 :
    • Antenna according to the invention as in FIG. 3 but with short transverse slots 22 at the two ends of the slot radiator 3 for reducing the longitudinal extent 4 of the slot radiator 3 and with endcapacities 21 for reducing the length of the electric dipole radiator 1.
  • Figure 5 :
    • Antenna according to the invention with a feed of the slot radiator 3 via a microstrip line 20 for easier and low-loss adaptation to the antenna line 11th

Die zirkulare Polarisation wird bei Antennen nach dem Stande der Technik in der Weise erzeugt, dass zwei linear polarisierte und in ihrer räumlichen Längsausdehnung zueinander senkrecht orientierte Antennen vorhanden sind, welche im Fernfeld der Antenne die beiden räumlich senkrecht zueinander orientierten und um 90° gegeneinander in der Phase verschobenen elektromagnetischen Felder erzeugen. Die vorliegende Erfindung zeigt eine Lösung auf, welche es ermöglicht, dass zwei linear polarisierte Antennen, jedoch mit einer im Wesentlichen längs einer gemeinsamen Linie verlaufenden Längsausdehnung kombiniert sind. Diese Lösung besteht in der vorteilhaften Kombination eines Schlitzstrahlers 3, welcher in einer elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 längs seiner Längssymmetrielinie SL gestaltet ist und eines im Dipolabstand 14 über dieser elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 und parallel sowohl zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 als auch zur Längssymmetrielinie SL angeordneten elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1.The circular polarization is generated in antennas according to the prior art in such a way that two linearly polarized and in their spatial longitudinal extent mutually perpendicular antennas are present, which in the far field of the antenna, the two spatially oriented perpendicular to each other and 90 ° to each other in the Phase shifted electromagnetic fields. The present invention demonstrates a solution which allows two linearly polarized antennas to be combined but with a longitudinal extent substantially along a common line. This solution consists in the advantageous combination of a slot radiator 3, which is designed in an electrically conductive base 2 along its longitudinal symmetry line SL and arranged in the dipole 14 above this electrically conductive base 2 and parallel to both the electrically conductive base 2 and the longitudinal symmetry line SL electrical Dipole radiator 1.

Figur 1 zeigt die Grundform einer Antenne für zirkulare Polarisation nach der Erfindung. Zur Gestaltung eines Schlitzstrahlers 3 in der leitenden Grundfläche 2 ist ein Schlitz mit seiner Längsausdehnung 4 entlang der Schnittlinie zwischen der Symmetrieebene SE und der leitenden Grundfläche 2 mit der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7, welche durch auf einander gegenüberliegenden Längsrändern 18 befindlichen und zueinander benachbarten Schlitz-Anschlusspunkten 19 gestaltet ist, gebildet. Zur Gestaltung der Antenne für zirkulare Polarisation ist in einem Abstand von der Vorderseite der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 der elektrische Dipolstrahler 1 mit Dipol-Anschlussstelle 8 angebracht. Dieser ist im Wesentlichen parallel zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 orientiert und verläuft in einer senkrecht zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 orientierten Ebene, hier Symmetrieebene SE genannt. Der elektrische Dipolstrahler 1 ist mit seiner Dipol-Anschlussstelle 8 an die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 angeschlossen, welche in der Symmetrieebene SE zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 geführt ist und im Wesentlichen senkrecht zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 hin verläuft. Die zirkulare Polarisation wird durch das elektromagnetische Strahlungsfeld des in die elektrisch leitende Grundfläche 2 eingebrachten Schlitzstrahlers 3 gebildet, dessen elektrisches Feld im Fernfeld senkrecht zu seiner Längsausdehnung 4 orientiert ist. Zur Erzeugung eines im fernen Aufpunkt zum Strahlungsfeld des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1 für die zirkulare Polarisation notwendigen senkrecht orientierten elektrischen Strahlungsfeldes ist der Schlitzstrahler 3 deshalb mit seiner Längsausdehnung 4 entlang der Schnittlinie zwischen der Symmetrieebene SE und der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 angeordnet. Die Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 ist durch einander gegenüberliegende, auf den Längsrändern 18 des Schlitzstrahlers 3 befindliche Schlitz-Anschlusspunkte 19 gebildet. Zur Erreichung günstiger Strahlungseigenschaften und Impedanzanpassungsverhältnisse ist sowohl der elektrische Dipolstrahler 1 als auch der Schlitzstrahler 3 bei der Frequenz, für welche die Antenne gestaltet ist, jeweils auf seine Resonanzfrequenz, bei der die Antennenimpedanz im Wesentlichen reell ist, abgestimmt. Im Interesse kleiner Baugröße der Antenne ist deshalb jeweils die Halbwellenlängenresonanz (λ/2) der beiden Strahler von besonderer Bedeutung. Neben der Orthogonalitätsbedingung der im Fernfeld sich überlagernden Strahlungsfelder der beiden Strahler ist zur Erreichung der zirkularen Polarisation sowohl die Bedingung der zeitlichen Phasenverschiebung von + - 90° Grad, je nach Drehrichtung der Polarisation, als auch die Gleichheit der Intensität der sich überlagernden Strahlungsfelder notwendig. Diese Gleichheit kann unter Berücksichtigung der unterschiedlichen vertikalen Richtdiagramme für einen breiten Bereich des Elevationswinkels für hinreichenden Kreuzpolarisationsabstand erreicht werden. Die Einstellung dieses Elevationswinkelbereichs erfolgt erfindungsgemäß über die Gestaltung des Verteilnetzwerks 13, über welches sowohl der Schlitzstrahler 3 als auch der elektrische Dipolstrahler 1 mit Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 mit der Antennen-Anschlussstelle 12 verbunden ist. Diese Gestaltung erfolgt demnach in der Weise, dass bei der Frequenz, auf welche beide Strahler auf Resonanz abgestimmt sind, die an der Dipol-Anschlussstelle 8 und an der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 wirksamen Signale nach Betrag und Phase diejenigen Werte besitzen, dass im Fernfeld zirkulare Polarisation gegeben ist. In einer besonders vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist der Schlitzstrahler 3 mit der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 als länglicher in etwa rechteckförmiger Schlitz mit im Wesentlichen geraden Längsrändern 18 in die elektrisch leitende Grundfläche 2 eingebracht. Über die im Vergleich zur Längsausdehnung 4 kleine Schlitzbreite 5 ergibt sich die Frequenzbandbreite bei der durch die Längsausdehnung 4 bestimmten Resonanzfrequenz des Schlitzes. FIG. 1 shows the basic form of a circular polarization antenna according to the invention. To design a slot radiator 3 in the conductive base 2 is a slot with its longitudinal extent 4 along the line of intersection between the plane of symmetry SE and the conductive base 2 with the slot radiator connection point 7, which by located on opposite longitudinal edges 18 and mutually adjacent slot connection points 19 is formed, formed. To design the antenna for circular polarization, the electric dipole radiator 1 with dipole connection point 8 is mounted at a distance from the front side of the electrically conductive base 2. This is oriented substantially parallel to the electrically conductive base 2 and extends in a direction perpendicular to the electrically conductive base 2 oriented plane, here called the plane of symmetry SE. The electric dipole radiator 1 is connected with its dipole connection point 8 to the dipole feed line 6, which is guided in the plane of symmetry SE to the electrically conductive base 2 and extends substantially perpendicular to the electrically conductive base 2 out. The circular polarization is formed by the electromagnetic radiation field of the introduced into the electrically conductive base 2 slot heater 3, the electric field is oriented in the far field perpendicular to its longitudinal extent 4. to The slot radiator 3 is therefore arranged with its longitudinal extent 4 along the line of intersection between the plane of symmetry SE and the electrically conductive base area 2, producing a perpendicularly oriented electric radiation field necessary for the circular polarization in a distant reference point to the radiation field of the electric dipole radiator 1. The slot radiator connection point 7 is formed by slot connection points 19 located opposite one another and located on the longitudinal edges 18 of the slot radiator 3. In order to achieve favorable radiation characteristics and impedance matching ratios, both the electric dipole radiator 1 and the slot radiator 3 are tuned at the frequency for which the antenna is designed, in each case to its resonant frequency, at which the antenna impedance is substantially real. In the interest of small size of the antenna therefore each half-wavelength resonance (λ / 2) of the two emitters is of particular importance. In addition to the orthogonality condition of the far field overlapping radiation fields of the two emitters to achieve the circular polarization both the condition of temporal phase shift of + - 90 ° degree, depending on the direction of rotation of the polarization, as well as the equality of the intensity of the superimposed radiation fields necessary. This equality can be achieved by considering the different vertical directional diagrams for a wide range of elevation angle for sufficient cross polarization spacing. The setting of this elevation angle range is carried out according to the invention via the design of the distribution network 13, via which both the slot radiator 3 and the electric dipole radiator 1 with dipole feed line 6 to the antenna connection point 12 is connected. This design is thus carried out in such a way that at the frequency to which both emitters are tuned to resonance, the signals acting on the dipole connection point 8 and on the slot radiator connection point 7 have the values in magnitude and phase such that they are circular in the far field Polarization is given. In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the slot radiator 3 is introduced with the slot radiator connection point 7 as an elongated approximately rectangular slot with substantially straight longitudinal edges 18 in the electrically conductive base 2. Over the small slot width 5 compared to the longitudinal extent 4, the frequency bandwidth results at the resonance frequency of the slot determined by the longitudinal extent 4.

Rundstrahlungseigenschaften der Antenne können erfindungsgemäß durch Einhalten von Symmetriebedingungen auf einfache Weise erreicht werden. Hierfür ist der Schlitzstrahler 3 symmetrisch zu der mit Längssymmetrielinie SL bezeichneten Schnittlinie zwischen der Symmetrieebene SE und der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 zu gestalten. Die weitere einfach einzuhaltende Symmetriebedingung ist die symmetrische Ausgestaltung des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1 und seine symmetrische Speisung zu der auf der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 senkrecht stehenden und durch das Zentrum Z des Schlitzes laufenden Symmetrielinie ZL. Die symmetrische Speisung an der Dipol-Anschlussstelle 8 erfolgt über die im Wesentlichen symmetrisch zur Symmetrielinie ZL verlaufende Dipol-Speiseleitung 6.Round radiation properties of the antenna can be achieved according to the invention by observing symmetry conditions in a simple manner. For this purpose, the slot radiator 3 is symmetrical to the longitudinal line SL of symmetry section line between the Symmetrieebene SE and the electrically conductive base 2 to make. The further easy-to-follow symmetry condition is the symmetrical configuration of the electric dipole radiator 1 and its symmetrical feed to the symmetry line ZL perpendicular to the electrically conductive base 2 and passing through the center Z of the slot. The symmetrical feeding at the dipole connection point 8 takes place via the dipole feed line 6 extending substantially symmetrically to the symmetry line ZL.

In Figur 2 ist zur Unterstützung der Strahlung auf der dem elektrischen Dipolstrahler 1 zugewandten Vorderseite der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 durch Abschirmung gegen die Strahlung auf deren Rückseite der Schlitzstrahler 3 auf der Rückseite der Grundfläche 2 durch einen Hohlraumresonator 15 abgedeckt. Der Hohlraumresonator 15 ist vorteilhaft als leitend berandeter Hohlraumkörper gestaltet, welcher den Schlitzstrahler 3 vollkommen überdeckt und welcher mit der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 elektrisch leitend verbunden ist, sodass eine vollkommene Abschirmung gegen die Abstrahlung der elektromagnetischen Felder des Schlitzstrahlers 3 in den auf der Rückseite der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 befindlichen Halbraum gegeben ist. Die im Hohlraum gespeicherte Blindenergie beeinflusst - abhängig von den Abmessungen des Hohlraums - die Resonanzeigenschaften des Schlitzstrahlers 3. Im Interesse einer reellen Impedanz an der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 ist die Längsausdehnung 4 des Schlitzstrahlers 3 etwa eine halbe Wellenlänge (λ/2) gewählt. In einer besonders vorteilhaften Gestaltung des Hohlraumkörpers ist dieser, wie in Fig. 2 angedeutet, quaderförmig gewählt. Somit ist die Ausdehnung des Hohlraumkörpers in Längsrichtung des Schlitzes mindestens größer als eine halbe Wellenlänge (λ/2) und seine Abmessung bei symmetrischer Anbringung quer zur Längsrichtung des Schlitzes zweckmäßig größer als (λ/4) gewählt. Da der Schlitz etwa auf Höhe der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 angeordnet ist und der Hohlraumkörper unterhalb liegt, sind damit zum Beispiel für die Anwendung auf Fahrzeugen keine stilistischen Nachteile verbunden, weil die die Antennen abdeckenden Gehäuse nach unten breiter werden, um eine ausreichende Festigkeit zu erreichen. Seine Abmessung senkrecht zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 ist je nach geforderter Bandbreite des Schlitzstrahlers 3 vorteilhaft größer als (λ/10) gewählt. Dabei ist das Zentrum des quaderförmigen Hohlraumkörpers zweckmäßig auf der vertikalen Symmetrielinie ZL liegend gewählt.In FIG. 2 is to support the radiation on the electric dipole radiator 1 facing the front of the electrically conductive base 2 by shielding against the radiation on the back of the slot radiator 3 on the back of the base 2 by a cavity resonator 15 covered. The cavity resonator 15 is advantageously designed as a conductively bound cavity body, which completely covers the slot radiator 3 and which is electrically connected to the electrically conductive base 2, so that a perfect shield against the radiation of the electromagnetic fields of the slot radiator 3 in the on the back of the electrically conductive base 2 is given half space. The reactive energy stored in the cavity influences - depending on the dimensions of the cavity - the resonance characteristics of the slot radiator 3. In the interest of a real impedance at the slot radiator connection point 7, the longitudinal extent 4 of the slot radiator 3 is selected about half a wavelength (λ / 2). In a particularly advantageous design of the cavity body is this, as in Fig. 2 indicated, chosen cuboid. Thus, the expansion of the cavity body in the longitudinal direction of the slot is at least greater than half a wavelength (λ / 2) and its dimension in symmetrical mounting transversely to the longitudinal direction of the slot suitably greater than (λ / 4) selected. Since the slot is disposed approximately at the level of the electrically conductive base 2 and the cavity body is below, for example, no stylistic disadvantages associated with the application to vehicles, because the housing covering the antennas are wider down to achieve sufficient strength , Its dimension perpendicular to the electrically conductive base 2 is advantageously greater than (λ / 10) selected depending on the required bandwidth of the slot radiator 3. In this case, the center of the cuboid cavity body is suitably chosen lying on the vertical symmetry line ZL.

In einer besonders vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist der Dipolabstand 14 zur Gestaltung der Zirkularpolarisation der Antenne von der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 etwa ein Viertel der Freiraum-Wellenlänge gewählt. Zur Erzeugung der zirkular polarisierten Strahlung unter dem Elevationswinkel von 90° ist der Phasenunterschied der Signale an der Dipol-Anschlussstelle 8 und der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7, abhängig von der Drehrichtungen der zirkularen Polarisation 0° bzw. ein ganzzahlig Vielfaches von 180° zu wählen. Bei dem in Figur 1 dargestellten besonders einfachen Verteilnetzwerk 13 ist demnach der Phasenunterschied im Interesse einer möglichst kurzen Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 für diesen Elevationswinkel vorteilhaft 180° zu wählen. Die elektrische Länge der Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 beträgt dann etwa λ/2 und lässt sich zur Überbrückung der geometrischen Distanz von λ/4 zwischen den Schlitz-Anschlusspunkten 19 und der Dipolstrahler-Anschlussstelle 8 realisieren. Die geforderte Überlagerung der Strahlungsfelder der beiden Strahler unter einem elektrischen Phasenwinkel von +-90° stellt sich somit über den Gangunterschied der elektromagnetischen Welle ein, welcher sich aus dem Abstand von λ/4 des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1 von der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 ergibt. Dabei sind die an der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 und die an der Dipol-Anschlussstelle 8 herrschenden Signalleistungen in etwa gleich groß einzustellen. Dabei ist die an der Dipol-Anschlussstelle 8 aufgrund der Bündelung der Strahlung, die sich zusammen mit dem an der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 gespiegelten elektrischen Dipolstrahler 1 ergibt, entsprechend geringer einzustellen als an der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7. Entsprechend sind zur Erreichung der zirkularen Polarisation unter einem bestimmten vorgegebenen Elevationswinkel sowohl die Signalleistungen als auch die elektrischen Phasenwinkel an den beiden Strahler-Anschlussstellen 7, 8 entsprechend den unterschiedlichen Beträgen der Richtdiagramme der beiden Strahler bzw. deren unterschiedlichen Phasen bezogen auf einen fernen Aufpunkt zu wählen. Auch der Abstand 14 kann vorteilhaft zur Einstellung des vertikalen Richtdiagramms des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1 variiert werden und muss nicht genau zu λ/4 gewählt werden.In a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the dipole spacing is 14 to form the circular polarization of the antenna from the electrically conductive base 2 about a quarter of the free space wavelength selected. To generate the circularly polarized radiation at the elevation angle of 90 °, the phase difference of the signals at the dipole connection point 8 and the slot radiator connection point 7, depending on the directions of rotation of the circular polarization 0 ° or an integral multiple of 180 ° to choose. At the in FIG. 1 Accordingly, the phase difference in the interest of the shortest possible dipole feed line 6 for this elevation angle is advantageously 180 ° to choose. The electrical length of the dipole feed line 6 is then approximately λ / 2 and can be implemented to bridge the geometric distance of λ / 4 between the slot connection points 19 and the dipole radiator connection point 8. The required superimposition of the radiation fields of the two radiators at an electrical phase angle of + -90 ° is thus established via the path difference of the electromagnetic wave, which results from the distance of λ / 4 of the electric dipole radiator 1 from the electrically conductive base 2. In this case, the signal powers prevailing at the slot radiator connection point 7 and at the dipole connection point 8 must be set approximately the same. In this case, the dipole connection point 8 due to the bundling of the radiation, which results together with the mirrored to the electrically conductive base 2 electric dipole radiator 1, set correspondingly lower than at the slot radiator junction 7. Accordingly, to achieve the circular polarization to select both the signal powers and the electrical phase angles at the two radiator connection points 7, 8 in accordance with the different magnitudes of the directional diagrams of the two radiators or their different phases relative to a distant reference point, at a certain predetermined elevation angle. Also, the distance 14 can be varied advantageously for adjusting the vertical directional diagram of the electric dipole radiator 1 and does not have to be selected exactly to λ / 4.

Die Erfüllung sowohl der Bedingung der zeitlichen Phasenverschiebung von + - 90° Grad je nach Drehrichtung der Polarisation als auch die Gleichheit der Intensität der sich überlagernden Strahlungsfelder im Fernfeld ist erfindungsgemäß durch Gestaltung des Verteilnetzwerks 13 sowie durch die Gestaltung der Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 bewirkt. Dieses Verteilnetzwerk 13 ist in Fig. 1 in einer besonders einfachen Ausführungsform über eine in Bezug zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 als Massefläche unsymmetrisch gestaltete Antennen-Leitung 11 an die Antennen-Anschlussstelle 12 angeschlossen und in der Nähe des Zentrums Z gebildet. Dabei ist einer der Schlitz-Anschlusspunkte 19 der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 durch den Masseanschluss der Antennenleitung 11 auf einem der beiden Längsränder 18 gebildet. Der andere der Schlitz-Anschlusspunkte 19 ist durch Anschluss des Spannung führenden Leiters der Antennenleitung 11 benachbart an den gegenüberliegenden Längsrand 18 angeschlossen. In einer sehr vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 als symmetrische Zweidrahtleitung ausgeführt. Deren beide Leiter sind mit ihren Speiseleitungs-Anschlusspunkten 25 jeweils mit einem der Schlitz-Anschlusspunkte 19 der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 verbunden. Damit wird auf aufwandsarme Weise eine Umwandlung der durch die Antennenleitung 11 unsymmetrisch polarisiert geleiteten Signale in die auf der symmetrischen Zweidrahtleitung geführten, in Bezug auf die elektrisch leitende Grundfläche 2 symmetrisch polarisierten Signale erreicht. Durch die Schlitz-Anschlusspunkte 19 der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 sind somit auch die Speiseleitungs-Anschlusspunkte 25 gebildet. Die Transformation der an der Dipolstrahler-Anschlussstelle 8 vorliegenden Impedanz in die für gleiche Intensität der Strahlungsfelder der beiden Strahler an den Speiseleitungs-Anschlusspunkten 25 erforderliche Impedanz der Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 sowie die Einstellung der notwendigen Phase erfolgt erfindungsgemäß über die Gestaltung der Dipol-Speiseleitung 6.The fulfillment of both the condition of the temporal phase shift of + - 90 ° degrees depending on the direction of rotation of the polarization and the equality of the intensity of the superimposed radiation fields in the far field is effected according to the invention by designing the distribution network 13 and by the design of the dipole feed line 6. This distribution network 13 is in Fig. 1 in a particularly simple embodiment via an asymmetrically designed with respect to the electrically conductive base 2 as a ground plane antenna line 11 to the antenna connection point 12 and in the vicinity of the Center Z formed. In this case, one of the slot connection points 19 of the slot radiator connection point 7 is formed by the ground connection of the antenna line 11 on one of the two longitudinal edges 18. The other of the slot connection points 19 is connected by connecting the voltage-carrying conductor of the antenna line 11 adjacent to the opposite longitudinal edge 18. In a very advantageous embodiment of the invention, the dipole feed line 6 is designed as a symmetrical two-wire line. Their two conductors are connected with their feed line connection points 25 each with one of the slot connection points 19 of the slot radiator connection point 7. In this way, a conversion of the signals conducted asymmetrically polarized by the antenna line 11 into the signals conducted on the symmetrical two-wire line and symmetrically polarized relative to the electrically conductive base area 2 is achieved in a low-effort manner. The slot connection points 19 of the slot radiator connection point 7 thus also form the feed line connection points 25. The transformation of the impedance present at the dipole radiator connection point 8 into the impedance of the dipole feed line 6 required for the same intensity of the radiation fields of the two radiators at the feed line connection points 25 and the adjustment of the necessary phase takes place according to the invention via the design of the dipole feed line 6 ,

Die Impedanz an einer im Zentrum Z eines Schlitzstrahlers 3 angebrachten Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 ist in der Regel mit bis zu einigen Kilo-Ohm wesentlich höher als die eines gestreckten Dipolstrahlers mit Werten unter 100 Ohm. Im Interesse technisch leichter realisierbarer Leitungs-Wellenwiderstände kann beispielhaft die Kettenschaltung mehrerer Leitungen mit unterschiedlichen Wellenwiderständen und einer elektrischen Länge von jeweils λ/4 zur Anwendung kommen. In diesem Fall wird die im Vergleich zum Wellenwiderstand technisch realisierbarer Leitungen große Impedanz des Schlitzstrahlers 3 in das Impedanzniveau des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1 in zwei Schritten überbrückt. Für eine derartige, in mehreren Schritten durchgeführte Impedanztransformation ergeben sich hinreichend niederohmige Leitungs-Wellenwiderstände, welche auf üblichen elektrischen Leiterplatten realisiert werden können.The impedance at a slot radiator junction 7 mounted in the center Z of a slot radiator 3 is generally much higher than that of an elongated dipole radiator with values below 100 ohms, up to several kilo-ohms. In the interest of technically more easily achievable line impedance, the chain circuit of several lines with different characteristic impedances and an electrical length of λ / 4 can be used by way of example. In this case, the large impedance of the slot radiator 3 compared to the characteristic impedance of the technically feasible lines is bridged into the impedance level of the electric dipole radiator 1 in two steps. For such an impedance transformation carried out in several steps, sufficiently low-impedance line characteristic impedances result, which can be realized on conventional electrical printed circuit boards.

Bei erfindungsgemäßen Antennen ist es daher zum Beispiel vorteilhaft, die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 durch zwei λ/4-Transformatoren in Kettenschaltung zu gestalten. In einem ersten Transformationsschritt wird zunächst die extrem hohe Impedanz des Schlitzstrahlers 3 an der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 durch eine elektrisch λ/4-lange Leitung mit einem technisch realisierbaren Wellenwiderstand in eine Impedanz transformiert, welche geringer ist als die Impedanz des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1. Der dafür notwendige Wellenwiderstand kann als Bandleitung realisiert werden. Die weitere Transformation - ausgehend von diesem Impedanzniveau - in den hierzu höheren Widerstand des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1 kann dann in einem zweiten Transformationsschritt mit einer elektrisch λ/4-langen Leitung mit einem ebenfalls problemlos realisierbaren Leitungs-Wellenwiderstand erfolgen. Eine beispielhaft derart realisierte vorteilhafte Antenne nach der Erfindung weist also im Bereich der Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 eine elektrische Länge von λ/2 auf. Gegebenenfalls kann noch ein weiteres Leitungsstück ergänzt werden, um zusätzliche Phasendrehungen zu bewirken. Geometrisch kann diese insgesamt elektrisch λ/2-lange Dipolspeiseleitung 6 durch mäanderförmige, im Wesentlichen symmetrisch zur vertikalen Symmetrielinie ZL gestaltete und in der Symmetrieebene SE verlaufende Leitungsführung problemlos so angeordnet werden, dass insgesamt die geometrische Länge von λ/4 überbrückt wird. Im Fall eines Trägermaterials mit einem effektiven Dielektrizitätskoeffizienten εr von 4 ergibt dann die gestreckte Länge einer λ/2 langen Leitung genau eine geometrische Länge von λ/4. Bei Trägermaterialien mit einem effektiven Dielektrizitätskoeffizienten εr von größer als 4 ist es dann vorteilhaft, ein weiteres Leitungsstück mit einer elektrischen Länge von λ/2 als weiteres Bestandteil der Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 zu verwenden, um die Phasenforderung weiterhin zu erfüllen. Durch Vertauschen der Speiseleitungs-Anschlusspunkte 25 kann die Antenne alternativ für links- oder rechts-polarisierte Signale verwendet werden.In antennas according to the invention, it is therefore advantageous, for example, to design the dipole feed line 6 by two λ / 4 transformers in chain connection. In a first transformation step, first the extremely high impedance of the slot radiator 3 at the slot radiator connection point 7 by an electrically λ / 4-long line with a technically feasible characteristic impedance transformed into an impedance which is less than the impedance of the electric dipole radiator 1. The necessary characteristic impedance can be realized as a ribbon cable. The further transformation - starting from this impedance level - in the higher resistance of the electric dipole radiator 1 can then take place in a second transformation step with an electrically λ / 4-long line with a likewise readily realizable line impedance. An exemplary embodiment of such an advantageous antenna according to the invention thus has an electrical length of λ / 2 in the region of the dipole feed line 6. Optionally, another line piece can be supplemented to cause additional phase rotations. Geometrically, this overall electrically λ / 2-long dipole feed line 6 can be easily arranged by meandering, designed substantially symmetrically to the vertical line of symmetry ZL and running in the plane of symmetry SE wiring so that overall the geometric length of λ / 4 is bridged. In the case of a carrier material with an effective dielectric coefficient εr of 4 then the straight length of a λ / 2 long line gives exactly a geometric length of λ / 4. For carrier materials with an effective dielectric constant εr of greater than 4, it is then advantageous to use a further line section with an electrical length of λ / 2 as a further component of the dipole feed line 6, in order to continue to fulfill the phase requirement. By interchanging the feedline connection points 25, the antenna may alternatively be used for left or right polarized signals.

In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung sind der Dipol und die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 auf einer Leiterplatte aufgedruckt. Diese Technologie ermöglicht die Gestaltung des Wellenwiderstands und der Transformationseigenschaften der Speiseleitung 6 in weiten Grenzen. Gleichermaßen können auf die Leiterplatte gedruckte induktive und kapazitive Blindelemente bzw. konzentrierte Blindelemente für die Gestaltung von Anpassnetzwerken 10 und/oder Phasendrehgliedern 17 aufgebracht werden. Mit Hilfe an sich bekannter Schaltungen aus konzentrierten Blindelementen können Transformationsschaltungen mit Resonanzcharakter - zum Beispiel als Parallelschwingkreis mit Teilankopplung - realisiert werden, welche es erlauben, die Anpassung der niedrigen Impedanz des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1 auf das Impedanzniveau des hochohmigen Schlitzstrahlers 3 zu transformieren. In einem vorteilhaften Ausführungsbeispiel besteht die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 aus einer aufgedruckten symmetrischen Zweidraht-Leitung, welche an ihrem einen Ende an den elektrischen Dipolstrahler 1 angeschlossen ist und an ihrem anderen Ende an eine aus Blindelementen bestehende Transformationsschaltung mit Resonanzcharakter angeschlossen ist, welche die Impedanz-Anpassung an das hohe Impedanzniveau des Schlitzstrahlers 3 bewirkt. Die zur Erfüllung der Phasenbedingung geforderte Leitungslänge erfolgt dabei wieder vorteilhaft durch mäanderförmige Gestaltung der Speiseleitung 6, welche im Wesentlichen symmetrisch zur vertikalen Symmetrielinie ZL und in der Symmetrieebene SE verlaufend geführt ist. Ebenso können zum Ausgleich der elektrischen Länge der Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 Phasendreh-Kettenschaltungen aus konzentrierten Blindelementen eingesetzt werden, welche die Impedanz nicht transformieren. In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist das Verteilnetzwerk 13 aus einer im Wesentlichen aus konzentrierten Blindelementen bestehenden Schaltung gebildet. Durch diese Impedanztransformations- und Phasendreheigenschaften kann sowohl die Phasen- als auch die Leistungs-Bedingung für die Erreichung der zirkularen Polarisation erfüllt werden.In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the dipole and the dipole feed line 6 are printed on a printed circuit board. This technology allows the design of the characteristic impedance and the transformation properties of the feed line 6 within wide limits. Likewise, inductive and capacitive blanking elements or concentrated dummy elements printed on the printed circuit board can be applied to the design of matching networks 10 and / or phase rotation elements 17. With the help of known circuits of concentrated reactive elements transformation circuits with resonance character - for example, as a parallel resonant circuit with partial coupling - can be realized, which allow the adaptation of the low impedance of the electric dipole radiator 1 to the impedance level of the high-impedance slot radiator 3 to transform. In an advantageous embodiment, the dipole feed line 6 consists of a printed symmetrical two-wire line, which is connected at its one end to the electric dipole radiator 1 and at the other End is connected to a consisting of dummy elements transformation circuit with a resonant character, which causes the impedance matching to the high impedance level of the slot radiator 3. The line length required for meeting the phase condition is again advantageously provided by a meander-shaped design of the feed line 6, which is guided substantially symmetrically to the vertical line of symmetry ZL and in the plane of symmetry SE. Similarly, to compensate for the electrical length of the dipole feed line 6, phase-shift chain circuits of lumped reactive elements can be used which do not transform the impedance. In a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the distribution network 13 is formed from a substantially consisting of concentrated reactive elements circuit. By these impedance transformation and phase-shifting characteristics, both the phase and the power condition for achieving the circular polarization can be satisfied.

In Fig. 2 ist in einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung das Verteilnetzwerk 13 über eine in Bezug zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 als Massefläche unsymmetrisch gestaltete Antennenleitung 11 an die Antennen-Anschlussstelle 12 angeschlossen und in der Nähe des Zentrums Z ähnlich wie in Figur 1 dadurch gebildet, dass der eine der Speiseleitungs-Anschlusspunkte 25 durch den Masseanschluss der Antennenleitung 11 auf einem der beiden Längsränder 18 und der andere der Speiseleitungs-Anschlusspunkte 25 durch Anschluss des Spannung führenden Leiters der Antennenleitung 11 benachbart auf dem gegenüberliegenden Längsrand 18 gebildet ist und dort auch die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 mit ihren Speiseleitungs-Anschlusspunkten 25 angeschlossen ist. Die Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 ist jedoch in einem Abstand 16 vom Zentrum Z gebildet und über eine Parallelverzweigung der unsymmetrischen Antennenleitung 11 über auf analoge Weise gebildete Schlitz-Anschlusspunkte 19 angeschlossen. Der Antennenwiderstand des Schlitzstrahlers 3 bei Resonanz ist bei Bildung der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 im Zentrum Z maximal und ist in der Regel wesentlich größer als der charakteristische Widerstand üblicher Leitungen. Er verändert sich mit wachsendem Abstand 16 vom Zentrum Z zu kleineren Werten hin. Im Interesse der besseren Anpassung an solche Leitungsstrukturen ist es deshalb erfindungsgemäß vorteilhaft, den Abstand 16 entsprechend zu wählen. Die Erfüllung der Phasen- und Leistungs-Bedingungen erfolgt dabei erfindungsgemäß in dem Teil der Leitungsführung zwischen der Parallelverzweigung der Antennen-Leitung 11 und der Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 einerseits und hin zur Dipol-Anschlussstelle 8 andererseits.In Fig. 2 is in a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, the distribution network 13 connected via a relation to the electrically conductive base 2 asymmetrically designed as a ground surface antenna line 11 to the antenna connection point 12 and in the vicinity of the center Z as in FIG. 1 formed by the one of the feeder line connection points 25 by the ground terminal of the antenna line 11 on one of the two longitudinal edges 18 and the other of the feeder line connection points 25 by connecting the voltage-carrying conductor of the antenna line 11 adjacent formed on the opposite longitudinal edge 18 and there also the dipole feed line 6 is connected with its feed line connection points 25. However, the slot radiator connection point 7 is formed at a distance 16 from the center Z and connected via a parallel branching of the unbalanced antenna line 11 via slot connection points 19 formed in an analogous manner. The antenna resistance of the slot radiator 3 at resonance is maximum in the center Z when the slot radiator connection point 7 is formed and is generally much larger than the characteristic resistance of conventional lines. It changes with increasing distance 16 from the center Z to smaller values. In the interest of better adaptation to such line structures, it is therefore advantageous according to the invention to choose the distance 16 accordingly. The fulfillment of the phase and power conditions is carried out according to the invention in the part of the wiring between the parallel branching of the antenna line 11 and the slot radiator connection point 7 on the one hand and to the dipole connection point 8 on the other.

Durch Einfügung von Anpassnetzwerken 10 und/oder Phasendrehgliedern 17 in die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6, wie in Figur 3 dargestellt, sowie durch deren Transformationseigenschaften und durch die Schlitzbreite 5 des Schlitzstrahlers 3 wird die zirkulare Polarisation unter dem gewünschten Elevationswinkel gezielt erreicht.By inserting matching networks 10 and / or phase shifters 17 in the dipole feed line 6, as in FIG. 3 represented, and by their transformation properties and by the slit width 5 of the slot radiator 3, the circular polarization is selectively achieved at the desired elevation angle.

In Fig. 5 ist die Antennenleitung 11 zur Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 als eine in Bezug zur elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 als Massefläche unsymmetrische Streifenleitung 20 gestaltet, deren Streifenleiter auf an sich bekannte Weise durch Strahlungskopplung an den Schlitz des Schlitzstrahlers 3 angekoppelt ist. Hierfür ist der Streifenleiter im Bereich des Schlitzes des Schlitzstrahlers 3 senkrecht zu dessen Längsausdehnung und mindestens teilweise über den Schlitz geführt. Durch diese Anordnung ist der eine der Schlitz-Anschlusspunkte 19 durch den Massepunkt an der Stelle gegeben, wo der Streifenleiter den einen der Längsränder 18 in der Draufsicht kreuzt. Der andere der Schlitz-Anschlusspunkte 19 ist durch berührungslose Strahlungs-Ankopplung des Spannung führenden Streifenleiters auf dem gegenüberliegenden Längsrand 18 gegeben. Durch die geeignete Wahl des Abstands 16 zur Mitte des Schlitzstrahlers kann auf besonders einfache Weise die Anpassung an den Wellenwiderstand üblicher Leitungen von z.B. 50Ω erfolgen. Die Dipolstrahler-Anschlussstelle 8 ist im Beispiel der Fig. 5 wieder im Zentrum Z des Schlitzstrahlers 3 angeordnet, wobei die beiden Dipol-Speiseleitungs-Anschlusspunkte 25 wieder auf den beiden Längsrändern 18 angeordnet sind. Durch den im Zentrum angeschlossenen elektrischen Dipolstrahler 1 ist der Schlitzstrahler 3 zusätzlich bedämpft, so dass der Abstand 16 entsprechend kleiner gewählt werden muss als er ohne diese Bedämpfung für die Anpassung gewählt werden müsste. Durch die im Zentrum des Schlitzstrahlers 3 angeordneten Speiseleitungs-Anschlusspunkte 25 und die im Abstand 16 davon entfernt angeordnete Schlitzstrahler-Anschlussstelle 7 wird die über die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6 zum elektrischen Dipolstrahler 1 geleitete Signalleistung über Teile des Schlitzstrahlers 3 geführt. Somit ist der Schlitzstrahlers 3 teilweise in das Verteilnetzwerk 13 zur Aufteilung der an der Antennen-Anschlussstelle 12 vorliegenden Signalleistung auf den Schlitzstrahler 3 einerseits und den elektrischen Dipolstrahler 1 andererseits einbezogen.In Fig. 5 the antenna line 11 is designed to the slot radiator connection point 7 as an asymmetrical with respect to the electrically conductive base 2 as a ground surface stripline 20 whose strip conductor is coupled in known manner by radiation coupling to the slot of the slot radiator 3. For this purpose, the strip conductor is guided in the region of the slot of the slot radiator 3 perpendicular to its longitudinal extent and at least partially over the slot. By this arrangement, the one of the slot connection points 19 is given by the ground point at the point where the strip conductor crosses the one of the longitudinal edges 18 in plan view. The other of the slot connection points 19 is given by non-contact radiation coupling of the voltage-carrying stripline on the opposite longitudinal edge 18. By the appropriate choice of the distance 16 to the center of the slot radiator can be done in a particularly simple manner, the adaptation to the characteristic impedance of conventional lines of eg 50Ω. The dipole radiator connection point 8 is in the example of Fig. 5 is again arranged in the center Z of the slot radiator 3, wherein the two dipole feed line connection points 25 are again arranged on the two longitudinal edges 18. Due to the electrical dipole radiator 1 connected in the center of the slot radiator 3 is additionally damped, so that the distance 16 must be chosen correspondingly smaller than he would have to be chosen without this damping for the adjustment. By arranged in the center of the slot radiator 3 supply line connection points 25 and the distance 16 spaced therefrom slot radiator connection point 7, the guided over the dipole feed line 6 to the electric dipole radiator 1 signal power is passed over parts of the slot radiator 3. Thus, the slot radiator 3 is partially included in the distribution network 13 for dividing the signal power present at the antenna connection point 12 on the slot radiator 3 on the one hand and the electric dipole radiator 1 on the other.

Insbesondere für mobile Anwendungen von Antennen nach der Erfindung - zum Beispiel auf dem Dach eines Fahrzeugs - kann es notwendig sein, die Längsausdehnung 4 des Schlitzstrahlers 3 kürzer zu gestalten als λ/2. Die notwendige Verkürzung kann erfindungsgemäß dadurch erreicht werden, dass der Schlitz des Schlitzstrahlers 3 an seinen beiden Enden durch im Wesentlichen quer zu seiner Längssymmetrielinie SL orientierte Querschlitze 22 ausgeformt ist. Aus Gründen der azimutalen Rotationssymmetrie des Richtdiagramms der Antenne sind diese Querschlitze 22 vorteilhaft an beiden Enden gleichartig und symmetrisch zur Längssymmetrielinie SL ausgeführt, wie dies in Figur 4 dargestellt ist. Abhängig von der Querschlitzlänge 23 und der Querschlitzbreite 24 tritt damit die Schlitzresonanzfrequenz bei einer kleineren Längsausdehnung 4 als der halben Freiraumwellenlänge λ auf.In particular, for mobile applications of antennas according to the invention - for example on the roof of a vehicle - it may be necessary to make the longitudinal extent 4 of the slot radiator 3 shorter than λ / 2. The necessary shortening can be achieved according to the invention in that the slot of the slot radiator 3 at its both ends is formed by substantially transverse to its longitudinal symmetry line SL oriented transverse slots 22. For reasons of the azimuthal rotational symmetry of the directional diagram of the antenna, these transverse slots 22 are advantageously designed at both ends to be similar and symmetrical to the longitudinal symmetry line SL, as shown in FIG FIG. 4 is shown. Depending on the transverse slot length 23 and the transverse slot width 24, the slot resonance frequency thus occurs at a smaller longitudinal extent 4 than half the free space wavelength λ.

Auf entsprechende Weise kann die Länge des elektrischen Dipolstrahlers 1 dadurch verkürzt werden, dass dieser an seinen beiden Enden jeweils mit einer gleichartigen Endkapazität 21 belastet ist. Derartige Endkapazitäten 21 können zum Beispiel, wie in Figur 4 angedeutet, durch im Wesentlichen vertikal orientierte Leiterstrukturen gebildet sein. Derartige erfindungsgemäße Leiterstrukturen sind insbesondere deshalb vorteilhaft, weil durch sie die Querabmessung des über der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 befindlichen Teiles der Antenne nicht vergrößert wird.In a corresponding manner, the length of the electric dipole radiator 1 can be shortened by the fact that it is loaded at its two ends in each case with a similar end capacity 21. Such end capacities 21 may, for example, as in FIG. 4 be indicated, formed by substantially vertically oriented conductor structures. Such conductor structures according to the invention are particularly advantageous because they do not increase the transverse dimension of the part of the antenna located above the electrically conductive base 2.

In einer einfachsten Ausführungsform der Antenne ist die elektrisch leitende Grundfläche 2 durch die Außenfläche einer elektrisch leitenden und aus Blech gestalteten Fahrzeugkarosserie selbst gegeben, in welche der Schlitzstrahler 3 in das Blech eingebracht ist. In der Regel ist es jedoch aus Gründen der leichteren Herstellbarkeit vorteilhafter, wenn ein elektrisch leitender Körper, in dessen Außenfläche der Schlitzstrahler 3 gestaltet ist, in die entsprechende Aussparung in einer elektrisch leitenden Fahrzeugkarosserie eingebracht ist und mit dieser elektrisch leitend verbunden ist. Erfindungsgemäß ist dann die Oberfläche des elektrisch leitenden Körpers derart gestaltet, dass er die Aussparung der elektrisch leitenden Fahrzeugkarosserie im Wesentlichen ausfüllt, und deren Außenfläche mit seiner Oberfläche im Wesentlichen zu einer Ebene ergänzt und auf diese Weise die elektrisch leitende Grundfläche 2 gestaltet ist. Die in die Fahrzeugkarosserie einzubringende Aussparung kann dabei vorteilhaft in der Längs- und Querausdehnung nur wenig größer gewählt sein als dies die Abmessungen des Schlitzes erfordern.In a simplest embodiment of the antenna, the electrically conductive base 2 is given by the outer surface of an electrically conductive and formed of sheet metal vehicle body itself, in which the slot radiator 3 is introduced into the sheet. In general, however, it is more advantageous for reasons of ease of manufacture, when an electrically conductive body, in the outer surface of the slot radiator 3 is designed, is introduced into the corresponding recess in an electrically conductive vehicle body and is electrically connected thereto. According to the invention, the surface of the electrically conductive body is then designed such that it substantially fills the recess of the electrically conductive vehicle body, and its outer surface is substantially complemented with its surface to a plane and in this way the electrically conductive base 2 is designed. The recess to be introduced into the vehicle body can advantageously be chosen to be only slightly larger in the longitudinal and transverse dimensions than required by the dimensions of the slot.

Ist die Fahrzeugkarosserie elektrisch nicht leitend - also zum Beispiel aus Kunststoff - wird die elektrisch leitende Grundfläche 2 als leitende Fläche, vorzugsweise aus Blech gestaltet und unter der Fahrzeughaut angebracht. In diese Fläche ist der Schlitzstrahler 3 eingebracht und sie trägt in einer vorteilhaften Ausgestaltung der Erfindung auf ihrer Rückseite den Hohlraumresonator 15 und auf ihrer Vorderseite den elektrischen Dipolstrahler 1 und die Dipol-Speiseleitung 6. Durch eine in ihrer Querabmessung vergleichsweise kleine Aussparung kann die Montage der Antenne auf der Innenseite der Fahrzeugkarosserie erfolgen. Die Abmessungen der elektrisch leitenden Grundfläche 2 sind zweidimensional hinreichend groß zu wählen, so dass sich angenähert die Strahlungseigenschaften der Antenne einstellen, wie sie für eine Antenne dieser Art mit ausgedehnter elektrisch leitender Grundfläche 2 zutreffen.If the vehicle body is not electrically conductive - that is, for example made of plastic - the electrically conductive base 2 is designed as a conductive surface, preferably made of sheet metal and mounted under the vehicle skin. In this area, the slot radiator 3 is introduced and it carries in an advantageous embodiment of the invention on its rear side Cavity resonator 15 and on its front side the electric dipole radiator 1 and the dipole feed line 6. By a comparatively small in their transverse dimension recess, the mounting of the antenna can be done on the inside of the vehicle body. The dimensions of the electrically conductive base 2 are two-dimensional sufficiently large to choose so that adjust approximately the radiation properties of the antenna, as they apply to an antenna of this type with extended electrically conductive base 2.

Claims (15)

  1. An antenna for the reception of circularly polarized satellite signals in which there are present an electric dipole radiator (1) having a dipole connection point (8), said electric dipole radiator extending at a spacing from the front side of an electrically conductive base plane (2) and in a plane of symmetry (SE) oriented perpendicular to the electrically conductive base plane (2) and oriented substantially in parallel with the electrically conductive base plane (2); a dipole feed line (6) that is connected to said dipole connection point and extends in the plane of symmetry (SE) toward the electrically conductive base plane (2); and an antenna connection point (12), wherein:
    - a slot radiator (3) having its longitudinal extent (4) along the line of intersection between the plane of symmetry (SE) and the electrically conductive base plane (2) having the slot radiator connection point (7) is configured in the electrically conductive base plane (2), said slot radiator connection point being formed by mutually opposite slot connection sites (19) located on the longitudinal margins (18);
    - the electric dipole radiator (1) and the slot radiator (3) have the same resonant frequency;
    - the slot radiator (3) having the slot radiator connection point (7) is formed as an approximately rectangular slot having straight longitudinal margins (18) and having a slot width (5) into the electrically conductive base plane (2) that is small in comparison with the longitudinal extent (4) by the longitudinal line of symmetry (SL) given by the line of intersection between the plane of symmetry (SE) and the electrically conductive base plane (2), extending in parallel with the longitudinal extent (4), and leading through the center (Z) of the slot;
    - the electric dipole radiator (1) and the extent of the dipole feed line (6) are configured symmetrical to the line of symmetry (ZL) standing perpendicular on the electrically conductive base plane (2) and running through the center (Z) of the slot;
    and the electric dipole radiator (1) having the dipole connection point (8) is fed electrically symmetrically;
    - the slot radiator (3) and the electric dipole radiator (1) having the dipole feed line (6) are connected via a distribution network (13) to the antenna connection point (12) according to amount and phase in a manner such that circular polarization is present in the far field at the resonant frequency of both radiators (1, 3),
    characterized in that
    - the distribution network (13) is connected to the antenna connection point (12) via an antenna line (11) designed asymmetrically with respect to the electrically conductive base plane (2) as a ground plane and is formed in a manner such that the one slot connection site (19) of the slot connection point (7) is formed by the ground connection of the antenna line (11) on one of the two longitudinal margins (18) and the other slot connection site (19) is formed by a connection of the voltage-conductive conductor of the antenna line (11) adjacently on the oppositely disposed longitudinal margin (18) and the dipole feed line (6) is designed as a symmetrical two-wire line whose two dipole feed line connection sites (25) are arranged on the two longitudinal margins (18).
  2. An antenna in accordance with claim 1,
    characterized in that
    the slot radiator (3) is covered at the rear side of the base plane (2) by a hollow space resonator (15) covering the slot radiator (3) to support the radiation at the front side facing the electric dipole radiator (4) and to screen from the radiation at the rear side of the electrically conductive base plane (2).
  3. An antenna in accordance with claim 1 or claim 2,
    characterized in that
    the longitudinal extent (4) of the slot radiator (3) amounts to approximately half a wavelength and the dipole spacing (14) from the electrically conductive base plane (2) is selected at approximately a quarter of the free space wavelength for the configuration of the circular polarization of the antenna and the phase difference of the signals at the dipole connection point (8) and at the slot connection point (7) amounts in dependence on the direction of rotation of the circular polarization to 0° or to a whole-number multiple of 180° and the signal powers present at the two radiator connection points (7, 8) are approximately equal in amount.
  4. An antenna in accordance with claim 1, claim 2 or claim 3,
    characterized in that
    the distribution network (13) is formed in the proximity of the center (Z) in a manner such that the one feed line connection site (25) is formed by the ground connection of the antenna line (11) at one of the two longitudinal margins (18) and the other feed line connection site (25) is formed by connection of the voltage-conductive conductor of the antenna line (11) adjacently on the oppositely disposed longitudinal margin (18); but such that the slot connection point (7) is formed at a spacing (16) from the center (Z) to lower the impedance of the slot radiator (3) and is connected via a parallel branch of the asymmetrical antenna line (11) via slot connection sites (19) formed in an analog manner.
  5. An antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 4,
    characterized in that
    the dipole and the dipole feed line (6) are printed onto a printed circuit board and phase and power conditions are satisfied by configuring the wave resistance and by configuring the line length by a meandering line guide designed substantially symmetrically to the vertical line of symmetry (ZL).
  6. An antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 5,
    characterized in that
    the distribution network (13) is formed from a circuit comprising dummy elements having the impedance transformation properties and phase rotation properties required for the satisfaction of phase and power conditions.
  7. An antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 6,
    characterized in that,
    to shorten the longitudinal extent (4) of the slot radiator (3), its two ends are shaped in transverse slots (22) designed symmetrically to the longitudinal line of symmetry (SL), oriented perpendicular thereto, and having the transverse slot length (23); and thus in that, in dependence on the transverse slot length (23) and on the transverse slot width (24), the resonant frequency of the slot occurs at a smaller longitudinal extent (4) than half the free space wavelength λ.
  8. An antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 7,
    characterized in that,
    to shorten the length of the electric dipole radiator (1), a respective similar end capacitance (21) is connected to its two ends.
  9. An antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 8,
    characterized in that
    the electrically conductive base plane (2) is the outer surface of an electrically conductive vehicle body formed from sheet metal; and in that the slot radiator (3) is introduced into the sheet metal.
  10. An antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 8,
    characterized in that
    the antenna line (11) to the slot radiator connection point (7) is configured as a stripline (20) configured asymmetrically with respect to the electrically conductive base plane (2) as the ground plane, with the strip conductor of said stripline being guided in the region of the slot of the slot radiator (3) perpendicular to its longitudinal extent and being guided at least partly over the slot, whereby the one of the slot connection sites (19) is given by the site on the electrically conductive base plane (2) at the point where the strip conductor intersects the one of the longitudinal margins (18) in the plan view and the other slot connection site (18) is given by a contactless radiation coupling of the voltage-conductive strip conductor on the oppositely disposed longitudinal margin (18).
  11. An antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 3 or 5 to 11,
    characterized in that
    parts of the slot radiator (3) are integrated into the distribution network (13) in a manner such that the signal power present at the antenna connection point (25) and to be split over the slot radiator (3) and the electric dipole radiator (1) is fed in at a point of the slot radiator (3) at the slot radiator connection point (7) and the feed of the signal power of the electric dipole radiator (1) is given by a connection of the feed line connection sites (25) to a different point of the slot radiator (3).
  12. An antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 11,
    characterized in that,
    for the transformation between the impedance of the slot radiator (3) that is large in comparison with the wave resistance of technically implementable lines to the impedance level of the electric dipole radiator (1) by the dipole feed line (6), this transformation is configured using at least two electric line pieces connected in a chain and each having λ/4 electrical length, with the impedance of the slot radiator (3) being transformed by this line piece to a lower impedance level than that of the dipole radiator (1) to achieve a sufficiently low-ohm technically implementable line wave resistance, and with this impedance level being transformed by the further line piece connected in a chain and having an implementably low line wave resistance into the impedance of the electric dipole radiator (1) higher for this purpose.
  13. An antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 12,
    characterized in that
    the dipole feed line includes a symmetrical two-wire line that is printed on a printed circuit board, whose one end is connected to the electric dipole radiator (1), and whose other end is connected to a transformation circuit comprising dummy elements and having a resonant character effecting the impedance matching to the high impedance level of the slot radiator (3); and in that phase shifter chains of concentrated dummy elements are present to satisfy phase conditions.
  14. An electrically conductive vehicle body having an antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 13,
    characterized in that
    an electrically conductive body in whose outer surface the slot radiator (3) is configured is introduced into the cut-out of the electrically conductive vehicle body and is electrically conductively connected thereto such that the outer surface of the electrically conductive body substantially fills up the cut-out of the electrically conductive vehicle body and complements the outer surface thereof with its surface and the electrically conductive base plane (2) is configured in this manner.
  15. An electrically non-conductive vehicle body having an antenna in accordance with any one of the claims 1 to 13,
    characterized in that
    the electrically conductive base plane (2) is formed by a surface of an electrically conductive body which is selected as having a sufficiently large area and into which the slot radiator (3) is introduced.
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