Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
  • C08G73/1042—Copolyimides derived from at least two different tetracarboxylic compounds or two different diamino compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G73/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing nitrogen with or without oxygen or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule, not provided for in groups C08G12/00 - C08G71/00
  • C08G73/06—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G73/10—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
  • C08G73/1046—Polyimides containing oxygen in the form of ether bonds in the main chain
  • C08G73/105—Polyimides containing oxygen in the form of ether bonds in the main chain with oxygen only in the diamino moiety
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D179/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing nitrogen, with or without oxygen, or carbon only, not provided for in groups C09D161/00 - C09D177/00
  • C09D179/04—Polycondensates having nitrogen-containing heterocyclic rings in the main chain; Polyhydrazides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
  • C09D179/08—Polyimides; Polyester-imides; Polyamide-imides; Polyamide acids or similar polyimide precursors
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04M3/00—Automatic or semi-automatic exchanges
  • H04M3/42—Systems providing special services or facilities to subscribers
  • H04M3/50—Centralised arrangements for answering calls; Centralised arrangements for recording messages for absent or busy subscribers ; Centralised arrangements for recording messages
  • H04M3/51—Centralised call answering arrangements requiring operator intervention, e.g. call or contact centers for telemarketing
  • H04M3/523—Centralised call answering arrangements requiring operator intervention, e.g. call or contact centers for telemarketing with call distribution or queueing
  • H04M3/5232—Call distribution algorithms
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
  • B05D7/00—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials
  • B05D7/14—Processes, other than flocking, specially adapted for applying liquids or other fluent materials to particular surfaces or for applying particular liquids or other fluent materials to metal, e.g. car bodies
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04M—TELEPHONIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04M2203/00—Aspects of automatic or semi-automatic exchanges
  • H04M2203/55—Aspects of automatic or semi-automatic exchanges related to network data storage and management
  • H04M2203/551—Call history

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of preparing a polyetherimide coated substrate, a polyetherimide coated substrate and the use of a polyetherimide coated substrate.
• the invention further relates to a polyetherimide intermediate.
• Uncoated metallic substrates such as steel are known to form iron oxides (rust) when in contact with water, oxygen or other strong oxidants. Further, the presence of salt, for example, in salt water, accelerates the rusting process.
• One method which is used to protect metallic substrates such as steel from corrosive environments is to provide such substrates with an impervious metallic coating of zinc or zinc/aluminium alloy. Such coatings are however expensive and erode over time due to the capacity of zinc and aluminium to afford cathodic protection.
• Organic coatings offer a viable alternative to protect metallic substrates such as steel from environmental degradation, primarily due to their moderate cost and ease of preparation. However, many organic coatings do not provide sufficient corrosion protection and/or contain high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are of environmental concern.
• VOCs volatile organic compounds
• Polyetherimides are a class of polyimide, which contain both ether and imide linkages along the polymeric backbone. Such polymers have been applied as films, adhesives, paints and moulded articles in the electronics, automotive and aerospace sectors in the past. Polyetherimides are typically obtained by polymerising an aromatic dianhydride and an aromatic diamine to form a high molecular weight polyetherimide intermediate known as polyamic acid. The polyetherimide intermediate is then shaped and subjected to a chemical or thermal treatment to produce the corresponding polyetherimide.
• Polyetherimides prepared according to the above method tend to be difficult to process since they possess high glass transition temperatures (Tg) and have limited solubility due to the presence of ordered aromatic groups along the polymeric backbone.
• Tg glass transition temperatures
• the above reactions are typically carried out in the presence of polar organic solvents such as N- methyl pyrrolidone, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide or Dimethylformamide, since these solvents are capable of solubilising the aromatic diamine and/or aromatic dianhydride and the polyetherimide intermediate.
• the corrosion resistance and flexibility of polyetherimides is influenced by molecular weight.
• a polyetherimide having an increased molecular weight (Mw) typically exhibits improved corrosion resistance and flexibility, whereas polyetherimides having lower molecular weights are less resistant and less flexible by comparison.
• NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
• polar organic solvents enables high molecular weight polyetherimides to be obtained, their hazardous and toxic nature introduces environmental and safety issues related to the handling and disposal of such solvents.
• a further disadvantage of using polar organic solvents is that they have a tendency to form complexes with polyetherimides, which upon solvent removal can lead to coating defects through the formation of voids.
• a method of preparing a polyetherimide coated metal substrate which comprises the steps of mixing an aromatic dianhydride or derivative thereof and an aliphatic polyetherdiamine in a water based solution; subjecting the mixture to a first heat treatment to produce a water based solution comprising a polyetherimide intermediate; applying the water based solution comprising the polyetherimide intermediate on the metal substrate; and subjecting the metal substrate and the water based solution comprising the polyetherimide intermediate thereon to a second heat treatment.
• polyetherimide intermediate was prepared in a water based solution
• corrosion resistance of the corresponding polyetherimide was comparable to that of a polyetherimide intermediate which had been prepared in an organic solvent such as NMP.
• polyetherimide coated steel substrates prepared according to the invention were subjected to a salt spray test (ASTM B1 17 standard) to investigate their corrosion resistance. After 400hrs no delamination or red rust spots were observed.
• the polyetherimides prepared according to the above method were found to be amorphous and exhibited improved flexibility relative to polyetherimides which comprise aromatic dianhydrides and aromatic diamines.
• the first heat treatment is carried out between 60°C and 120°C to copolymerise the aromatic dianhydride or derivative thereof and the aliphatic polyetherdiamine, thereby forming the polyetherimide intermediate.
• the water based solution comprising the polyetherimide intermediate is then applied on the metal substrate by roller coating, dipping or spraying.
• the second heat treatment comprises a drying step and a curing step wherein the polyetherimide intermediate is dried between 60°C and 100°C, preferably between 60°C and 80°C in a convection oven or by using near infrared radiation (NIR).
• NIR near infrared radiation
• the dried polyetherimide intermediate is then cured between 180 ° C and 220°C and preferably between 180°C to 200°C in a convection oven or by using NIR.
• Curing takes place at a pressure of 20 psi or less and preferably at atmospheric pressure.
• NIR in lieu of a convection oven enables the drying and curing steps of the second heat treatment to be carried out in seconds rather than in minutes.
• the use of a two-step approach in the second heat treatment reduces thermal shock and stresses in the polymer upon curing, avoids the formation of solvent bubbles and avoids the entrapment of water and/or organic solvents inside the polymer chains.
• Another advantage is that the polyetherimide intermediate can be cured at atmospheric pressure, this pressure is lower than the pressures that are typically used when preparing polyetherimides in the presence of water (>20 psi).
• the water based solution is water.
• the aromatic dianhydride and/or the aliphatic polyetherdiamine are water soluble and preferably the aromatic dianhydride is converted into a tetra-acid prior to the first heat treatment.
• the polyetherimide intermediate thus prepared is water soluble and polyetherimides having a molecular weight in the range of 1000 to 8000 and preferably 5000 to 8000 may be obtained. Since the polyetherimide intermediate is water soluble the use of high temperatures, e.g.
• the water based solution comprises an organic solvent and water, wherein the water content is 50% or above, preferably 80% or above and more preferably 90% or above.
• the organic solvent is water soluble and is able to solubilise the aromatic dianhydride, aliphatic polyetherdiamine and the polyetherimide intermediate.
• the organic solvent is N-methyl pyrrolidone, N,N- dimethylacetamide or Dimethylformamide.
• a water based solution which comprises a solvent allows polyetherimide intermediates to be obtained which have a molecular weight of 8000 or above, whereas the presence of water in the water based solution reduces the temperature that is required to dry the polyetherimide intermediate following its application on the metal substrate.
• Water based solutions comprising a water content of 80% or above or 90% or above have the advantage that the environmental and handling issues associated with solutions comprising organic solvents are reduced while the temperatures that are required to dry the polyetherimide intermediate are reduced relative to water based solutions which comprise lower water contents. Since polyetherimides having a molecular weight of 8000 or above may be obtained, it is possible to provide a polyetherimide coated metal substrate in which the polyetherimide coating possesses improved corrosion resistance and flexibility.
• the polyetherimide intermediate consists of one or more water soluble aliphatic polyetherdiamines.
• the water soluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine is provided in molar excess relative to the aromatic dianhydride to improve the solubility of the polyetherimide intermediate.
• the molar ratio of aromatic dianhydride to water soluble polyetherdiamine is 1 : 1.1 since the use of molar ratios in excess of 1 : 1.1 reduces the molecular weight of the polyetherimide intermediate thus produced.
• the water soluble aliphatic polyetherdiamines are soluble in a water based solution which comprises water or water and an organic solvent such as N-methyl pyrrolidone, ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethylacetamide or Dimethylformamide.
• a water soluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine increases the water solubility of the polyetherimide intermediate thus produced and enables water based solutions comprising higher water contents to be used.
• the polyetherimide intermediate comprises a water soluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine and a water insoluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine.
• the aromatic dianhydride is converted into a tetra-acid and then reacted with the water insoluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine in the presence of the water based solution.
• the aromatic dianhydride is provided in molar excess relative to the water insoluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine and preferably the molar ratio of aromatic dianhydride to water insoluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine is 1.1 : 1.
• the hydroxyl terminated pre-polymer thus produced is then copolymerised with the water soluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine to form the polyetherimide intermediate having improved corrosion resistance and flexibility.
• the polyetherdiamine of polyetherimide intermediate is a Jeff amine.
• a Jeff amine may be defined as a polyether compound which contains at least one primary amino group attached to the terminus of a polyether backbone, wherein the polyether backbone is based either on propylene oxide (PO), ethylene oxide (EO), or mixed EO/PO.
• Particularly suitable Jeff amines include 0,0'-Bis(2- aminopropyl) polypropylene glycol-Woc/c-polyethylene glycol-fe/oc/f-polypropylene glycol (J1 ), 4,7, 10- trioxa-1 , 13-tridecanediamine (J2), Poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether having a molecular weight 230 (J3), Poly(propylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether having a molecular weight of 400 (J4) and 1 ,2-bis(2-aminoethoxyethane) (J5).
• the flexibility of the polyetherimide coating may be increased by selecting Jeff amines having an increased number of ether groups.
• the selection of Jeff amines reduces the glass transition temperature (T g ) of the polyamic acid intermediate, which enables lower temperatures to be used during the second heat treatment.
• Jeff amines which have been used in accordance with the invention include:
• the aliphatic polyetherdiamine contains between 2 and 20 ether linkages, preferably between 2 and 13 ether linkages and more preferably between 2 and 6 ether linkages.
• the inventors have found that the use of aliphatic polyetherdiamines having a higher number of ether groups improved polyetherimide coating flexibility.
• aliphatic polyetherdiamines having a higher number of ether groups also exhibit an improvement in polyetherimide coating adhesion since the oxygen groups act as electron donating Lewis base sites.
• aliphatic polyetherdiamines which possess a lower number of ether groups exhibit a reduction in polyetherimide coating flexibility but an increase in the corrosion resistance of the polyetherimide coating.
• the use of aliphatic polyetherdiamines in lieu of aromatic polyetherdiamines enables polyetherimide coatings to be obtained having improved flexibility, even if the aliphatic polyetherdiamine has a low number of ether groups.
• Aromatic dianhydrides used in accordance with the invention include 3, 3', 4, 4'-Biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPDA), pyrometallic dianhydride (PMDA), Benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BPTA), 4,4'-Bisphenol A dianhydride (BPADA), 4,4' Oxydiphthalic Anhydride (ODPA) and 4, 4'-(hexafluoro-isopropylidene) diphthalic anhydride (FDA).
• BPDA 3, 3', 4, 4'-Biphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride
• PMDA pyrometallic dianhydride
• BPTA Benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride
• BPADA 4,4'-Bisphenol A dianhydride
• ODPA 4,4' Oxydiphthalic Anhydride
• FDA 4'-(hexafluoro-iso
• Dianhydrides such as BPDA, BPTA and BPADA contain very rigid biphenyl structures that improve the corrosion resistance and the mechanical properties of the polyetherimide.
• the copolymerisation of a dianhydride such as ODPA should result in more adhesive and formable polyetherimides due to the presence of ether groups along the polymeric backbone, whereas the copolymerisation of FDA should lead to a polyetherimide exhibiting improved adhesive properties due to the presence of highly polar fluorine groups which can interact strongly with the metal substrate.
• the polyetherimide intermediate comprises an epoxy based silane.
• the epoxy based silane comprises methoxy, ethoxy, aryl, acrylic, or vinyl groups.
• the epoxy based silane is 3- glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane or aminopropyl triethoxysilane.
• the polyetherimide intermediates are end-capped with epoxy based silanes by adding up to 30 mol% epoxy based silane to the water based solution comprising the polyetherimide intermediate. It was found that the flexibility of the polyetherimide coating could be improved by adding 20 mol% of epoxy based silane without sacrificing the corrosion resistance of the coating.
• the polyetherimide intermediate comprises an epoxy based silane in the range of 10 to 30 mol%, preferably 10 to 25 mol% and more preferably 10 to 20 mol%, the corresponding polyetherimide coating exhibits less than 10% delamination from the metal substrate.
• the water based solution comprising the polyetherimide intermediate is provided with a metal oxide nanoparticle or a corrosion inhibitor or a halloysite or a mixture thereof.
• metal oxide nanoparticles such as silica, titania, magnesia, alumina or carbon nanotubes are used to improve the corrosion resistance, barrier resistance and the conductivity of the polyetherimide coating.
• corrosion inhibitors such as sodium gluconate, sodium benzoate, L-Ascorbic acid, 8-hydroxy quinine, n-benzotrizole, mercaptobenzimidazol mercaptobenzothiazole or derivatives thereof are used to improve the corrosion resistance of the polyetherimide coating.
• halloysites are used as nanofillers or as corrosion inhibitor carriers for the controlled release of corrosion inhibitors; such halloysites comprise calcium carbonate, zeolites, barium sulphate, barium phosphate, copper ferrocyanites, carbon nanotubes and kalonites.
• Metal nanoparticles including Al, Mg, Zn, Cu, Ni or alloys thereof can also be used to improve the corrosion resistance and the conductivity of the polyetherimide coating.
• Carbides such as TiC and nitrides such as ⁇ are also suitable for this purpose.
• the metal oxide nanoparticles, corrosion inhibitors, halloysites or mixtures thereof are provided in the water based solution comprising the polyetherimide intermediate and mixed using conventional means that would be familiar to the person skilled in the art, i.e. sonication and/or mechanical stirring. Upon curing the water based solution comprising the polyetherimide intermediate, the metal oxide nanoparticle, corrosion inhibitor, halloysite or mixture thereof become dispersed in the polyetherimide coating that is formed.
• the metal substrate comprises a steel strip, sheet, wire, rebar or blank.
• the steel is a carbon steel, a cold-rolled steel or a hot-rolled steel.
• the polyetherimide coating is able to interact strongly with the underlying steel substrate through acid-base interactions and/or hydrogen bonding, which leads to an improvement in coating adhesion.
• Other metal substrates on which the polyetherimide coating may be provided include aluminium, copper, nickel, tin, zinc or brass.
• the metal substrate comprises a coating selected from the group consisting of zinc, zinc oxide, zinc and aluminium, nickel, magnesium, silane or zirconium.
• the metal substrate is pre-treated with zinc, zinc oxide, alloys of zinc and aluminium, magnesium or nickel to improve corrosion resistance, whereas metal substrates pre-treated with silane or zirconium exhibit improved adhesion properties since strong covalent bonds are formed between the polyetherimide and the pre- treated metal substrate surface.
• Polar groups of the polyetherimide are also able to hydrogen bond with hydroxyl groups of the zirconium or silane coated metal substrate surfaces.
• a polyetherimide coated metal substrate which comprises an aromatic dianhydride or derivative thereof and an aliphatic polyetherdiamine.
• the embodiments and the advantages thereof hereinabove similarly apply to the aromatic dianhydride or derivative thereof, the aliphatic polyetherdiamine, the polyetherimide intermediate and the polyetherimide coated metal substrate of the second aspect of the invention.
• a polyetherimide coated metal substrate wherein the polyetherimide is resistant to temperatures in the range of 400°C to 500 ° C. Such a temperature resistance is due to the presence of a polyetherimide pentagonal link which is formed following the steps of drying and curing the polyetherimide intermediate.
• the inventors found that in addition to the improved temperature resistance of the polyetherimide, an improvement in coating flexibility, coating adhesion and corrosion resistance was also observed.
• the polyetherimide of the polyetherimide coated metal substrate comprising an aromatic dianhydride or derivative thereof and an aliphatic polyetherdiamine has a dry film thickness in the range of 1-10 ⁇ , preferably in the range of 1 -5 ⁇ and more preferably in the range of 1-3 m.
• both thick ( ⁇ 10 ⁇ ) and thin polyetherimide coatings ( ⁇ 5 ⁇ ) exhibit an improvement in corrosion resistance whereas thin coatings also improve coating performance with respect to weldability and formability.
• the polyetherimide of the polyetherimide coated metal substrate has a coating thickness of 10 ⁇ or below since with higher thicknesses the polyetherimide may delaminate from the metal substrate.
• a polyetherimide intermediate in a water based solution which polyetherimide intermediate comprises an aromatic dianhydride or derivative thereof and an aliphatic polyetherdiamine.
• the polyetherimide intermediate is prepared in water or in a solution comprising water and an organic solvent. It should be understood that the embodiments and the advantages thereof described hereinabove, similarly apply to the aromatic dianhydride, aliphatic polyetherdiamine and the polyetherimide intermediate of the third aspect of the invention.
• the method for producing the water based solution comprising the polyetherimide intermediate comprises the steps of:
• the water based solution comprising the polyetherimide intermediate is suitable for use in the first aspect of the invention.
• the polyetherimide coated metal substrate may be used as a layer in a photovoltaic device, preferably an organic photovoltaic device, more preferably a thin film solar cell and even more preferably in a dye sensitised solar cell.
• a photovoltaic device preferably an organic photovoltaic device, more preferably a thin film solar cell and even more preferably in a dye sensitised solar cell.
• the polyetherimide layer functions as an electrically insulating layer which is also resistant to corrosion and temperatures in the range of 400 ° C to 500 ° C.
• the polyetherimide coated metal substrate could be used in a dye sensitised solar cell having a reverse design, which comprises a working electrode, a counter electrode and an electrolyte disposed there between.
• the polyetherimide coated metal substrate could form the first two layers of the working electrode which further comprises a conductive layer on the polyetherimide and a dye sensitised metal oxide layer on the conductive layer.
• the polyetherimide prevents the metal substrate from being corroded by the electrolyte and is able to withstand temperatures in the range of 400 ° C to 500°C which are typically used to sinter the metal oxide before it is sensitised with the dye.
• the polyetherimide coated substrate is also suitable for use in the automotive industry where the polyetherimide coating will provide corrosion protection to the underlying steel substrate.
• Anhydride (97%) (10 mmole, 3.032g) and de-ionised water (80ml) were charged into a 200ml one neck flask having a nitrogen inlet.
• an aliphatic water soluble polyetherdiamine such as 0,0'-Bis(2-aminopropyl)polypropyleneglycol-b/oc/c-polyethylene glycol-0/oc/ polypropylene glycol (J1 ) (10 mmol, 6.0 g) thereby forming a white suspension.
• the white suspension was stirred under N 2 at 60 °C for 4 hours until the aromatic dianhydride and J1 were solubilised.
• the water based solution comprising TAW1 was then roll coated on to a degreased steel substrate and dried at a temperature of 80 ° C for a period of 5 minutes to remove the water based solution.
• the TAW 1 coated steel substrate was cured at a temperature of 200 ° C for 5 minutes to form the corresponding polyetherimide.
• Examples 1a -1c relate to polyetherimide coated substrates wherein the polyetherimide has a dry film thickness of 2pm, 5pm and 10pm respectively.
• Example 2a In a second experiment 10 mmol (3.032g) of 4,4'-Biphthalic Anhydride (97%) and de-ionised water (80ml) were charged into a 200ml one neck flask having a nitrogen inlet. To this solution was added 10 mmol (6.0g) of 0,0'-Bis(2- aminopropyl)polypropyleneglycol-b/oc/(-polyethylene g ⁇ yco ⁇ -block polypropylene glycol (J1 ) to form a white suspension. The white suspension was stirred under N 2 at 60 °C for 4 hours until the aromatic dianhydride and J1 were solubilised.
• Example 2b was prepared according to the method of Example 2a except that the polyetherdiamine was provided in molar excess (11 mmol) relative to the aromatic dianhydride (10 mmol). Excess amine was used to ensure that enough amine is available for the further chain extension with epoxy based silane coupling agents.
• Example 3a In a third experiment 14 mmol (4.248g) of 4,4'-Biphthalic Anhydride (97%) and of di-ionized water (80 ml) were charged into a 200ml one neck flask having a nitrogen inlet. This solution was refluxed at 120°C for a period of 2 hours to form a tetra-acid before a water insoluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine such as 2,2'-(Ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (J5)
• a water insoluble aliphatic polyetherdiamine such as 2,2'-(Ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) (J5)
• a water soluble polyetherdiamine such as Polypropylene glycol) bis(2-aminopropyl ether) J3 (4 mmol,
• the TAW 2 coated steel substrate was cured at a temperature of
• Example 3b was prepared according to the method of Example 3a except that the polyetherimide intermediate was dried at 100°C prior to the step of curing the polyetherimide intermediate TAW2.
• Comparative example C1 relates to a polyetherimide coated steel substrate wherein the polyetherimide consists of BPDA and 4,4'-(1 ,3-Phenylenedioxy)dianiline (M1).
• the polyetherimide of C1 was prepared in 100% organic solvent.
• Comparative examples C2-C3 also relate to polyetherimide coated steel substrates.
• the polyetherimide coating of C2 consists of BPDA, M1 , m-phenylenediamine (MPA) and diminobenzoic acid (DABA) whereas the polyetherimide coating of C6 consists of BPDA, M1 , MPA and 3,5-diaminophenol.
• C1-C3 were all prepared in NMP.
• the polyetherimide coated substrates were then subjected to a number of tests to assess the corrosion resistance, flexibility and adhesion of the polyetherimide coatings. It is remarked that in previous experiments the assignment of classification category (excellent, good, bad coating performance) was erroneous. The results of the abovementioned tests are shown in Table 1 , where a stricter interpretation of excellent, good and bad coating performance has been used.
• the thermal stability of the polyetherimide coatings was assessed by thermo- gravimetric analysis using a Perkin Elmer pyris diamond DMA. Polyetherimide coatings were heated at a rate of 10 °C/min over a temperature range of 25°C to 600°C. Using the same apparatus it was also possible to determine the temperature for 10% weight loss which is a measure of polymer stability. It was found that the polyetherimide coating of Examples 1a, 1 b, and 1c exhibited a 10% weight loss at a temperature of 480'C. However, after considering the water loss of imidisation the actual temperature at which 0% weight loss occurs is 410°C.
• the Salt spray test (ASTM B117 standard) is used to measure the corrosion resistance of coated and uncoated metallic specimens, when exposed to a salt spray at elevated temperature.
• Polyetherimide coated steel substrates were placed in an enclosed chamber at 35 °C and exposed to a continuous indirect spray (fogging) of 5% salt solution (pH 6.5 to 7.2), which falls-out on to the coated steel substrate at a rate of 1.0 to 2.0 ml/80cm 2 /hour.
• the fogging of 5% salt solution is at the specified rate and the fog collection rate is determined by placing a minimum of two 80 sq. cm. funnels inserted into measuring cylinders graduated in ml. inside the chamber. This climate is maintained under constant steady state conditions. The samples are placed at a 15-30 degree angle from vertical.
• the test duration is variable.
• the sample size is 76 x 127 x 0.8 mm, are cleaned, weighed, and placed in the chamber in the proximity of the collector funnels. After exposure the panels are critically observed for blisters, red rust spots and delaminations.
• Polyetherimide coated steel substrates were deemed to have excellent corrosion resistance if 10% or less of the substrate surface was covered by red rust and/or blisters. Polyetherimide coated steel substrates were deemed to have good corrosion resistance if 11 - 15% of the substrate surface was covered by red rust and/or blisters. Polyetherimide coated steel substrates were deemed to have bad corrosion resistance if greater than 15% of the substrate surface is covered by red rust and/or blisters.
• Coating flexibility was analysed using an Erichsen cupping test (ISO 20482), which is a ductility test that is typically employed to evaluate the ability of metallic sheets and strips to undergo plastic deformation in stretch forming. Cups were made using 5KN pressure. If no cracks are observed during the Erichsen cupping test then the flexibility of the coating is excellent. If one or more cracks are observed then the flexibility of the coating is bad.
• ISO 20482 Erichsen cupping test
• Adhesion was evaluated by a scratch tape test (ASTM D 3359), which is a method for assessing the adhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure sensitive tape over cuts made in the film. If 5% or less of the coating was removed by the adhesive tape then the adhesion of the coating to the steel substrate is excellent. If 6-15 % of the coating was removed by the adhesive tape then coating adhesion is good, and if the adhesive tape removed greater than 15% of the coating then coating adhesion was bad.
• ASTM D 3359 is a method for assessing the adhesion of coating films to metallic substrates by applying and removing pressure sensitive tape over cuts made in the film. If 5% or less of the coating was removed by the adhesive tape then the adhesion of the coating to the steel substrate is excellent. If 6-15 % of the coating was removed by the adhesive tape then coating adhesion is good, and if the adhesive tape removed greater than 15% of the coating then coating adhesion was bad.
• Table 1 Overview of corrosion resistance, flexibility and adhesion properties of polyetherimide coatings on steel substrates, wherein *** is excellent, ** is good, * is bad coating performance.

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