EP2439443B1 - Illumination device - Google Patents

Description

The present invention relates to a lighting device having a preferably planar support structure, to which a multiplicity of crystals are distributed over a surface area which, when irradiated by a light source, emits light rays into the space to be illuminated.

The lighting technology has always been confronted with the problem that in the room not only sufficient (and prescribed by the standards) horizontal illuminance must be generated, but also that vertical illuminance must be generated. This would be optimal if the light sources (lamps) would also radiate horizontally, but this is contrary to the fact that the horizontal direction is also the preferred viewing direction of people in the room, ie that horizontal radiation would produce strong (and not allowed) glare. So the question is, how can you beam horizontally to create a high vertical illuminance without dazzling the people who are looking in that direction? To put it simply, how can people be shined face to face without dazzling them?

Crystals attached to a support structure are already known in the form of so-called crystal curtains, which are used as room dividers and are illuminated with an illumination source, so that the crystals reflect the light and emerge shining. The crystals are strung here in the manner of a glass pearl necklace on thin, almost invisible threads, so that a crystal curtain is created by a multitude of juxtaposed threads.

The term "crystal" means and in the context of the present invention not necessarily in the physical sense crystalline-trained body, but may also mean amorphous trained body, which are shaped only in the manner of rock crystals. In particular, crystals in the context of the present invention may also comprise crystal glass bodies or consist of transparent, optionally colored glass, which may contain metal oxides or ions as additives. For example, such glass may consist of lead oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide or zinc oxide or contain it to a substantial extent.

In the crystal curtains known hitherto, there is a complete lack of the aforementioned sufficient illuminance levels, and the crystals, however, serve more for the optical decoration than the illumination of the space in front of the crystal curtain, which is not appreciably illuminated by the crystals. In this case, the crystals do not produce ordered illumination with sufficiently high illuminance levels in vertical planes and do not fulfill a significant room illumination function, but are merely decorations. There is no dynamic lighting situation which causes the crystals to shine and twinkle for persons passing by, so that the visual impact was unsatisfactory both in terms of the room and light atmosphere produced and the technical function of the room lightening.

In Scripture AT 11 368 U1 It is proposed to illuminate crystals from the inside. For this purpose, the crystals have blind-hole-shaped recesses, in each of which a light-emitting diode is arranged in order to make the crystal shine from the inside. However, this training is disadvantageous in several respects. For one thing must The crystals are made very large in order to record at all sources of illumination inside, so that the crystals only decorating purposes and no dynamic light situation can be generated, which makes the crystals sparkle for passing people actually in the sense of a crystal wall. The decorative crystals of this document are very wide compared to their height, so that no high packing density of the body is achieved and, accordingly, a fairly static appearance. Apart from this, the energy supply of the light sources inside the crystals is very complex, and this also limits the variability of the arrangement of the crystals, since the power must always be from behind, which in turn impairs the formation of the crystal backs.

The font DE 30 27 400 describes a ceiling panel in which pyramidal reflector contours are embossed in order to illuminate horizontal work surfaces such as a table largely shading from above can. This prior art lighting device thus does not provide high vertical illuminance levels.

From the JP 2008/310984 A In general, a wallwasher arrangement is known, with which a ceiling, which is free from crystal deposits in the form of a conventional plaster wall, can be irradiated, wherein the wall washer arrangement comprises an LED-Ray with the LEDs associated reflectors.

Furthermore, the describes EP 0 020 296 a reflector panel for covering a ceiling, wherein in the reflector panel pyramidal reflector projections are driven, so that the surface of the reflector panel is provided with a triangular prism structure with raised and lowered triangular prisms. On the one hand light should be redirected, which comes through a room window, on the other hand, however, also coming from a neon light coming artificial light are directed to the floor.

Furthermore, the shows US 6,354,725 a room lighting device in which a central ceiling spotlight illuminates reflectors placed on the side walls, wherein the reflectors attached to the different walls should be designed differently.

On this basis, the present invention seeks to provide an improved lighting device of the type mentioned above, which avoids the disadvantages of the prior art and further develops the latter in an advantageous manner. In particular, the irradiated crystals in the room to be illuminated should produce a sufficiently high level of vertical illuminance without dazzling persons in the room, and achieve clear room illumination with brilliant light with a sparkling ambience for moving viewers.

According to the invention this object is achieved by a lighting device according to claim 1. Preferred embodiments of the invention are the subject of the dependent claims.

In order to radiate brilliant light of sufficiently high luminances from the crystals into the space to be illuminated, it is proposed to arrange at least one light source for irradiating the crystals at a distance from the crystals and to separate the crystals from one crystal outside at an acute angle to the surface. in which the crystals are arranged to irradiate and form the crystals deposited on the support structure back reflective, so that the light is thrown targeted in the room to be illuminated. According to the invention, at least one light source for irradiating the crystals is arranged at a distance from the crystals such that the crystals are irradiated from one crystal outside at an acute angle to the surface in which the crystals are arranged, the crystals each facing away from the space to be illuminated Rear side are provided with a reflective surface coating. The one-sided surface coating of the crystals in combination with the acute-angled light supply from the outside prevents the light from the crystals in ineffective directions for the room lighting, so that the light with which the crystals are irradiated, is thrown most efficiently in the room to be illuminated and the Crystals act as punctiform light sources. The irradiation of the crystals from the outside makes it possible for a light source to operate or illuminate a plurality of crystals. Advantageously, the light source may be spatially separated from the crystals, in particular spaced, resulting in greater freedom for the design of the crystals, but also for the arrangement of the light source. The refraction can occur in the medial transition, where the light can hit the back of the crystal, be directed and exit on the front. The arrangement may be such that the light exits again on the side of the crystal on which it has previously entered.

This approach is based on the idea that high vertical illuminance with horizontal beams, without dazzling the people looking in that direction, can be achieved inter alia by using very high luminance (L> 10 million cd / m ² ) in a very small solid angle range (solid angle Ω <0.05 steradian, preferably even less than 0.01 steradian) in such a way that the observer perceives a changing, dynamic glittering point field with slight spatial movements (eg changing the head position). If the eye moves relative to the curtain, then the individual crystal dots flash alternately for a short time. In order to prevent dazzling or disruption or impairment of the visual performance due to this frontal horizontal radiation, it is provided that these glittering spots or crystals do not exceed a certain size and have a certain minimum distance. In addition, this dynamic ('flashing') is achieved by this narrow radiation of the individual light points or crystals for the moving observer.

If one comparatively only increase the light intensity of the light source irradiating the crystals, the same effect would not be achieved, but rather a strong increase in the scattered light would create a diffuse atmosphere and the glare effect would be increased. The reflective surface coating on the back of the crystals allows the crystals to shine in one direction, so that not only the lighting effect itself and the brightness achieved in the room is significantly increased, but in the illuminated room people the impression of the sparkling of the crystals around Multiple is increased. In this case, the lighting situation is given a high degree of dynamics, since a person moving in the illuminated space repeatedly encounters light flashes from other crystals with even slight movement relative to the crystal structure, so that the sparkling of the crystals moves dynamically across the surface of the crystal wall.

In a further development of the invention, the crystals are aligned with their major axes at least approximately uniform or parallel to each other, in particular such that the crystals all radiate predominantly in the space to be illuminated. The said crystals each have a major axis which extends substantially perpendicular to the plane in which the respective crystal has its maximum circumference and / or maximum diameter. With this main axis, the crystals in an advantageous development of the invention are substantially perpendicular to the surface defined by the support structure and / or parallel to one another aligned. By such a uniform orientation of the crystals, the luminosity of the crystals is possibly also improved without reflection coating on the back to be illuminated space out. In particular, the crystals may be aligned with said major axes lying parallel to each other and perpendicular to the plane to be illuminated, in which the desired high vertical light intensities are to be achieved.

Nevertheless, in order to achieve a high dynamic of the lighting situation, the crystals are advantageously twisted relative to one another or arranged with different angles of rotation. Advantageously, the crystals have facet faces which are oriented towards different directions by twisting the crystals, in particular around the aforementioned major axis, i. If various crystals are converted into one another by displacement, the facet surfaces do not coincide with each other due to the twisted arrangement of the crystals. For example, if a first crystal with its facet face oriented upwards is exactly aligned in the direction of 12 o'clock, a second crystal with its facet face directed upward is aligned at 1 o'clock, while a third crystal with its face facet face is directed after 11 o'clock ,

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the crystals form a flattened body whose extension in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the support structure is smaller than its extension parallel or tangential to the surface of the support structure. In particular, the crystals may be arranged lying with a flat side towards the wall or to the surface of the support structure.

The crystals can be formed here more or less flattened. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the height of the crystals in the direction perpendicular to the wall or perpendicular to the surface of the support structure is preferably about 1/4 to 3/4, preferably about 1/3 of the maximum width or the maximum diameter of the crystals parallel to Surface of the support structure.

In order to achieve a particularly dynamic light situation for moving persons and to emit light beams with a small opening angle in many different directions, it is provided in a development of the invention that the back side of the crystals is contoured differently than the front side of the crystals. If the crystals are irradiated by the at least one light source in such a way that the incident light enters the body on the front side of the crystals, light deflections occur at the interfaces of the front side and on the mirrored back sides of the crystals, so that with differently contoured front surfaces. and backsides with only a limited number of facets, a large number of differently directed light beams can be emitted again.

Advantageously, both the front side and the back side of the crystals are provided with a facet contour, wherein the facet surfaces on the rear side are preferably inclined at a shallower angle to the base surface of the facet contour than the facet surfaces on the front side of the crystals. The facet surfaces of the back can be inclined in development of the invention at an angle of 10 ° -35 °, preferably 15 ° -30 ° and in particular about 20 ° -25 ° to the base surface of the facet contour. Alternatively or additionally, the facet surfaces of the front side may be inclined at an angle of 20 ° -60 °, preferably 25 ° -50 ° and in particular about 30 ° -45 ° to the base surface of the faceted contour. Said base of the faceted contour advantageously extends perpendicular to the aforementioned major axis of the crystals, with which said crystals are oriented substantially perpendicular to the surface of the support structure.

As an alternative or in addition to the mentioned flatter inclination of the facet surfaces on the rear side, a different contouring of the front and rear sides can also be achieved by tilting the facet surfaces on at least one side of the crystals, in particular on their front side, at different angles with respect to the said base surface , In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the inclination of the various facet surfaces varies on the Front of the crystals between 30 ° and 50 °, ie, a first facet surface is inclined at a small angle, for example, 32 ° to the base, while a second facet surface inclined at an average angle, for example, 38 ° to said base and a third facet surface under a larger Tilt angle of, for example, 44 ° inclined to the base. Accordingly, the side of the crystal provided with differently inclined facet faces forms an irregular pyramid, while the other side of the crystals forms a regular pyramid with equally inclined facet faces. In particular, the back is in the form of a regular pyramid, while the front of the crystals is formed in the form of an irregular pyramid.

Regardless of the faceting of the front of the crystals and / or the back of the crystals, the transition between the front and back of each crystal may be edged, in particular in the manner of a polygon. Alternatively, however, also regardless of a faceting on the front and / or back, but also a round transition between front and back may be provided, in which case the rounding can be provided in the direction of the transition from the front and back and / or in the circumferential direction.

In order to emit brilliant light, the crystals are advantageously designed and / or arranged in conjunction with the light source such that the light rays emitted by the crystals have an opening angle of less than 5 °, preferably of at most 1.5 °, so that the radiated Light rays as light that comes from one direction, is perceived and gives appropriate brilliance.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, point-like light sources, for example in the form of LEDs, are used to irradiate the crystals, which, compared to non-point light sources such as fluorescent tubes, a significantly higher brilliance or even brilliance of the emitted light from the crystals can be achieved. The mentioned punctiform light sources may hereby be arranged side by side in one or more rows that run / extend substantially parallel to the surface of the support structure, wherein the point-shaped light sources are evenly distributed along the row or even in clouds or grouped assemblages, which then together form a row could be. If the crystal wallpaper is mounted on a wall, the point-shaped light sources may be arranged in a row or rows parallel to the wall on the ceiling or on the floor or an adjacent wall, or on corresponding holding devices which run parallel to the wall. In particular, at least one row of point light sources may be arranged on the ceiling when the crystal panel is mounted as a wall coating or cover.

The carrier structure carrying the crystals can in principle be designed differently. According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the support structure may be formed with the attached crystals as a wallpaper, for example, in the manner of a woodchip wallpaper. A sheet carrier, such as a fabric or paper, may carry the attached crystals. Alternatively or additionally, the support structure may be formed by an opaque panel or matrix material on which or in which the crystals are arranged. Alternatively or additionally, however, the support structure may also be formed by a cable system comprising a plurality of, preferably parallel to each other extending cable pieces. Further embodiments of the support structure are possible within the scope of the invention, wherein it may also be provided to attach the crystals directly to a wall.

Advantageously, the light sources are in this case arranged relative to the crystal field such that the irradiation of the crystal field takes place at a very shallow angle, which is preferably less than 30 ° to the surface in which the crystals are arranged. By such a flat irradiation of the crystal wall stronger scattering and dispersion effects can be avoided and the crystals are brilliantly lit. The crystal field forms a luminaire that emits brilliant light with a large variety of punctiform radiation sources and create in the room to be illuminated a vertical illumination with high illuminance and many glittering points forms without glare.

In particular, the at least one light source can be arranged outside the crystal field or outside the area occupied by the crystals, in particular outside the wall section in which the crystals are provided. When viewed in a direction approximately perpendicular to the area occupied by the crystals, the at least one light source can be positioned next to or outside the area occupied by the crystals, wherein at least one light source above and / or at least one light source below and / or at least one light source laterally, i. right and / or left, may be provided adjacent to the surface occupied by the crystals. In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, a light source can be arranged in particular above the area occupied by the crystals, wherein said light source can advantageously consist of a plurality of punctiform light sources in the aforementioned manner, which can be advantageously arranged in one or more rows.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the at least one light source is designed in such a way that the light generated by the light source is intentionally thrown in a direction substantially only on the crystals and experiences only a limited light expansion. The light cone emitted by the at least one light source, which may be a uniform circular cone, but may also be an irregular, club-shaped or truncated pyramid-shaped light funnel, may in particular have a widening angle of less than 25 °.

In an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the surface provided with the crystals can be illuminated only from one side, in particular from an upper side.

The crystals may advantageously be made relatively small, preferably a maximum diameter of less than 20 mm, more preferably less than 10 mm. The arrangement density of the crystals and their positioning relative to each other may be chosen differently, but is advantageously relatively high or chosen so that no larger scattering effects is caused on the non-transparent matrix material of the support structure. In a further development of the invention - when viewing the crystal arrangement from the light source or viewing direction from the light source - more than 2/3, more preferably more than 3/4 of the visible, ie in the said direction projected surface be covered with crystals. The crystals may be arranged in a uniform grid or in an irregular, cloud-like distribution on the support structure, wherein advantageously the crystals are offset from one another in such a way that they are not in the shadow of other crystals, if the irradiation in the manner mentioned under shallow Einstrahlwinkeln is made. In particular, the crystals may be arranged offset in successive rows, viewed from the light source, such that a crystal is arranged in the row further apart from the light source between two crystals of the adjacent row closer to the light source.

In a further development of the invention, the crystals form means for light point separation. At each reference point of the surface to be illuminated, light is incident, which originates from luminous surfaces of the crystal arrangement, which are individually and separately perceptible and do not exceed a certain size. By such a light point decomposition ensures that the glare of the light in all directions, but especially in the radiation area and viewing directions against the main radiation axis, is greatly reduced.

In particular, it can be provided that each reference point of the surface to be illuminated is illuminated by at least 25, preferably at least 50 and advantageously more than 100 separately perceptible light points.

wobei a der Betrachtungsabstand, also der Abstand des Aufpunktes von den jeweiligen Leuchtflächen in Metern gemessen ist und für den am Aufpunkt durch die Teillichtbündel der Leuchtfläche gebildeten Öffnungswinkel x gilt: $$\mathrm{x}=(-\mathrm{1}/\mathrm{g}\cdot \ln \left[\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{B}\right)/\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{1}\right)\right]-\mathrm{s}$$

wobei der Öffnungswinkel x in Winkelminuten (mit 1 Winkelminute = 1/60 Grad mit 360 Grad = Kreis) angegeben ist und für die Parameter g, K, B und s die Ungleichungen $$\mathrm{0},\mathrm{5}\le \mathrm{g}\le \mathrm{0},\mathrm{9}$$

$$\mathrm{6}\le \mathrm{K}\le \mathrm{9}$$

$$\mathrm{1}\le \mathrm{B}<\mathrm{5},\mathrm{8}$$

$$\mathrm{0}\le \mathrm{s}\le \mathrm{0},\mathrm{3}$$

gelten und ferner der in Blickrichtung projizierte Mindestabstand benachbarter Leuchtflächen durch die Beziehung definiert ist: $$\mathrm{b}=\mathrm{2}\cdot \mathrm{a}\cdot \tan \left(\mathrm{y}/\mathrm{2}\right),$$

wobei a der Betrachtungsabstand in Metern gemessen ist und y ≥ 10 Winkelminuten ist, wobei y der durch die benachbarten Teillichtbündel zweier Leuchtflächen gebildete Öffnungswinkel ist.In this case, the crystals mentioned can advantageously be designed such that the maximum dimension D projected in the direction of view of each separately perceptible luminous area on the luminaire is defined by the following relationship: $$\mathrm{D}\le \mathrm{2}\cdot \mathrm{a}\cdot \tan \left(\mathrm{x}/\mathrm{2}\right).$$

where a is the viewing distance, ie the distance of the Aufpunktes of the respective luminous surfaces measured in meters and applies to the opening angle formed by the partial light beam of the luminous surface at the Aufpunkt by x: $$\mathrm{x}=(-\mathrm{1}/\mathrm{G}\cdot \ln \left[\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{B}\right)/\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{1}\right)\right]-\mathrm{s}$$

wherein the opening angle x in angular minutes (with 1 angle minute = 1/60 degrees with 360 degrees = circle) is given and for the parameters g, K, B and s the inequalities $$\mathrm{0}.\mathrm{5}\le \mathrm{G}\le \mathrm{0}.\mathrm{9}$$

$$\mathrm{6}\le \mathrm{K}\le \mathrm{9}$$

$$\mathrm{1}\le \mathrm{B}<\mathrm{5}.\mathrm{8th}$$

$$\mathrm{0}\le \mathrm{s}\le \mathrm{0}.\mathrm{3}$$

and further defining the minimum projected distance of adjacent luminous surfaces by the relationship: $$\mathrm{b}=\mathrm{2}\cdot \mathrm{a}\cdot \tan \left(\mathrm{y}/\mathrm{2}\right).$$

where a is the viewing distance measured in meters and y ≥ 10 angular minutes, where y is the opening angle formed by the adjacent partial light bundles of two luminous surfaces.

Fig. 1:

eine schematische, perspektivische Ansicht der Beleuchtungsvorrichtung nach einer vorteilhaften Ausführung der Erfindung, die die Anordnung der Kristalltapete an einer vertikalen Wand und die dieser zugeordnete Anordnung von LED-Strahlern an der Decke zeigt,

Fig. 2:

eine schematische Seitenansicht der Beleuchtungsvorrichtung aus Fig. 1 parallel zu der Wand, an der das Kristallfeld angeordnet ist, so dass die Ansicht die geometrische Anordnung der Lichtquellen relativ zur Positionierung des Kristallfelds zeigt,

Fig. 3:

eine ausschnittsweise, vergrößerte Darstellung der Anordnung der Lichtquellen in einem Deckenkanal,

Fig. 4:

eine vergrößerte, ausschnittsweise Seitenansicht der Trägerstruktur und der darauf angeordneten Kristalle, die die Ausrichtung der Kristalle mit ihren Hauptachsen senkrecht zur Fläche der Trägerstruktur zeigt,

Fig. 5:

eine perspektivische Ansicht eines Kristalls, die schräg von oben dessen Vorderseite zeigt, die zum zu beleuchtenden Raum hin ausgeleuchtet ist und unterschiedlich geneigte Facettenflächen besitzt und eine unregelmäßige Pyramide bildet,

Fig. 6:

eine schematische Darstellung der Geometrie der Facetten des Kristalls aus Fig. 5,

Fig. 7:

eine Seitenansicht des Kristalls aus den Figuren 5 und 6 in einer Blickrichtung parallel zur Fläche der Trägerstruktur, und

Fig. 8:

eine schematische Darstellung der Lichtpunktzerlegung der Kristalltapete.

The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to a preferred embodiment and associated drawings. In the drawings show:

Fig. 1:

a schematic, perspective view of the lighting device according to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the arrangement of the Crystal wallpaper on a vertical wall and the associated arrangement of LED spotlights on the ceiling,

Fig. 2:

a schematic side view of the lighting device Fig. 1 parallel to the wall on which the crystal field is arranged, so that the view shows the geometrical arrangement of the light sources relative to the positioning of the crystal field,

3:

a fragmentary, enlarged view of the arrangement of the light sources in a ceiling channel,

4:

an enlarged, fragmentary side view of the support structure and the crystals arranged thereon, showing the orientation of the crystals with their major axes perpendicular to the surface of the support structure,

Fig. 5:

a perspective view of a crystal obliquely from above shows its front, which is illuminated to the room to be illuminated and has differently inclined facet surfaces and forms an irregular pyramid,

Fig. 6:

a schematic representation of the geometry of the facets of the crystal Fig. 5 .

Fig. 7:

a side view of the crystal from the Figures 5 and 6 in a viewing direction parallel to the surface of the support structure, and

Fig. 8:

a schematic representation of the light point decomposition of the crystal wallpaper.

In the Fig. 1 illustrated lighting device 1 comprises a serving as a light crystal wallpaper 13, which is mounted in the illustrated embodiment on a vertical wall of a room. The mentioned crystal wallpaper 13 comprises a Crystal field comprising a plurality of crystals 3, which are applied to a support structure 2 and attached thereto, see. Figure 4 , The said support structure 2 may in this case form a solid panel, but may also consist of a flexible film or paper carrier as in a real wallpaper. Optionally, soft matrix materials such as a thin rubber mat can be used, on which the crystals 3 can be applied and / or embedded in slight depressions. Alternatively, the crystals can also be strung on strings, wires or ribbons, or lattice structures can be used as the support structure. The support structure may - but need not - be formed as a continuous or contiguous surface, or may also comprise a plurality of separate holding elements.

In the illustrated embodiment, the support structure 2 and the crystal field applied thereon are planar, i. however, the crystals 3 are all arranged in one plane, but the surface defined by the support structure 3 may also deviate from the planar form, for example to be applied to an arcuately curved wall or column or the like. The support structure 2 may also have a shape deviating from the planar shape without adaptation to the underlying building wall, ceiling or the like, for example a relief-like free-form surface in order to achieve special lighting effects. Advantageously, however, the crystals 3 are arranged in a continuous, continuously shaped surface so that there are no cracks or distortions within the crystal field.

The crystals 3 are arranged in a uniform or cloud-shaped distribution over the surface, as this Fig. 1 shows. In this case, the stocking density and distribution is advantageously such that, viewed from the light sources 7, at least 50% of the wall surface covered by the crystal field, ie, one seen in projection from the light source, for example, 1 m ² large piece of wall - which is actually, that is much larger when looking perpendicular to it - is preferred At least 0.5 m ^{2 of} the area to be seen in projection covered with crystals. Advantageously, a significantly higher occupation rate can be selected.

As the FIGS. 1 and 2 show, the crystal wallpaper 13 is irradiated by point-shaped light sources 7, for example. In the form of LEDs, which are arranged on the or in the ceiling 6 relatively close to the wall 5, on which the crystal wallpaper 13 is applied. The light sources 7 advantageously form small points of light with luminous densities L much greater than 10 ⁶ cd / m ² . In particular, the light sources 7 mentioned here are arranged distributed in a row in the illustrated embodiment, which extends substantially parallel to the wall 5 and thus parallel to the surface defined by the support structure 2. The arrangement and spacing of the light sources 7 is in this case advantageously such that the surface of the crystal field is irradiated at an angle of less than 30 °, ie the light coming from the light sources 7 falls from above onto the crystal field, wherein the angle to the surface said crystal field in the illustrated embodiment is between 15 ° and 25 °, cf. Fig. 2 , The widening of the light cone coming from the light sources 7 is made such that the entire crystal field is irradiated, cf. Fig. 2 , wherein in the illustrated embodiment and the wall heights provided there and the height of the crystal field, a cone expansion of 13 ° is provided. Advantageously, the arrangement of the light sources 7 - for example, by approaching closer to the wall to be irradiated 5 - made so that the expansion of the light cone is less than 25 °, preferably less than 20 °.

The arranged on the support structure 2 crystals are in the Figures 4-7 shown closer. The said crystals 3 are in each case provided with a flattened shape, wherein they each rest on the support structure 2 with one flat side, cf. Fig. 4 , As Fig. 7 In this case, the crystals 3 are shaped such that a maximum width or a maximum diameter b of the crystals 3 is about 4/3 to 8/3 of the height h of the crystals. The arrangement of the crystals 3 is in this case made such that said height h is substantially perpendicular extends to the surface of the support structure 2 and the said width or diameter measure b in a plane parallel to the surface of the support structure 2.

The crystals 3 thus each extend with a main axis 11, which is perpendicular to the plane in which the crystals 3 have their maximum extent b, substantially perpendicular to the surface of the support structure 2, wherein advantageously all the crystals 3 are aligned parallel to each other.

Advantageously, however, the crystals 3 are twisted against each other. The rotational position of the crystals 3 with respect to the said major axis 11 is different such that the facets of a plurality of crystals 3 do not have the same orientations but each have an angular offset relative to each other. The angles of rotation of the crystals 3 about the said major axis 11 vary in great variety, i. Advantageously, not only two or three different rotational positions are provided for the plurality of crystals, but a large variety, so that a large variance of the surface orientations is achieved.

As the Figures 5-7 show, the back 8 and also the front side 9 of the crystals 3 are each provided with a faceted contouring. The inclined surfaces are in this case arranged such that the front and rear sides 8 and 9 each have a pyramid shape, wherein the back 8 forms a uniform pyramid, while the front side 9 forms a non-uniform pyramid. The non-uniform pyramid mentioned here comes about by the fact that the inclined surfaces on the front side 9 of the crystals 3 have different angles of inclination. In the drawn execution to Fig. 6 The slopes of facet facets 9 vary from 32 ° to 35 °, 38 ° and 41 ° to 44 °.

The back 8 is provided with inclined surfaces, all of which have the same inclination, wherein said inclination in the illustrated embodiment is 22 °.

The said inclination of the inclined surfaces is hereby measured with respect to the base surface of the respective faceted contouring, wherein said base surface the area in which the crystals 3 have their maximum extent and / or which is arranged parallel to the surface of the support structure 3.

Said back 8 of the crystals 3 is provided with a reflective surface coating 10, while the front 9 is formed without surface coating and is provided with clear, refractive surfaces. Said surface coating 10 on the back side 8 of the crystals 3 may be a mirror coating, for example by means of a suitable vapor deposition, for example an aluminum vaporization.

wobei a der Betrachtungsabstand, also der Abstand des Aufpunktes von den jeweiligen Leuchtflächen in Metern gemessen ist und für den am Aufpunkt durch die Teillichtbündel der Leuchtfläche gebildeten Öffnungswinkel x gilt: $$\mathrm{x}=(-\mathrm{1}/\mathrm{g}\cdot \ln \left[\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{B}\right)/\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{1}\right)\right]-\mathrm{s}$$

wobei der Öffnungswinkel x in Winkelminuten (mit 1 Winkelminute = 1/60 Grad mit 360 Grad = Kreis) angegeben ist und für die Parameter g, K, B und s die Ungleichungen $$\mathrm{0},\mathrm{5}\le \mathrm{g}\le \mathrm{0},\mathrm{9}$$

$$\mathrm{6}\le \mathrm{K}\le \mathrm{9}$$

$$\mathrm{1}\le \mathrm{B}<\mathrm{5},\mathrm{8}$$

$$\mathrm{0}\le \mathrm{s}\le \mathrm{0},\mathrm{3}$$

gelten und ferner der Mindestabstand benachbarter Leuchtflächen durch die Beziehung definiert ist: $$\mathrm{b}=\mathrm{2}\cdot \mathrm{a}\cdot \tan \left(\mathrm{y}/\mathrm{2}\right),$$

wobei a der Betrachtungsabständ in Metern gemessen ist und y ≥ 10 Winkelminuten ist, wobei y der durch die benachbarten Teillichtbündel zweier Leuchtflächen gebildete Öffnungswinkel ist.The arrangement of the LEDs together with the crystals cause a point of light decomposition, which allows on the one hand a high-contrast perception of the illuminated areas and on the other hand a largely glare-free. Each point in the illuminated space is illuminated by several separately perceptible points of light. The arrangement of the LEDs and the crystals is made such that they are in Fig. 8 satisfies the described relationship, according to which the points of light formed by the output surfaces of the crystals 3 in terms of size and arrangement meet the requirements for a meaningful Lichtpunktzerlegung. This is characterized in that the maximum dimension D of each light spot is defined by the following relationship: $$\mathrm{D}\le \mathrm{2}\cdot \mathrm{a}\cdot \tan \left(\mathrm{x}/\mathrm{2}\right).$$

where a is the viewing distance, ie the distance of the Aufpunktes of the respective luminous surfaces measured in meters and applies to the opening angle formed by the partial light beam of the luminous surface at the Aufpunkt by x: $$\mathrm{x}=(-\mathrm{1}/\mathrm{G}\cdot \ln \left[\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{B}\right)/\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{1}\right)\right]-\mathrm{s}$$

wherein the opening angle x in angular minutes (with 1 angle minute = 1/60 degrees with 360 degrees = circle) is given and for the parameters g, K, B and s the inequalities $$\mathrm{0}.\mathrm{5}\le \mathrm{G}\le \mathrm{0}.\mathrm{9}$$

$$\mathrm{6}\le \mathrm{K}\le \mathrm{9}$$

$$\mathrm{1}\le \mathrm{B}<\mathrm{5}.\mathrm{8th}$$

$$\mathrm{0}\le \mathrm{s}\le \mathrm{0}.\mathrm{3}$$

and furthermore the minimum distance of adjacent luminous surfaces is defined by the relationship: $$\mathrm{b}=\mathrm{2}\cdot \mathrm{a}\cdot \tan \left(\mathrm{y}/\mathrm{2}\right).$$

where a is the viewing distance measured in meters and y ≥ 10 angular minutes, where y is the opening angle formed by the adjacent partial light beams of two luminous surfaces.

The aforementioned parameters B and K are sufficiently unequal to each other. Advantageously, the parameter B is selected as a function of the illumination intensity to be determined in the viewing distance a, where the glare effect influences the glare, wherein preferably the parameter B ≦ 5, in particular B ≦ 4.

Claims (15)

1. An illumination apparatus having a carrier structure (2) which is preferably planar and to which a plurality of crystals (3) are fastened which each consist of a transparent material, which have a faceted surface contouring having facet surfaces aligned with respect to different directions, which are distributed over a surface region and which radiate into the space to be illuminated on irradiation by at least one light source (7), characterized in that the at least one light source (7) for irradiating the crystals (3) is arranged spaced apart from the crystals outside the surface region in which the crystals are arranged such that the crystals (3) can be irradiated by the named light source (7) from a respective outer side of the crystal at an acute angle to the surface in which the crystals are arranged, with the crystals (3) being provided with a reflective surface coating (10) at their rear sides (8) remote from the space (4) to be illuminated.
2. An illumination apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the crystals (3) each have a main axis (11) which substantially extends perpendicular to the plane (12) in which the respective crystal (3) has its maximum circumference and/or its maximum diameter; and wherein the main axes (11) of the crystals (3) are aligned substantially in parallel with one another and/or substantially perpendicular to the surface defined by the carrier structure (2).
3. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the crystals (3) are arranged at different angles of rotation such that facet surfaces of different crystals are aligned with respect to different directions.
4. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the crystals (3) form a respective flattened body which is arranged with a flat site lying on the plane defined by the carrier structure (2), with a width (b) of the crystals (3) preferably amounting to 4/3 to 8/3 of the height (h) of the crystals (3).
5. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the rear sides (8) of the crystals (3) remote from the space (4) to be illuminated have different contouring with respect to the front sides (9) of the crystals (3) facing the space (4) to be illuminated.
6. An illumination apparatus in accordance with the preceding claim, wherein the rear sides (8) of the crystals (3) have a faceted contour whose facet surfaces are inclined at a shallower angle than the facet surfaces of the likewise faceted contour of the front sides (9), with the facet surfaces of the rear sides (8) preferably being inclined toward the base surface of the faceted contour at an angle of 10° to 35°, preferably 15° to 35°, in particular approximately 20° to 25°, and/or with the facet surfaces of the front sides (9) preferably being inclined toward the base surface of the faceted contour at an angle of 20° to 60°, preferably 25° to 50°, in particular 30° to 45°, and/or with the same number of facet surfaces being provided on the rear sides (8) and on the front sides (9) of the crystals (3), with preferably 3 - 10, further preferably 4 - 6 and in particular 5 facet surfaces being provided on each side.
7. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the rear sides (8) of the crystals (3) remote from the space (4) to be illuminated have the shape of a regular pyramid and/or the front sides (9) of the crystals (3) facing the space (4) to be illuminated have the shape of an irregular pyramid, with the front sides (9) of the crystals (3) facing the space (4) to be illuminated having differently inclined facet surfaces whose inclinations toward the base surface of the faceted contour preferably vary in the range from 30° to 50°.
8. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the crystals (3) and/or the light source (7) are arranged and configured such that the light beams irradiated from the crystals (3) have an opening angle of less than 2 x 5°, preferably less than 2 x 20°.
9. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the crystals (3) have a maximum diameter of less than 20 mm, preferably less than 10 mm.
10. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein a plurality of spot-like light sources, in particular in the form of LEDs having a luminance of L >> 10⁶ cd/m² are provided as the light source (7), with the spot-like light sources preferably being arranged next to one another in one or more rows which extend substantially in parallel with the surface of the carrier structure (2).
11. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one light source (7) for irradiating the crystals (3) is arranged such that the crystals (3) can be irradiated at an angle of less than 30°, preferably less than 20°, to the surface in which the crystals (3) are arranged and/or which is defined by the carrier structure (2).
12. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one light source (7) is arranged in a marginal region adjacent to the surface region in which the crystals (3) are arranged;
    wherein a spacing of the at least one light source (7) from the named surface region is advantageously provided and/or the at least one light source (7) is arranged such that the crystals (7) are irradiated on their sides facing the space to be illuminated and/or the at least one light source (7) is arranged spaced apart from the surface in which the crystals (7) are arranged into the space to be illuminated.
13. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the surface region in which the crystals (3) are arranged can only be irradiated from one side, in particular from an upper side.
14. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one light source (7) is configured such that the light cone or light funnel irradiating the crystals (3) has a widening angle of less than 25°, preferably less than 15°.
15. An illumination apparatus in accordance with one of the preceding claims, wherein the crystals (3) are configured and arranged such that they form a light dot segmentation apparatus, wherein each space point of the surface to be illuminated is illuminated by at least 25, preferably at least 50, in particular more than 100, separately perceivable light dots, wherein in particular the largest dimension D of every separately perceivable light dot of the lamp satisfies the following relationship: $$\mathrm{D}\le \mathrm{2}\times \mathrm{a}\times \tan \left(\mathrm{x}/\mathrm{2}\right),$$

    

    where a is the viewing distance, that is the distance of the space point from the respective illuminating surfaces measured in meters and it applies to the opening angle x formed at the space point by the part light bundles of the illuminating surface: $$\mathrm{x}=(-\mathrm{1}/\mathrm{g}\times \ln \left[\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{b}\right)/\left(\mathrm{K}-\mathrm{1}\right)\right]-\mathrm{s}$$

    

    where the opening angle x is given in arc minutes and the inequalities $$\mathrm{0.5}\le \mathrm{g}\le \mathrm{0.9}$$

    

    $$\mathrm{6}\le \mathrm{K}\le \mathrm{9}$$

    

    $$\mathrm{1}\le \mathrm{B}\le \mathrm{5.8}$$

    

    $$\mathrm{0}\le \mathrm{s}\le \mathrm{0.3}$$

    

    apply to the parameters g, K, B and s, and the minimum distance of adjacent illuminating surfaces is defined by the relationship: $$\mathrm{b}=\mathrm{2}\times \mathrm{a}\times \tan \left(\mathrm{y}/\mathrm{2}\right),$$

    

    where a is the viewing distance measured in meters and y ≥ 10 minutes of angle, where y is the opening angle formed by the adjacent part light beams of two illuminating surfaces.

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