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Definitions

• CNT/CNF Carbon nanotubes and carbon nanofibres
• CNT/CNF have miniature cylindrical structures with a diameter on the order of a few nanometres and an aspect ratio of 10 to 1000 CNT/CNF have a honeycomb-like hexagon pattern in which each carbon atom is combined with three neighbouring carbon atoms.
• CNT/CNF can function as either a conductor, like metals, or a semiconductor, according to their structures, and application fields of these CNT/CNF are expected to be extensive.
• CNT/CNF have further attractive properties such as low density, high strength, high toughness, high flexibility, high surface area and excellent electrical conductivity. Unfortunately, production of CNT/CNF is not straightforward.
• the electrical discharging technique is to grow CNT/CNF by arc discharge using a carbon electrode.
• the laser deposition method is to synthesize CNT/CNF by irradiating graphite with laser light.
• these two methods are inappropriate for controlling the diameter and length of CNT/CNF, and the structure of carbonaceous materials. Thus it is difficult to obtain excellent crystalline structure during the synthesis of CNT/CNF.
• At least one of the objects is reached by providing a process of direct low-temperature growth of an adhering coating of carbon nanotubes and/or carbon nanofibres (CNT/CNF) on one or both surfaces of a carbon steel or low alloy steel strip substrate which comprises the following steps:
• a carbon-containing source gas such as olefin gases or low molecular weight oils at low temperatures.
• Nano-particles of the catalyst such as iron were found at the tip and/or bottom of the CNT/CNF.
• the CNT/CNF show bi-directional growth as well as tip growth.
• the steel used as a substrate is 1 . a carbon steel or 2.
• a low alloy steel defined as preferably containing no more than 7% non-iron elements and preferably no more than 4% non-iron elements.
• the steels of category 1 . and 2. are designated by a four digit number, where the first digit indicates the main alloying element(s), the second digit indicates the secondary alloying element(s), and the last two digits indicate the amount of carbon, in hundredths of a percent by weight.
• a 1060 steel is a plain-carbon steel containing 0.60 wt% C.
• the steel substrate is not a stainless steel.
• stainless steel grades are designated by a three digit number, optionally followed by one or more letters.
• the substrate preferably is provided in the form of strip, sheet, or foil The substrate is preferably cleaned and/or oxide free before depositing the CNT/CNF coating.
• the iron from the steel substrate catalyses the growing of the CNT/CNF.
• the process for providing a layer of CNT/CNF on the steel substrates also provided a layer of CNT/CNF without the addition of iron as a catalyst.
• electron microscopy revealed iron nanoparticles at the tip and/or bottom of the CNT/CNF, leading to the conclusion that the catalysing effect is provided by iron particles originating from the steel substrate.
• the carbon-containing source gas comprises one or more of acetylene, ethylene, methane, carbon-monoxide, carbon dioxide or low molecular weight fatty oil. It was found that the use of these carbon-containing sources provided a good layer of CNT/CNF on the substrate.
• the carbon source gas consists of hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, preferably in a ratio of volumes of about 30:60:10. Experiments showed that mixtures from 44 to 65 vol.% CO : 26 to 5 vol.% CO 2 : 30 vol.% H 2 provided excellent results and growth rates. A variation of the hydrogen content of between 25 to 35% in this mixture while keeping the ratio of CO to CO 2 roughly in a ratio of between 2 to 1 and 8 to 1 also provided good results. The addition of carbon dioxide to the CO:H 2 mixture therefore provided surprising results.
• the CNT/CNF are grown onto the surface of the substrate at a temperature of between 600 to 750 0 C. Because of the catalysing effect of the iron the process temperature can be kept low. A range of 600 to 750 0 C appeared to be a good temperature window and generated good layers of CNT/CNF reliably and economically. A more preferable temperature window is from 600 to 700 9 C. A more preferred maximum temperature is 695 0 C.
• the steel substrate is a high strength steel (HSS), advanced HSS, boron-containing steels, Ultra HSS or complex phases steel, preferably comprising 0.01 -1%C, 0.15-2%Mn, 0.005-2%S ⁇ , 0.01 -1.5%AI, 10 to 200 ppm N, at most
• the steel substrate is provided with a nickel, nickel-chromium or chromium plating layer or a zinc alloy layer prior to growing CNT/CNF onto one or both surfaces of said substrate.
• a process of producing a corrosion resistant coating on a steel strip substrate by in-situ providing a layer of CNT/CNF on the substrate according to the invention wherein the layer of CNT/CNF is coated with a polymer coating.
• the polymer coating is a poly-imide (Pl) based coating.
• the thickness of the CNT/CNF along with the polymer layer can be varied from 1 ⁇ m to 60 ⁇ m and it provides a thermal resistance from 300 to 550 0 C at 0.2-0.5 % weight loss.
• the adhering coating of CNT/CNF By coating the adhering coating of CNT/CNF with a polymer coating the properties of the CNT/CNF layer are retained.
• the polymer coating provides the CNT/CNF coated substrate with additional corrosion protection.
• Poly-imide based coatings are known for their thermal stability, good chemical resistance, excellent mechanical properties and insulating properties. However, the adhesion of these polymers to a steel substrate is problematic.
• the adhesion of the poly-imide based coating to the steel substrate is much improved, because the adhesion of the Pl to the CNT/CNF layer is excellent as well as the adhesion of the layer of CNT/CNF to the steel substrate.
• the CNT/CNF on the surface of the steel create a large interfacial surface area for the poly-imide based coating or any other polymer coating to adhere to.
• the chemical similarity between CNT/CNF and the polymer increases its wettability and compatibility, and so it prohibits microcrack formation and its propagation.
• the poly- imide coating is a preferred embodiment of the invention.
• other polymers which are able to withstand the conditions of production and service may be used, e.g. polyolefins like polyethylene.
• the poly-imide based coating is produced onto the layer of CNT/CNF by applying a polyamic acid (PAA) layer preferably by roll coating and/or spraying followed by imidization.
• PAA polyamic acid
• the poly-imide based coating is produced onto the layer of CNT/CNF by adding Mn, Ag, Si, Ti, Al and/or Mg while synthesizing PAA followed by imidization
• the poly-imide based coating is produced from poly- ether imides the poly-imide based coating is produced onto the layer of CNT/CNF by applying a liquid polyether amic (PEA) solution followed by imidization.
• PEA liquid polyether amic
• a process of producing the coating is provided wherein the CNT/CNF are subsequently treated with a suitable compound such as MgO or CaO to produce a catalytic support for storing CO 2 in the form of carbonaceous compounds, or with a photocatalyst such as titania or organic photo initiators to produce a catalytic converter to convert carbon dioxide into carboxylic acid such as formic acid (HCOOH) and/or alcohols such as ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH).
• a suitable compound such as MgO or CaO
• a catalytic support for storing CO 2 in the form of carbonaceous compounds
• a photocatalyst such as titania or organic photo initiators to produce a catalytic converter to convert carbon dioxide
• a process as described hereinabove comprises the steps of providing a coil of cold-rolled steel strip, subjecting the coil to continuous annealing, optionally recrystallising the cold-rolled coil, reducing, deoxidising and/or cleaning the surface of the steel, providing a layer of CNT/CNF onto the steel at temperatures of between 600 to 750 0 C and cooling the steel, optionally followed by providing the coated steel with a poly-imide based coating.
• the coils of cold-rolled strip provide a relatively cheap substrate and these can be coated with an adhering coating of CNT/CNF in a continuous manner. This will greatly reduce the costs of such a coated substrate.
• reducing the surface it is meant that the steel surface is made oxide free in a reducing atmosphere.
• the process of producing CNT/CNF further comprises removing the
• CNT/CNF from the surface of the steel substrate, e.g. by mechanical scraping, and collecting the CNT/CNF.
• the simple and cheap method to produce CNT/CNF provides an ample and cheap supply of CNT/CNF which can be used in electrical and mechanical applications.
• a steel substrate provided with a layer of CNT/CNF as described is provided for use in corroding environments, solar cell applications, in fuel cell applications, in hydrogen storage, as catalytic supports, for radar capturing coatings or as an interfacial conductive layer or for use as anti-bacterial product.
• a steel substrate provided with a layer of CNT/CNF as described is provided coated with a polymer coating, such as a poly-imide based coating, for use in corroding environments, in solar cell applications, in fuel cell applications, in hydrogen storage, as catalytic supports, for radar capturing coatings or as an interfacial conductive layer or for use as anti-bacterial product.
• a polymer coating such as a poly-imide based coating
• the optional polymer coating must be transparent to the radar radiation in question.
• CNT/CNF layer is used for the production of the electrode part of a battery such as Li-based batteries and/or alkali batteries or for the production of a photovoltaic substrate for a flexible back contact electrode.
• the thickness of the CNT/CNF along with the polymer layer can be varied from 0.5 ⁇ m to 60 ⁇ m and it provides thermal resistance from 300 to 550 0 C at 0.2-0.5 % weight loss.
• a Li-battery consists of thin layers of electrode material, electrolyte and current collectors. To get sufficient material these layers are rolled up. In conventional Li-batteries these layers comprise a copper layer coated on each side by a carbon layer.
• this expensive copper substrate can be replaced by a cheaper substrate provided with a CNT/CNF coating.
• the CNT/CNF powder removed from the substrate e.g. by scraping are used in the production of aqueous dispersed nano-coolant or fluid for heat exchangers or in the production of nano-composite coatings. Using these powders for the formulation of the aqueous dispersed nano-coolant fluid for heat exchangers which cool more efficiently than water.
• Figure 1 shows a general reaction scheme for CNT/CNF formation.
• Figure 2 shows a SEM image revealing the formation of CNF on the steel surface in the presence of ethylene gas in accordance with the raction scheme of Figure 1 .
• Figure 3 shows a TEM image revealing the formation of CNF in the presence of ethylene gas in accordance with the reaction scheme of Figure 1.
• Figure 4 shows a schematic presentation of the formation of Pl coating.
• Figure 5 shows the result of potentiodynamic studies of different samples, bare steel metal, CNT/CNF coated steel, and CNT/CNF coated steel coated with a Pl-based coating.
• Figure 6 shows a battery and its composing layers.
• Figure 7 shows a TEM photograph of the formation of CNT on a steel surface.
• Figure 8 shows a schematic presentation of a combination of CNT/CNF (3) and a polymer layer (2) on a steel substrate (1 ) for fuel cell applications. Examples: Steel substrates were provided with chemical compositions within the following ranges (min - max):
• CNT/CNF were synthesized on cold rolled steel by chemical vapour deposition using ethylene as the carbon-containing source as follows. High purity gases, H 2 (99.999%, INDUGAS) N 2 (99.999%, INDUGAS) and ethylene (99 95%, PRAXAIR) were used. A cold rolled sample (3cm x 3cm) was placed on a quartz plate in the glass tube which has inlet and out let for the gas mixture. The glass tube was heated to the required temperature in the oven. The sample was first reduced with H 2 /N 2 with a total flow rate of 100 ml/min. Then CNT/CNF were synthesized using a gas mixture containing C 2 H 4 /N 2 with the same flow rate of 100
• the reaction schedule in Figure 1 shows that instead of ethylene, also acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) or carbon-monoxide optionally carbon dioxide with hydrogen can be used.
• a SEM image of a CNF coated sample is presented in Figure 2. It clearly shows the uniform distribution and growth of CNF. It also shows the tip growth of CNF with iron nanoparticles on the tip.
• the polyimide coating was produced as follows: The PAA acid was prepared according to the scheme of Figure 4 and then applied on the CNT/CNF coated steel substrates and put in the oven at different temperatures from 250 to 350 0 C for 5 mm and then this sample was allowed to cool to room temperature and subsequently characterized by different methods.
• a number of the steel substrates provided with a carbon nanotube layer was coated with a poly-imide based coating. These samples were exposed to simulated saline environment as per ASTM B1 17 to evaluate wet adhesion and corrosion behaviour. Potentiodynamic measurements were performed in simulated saline environments. The results show that the CNT/CNF coated with a poly-imide based coating showed performed much better (1000 hrs in SST) than the uncoated CNT/CNF layer.
• Table 3 presents an overview of various process conditions for growing CNT/CNF onto a low carbon steel substrate. The growth rate is expressed in a ratio and is based on the mass of CNT/CNF formed per unit of time and surface.
• the potentiodynamic measurements were conducted at the scan rate of 1 .67 mV/s in the potential range of -0.5 mV to 1 .5 mV in 3.5% NaCI solution (see Figure 5).
• a significant depression in current density from 2-3 x 10 '2 A/cm2 in case of bare steel to 1 -2 x 10 '7 A/cm 2 in case of the polymer coated CNT was measured.
• a large passivation band (-0.225 V to +1 .032 V) and a clear evidence that the electrochemical reaction at the coating surface was cathodically controlled.
• Figure 5 shows that the current density of the CNT/CNF coated substrate is already an order of magnitude smaller compared to bare steel sheets. It was found that the carbon nanotube-PI coated sample shows significant passivity and reduced current density, which is the measure of low corrosion rate. Bare steel on the other hand performs an order of magnitude worse than
• CNT/CNF coated steel It should also be noted that a CNT/CNF layer wherein the CNT/CNF have been treated or filled with corrosion inhibitors provide a self-healing behaviour to the layer.
• a Ni-Cr plated steel substrate coated with a CNT/CNF coating layer on both sides was applied in a Li-battery according to figure 6.
• the capacity was found to be as high as 1500 mAh/g using a 0.1 C charge rate. Both in the small potential range 1 V - 5mV and the large potential range 3 V - 5 mV, this electrode retains nearly similar capacity in a cycling test. When comparing these results to commercial carbonaceous anodes these capacities are very good.
• L represents the liquid electrolyte
• A is an metal layer (e.g. aluminium) covered on both sides with Li 1 +x Mn 2 0 4 .
• F is the carbon or low alloy steel substrate coated on both sides with a CNT/CNF layer and optionally a polymer layer such as a Pl-based coating.
• the corrosion resistance of the steel provided with CNT/CNF and a Pl-based coating was compared to that of the same steel without the CNT/CNF interlayer.
• the Pl coating delaminates after 5 days in an accelerated corrosion test. On the other hand, the coating lasted more than 30 days with the CNT/CNF interlayer.
• FIG 8 shows a schematic presentation of a combination of CNT/CNF (3) and polymer layer (2) on a steel substrate (1 ) for fuel cell applications.
• the main components of a PEM fuel cell structure are bipolar plates and the membrane electrode assembly (MEA).
• the MEA comprises the proton exchange membrane, gas diffusion layer (GDL) and a catalyst layer.
• the main requirements for bipolar plates include low cost, easy fabrication, and good electrical and mechanical properties.
• Bipolar plates play vital functions in the so-called stack in a fuel cell such as to carry electric current away from each cell, to distribute fuel and oxidant homogeneously within individual cells, to separate individual cells and to facilitate the water management within the cell.
• bipolar plates can be produced by growing CNT/CNF on a steel substrate.
• CNTs were grown on cold rolled and a thin polymer film, in this case of polyether-imide, was applied using a roll coater and cured at 25O 0 C for 2 min. The coating thickness was 8 ⁇ m. This substrate was then tested for contact resistance and potentiodynamic test.
• the further application of a polyetherimide layer provides the corrosion resistance and the CNT/CNFs provide good conductivity and the properties of the CNT/CNF-PEI combination satisfy the criteria of the United States Department of Energy (DOE).
• DOE United States Department of Energy

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