EP2440893B1 - Optical absorbance measurements with self-calibration and extended dynamic range - Google Patents

Optical absorbance measurements with self-calibration and extended dynamic range Download PDF

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EP2440893B1
EP2440893B1 EP10786945.5A EP10786945A EP2440893B1 EP 2440893 B1 EP2440893 B1 EP 2440893B1 EP 10786945 A EP10786945 A EP 10786945A EP 2440893 B1 EP2440893 B1 EP 2440893B1
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analyte concentration
analysis method
target range
calculation
absorbance
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French (fr)
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EP2440893A4 (en
EP2440893A2 (en
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Xiang Liu
Alfred Feitisch
Xin Zhou
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SpectraSensors Inc
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SpectraSensors Inc
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/39—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using tunable lasers
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/02—Details
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
    • G01J3/433—Modulation spectrometry; Derivative spectrometry
    • G01J3/4338—Frequency modulated spectrometry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
    • G01J3/433—Modulation spectrometry; Derivative spectrometry
    • G01J2003/4332—Modulation spectrometry; Derivative spectrometry frequency-modulated
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
    • G01J3/433—Modulation spectrometry; Derivative spectrometry
    • G01J2003/4334—Modulation spectrometry; Derivative spectrometry by modulation of source, e.g. current modulation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
    • G01J3/433—Modulation spectrometry; Derivative spectrometry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis
    • G01N2021/354—Hygrometry of gases
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/39—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using tunable lasers
    • G01N2021/396—Type of laser source
    • G01N2021/399—Diode laser
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N21/031—Multipass arrangements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/01—Arrangements or apparatus for facilitating the optical investigation
    • G01N21/03—Cuvette constructions
    • G01N21/05—Flow-through cuvettes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/27—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands using photo-electric detection ; circuits for computing concentration
    • G01N21/274—Calibration, base line adjustment, drift correction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/25—Colour; Spectral properties, i.e. comparison of effect of material on the light at two or more different wavelengths or wavelength bands
    • G01N21/31—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry
    • G01N21/35—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light
    • G01N21/3504—Investigating relative effect of material at wavelengths characteristic of specific elements or molecules, e.g. atomic absorption spectrometry using infrared light for analysing gases, e.g. multi-gas analysis

Definitions

  • the subject matter described herein relates generally to optical absorbance measurements, and in more specific implementations to providing self-calibration capabilities and extended dynamic measurement ranges to optical absorbance sensors.
  • D'Amato F et al. disclose in "Realization of a methane leaks detector for roads inspection", LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS EUROPE, 2003. CLEO/EUROPE. 2003 CONFERENCE ON MUNICH, GERMANY 22-27 JUNE 2003, PISCATAWAY, NJ, USA, IEEE, PISCATAWAY, NJ, USA, (20030622), doi:10.1109/CLEOE.2003.1313557, ISBN 978-0-7803-7734-6, page 494 a sensor for detecting methane leaks from distribution pipes underneath roads.
  • the analyzer is based on die Beer-Lambert law for light absorption. Two detection techniques are adopted: two-tone frequency modulation spectroscopy for low concentrations, and direct absorption for high concentrations.
  • Liang-guo Wang discloses in " A H2O(v) sensor system for combustion diagnostics using both direct absorption and frequency modulation spectroscopy", LEOS '95. IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 1995 ANNUAL MEETING. 8TH ANNUAL MEETING. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, 30 - 31 OCTOBER 1995; SAN FRANCISCO, CA, USA, IEEE, NEW YORK, NY, USA, (19951030), vol. 2, doi:10.1109/LEOS.1995.484738, ISBN 978-0-7803-2450-3, pages 329 - 333, XP010153649 a calibration method for highly sensitive FM laser absorption measurements of water vapor in a combustion test. It is disclosed a multi-beam water vapor measurements in HYPULSE combustion facilities using both direct absorption and FM modulation laser absorption techniques.
  • the present invention is directed to a method as defined in claim 1.
  • the first target range can include values of the analyte concentration between zero and a threshold analyte concentration.
  • the threshold analyte concentration can be predetermined based on analysis of one or more calibration samples using the first analysis method.
  • the light source can include a tunable laser source emitting light in range of wavelengths.
  • the detector data can include intensity data for the light emitted from the light source both with and without a modulation frequency.
  • the present invention is directed to a system as defined in claim 7.
  • the light source can include one or more of a tunable diode laser (TDL), a quantum cascade laser (QCL), a horizontal cavity laser, a vertical cavity surface emitting semiconductor laser (VCSEL), and a device for nonlinear frequency generation of tunable light.
  • the detector device provides the detector data and can include one or more of a photodiode, a photodetector, and a photoacoustic detector.
  • the sample cell contains the volume of gas for passage of the light between the light source and a detector that quantifies the absorbance.
  • the present invention is directed to a computer-readable medium as defined in claim 6.
  • the presently disclosed subject matter may provide one or more benefits, including but not limited to extending the dynamic range of a gas analyzer, enabling self-calibration functions, and providing improved approaches for calibration in corrosive environments.
  • Analyzers implementing one or more aspects of the presently disclosed subject matter can measure a wide range of target species from ppm level to percent level, can be used for different background gases without the need for recalibration, and can eliminate the difficulties associated with calibration in corrosive gases/environments.
  • a system 100 can include a light source 102 operating at the target wavelength that provides a continuous beam or pulses of light 104 that pass through a volume 106 of a sample gas before being detected by a detector 110.
  • the light source 102 can include one or more lasers, for example a tunable diode laser (TDL), a quantum cascade laser (QCL), a horizontal cavity laser, a vertical cavity surface emitting semiconductor laser (VCSEL), or other similar devices for nonlinear frequency generation of tunable light.
  • the detector 110 can include one or more of a photodiode, photodetector, or photoacoustic detector.
  • the volume 106 of the sample gas can be contained in a sample cell 112 having one or more windows 114 through which the continuous beam or pulses of light 104 pass into and out of the volume 106.
  • the sample cell 112 can be a flow through cell as shown in FIG. 1 , in which gas flows into the sample cell 112 via an inlet 116 and out of the sample cell 112 through an outlet 120.
  • Other configurations are possible besides that shown in FIG. 1 .
  • a path length of the continuous beam or pulses of light 104 which is the distance the continuous beam or pulses of light 104 travels through the sample gas 106 can be established using mirrors, beam splitters, or by varying other geometrical parameters such as the location of the light source 102 and/or the detector 110.
  • the continuous beam or pulses of light 104 can be projected through free gas (such as for example in a pipeline) or even free air.
  • a batch volume of sample gas 106 can be analyzed in a sample cell, for example one such as that shown in FIG. 1 with additional valving and/or vacuum or pumping means to deliver a first batch volume of the sample gas 106 and remove that first batch volume from the sample cell 110 to prepare for analysis of a second batch volume.
  • Modulation spectroscopy is a widely used technique for sensitive trace-species detection.
  • the wavelength (or, alternatively, the amplitude) of the light source 102 is modulated at a modulation frequency f and light emitted by the laser light source 102 is passed through the sample gas 106 over a path length.
  • the intensity of the continuous beam or pulses of light 104 as it impinges on the detector 110 varies in amplitude.
  • Fourier analysis of the signal generated by the detector 110 includes signal components at the modulation frequency f as well as at harmonic frequencies at multiples of the modulation frequency f (2f, 3f, 4f, etc.).
  • modulation spectroscopy can significantly reduce 1/f noise and achieve high sensitivity.
  • the height of a single absorbance line characteristic of the analyte can be quantified as representative of the analyte concentration in the sample gas 106.
  • Modulation spectroscopy can be highly sensitive for detecting and quantifying low analyte concentrations, and an analyte concentration can be quantified directly from the demodulated signal from the detector.
  • a lock-in amplifier or other signal filtering processes or devices can be used to isolate absorbance signals due to the analyte from background drift or other noise in the instrument.
  • modulation spectroscopy analyzers can arise due to the sensitivity of the harmonic lineshape to changes in background gas composition. Different gases in the background stream can have different impacts on the harmonic lineshape.
  • the harmonic lineshape directly determines the accuracy of the trace gas measurement, with reference to the analyzer's calibration.
  • the change in lineshape due to interaction of the measured trace gas with other gases in the complete stream is referred to as collisional broadening.
  • a 2f-based analyzer calibrated for measuring moisture in pure N 2 can need to be returned to the manufacturer for recalibration if the customer wishes to instead measure moisture in pure O 2 , air or CO 2 .
  • a 2f harmonic spectroscopy tunable diode laser (TDL) analyzer calibrated for moisture in N 2 has been demonstrated to require multiplication of the concentration reading by a factor of 1.25/2.25/0.38 when changing the background gas from N 2 to air/O 2 /CO 2 respectively, at a selected frequency modulation amplitude, while keeping the moisture concentration constant.
  • Calibration of modulation spectroscopy-based analyzers can therefore require a representative stream that contains all components that may occur in the stream for which the analyzer is to be operated.
  • Providing a representative stream can in some instances be difficult, costly or dangerous to human health for corrosive gas streams, such as for example for moisture in pure ammonia, in pure chlorine or in pure HCl, for gas streams containing toxic gases such as high concentrations of H 2 S or ASH 3 , PH 3 HCN and the like. Calibration for such analytical conditions should be done with great care and can require extensive safety precautions and a costly safety infrastructure for operating toxic and highly corrosive gases.
  • Modulation spectroscopy can be used to provide the desired levels of accuracy at normal process operating conditions.
  • upset conditions such as for example a moisture plug in a pipeline, a reactor cleaning event, or other factors that might cause the concentration of a target analyte to increase temporarily by one, two, or even more orders of magnitude can cause an instrument having a relatively narrow dynamic range to experience an out of range error.
  • an instrument using a modulation spectroscopy method were tuned to allow a broader dynamic range, non-linearity of the harmonic signal can arise as the concentration increases.
  • the wavelength of the light source 102 need not be modulated.
  • the intensity of the continuous beam or pulses of light 104 as it impinges on the detector 110 is quantified as a function of wavelength.
  • an absorbance spectrum is analyzed to determine the area under the curve of an absorbance peak of one or more analytes. Once the entire line shape can be well resolved, the integrated area under the isolated line shape is independent of line broadening effects. This makes direct absorbance techniques very robust in hostile environments where rapidly varying gas composition and pressure change the lineshape due to collisional broadening effects. Additionally, the spectrally resolved line shapes may be used to distinguish the contributing absorbances from nearby transitions of background species. Direct absorbance can also determine the absolute species concentration without any calibration, once the total pressure, pathlength and linestrength are known. Direct absorbance can be effective over a much broader range of analyte concentrations than can a harmonic absorbance measurement.
  • direct absorbance techniques may also suffer from various disadvantages.
  • the baseline fit can become difficult when the line is broadened and blended with neighboring lines from the analyte itself and/or background species.
  • Direct absorbance generally has relatively low detection sensitivity because of the direct addition of noises. This shortcoming can limit the use of direct absorbance methods for trace gas sensing in the field.
  • correction for a non-zero baseline that can vary due to scattering, refraction, or absorbance due to particles or other gases in sample gas 106 can be required as well.
  • a lock-in amplifier cannot readily be used to isolate the analyte absorbance signal from electronic or background noise from the measurement system, optics, sample gas, etc. The correction can be obtained using measurements of calibration gas of a known concentration. Aging effects can also be important in direct absorbance spectroscopy, as system and background noise may vary over time. In previously available systems, periodic recalibration can be required for accurate analysis over a prolonged service period.
  • modulation spectroscopy can be advantageous at low analyte concentrations where very low absolute uncertainty is desirable, over a large dynamic concentration range, substantial inaccuracy can be introduced.
  • direct absorbance spectroscopy can provide a broad dynamic range, reduced relative accuracy is available at lower concentrations.
  • Implementations of the currently disclosed subject matter can include systems, methods, apparatuses, and devices that provide self-calibration capabilities and extended dynamic ranges for optical absorbance measurements of chemical analytes. Calibration difficulties, for example those that can be associated with toxic and corrosive gases, can also be overcome. Direct absorbance techniques can be used in combination with modulation spectroscopy. In some implementations, a detection scheme can be switched between a direct absorbance measurement technique and a modulation spectroscopy measurement technique, in some implementations using the same light source, detector, and other optical equipment.
  • one or more problems inherent in modulation spectroscopy can be overcome, potentially including but not limited to limited dynamic range, labor-intensive calibration procedures, and limited tolerance to background stream variations, as can one or more problems inherent in direct absorbance techniques, potentially including but not limited to reduced detection sensitivity (relative to modulation spectroscopy), and baseline ambiguity.
  • detector data are received, for example at a processor.
  • the detector data are representative of an absorbance of light emitted from a light source as the light passes through a volume of gas over a pathlength.
  • the volume of gas includes an analyte at an analyte concentration.
  • the analyte concentration can absorb some of the intensity of the light passing through the gas over the pathlength.
  • the detector data are analyzed using a first analysis method and a second analysis method to obtain a first calculation and a second calculation of the analyte concentration.
  • the second calculation is promoted as the analyte concentration.
  • the promoting can include storing the second calculation to a computer-readable medium, displaying the second calculation on a display device or printout, or the like.
  • the light source 102 can be a tunable laser.
  • the first analysis method can be modulation spectroscopy and the second analysis method can be direct absorbance spectroscopy, which can both be executed using the same light source 102 and detector 110.
  • a controller 122 as shown in FIG. 1 is incorporated to receive and analyze the detector data from the detector 110 and to control the light source 102 according to the analysis method to be used.
  • the detector data can be provided from a detector that can include one or more of a photodiode, a photodetector, and a photoacoustic detector.
  • a laser drive circuit can be programmed to turn on/off the high frequency modulation on the laser scan of a tunable diode laser.
  • the program can cut off the high frequency modulation and the measurement technique can thereby switch from harmonic absorbance to direct absorbance.
  • the species concentration can then be determined by the integrated area of the absorbance lineshape using the known total pressure, pathlength and linestrength.
  • a direct absorbance technique can obtain absolute species concentrations from the integrated area of the lineshape, it can be used to calibrate the modulation spectroscopy signal.
  • this self-calibration may be done as follows.
  • a gas mixture containing a target species with a species concentration within a certain pre-set range so that the resultant absorbance is between, for example, 0.01 and 0.1, is passed through the analyzer.
  • a calibration sequence can be initiated, for example by a user pressing a "calibration" button on the analyzer, causing a software program to automatically make measurements using both modulation spectroscopy and direct absorbance techniques.
  • a modulation spectroscopy signal can be measured for 1 min before the system is switched to a direct absorbance technique for another 1 min.
  • the measured concentration from the direct absorbance technique can be used to calibrate the previously measured modulation spectroscopy signal.
  • a pressure correction calibration may be completed in the same way.
  • FIG. 3 shows a chart 300 illustrating details of a measurement strategy according to the presently disclosed subject matter and including extended dynamic range and "self-calibration" functions, which are described in greater detail below.
  • the example shown in FIG. 3 is based on one specific absorbance transition and path length.
  • an absorbance of 10 -4 corresponds to a species concentration of 0.9 ppm.
  • the program can automatically switch from a 2f harmonic (modulation) spectroscopy analysis method 302 to direct absorbance 304.
  • the measurement range may be limited to absorbances of less than approximately 0.8 (which corresponds to a concentration of about 7200 ppm in this case).
  • the analyzer may have a much extended measurement range relative to a typical 2f analyzer.
  • the measurement range may be extended from 0 ⁇ 90 ppm to 0 ⁇ 7200 ppm.
  • dynamic range limitations can be addressed by using two absorbance transitions (one stronger absorbance transition and one weaker absorbance transition) which occur at nearby wavelengths.
  • the first and the second analysis methods can both be the same (for example, modulation spectroscopy).
  • the analyzer can employ the stronger absorbance transition for a low measurement range, and use the weaker absorbance transition for the high measurement range, thereby extending the measurement range compared with only using a single absorbance transition.
  • two appropriate absorbance transitions which are close enough to be scanned by a single tunable laser light source can be used.
  • the two absorbance transitions are not close enough to be covered by a single laser scan, the operating temperature of a diode laser providing incident light can be changed manually or via a programmed procedure to reach each absorbance transition. This can increase the operating difficulties and reduces the robustness of the analyzer. It is also not always practical to find the appropriate absorbance line pairs, especially when considering interferences from background gases.
  • a second tunable laser in the light source can be incorporated into the light source 102 to cover the second absorbance transition.
  • Pre-calibration can be used to address the issue of recalibration for different background gases.
  • pre-calibrations of an instrument for different background gases can be prepared and pre-programmed into an analyzer in advance based on expected background gases. For example, if a customer plans to measure moisture concentrations in either N 2 or H 2 , an analyzer may be calibrated on both N 2 and H 2 background in the factory. Different calibration coefficients are recorded and stored in the analyzer. A user would then select the corresponding calibration coefficients based on the background gas being analyzed.
  • One potential drawback to this approach is that analysis of a background gas for which the instrument is not pre-calibrated requires a new calibration. In addition, this approach does not address dynamic range issues or problems with corrosive gases.
  • an overlap region 306 between the first analysis method and the second analysis method can be used for "self calibration" of the instrument.
  • the peak height of a modulation spectroscopy signal can be calibrated by the integrated area of direct absorbance.
  • the gas used for this self-calibration procedure can be either a calibration gas with a known concentration or, alternatively, the sample gas.
  • the combination of direct absorbance and modulation spectroscopy methods in a single instrument can further provide a valuable internal self-check capability to monitor instrument performance over time.
  • data collected for measurements in the overlap region 306 can be logged and compared with initial performance of the instrument when it is in pristine condition with a factory calibration.
  • An offset between the two measurements in the overlap region 306 is likely to be present, even at initial conditions.
  • observations of how this offset changes can be used to self-correct for changes in the instrument response to a given analyte concentration, for example due to buildup of contamination on optical surfaces due to aging, condensation, etc. Deviations in the offset can be detected and an algorithm constructed to provide ongoing self-correction.
  • modulation spectroscopy is generally unaffected by factors that affect the base spectral response - these factors do not appear in the higher order harmonic signals - but can be affected by DC attenuation effects and collisional broadening induced errors in the harmonic signal.
  • direct absorbance directly measures the spectral lineshape of the absorbance response and therefore shows effects of collisional broadening, optical contamination, and the like.
  • the harmonic lineshape can in some instances be considered as analogous to the second derivative of an absorbance peak.
  • the peak to valley height which is typically the measured parameter in modulation spectroscopy, can depend critically on the lineshape of peak.
  • direct absorbance makes use of the integrated area under the lineshape and is thus a more direct measurement of an analyte concentration that does not require assumptions about the shape of the peak.
  • a scaling factor to relate observed peak heights in the harmonic method to actual concentrations can be estimated.
  • Such measurements can be made when the process conditions provide a concentration in the overlap region 306, or alternatively, by periodically injecting a reference gas with a known concentration in the overlap region 306 or containing sufficient concentration of analyte to raise the process condition concentrations temporarily into the overlap region 306.
  • a modulation spectroscopy method can be used to analyze a target absorbance transition of an analyte in a gas sample.
  • a direct absorbance method can be used concurrently or sequentially with the modulation spectroscopy method to analyze a reference absorbance transition that is characteristic of a background compound present in the gas sample.
  • the background compound can also have an interfering background absorbance transition that overlaps with or otherwise confounds accurate characterization of the target absorbance transition using the modulation spectroscopy method.
  • a concentration of the background compound in the gas sample can be inferred based on the reference absorbance transition analyzed by the direct absorbance method.
  • concentration of the background compound can be calculated by adjusting the absorbance observed at the target absorbance transition using an inferred amount of interference by the background compound at the target absorbance transition.
  • Use of the direct absorbance method to characterize the reference absorbance transition can be important in gas samples having a very large background concentration of one or more compounds that have spectral transitions that might overlap with the target absorbance transition of the analyte.
  • use of a modulation spectroscopy method to quantify the reference absorbance transition can limit the number of peaks of the absorbance spectrum of the background compound if the background compound is present at very high concentrations.
  • a modulation spectroscopy method may be useful only for absorbance transitions of the background compound that have very weak absorbance because of the relatively narrow dynamic concentration range over which modulation spectroscopy can be accurately applied.
  • detector data representative of absorbances of light emitted from a light source as the light passes through a volume of gas over a path length are received.
  • the volume of gas includes an analyte at an analyte concentration and a background compound at a background compound concentration, and the absorbances include a target absorbance influenced by the analyte concentration and the background gas concentration and a reference absorbance influenced by the background gas concentration.
  • the detector data are analyzed using a direct absorbance method to obtain a first metric representative of the reference absorbance.
  • the detector data are analyzed using a modulation spectroscopy method to obtain a second metric representative of the target absorbance.
  • the second metric is adjusted at 410 using the first metric to estimate a contribution to the second metric due to the analyte concentration.
  • the analyte concentration is determined at 412 based on the contribution to the second metric due to the analyte concentration, and the analyte concentration is promoted at 414.
  • the subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems, apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desired configuration.
  • various implementations of the subject matter described herein can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof.
  • ASICs application specific integrated circuits
  • These various implementations can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which can be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.
  • machine-readable medium refers to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device, such as for example magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal.
  • machine-readable signal refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.
  • the machine-readable medium can store such machine instructions non-transitorily, such as for example as would a non-transient solid state memory or a magnetic hard drive or any equivalent storage medium.
  • the machine-readable medium can alternatively or additionally store such machine instructions in a transient manner, such as for example as would a processor cache or other random access memory associated with one or more physical processor cores.
  • the subject matter described herein can be implemented on a computer having a display device, such as for example a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, such as for example a mouse or a trackball, by which the user may provide input to the computer.
  • a display device such as for example a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, such as for example a mouse or a trackball, by which the user may provide input to the computer.
  • CTR cathode ray tube
  • LCD liquid crystal display
  • a keyboard and a pointing device such as for example a mouse or a trackball
  • Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well.
  • feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, such as for example visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback
  • the subject matter described herein can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component, such as for example one or more data servers, or that includes a middleware component, such as for example one or more application servers, or that includes a front-end component, such as for example one or more client computers having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described herein, or any combination of such back-end, middleware, or front-end components.
  • the components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, such as for example a communication network. Examples of communication networks include, but are not limited to, a local area network (“LAN”), a wide area network (“WAN”), and the Internet.
  • LAN local area network
  • WAN wide area network
  • the Internet the global information network
  • the computing system can include clients and servers.
  • a client and server are generally, but not exclusively, remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network.
  • the relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

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  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Investigating Or Analysing Materials By Optical Means (AREA)
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EP10786945.5A 2009-06-12 2010-06-11 Optical absorbance measurements with self-calibration and extended dynamic range Active EP2440893B1 (en)

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US20110032516A1 (en) 2011-02-10
US10746655B2 (en) 2020-08-18
US20180156726A1 (en) 2018-06-07
EP2440893A4 (en) 2014-06-04
AU2010259934A1 (en) 2012-01-19
CN102272564A (zh) 2011-12-07
WO2010144870A3 (en) 2011-03-31
WO2010144870A2 (en) 2010-12-16
CN102272564B (zh) 2014-07-16
CA2765280A1 (en) 2010-12-16
EP2440893A2 (en) 2012-04-18
US9846117B2 (en) 2017-12-19
AU2010259934B2 (en) 2014-10-30

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