EP2537992A1 - Procédé pour réduire la largeur de fissures en maçonnerie - Google Patents

Procédé pour réduire la largeur de fissures en maçonnerie Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2537992A1
EP2537992A1 EP11170780A EP11170780A EP2537992A1 EP 2537992 A1 EP2537992 A1 EP 2537992A1 EP 11170780 A EP11170780 A EP 11170780A EP 11170780 A EP11170780 A EP 11170780A EP 2537992 A1 EP2537992 A1 EP 2537992A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
reinforcement
wires
strip
design
reinforcement strip
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11170780A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jorrit Gillijns
Jozef Filo
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bekaert NV SA
Original Assignee
Bekaert NV SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bekaert NV SA filed Critical Bekaert NV SA
Priority to EP11170780A priority Critical patent/EP2537992A1/fr
Priority to IT000277A priority patent/ITRM20120277A1/it
Priority to BE201200402A priority patent/BE1020633A5/nl
Priority to US13/525,974 priority patent/US20130014462A1/en
Priority to NL2009032A priority patent/NL2009032C2/nl
Priority to GB1210957.5A priority patent/GB2492226A/en
Publication of EP2537992A1 publication Critical patent/EP2537992A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2002/0256—Special features of building elements
    • E04B2002/028—Spacers between building elements
    • E04B2002/0282—Separate spacers

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a method of reducing the width of cracks that may be induced in masonry reinforced with reinforcement strips.
  • the invention further relates to a strip for the reinforcement of masonry.
  • Strips for the reinforcement of masonry are known in the art. Masonry has a high compressive strength but a limited tensile strength. This leads to cracking when tensile and/or shear stresses develop. By reinforcing masonry with strips, the risk of cracking is substantially reduced.
  • reinforcement strips having longitudinal wires having a high yield strength are existing, up to now calculation in the design are done with the much lower design yield strength. Using a higher design yield strength is of high importance as this may lead to a reduction in the cross-section of the longitudinal wires. A reduction of the cross-section of the longitudinal wires not only result in a reduction of the amount of steel required but also in a reduction of the minimum required thickness of a mortar joint.
  • a method to reduce the width of cracks that may be induced in masonry comprises layers of bricks and joints, preferably mortar joints.
  • the method according to the present invention comprises the step of reinforcing at least one joint with reinforcement strips.
  • the reinforcement strips comprise at least two straight, substantially parallel reinforcement wires connected to each other by means of a wire connecting structure.
  • the reinforcements wires are preferably connected to each other by welding a wire connecting structure between two adjacent reinforcement wires, for example by welding the wire connecting structure on mutually facing sides of the two reinforcement wires, alternately on the first reinforcement wire and the second reinforcement wire.
  • the reinforcement wires are preferably steel wires.
  • the wire connecting structure is preferably made of steel.
  • the reinforcement wires have a yield strength f y and a design yield strength f yd.
  • the design yield strength fy d corresponds with the yield strength fy divided by safety factor ⁇ s .
  • the reinforcement wires of the reinforcement strip according to the present invention have a design yield strength fy d equal or higher than 550/ ⁇ s N/mm 2 , more preferably a design yield strength fy d equal or higher than 600/ ⁇ s N/mm 2 .
  • the safety factor ⁇ s is a partial factor for a material property (steel), taking uncertainties in the material into account.
  • the safety factor ⁇ s is for example equal to 1.15.
  • the reinforcement wires preferably have an equivalent diameter lower than 4 mm, more preferably lower than 3.80 mm for example 3.65 mm.
  • the reinforcement strip will provide a resistance F to the loads applied.
  • the design value of the resistance of the reinforcement strip to loads applied is called F d .
  • the bond capacity F bok of a reinforcement strip in masonry can be determined by European Standard EN846-2. In the test of this European Standard a strip is embedded in mortar in a small wall of bonded masonry units. The strip is then subjected to tension in order to determine its bond strength.
  • the reinforcement strip has a design value of the bond capacity F bod also called design bond capacity.
  • the design bond capacity F bod is defined as the bond capacity F bok divided by a safety factor ⁇ s , i.e. F bok / ⁇ s .
  • the safety factor ⁇ s is a partial factor for a material (steel reinforcement) including uncertainties about geometry and modeling. ⁇ s is typically ranging between 1.7 and 2.7
  • the design yield strength f yd of the reinforcement wires and the equivalent diameter d of the reinforcement wires are chosen in such a way that the design value of the resistance of a reinforcement strip to loads applied F d is equal or lower than the design bond capacity F bod of the reinforcement strip without increasing the width of crack possibly induced in the masonry.
  • the anchorage length of a reinforcement strip is limited by the design of the reinforcement strip. More particularly, the wire connecting structure limits the lap length of two neighbouring reinforcement strips.
  • a preferred method of overlapping reinforcement strips is by sliding one end of a second reinforcement strip in one end of a first reinforcement strip in such a way that the reinforcement wires of the neighbouring reinforcement strips remain in one plane and the first reinforcement wire of the first strip is thereby adjacent to the first wire of the second reinforcement strip and the second reinforcement wire of the first reinforcement strip is adjacent to the second wire reinforcement wire of the second reinforcement strip.
  • the lap length of two neighbouring reinforcement strips is limited by the design of the reinforcement strip, more particularly by the wire connecting structure.
  • the design yield strength f yd and the equivalent diameter of the reinforcement wires d have to be chosen in such a way that the design value of the resistance of a reinforcement strip to loads applied F d is equal or lower than the design bond capacity F bod of the reinforcement strip in the mortar over the anchorage length of the reinforcement strip.
  • the anchorage length is limited by the design of the reinforcement strip.
  • the equivalent diameter of the reinforcement wires should be reduced to balance the design value of the resistance of a reinforcement strip F d with the bond capacity F bod and thus to avoid pull out over the provided anchorage length.
  • a crack is induced in a masonry cross-section when the local tensile strength of the masonry is exceeded.
  • the tensile loads are taken by the reinforcement strip.
  • the load at the crack is then further transmitted from the reinforcement strip to the mortar, more particularly from the reinforcement wires of the reinforcement strip to the mortar, over a length called the loading length l a of the reinforcement strip or more particularly the loading length of the reinforcement wires of the reinforcement strip.
  • the strain in the steel is equal to the strain in the masonry.
  • the width of a crack is related to the loading length and the strain of the reinforcement strip at the crack.
  • the reinforcement wires of the reinforcement strip according to the present invention are provided with a plurality of ribs.
  • the loading length can be reduced.
  • the method according to the present invention allows using reinforcement strips having high tensile reinforcement wires without increasing the width of cracks induced in masonry.
  • the reinforcement wires are preferably steel wires.
  • the steel comprises stainless steel.
  • the steel wires are coated, for example with a zinc or zinc alloy coating or with a polymer coating.
  • the reinforcement wires may have any type of cross-section.
  • Preferred reinforcement wires have a circular cross-section, a rectangular or a square cross-section.
  • the reinforcement wires are preferably drawn wires, although wires made of sheet material and profiled wire can also be considered.
  • the equivalent diameter of the reinforcement wires is preferably equal or lower than 4 mm, for example 3.65 mm, 3.5 mm, 3.2 mm or 3 mm.
  • the wire connecting structure preferably comprises a wire having an equivalent diameter ranging between 2 and 4 mm.
  • the wire is a steel wire.
  • the wire connecting structure is provided with protuberances protruding from the plane comprising said at least two straight reinforcement wires.
  • the protuberances of the wire connecting structure form a spacing element which keep the at least two straight reinforcement wires at a specific distance form the layer of bricks below or from the layer of bricks above or from both the layer of bricks below and above in order to guarantee the embedment of the reinforcing wires in the mortar.
  • the mortar can be applied before the laying of the reinforcement strips, after the laying of the reinforcement strips or before and after the layer of the reinforcement strips.
  • the advantage of providing the wire connecting structure with protuberances protruding from the plane comprising the at least two reinforcement wires allows the complete embedment of the reinforcement wires in mortar.
  • the thickness of the joint, more particularly the mortar joint is higher than the "thickness" of the reinforcement strip.
  • thickness of the reinforcement strip is meant the height or depth of the protuberances of the wire connecting structure or the sum or the height of dept of the protuberances of the wire connecting structure and the diameter of the reinforcement wires.
  • a further advantage of using reinforcement strip having a wire connecting structure provided with protuberances is that as the reinforcement wires are completely embedded in the mortar layer, loads induced at a crack are transmitted over the shortest possible loading length from the reinforcement strip to the mortar. Furthermore, the reinforcement wires will not be weakened by any deformation and maintain their full tensile strength along their whole length.
  • This preferred type of reinforcement strips allows masons at a building site to use the following way of operation: applying firstly a reinforcement strip on the upper side of the last laid layer of bricks followed by applying a mortar layer before the next layer of bricks is applied.
  • This way of operation offers serious advantages compared to the recommended way of operation comprising the steps of: applying firstly a mortar layer on the upper surface of the last laid layer of bricks, then applying the reinforcement strip, finally applying another mortar layer on the reinforcement strip before the next layer of bricks is applied.
  • the usually recommended way of operation is a cumbersome operation.
  • the protuberances may be provided by bending the wire connecting structure.
  • the protuberances may be provided at one side of the plane comprising the reinforcement wires, for example at the upper side or at the lower side.
  • the protuberances are provided at both sides of the plane comprising the reinforcement wires, i.e. at the upper and at the lower side.
  • the bent protuberances of the wire connecting structure may have any form as for example a sinusoidal form.
  • the protuberances of the wire connecting structure are located close to the reinforcement wires, e.g. within a distance of maximum 10 cm from the connecting points between the wire connecting structure and the reinforcement wires, e. g. within a distance of maximum 8 cm, e.g. of maximum 5 cm, e.g. of maximum 3 cm.
  • This embodiment is particular advantageous for reinforcement strips to be used to reinforce walls where the bricks have hollow spaces inside. In case the spacing elements are located in the middle of the wire connecting structure, the protuberances risk to fall inside the hollow spaces and to miss completely their spacing function.
  • a reinforcement strip adapted for the reinforcement of masonry comprises reinforcement at least two straight, substantially parallel reinforcement wires connected to each other by means of a wire connecting structure.
  • the reinforcement strip comprises two straight, substantially parallel steel reinforcement wires.
  • the wire connecting structure is preferably made of steel.
  • the reinforcement wires have a yield strength f y and a design yield strength f yd .
  • the reinforcement wires of the reinforcement strip according to the present invention have a design yield strength f yd equal or higher than 550/ Ys N/mm 2 , more preferably a design yield strength f yd equal or higher than 600/ Ys N/mm 2 .
  • the safety factor ⁇ s is for example equal to 1.15.
  • the reinforcement The reinforcement wires preferably have an equivalent diameter lower than 4 mm, more preferably lower than 3.80 mm for example 3.65 mm.
  • the reinforcement wires are provided with a plurality of ribs.
  • masonry reinforced with the above described reinforcement strips is provided.
  • Figure 1 describes a reinforcement strip 100 comprising two straight, substantially parallel steel reinforcement wires 102 welded to each other by means of a steel wire connecting structure 104.
  • the wire connecting structure 104 of the embodiment shown in Figure 1 runs between the two reinforcement wires 102 along a substantially zig-zag line.
  • Such a wire reinforcement strip is called a truss type.
  • Ladder type reinforcement strips having as wire connecting structure a series of cross members as described in US2929238 and US6629393 can also be considered.
  • the reinforcement wires 102 are steel wires having a yield strength f y equal or higher than 550 N/mm 2 . More preferably, the reinforcement wires 102 have a yield strength fy higher than 600 N/mm 2 .
  • the reinforcement wires 102 have a design yield strength f yd .
  • the design yield strength f yd of the reinforcement wires 102 is equal or higher than 550/ ⁇ s N/mm 2 . More preferably the design yield strength f yd of the reinforcement wires 102 is equal or higher than 600/ ⁇ s N/mm 2 .
  • the reinforcement wires 102 have an equivalent diameter d equal or lower than 4 mm. In the embodiment shown in Figure 1 the reinforcement wires 102 are wires having a circular cross-section having a diameter of 3.65 mm.
  • the reinforcement wires 102 are provided with a plurality of ribs 106.
  • the reinforcement strip 100 has a resistance F against loads applied on the reinforcement strip.
  • the resistance F has a design value F d equal to the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement wires 102 in tension multiplied by the design yield strength f yd .
  • the reinforcement strip 100 once embedded in mortar has a design bond capacity F bod .
  • the design yield strength fy d of the reinforcement wires 102 and the equivalent diameter d of the reinforcement wires 102 are chosen in such a way that the design value F d of the reinforcement strip is equal or lower than the bond capacity F bod . It is essential for the reinforcement strip according to the present invention that the reinforcement wires are provided with a plurality of ribs.
  • the diameter of the wire connecting structure 104 is preferably lower than 4 mm, for example ranging between 2 and 4 mm, as for example 2.5 mm or 3 mm.
  • FIG 2 shows an embodiment of a reinforcement strip 200 according to the present invention whereby the wire connecting structure 204 of the strip is provided with protuberances.
  • the reinforcement strip 200 has two straight, substantially parallel steel reinforcement wires 202 welded to each other by means of a steel wire connecting structure 204.
  • the welding may be any type of welding such as spot welding or butt welding.
  • the reinforcement wires 202 are provided with a plurality of ribs 206.
  • the wire connecting structure 204 runs between the two reinforcement wires 202 along a substantially zig-zag line and is provided with protuberances 208 protruding at one side from the plane comprising the two reinforcement wires 202.
  • the protuberances 208 are formed by bending some parts of the wire connecting structure 204 out of the plane formed by the two reinforcement wires at one side of this plane. It is possible to provide each length of wire 210 between the reinforcement wires 202 with one or more protuberance(s) 208. It is also possible that not all lengths of wire 210 between the reinforcement wires 202 are provided with one or more protuberance(s) 208. In the embodiment shown in Figure 2 there is a protuberance 208 for each pair of successive steel wire lengths 210.
  • the protuberances 208 have a certain depth (or height) of for example 1 to 6 mm with respect to the plane formed by the upper part of the two reinforcement wires 202. In this way the protuberances 208 form spacing elements. More preferably the protuberances 208 have a dept (or height) ranging between 1 mm and 4 mm, for example between 2 or 3 mm with respect to the plane formed by the upper part of the two reinforcement wires 202. In this way the protuberances 208 form spacing elements or distance holders for the reinforcement strip 200.
  • the protuberances define in this way a certain thickness of the joint between the two adjacent brick layers which is higher than the total thickness of the reinforcement strip, i.e. the sum of the diameter of the reinforcement wire 202 and the depth (or height) of the protuberances 208 of the wire connecting structure.
  • Figure 3 shows a perspective view of a small part of masonry 320 comprising two adjacent layers of bricks 301, 303 and an intermediate joint 305 of mortar or another adhesive.
  • the joint 305 is reinforced by means of a reinforcement strip 300 similar to the reinforcement strip shown in Figure 2 .
  • the reinforcement strip has two reinforcement wires 302, each reinforcement wire 302 provided with a plurality of ribs.
  • the reinforcement wires 302 are connected by a wire connecting structure 304.
  • the wire connecting structure 304 is provided with protuberances 308.
  • Figure 4 shows a cross-section of the embodiment of figure 3 along the line II-II' in Figure 3.
  • Figure 4 shows clearly that each protuberance 308 is designed to support on the upper surface of the lower layer 301 of bricks. It is clear, that by means of the protuberances 308 of the wire connecting structure 304, the reinforcement wires 302 are situated at a desired or specific distance above the upper surface of the lower layer of bricks 301 and therefore are correctly embedded in the mortar joint 305.
  • the embodiment of reinforcement strip 500 shown in Figure 5 has a wire connecting structure 504 having protuberances 508 protruding at both sides of the plane comprising the two reinforcement wires 502.
  • the protuberances 508 are designed to extend upwardly (dashed lines) and downwardly (full lines) from the plane defined by the two longitudinal reinforcement wires 502.
  • the reinforcement wires 502 are situated at a certain distance above the upper surface of the lower layer 501 of bricks, but also at a certain distance under the lower surface of the upper layer 503 of bricks because the protuberances 508 are now designed to contact the upper surface of the lower layer 501, as well as the lower surface of the upper layer 503. This means that the reinforcement wires 502 are still better embedded in the mortar joint 503.
  • a reinforcement strip 500 with both protuberances 508 upward and downward is very advantageous. First of all it can be placed on any side, there will always be a gap created both under and above the reinforcement wires 502. It is important to notice that the function of the reinforcement strip 500 according to the present invention is not to keep a fixed and constant distance between two layers of bricks, as disclosed in US-A-2004/182029 , but to allow the reinforcement wires 502 to be completely embedded in mortar.
  • a layer of mortar is preferably provided above the reinforcement strip, under the reinforcement strip or above and under the reinforcement strip.
  • Figure 6 shows a cross-section through a masonry 620 with still a further embodiment of the reinforcement strip 600.
  • the reinforcement strip 600 is a ladder-type strip, whereby some steel wires 604 connecting the two reinforcement wires 602 are bent to form protuberances 608 showing a substantially crenel-form.
  • all the undulations or corrugations of the deformed connecting wires 604 have the same height or depth. It is also possible to deform the steel wire connecting wires 604 to give these wires 604 a substantially sinusoidal form.
  • Figure 7a shows a cross-section of another embodiment of a reinforcement strip 700 at a certain location and Figure 7b shows a cross-section of this another embodiment of a reinforcement strip 700 at another location.
  • This reinforcement strip 700 is of the ladder type, i.e. the connecting structure 704 comprises several separate pieces of wire.
  • the separate pieces of wire are point welded alternatingly above the plane of the reinforcement wires 5 ( Figure 7a ) and under the plane of the reinforcement wires ( Figure 7b ).
  • the wire piece is point welded above the reinforcement wires 702 ( Figure 7a ).
  • a downward protuberance 708' the wire piece is point-welded under the reinforcement wires 702 ( Figure 7b ).
  • the embodiment of Figure 7a and Figure 7b has the advantage that the height or depth of the protuberances can be reduced with the thickness or diameter of the reinforcement wires 702.
  • FIG 8a, Figure 8b, and Figure 8c all illustrate embodiments of the reinforcement strip 800 where the spacing elements 808', 808" are located close to the reinforcement wires 802 in order to avoid that the spacing elements fall inside the hollow space of certain bricks.
  • the embodiment of Figure 8a is of a zigzag type reinforcement strip 800.
  • Each piece of connecting wire 804 has two parts 808' which have been bent downwards and two parts 808" which have been bent upwards.
  • the reason for providing both downwards and upwards bending is that the strip will provide its spacing function independent of the way it is laid down on the layer of bricks.
  • the spacing elements 808', 808" may each have a length of 1.5 cm to 2.5 cm in order to provide sufficient stability to the reinforcing strip on the layer of bricks and yet to avoid too much contact between the connecting wires and the layer of bricks.
  • FIG. 8b is also of a zigzag type reinforcement strip 800 but here each piece of connecting wire 804 has only one part 808' and one part 808". Experience has shown that this is sufficient for stability.
  • FIG. 8c The embodiment of Figure 8c is of a ladder type.
  • Each piece of connecting wire 804 has two parts 808' which have been bent downwards and two parts 808" which have been bent upwards.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Reinforcement Elements For Buildings (AREA)
  • Working Measures On Existing Buildindgs (AREA)
EP11170780A 2011-06-21 2011-06-21 Procédé pour réduire la largeur de fissures en maçonnerie Withdrawn EP2537992A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP11170780A EP2537992A1 (fr) 2011-06-21 2011-06-21 Procédé pour réduire la largeur de fissures en maçonnerie
IT000277A ITRM20120277A1 (it) 2011-06-21 2012-06-14 Procedimento per ridurre la larghezza di incrinature.
BE201200402A BE1020633A5 (nl) 2011-06-21 2012-06-15 Een werkwijze voor het reduceren van de scheurwijdte in gewapend metselwerk.
US13/525,974 US20130014462A1 (en) 2011-06-21 2012-06-18 Method of reducing the width of cracks in masonry
NL2009032A NL2009032C2 (nl) 2011-06-21 2012-06-19 Een werkwijze voor het reduceren van de scheurwijdte in gewapend metselwerk.
GB1210957.5A GB2492226A (en) 2011-06-21 2012-06-21 Reinforcement strip for locating in mortar joint between bricks in a wall.

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP11170780A EP2537992A1 (fr) 2011-06-21 2011-06-21 Procédé pour réduire la largeur de fissures en maçonnerie

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2537992A1 true EP2537992A1 (fr) 2012-12-26

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11170780A Withdrawn EP2537992A1 (fr) 2011-06-21 2011-06-21 Procédé pour réduire la largeur de fissures en maçonnerie

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US20130014462A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2537992A1 (fr)
BE (1) BE1020633A5 (fr)
GB (1) GB2492226A (fr)
IT (1) ITRM20120277A1 (fr)
NL (1) NL2009032C2 (fr)

Cited By (3)

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EP3040497A1 (fr) * 2014-12-30 2016-07-06 Associazione Nazionale degli Industriali dei Laterizi Maçonnerie antisismique
GB2538514A (en) * 2015-05-18 2016-11-23 Bekaert Sa Nv A masonry reinforcement structure comprising reinforcement wires provided with ribs
TWI561706B (fr) * 2015-05-26 2016-12-11

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WO2017210784A1 (fr) * 2016-06-06 2017-12-14 Nureva Inc. Entrée de commandes tactiles et vocales à corrélation temporelle

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EP3040497A1 (fr) * 2014-12-30 2016-07-06 Associazione Nazionale degli Industriali dei Laterizi Maçonnerie antisismique
GB2538514A (en) * 2015-05-18 2016-11-23 Bekaert Sa Nv A masonry reinforcement structure comprising reinforcement wires provided with ribs
TWI561706B (fr) * 2015-05-26 2016-12-11

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GB2492226A (en) 2012-12-26
NL2009032C2 (nl) 2013-09-25
BE1020633A5 (nl) 2014-02-04
GB201210957D0 (en) 2012-08-01
NL2009032A (nl) 2012-12-28
ITRM20120277A1 (it) 2012-12-22
US20130014462A1 (en) 2013-01-17

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