EP2475387B1 - Vap-1 inhibitors for use in treating fibrotic conditions - Google Patents

Vap-1 inhibitors for use in treating fibrotic conditions Download PDF

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EP2475387B1
EP2475387B1 EP10815041.8A EP10815041A EP2475387B1 EP 2475387 B1 EP2475387 B1 EP 2475387B1 EP 10815041 A EP10815041 A EP 10815041A EP 2475387 B1 EP2475387 B1 EP 2475387B1
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Prior art keywords
fibrosis
vap
seq
nos
fibrotic
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2475387A4 (en
EP2475387A1 (en
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Christopher Weston
Lee Charles Claridge
David Adams
David Smith
Nina Westerlund
Marjo Pihlavisto
Thua ÖSTERMAN
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Biotie Therapies Corp
University of Birmingham
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Biotie Therapies Corp
University of Birmingham
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Priority to PL10815041T priority Critical patent/PL2475387T3/pl
Priority to SI201031624T priority patent/SI2475387T1/en
Priority to RS20180101A priority patent/RS56809B1/sr
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Priority to HRP20180131TT priority patent/HRP20180131T1/hr
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Definitions

  • Fibrotic conditions usually occur as a result of a disturbed woundhealing process after trauma or chronic inflammation.
  • the fibrotic pathology is especially prevalent in organs that are on a regular basis exposed to chemical and biological insults, e.g. liver, lung, skin and kidney. Regardless if the disorder is acute or chronic they share a common characteristic of abnormal fibroblast activation and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM), leading to a loss of organ function as the normal tissue is replaced by scar tissue.
  • ECM extracellular matrix
  • said anti-VAP-1 antibody has a heavy chain polypeptide comprising a first CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 4 to 8, a second CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 9 to 13, and a third CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 14 to 18, and/or a light chain polypeptide comprising a first CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 27 to 31, a second CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 32 to 36 and a third CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 37 to 41.
  • hepatitis acute and chronic hepatitis, biliary disease and toxic liver injury, pulmonary fibrosis, renal fibrosis, including that resulting from diabetic nephropathy, myelofibrosis, pancreatic fibrosis, scleroderma, connective tissue diseases, scarring, skin fibrosis, cardiac fibrosis, organ transplant, vascular stenosis, restenosis, arterial fibrosis, arthrofibrosis, breast fibrosis, muscle fibrosis, retroperitoneal fibrosis, thyroid fibrosis, lymph node fibrosis, bladder fibrosis, pleural fibrosis and COPD, a disease in which airway walls are fibrotic with the accumulation of myofibroblasts and collagen, and like all fibrotic tissues, are contracted.
  • anti-VAP-1 antibody or “monoclonal anti-VAP-1 antibody” (MAb) is meant to include intact antibodies as well as antibody fragments, such as Fab and F(ab')2 fragments, which are capable of specifically binding to VAP-1 protein.
  • Other preferred anti-VAP-1 antibodies include those having a heavy chain polypeptide comprising a first CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 4 to 8, a second CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 9 to 13, and a third CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 14 to 18 and/or a light chain polypeptide comprising a first CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 27 to 31, a second CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 32 to 36 and a third CDR sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs 37 to 41.
  • SSAO inhibitors disclosed herein include, but are not limited to hydrazine derivatives such as allylhydrazines, especially phenylallylhydrazines; and hydroxylamine (i.e. aminoxy) derivatives. More specific examples of phenylallylhydrazines include but are not limited to 2-(phenyl-allyl)-hydrazine, N-[2-(4'-fluorophenyl)-allyl]-hydrazine and (E)-1-fluoro-2-phenyl-3-hydrazinopropene, whereas more specific examples of hydroxylamine derivatives include but are not limited to 2-aminooxyl-1-phenyl-ethanol, and 2-aminooxyl-1-(3',4'-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethanol.
  • SSAO inhibitors include any stereoisomer, mixture of stereoisomers, E or Z forms, mixture of E and Z forms, prodrug, metabolite, crystalline form, non-crystalline form, hydrate, solvate or salt thereof having an ability to inhibit or block the SSAO activity of VAP-1.
  • anti-VAP-1 antibodies may be provided as a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent and, as active ingredient, an anti-VAP-1 antibody.
  • the composition contains the anti-VAP-1 antibody in an amount sufficient to antagonize (fully or partially) the patient's SSAO activity or native VAP-1 binding to the biological ligands of VAP-1 in patients in need of such antagonizing.
  • Amounts and regimens for the administration of anti-VAP-1 antibodies may be determined readily by those with ordinary skill in the clinical art of treating fibrosis-related disorders.
  • the dosage of the anti-VAP-1 antibody treatment will vary depending on considerations such as: age, gender and general health of the patient to be treated; kind of concurrent treatment, if any; frequency of treatment and nature of the effect desired; extent of tissue damage; duration of the symptoms; and other variables to be adjusted by the individual physician.
  • a desired dose can be administered in one or more applications to obtain the desired results.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions according to the present embodiments may be provided in unit dosage forms.
  • Aqueous compositions according to the embodiments may comprise suitable buffer agents, such as sodium and potassium phosphates, citrate, acetate, carbonate or glycine buffers depending on the targeted pH-range.
  • suitable buffer agents such as sodium and potassium phosphates, citrate, acetate, carbonate or glycine buffers depending on the targeted pH-range.
  • sodium chloride as a tonicity adjuster is also useful.
  • Compositions may include other excipients, such as stabilizing agents or preservatives.
  • the therapeutically useful anti-VAP-1 antibodies may be conjugated, either chemically or by genetic engineering, to other agents, which provide targeting of the antibodies to a desired site of action.
  • other compounds may be conjugated, either chemically or by genetic engineering, to the antibodies, so as to enhance or provide additional properties to the antibodies, especially properties, which enhance the antibodies' ability to promote alleviation of harmful effects mediated by VAP-1 binding.
  • Level of sVAP-1 in a body fluid sample such as serum may be determined by the following method:
  • TR-IFMA time-resolved one-step immunofluorometric assay
  • DELFIA time-resolved one-step immunofluorometric assay
  • TK8-14 Biotie Therapies Corp.
  • Detection of bound soluble VAP-1 is done using europium-conjugated mouse anti-human VAP-1 antibody TK8-18 (Biotie Therapies Corp.) as a tracer.
  • the label is detected by measuring the time-resolved fluorescence (Victor3 multilabel counter) at 615 nm.
  • the fluorescence counts directly correlate with how much soluble VAP-1 is present in the sample.
  • the sample data are then analyzed in comparison to the standard curve of a reference.
  • the present disclosure provides a kit for use in diagnosis of fibrosis.
  • the kit comprises one or more reagents for assessing the amount sVAP-1, such as a specific anti-VAP-1 antibody, e.g. one of the anti-VAP-1 antibodies mentioned above.
  • the kit comprises one or more reagents for assessing the SSAO activity in a bodily fluid such as serum or plasma.
  • the kit may comprise a substrate for VAP-1 SSAO, such as benzylamine, methylamine, aminocetone or other aliphatic or aromatic monoamines, together with a suitable SSAO enzyme activity assay buffer, and a set of reagents and method for detecting SSAO activity.
  • SSAO activity may be detected using a coupled assay in which the generation of hydrogen peroxide from the action of SSAO activity on monoamine substrates is measured, or it may be measured directly by the monitoring the conversion of a water soluble amine to an organic solvent soluble aldehyde using a 14 C labelled amine substrate, such as benzylamine.
  • the aim of the study was to assess the effect of VAP-1 inhibitors on fibrotic liver injury in mouse.
  • mice All mice were maintained and housed under conventional conditions at the Biomedical services unit at the University of Birmingham, according to Home Office regulations. Four mice were housed per cage and acclimated to the housing situation for one week before the experiments.
  • Female C57BL/6 and VAP-1-/- mice (AOC3 gene knockout mice lacking VAP-1) of the age of 8-10 weeks were used in the study.
  • C57BL/6 mice were obtained from a stock colony from the Biomedical services unit at the University of Birmingham, whereas VAP-1-/- (AOC3 gene knockout) mice were obtained from the contract breeder Taconic, Denmark.
  • a mouse model of chronic hepatic fibrosis was established by i.p. administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCI4; Aldrich Chemical) at a dose of 1 ml/kg dissolved in mineral oil bi-weekly for 8 weeks, whereas the control group only received mineral oil.
  • Mice treated with a mouse anti-mouse VAP-1 antibody BTT-1029 received weekly i.v. injections two weeks prior to and during the CCI4 administration. Animals were terminated 96 h after the ultimate dose of CCI4. Blood samples were withdrawn by cardiac puncture during isoflurane anaesthesia, after which mice were culled by cervical dislocation. Livers were dissected and cut into 4 pieces for different processing.
  • HSC hepatic stellate cells
  • Activated HSC are regarded as the principal source for synthesising ECM components in fibrotic liver, including elastin.
  • CCI4 administered wild type livers showed a profound increase in ⁇ SMA and elastin mRNA levels, indicating an accumulation of ⁇ SMA expressing HSCs and deposition of elastin ( Figure 4 ).
  • the mRNA levels of both ⁇ SMA and elastin in BTT-1029 treated wild type and VAP-1-/- livers were significantly lower compared to the wild type liver.
  • the differences in elastin and collagen IV expression were also confirmed by confocal microscopy, whereas laminin levels remained unchanged ( Figure 3 ).
  • SSAO activities of the serum and liver tissue samples were assayed radiochemically using [7- 14 C]-benzylamine hydrochloride (spec. act. 57 mCi/mmol) as a substrate ( Figure 5 ).
  • Serum (40 mg/ml protein) or tissue preparations (2 mg/ml protein) were preincubated with 5 ⁇ M clorgyline and pargyline, and with non-specific binding tubes also with 1 mM semicarbazide at 37°C for 30 min. The assay was performed at 37°C for one hour in the final volume of 200 ⁇ l of 0.2 mM Na-phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing [7- 14 C]-benzylamine as a substrate.
  • Kidneys were fixed in 4 % paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin and cut into 4 ⁇ m sections. Histopathological analysis was done on Sirius red and H&E stained sections. Staining was performed according to standard procedures. The amount of Sirius red fibrils were quantified by threshold analysis using Image J software.
  • the tobacco smoke induced mouse model of COPD was employed to assess the effect of VAP-1 inhibitors on the treatment of COPD.
  • C57BL/6J mice were exposed once daily to tobacco smoke (TS) for 11 consecutive days resulting in pulmonary inflammation 24 hours following the final TS exposure. After 11 days the response comprised of significant increases in macrophages, epithelial cells, eosinophils, neutrophils and lymphocytes.
  • TS tobacco smoke
  • Neointimal and medial thickening is an early and essential stage in the development of atherosclerotic lesions and an essential component of restenosis. It is accompanied by fibrotic changes in the neointima and media of the vascular wall.
  • This study evaluated the role of blocking SSAO in fibrotic disease by evaluating the effect of systemic delivery (by daily ip injection) of a small molecule SSAO inhibitor (mofegiline, BTT-2089) on cuff-induced neointimal thickening (cuff-induced stenosis) in the femoral artery of ApoE3 Leiden mice that received a moderate western type diet.
  • the group treated with the SSAO inhibitor BTT-2079 10mg/kg i.p. daily also resulted in a significant reduction in neointima formation. No significant changes between all groups were seen in vessel wall diameter, media and lumen area.
  • the intima media ratios of the BTT-2079 10 mg/kg and BTT-2089 30 mg/kg were significantly less compared to the control group, but percentage lumen stenosis was only significantly less in the BTT-2089 30 mg/kg group compared to the control group. Vascular integrity was not affected.
  • mice at the age of 8 weeks are treated systemically with bleomycin (100 mg/kg) for 7 days by Alzet osmotic minipumps to elicit pulmonary damage.
  • Non-pulmonary toxicity is observed for days 7-21 after pump implantation.
  • 21 days there is 12-15% fibrosis in the lungs as evaluated histopathologically. This is followed by clinical lung damage which may be observed by increased breathing rate and dramatic loss in body weight and eventually lead death within 42 days (if not terminated before).
  • the mesangial matrix includes the basement membrane and associated polyanionic proteoglycans and other molecules which are stained red to purple by the periodic acid Schiff (PAS) method.
  • PAS periodic acid Schiff
  • mice Male mice aged 6-7 weeks (20-25g body weight) are anesthetised with isoflurane (2-chloro-2-(difluoromethoxy)-1, 1,1-trifluoro-ethane) inhalation and injected subcutaneously with 0,05-0,1 mg/kg buprenorphine preoperatively.
  • the mice are subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) or a sham operation.
  • UUO operated mice the left ureter is ligated with a 4-0 silk suture at two points and cut between the ligatures in order to prevent retrograde urinary tract infection.
  • the mice are sacrificed 7 days post-operatively.
  • GFR glomerular filtration rate
  • ACE angiotensin converting enzyme
  • ARA angiotensin receptor antagonist
  • diabetic nephropathy which can include treatment with an ACE inhibitor and/or ARA, antihypertensive therapy with a blood pressure target of less than 130/80, and tight glycemic control with appropriately set targets for HbA1C.
  • sVAP-1 level was used as a lone biomarker to predict the presence of significant liver fibrosis (Stages F2-4), a level of ⁇ 1000ng/ml had a positive predictive value of 88.9%.
  • the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for predicting significant fibrosis (F2-4), advanced fibrosis (F3-4) and cirrhosis (F4) was 0.71 (95% Cl 0.62-0.80), 0.68 (95% Cl 0.58-0.78) and 0.75 (95% Cl 0.58-0.92) respectively ( Figure 18 ).
  • a fibrosis score (calculated from the regression equation) of factors independently associated with liver fibrosis on multivariate analysis (sVAP-1, Diabetic status and AST/ALT ratio), had an AUROC for predicting significant fibrosis (F2-4), advanced fibrosis (F3-4) and cirrhosis (F4) of 0.79 (95% Cl 0.71-0.87), 0.80 (95% Cl 0.71-0.88) and 0.89 (95% Cl 0.74-1.02) ( Figure 19 ).
  • the VAP-1 protein has a monoamine oxidase enzyme activity called SSAO (semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase).
  • SSAO monoamine oxidase enzyme activity
  • SSAO enzyme activity is an integral part of the VAP-1 protein it follows that levels of sVAP-1 in bodily fluids can also be determined by measuring the amount of SSAO activity in a bodily fluid (such as serum or plasma).
  • SSAO is the principal monoamine oxidase activity in human serum and plasma acting on SSAO substrates such as benzylamine or methylamine.
  • SSAO activity may be used as an equivalent marker of liver fibrosis.

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