EP2356715A1 - Appareil et procédé permettant de capturer du dioxyde de carbone à partir d un gaz d échappement de combustion et de générer de l énergie électrique au moyen de systèmes mcfc - Google Patents

Appareil et procédé permettant de capturer du dioxyde de carbone à partir d un gaz d échappement de combustion et de générer de l énergie électrique au moyen de systèmes mcfc

Info

Publication number
EP2356715A1
EP2356715A1 EP08876074A EP08876074A EP2356715A1 EP 2356715 A1 EP2356715 A1 EP 2356715A1 EP 08876074 A EP08876074 A EP 08876074A EP 08876074 A EP08876074 A EP 08876074A EP 2356715 A1 EP2356715 A1 EP 2356715A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
exhaust gas
gas
compartment
cathodic compartment
anodic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08876074A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Roberto Bertone
Luciano Caprile
Biagio Passalacqua
Cristina Puddu
Arturo Torazza
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA
Original Assignee
Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA filed Critical Ansaldo Fuel Cells SpA
Publication of EP2356715A1 publication Critical patent/EP2356715A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/06—Combination of fuel cells with means for production of reactants or for treatment of residues
    • H01M8/0662—Treatment of gaseous reactants or gaseous residues, e.g. cleaning
    • H01M8/0668—Removal of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04014—Heat exchange using gaseous fluids; Heat exchange by combustion of reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04007—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids related to heat exchange
    • H01M8/04067—Heat exchange or temperature measuring elements, thermal insulation, e.g. heat pipes, heat pumps, fins
    • H01M8/04074—Heat exchange unit structures specially adapted for fuel cell
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/04097—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants with recycling of the reactants
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
    • H01M8/04089—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants
    • H01M8/04111—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration of gaseous reactants using a compressor turbine assembly
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
    • H01M8/04298—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems
    • H01M8/04313—Processes for controlling fuel cells or fuel cell systems characterised by the detection or assessment of variables; characterised by the detection or assessment of failure or abnormal function
    • H01M8/0432—Temperature; Ambient temperature
    • H01M8/0435—Temperature; Ambient temperature of cathode exhausts
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/14—Fuel cells with fused electrolytes
    • H01M2008/147—Fuel cells with molten carbonates
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an apparatus and a method for capturing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from combustion exhaust gas, generating electrical energy by means of an MCFC (Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells) system.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • MCFC Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
  • EP0418864 describes the general schemes of a number of plant solutions, most of which operating at atmospheric pressure.
  • the ones devised, instead, for operating under pressure presuppose additions of air to the exhaust (flue) gas with consequent increase in compression work.
  • Patent No. US7396603 most suitable for atmospheric pressure systems with internal reformer, uses as oxidant, instead, exclusively exhaust (flue) gas.
  • it calls for a rigid separation of the anodic line from the cathodic line. This prevents the recovery in the turbine of the enthalpy of the anodic fluids and reduces the degrees of freedom of the plant managing operations .
  • a further problem of the known systems is, in fact, that they do not have, in general terms, characteristics of flexibility such as to enable precedence to be given, each time as required but in real time, to CO 2 capturing function (increasing separation capacity) or to energy generation function (optimizing electrical efficiency) .
  • the present invention hence relates to an apparatus and a method for capturing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from combustion exhaust gas and generating electrical energy by means of MCFC systems as essentially defined in the annexed Claim 1 and Claim 13 respectively, as well as, for their preferred aspects, in the dependent claims.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • Designated as a whole by 1 in the annexed figure is an apparatus for capturing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from combustion exhaust gas and generating electrical energy by means of an MCFC (Molten Carbonated Fuel Cells) system 2, in particular an MCFC system of a pressurized type, operating preferably between 3 and 6 abs . bar and typically around 3.5 to 4 abs . bar.
  • MCFC Molten Carbonated Fuel Cells
  • the apparatus 1 is associated to a primary plant 3 operating with combustion processes.
  • the primary plant 3 is a gas-turbine / heat-recovery-steam-generator / steam-turbine combined-cycle thermo-electric plant, of which it is desired to treat the exhaust (flue) gas either totally or partially in order to reduce the content of CO 2 thereof prior to introduction into the atmosphere.
  • the apparatus 1 basically comprises:
  • an MCFC system 2 comprising a molten-carbonate fuel cell or a stack of molten-carbonate fuel cells 4 and having a cathodic compartment 5 and an anodic compartment 6 ;
  • an oxidant- supply line 44 through which oxidizing gas is supplied to the cathodic compartment and in which converge an exhaust gas supply line 7, which takes exhaust gas coming from the primary plant 3 to the oxidant-supply line 44, and a cathodic-recirculation line 21, which recirculates part of the gas coming from the cathodic compartment 5 ;
  • CO 2 separation system 8 connected to an outlet of the anodic compartment 6 and designed to separate CO 2 from a flow of anodic gas coming from the anodic compartment 6;
  • a heat-exchange assembly 11 set along the exhaust gas supply line 7 for controlling the temperature of the exhaust gas introduced into the oxidant- supply line 44 and, then, to the cathodic compartment 5.
  • the exhaust gas supply line 7 of the apparatus 1 is connected to an exhaust output of the primary plant 3 via a connection line 12, which transfers (either totally or partially) the combustion exhaust (flue) gas produced by the primary plant 3 to the MCFC system 2.
  • the line 12 introduces into the apparatus 1, as exclusive source of oxidizing gas, combustion exhaust gas, without addition of air or other oxidizing gas.
  • the connection line 12 includes, upstream of the apparatus 1, a gas -cleaning system and/or a heat exchanger, not illustrated in the figure.
  • the exhaust gas introduced into the apparatus 1 has temperatures of 40 to HO 0 C and oxygen content higher than
  • the turbo-compressor assembly 10 is of a traditional structure and comprises a compressor 15 coaxial with a turbine 16 by which it is driven, an electrical generator 17, and an auxiliary burner 22.
  • the compressor 15 is set along the exhaust gas supply line 7, upstream of the heat-exchange assembly 11, and has the function of compressing the exhaust gas from the atmospheric pressure of the exhaust outlet of the primary plant 3 to the operating pressure of the MCFC system 2 (preferably, approximately 3 to 6 abs . bar) .
  • the compressor 15 has an outlet from which there branch off a main branch 18a that takes the compressed exhaust gas to the heat-exchange assembly 11, and a bypass branch 18b, which takes the exhaust gas, instead, to the exhaust gas supply line 7 downstream of the heat-exchange assembly 11, usable for regulating the exhaust gas temperature.
  • the heat-exchange assembly 11 is configured so that the exhaust gas to be supplied to the cathodic compartment 5 exchange heat with an exhaust gas flow coming from the cathodic compartment 5.
  • the assembly 11 comprises a gas/gas recovery heat exchanger 19, in which the compressed exhaust gas coming from the compressor 15 is heated by a gas flow coming from the cathodic compartment 5 and passed through the turbine 16 of the turbo-compressor assembly
  • the heat exchanger 19 has an exhaust gas outlet shared between: a first branch 20a (forming part of the exhaust gas supply line 7) that takes the heated exhaust gas to the cathodic compartment 5 through the oxidant-supply line 44, after prior confluence first with the bypass branch 18b and then with the cathodic-recirculation line 21; and a second branch 20b, which can be activated in particular transients and transfers a fraction of the heated exhaust gas exiting from the heat exchanger 19 to the auxiliary burner 22 of the turbo-compressor assembly 10.
  • the burner 22 has the function of starting the turbo-compressor assembly 10 and hence of the entire apparatus 1, as well as the function of intervening with stabilizing tasks in the presence of particular transients.
  • the burner 22 When it is active, the burner 22 is supplied with a fuel (for example, methane or natural gas) through a supply line 23 and receives as oxidant part of the exhaust gas coming out from the heat exchanger 19 through the line 20b.
  • a fuel for example, methane or natural gas
  • the burner 22 has an outlet connected via an exhaust transfer line 24 to the turbine 16.
  • the fuel cells of the stack 4 (with external reformer and external manifold) present configuration and operation that are substantially known and consequently are not described in detail for reasons of simplicity.
  • the cathodic compartment 5 is constituted by a current collector and gas distributor and by an electrode (cathode) , on which the cathodic reactions occur.
  • the anodic compartment 6 is constituted by a current collector and gas distributor and by an electrode (anode) , on which the anodic reactions occur.
  • C0 3 ions.
  • the cathodic compartment 5 has an outlet 27 connected, via a branch 27a, to an inlet of the turbine 16, and via a branch 27b to the fuel conversion section 9.
  • the branch 27a takes a fraction of exhausted gas coming from the cathodic compartment 5 to the turbine 16, where the cathodic gas expands, thus producing mechanical energy for driving the compressor 15 and the generator 17.
  • the branch 27b takes a recirculation fraction of the exhausted gas coming from the cathodic compartment 5 to supply a catalytic burner 29 associated to a steam reformer 30 of the section 9.
  • the gas coming from the cathodic compartment 5 that has expanded in the turbine 16 are sent to the heat exchanger 19 through a turbine exhaust transfer line 31 in order to heat the exhaust gas compressed by the compressor 15.
  • the burner 29 is supplied not only with the exhaust gas coming from the cathodic compartment 5 through the branch 27b but also with residual fuel coming from the CO 2 separation system
  • the burner 29 supplies the heat required for sustaining a reaction of conversion or reforming of a primary fuel introduced into the reformer 30 through a primary supply line 33.
  • the primary fuel is typically methane, or else natural gas, biogas, syngas, hydrogen, etc.
  • the line 33 can optionally include, where necessary, systems for cleaning/purification, which are known and are not illustrated in the figure.
  • the reformer 30 is supplied with a methane-steam mixture through the line 33, into which an outlet line 34 from a steam generator 35 is fitted.
  • the reformer 30 converts the methane into hydrogen, CO and CO 2 and then into a gaseous fuel suitable for supplying the anodic compartment 6 , to which the reformer 30 is connected via an anodic supply line 36.
  • the primary fuel conversion section 9 comprises, instead of a steam reformer associated to a burner as described, a heat exchanger or other device designed to provide a suitable supply to the anodic compartment 6.
  • the section 9, in the case in point the burner 29, has an exhaust gas outlet, which is connected to the cathodic compartment 5 via the cathodic recirculation line 21 (which is joined to the exhaust gas supply line 7) ;
  • the line 21 is provided with a blower 37 and is joined to the exhaust gas supply line 7 for transferring, through the oxidant-supply line 44, oxidizing gas to the cathodic compartment 5, after prior mixing with the exhaust gas coming from the heat- exchange assembly 11 and with the exhaust gas exiting from the section 9 and specifically from the burner 29 (exhaust gas produced by the combustion of the residual anodic fuel coming from the CO 2 separation system 8 through the line 32 with the gas coming from the cathodic compartment 5 through the branch 27b) .
  • the exhaust gas entering into the cathodic compartment 5 indicatively has temperatures of 575 to 600 0 C.
  • the steam generator 35 produces steam to be mixed with the primary fuel (methane) starting from demineralized water supplied through a water-inlet line 38, using the heat still present in the gas coming from the cathodic compartment 5 and that, after passing through the turbine 16 and the heat- exchange assembly 11, are sent to the steam generator 35 via a transfer line 39 that connects the heat exchanger 19 to the steam generator 35.
  • the gas coming from the cathodic compartment 5 are finally discharged from the apparatus 1, for example, via a chimney (for example, the chimney of the primary plant 3) .
  • the CO 2 separation system 8 separates CO 2 from the anodic gas coming from the anodic compartment 6, to which it is connected via an anodic outlet line 42.
  • the system 8 is based upon membranes operating at a high temperature and capable of separating CO 2 from the anodic gas.
  • the residual hydrogen not used in the MCFC system 2 , and possibly methane and CO, which are also residues, separated from the anodic gas and recovered, are sent to the burner 29 through the recovery line 32.
  • the electrical generator 17 is actuated by the turbine 16 and produces, according to the operating modalities, electrical energy, which is transferred, via a connection 43, to the electric power conditioning system 26, which also receives, as already described, the electrical energy produced by the MCFC system 2.
  • the method of the invention hence comprises the steps of: - supplying, without any addition of air, the combustion exhaust gas coming from the primary plant 3 to the cathodic compartment 5, and the gaseous fuel (hydrogen) to the anodic compartment 6 ; before the exhaust gas are supplied to the cathodic compartment, compressing the exhaust gas via the compressor
  • the specific plant configuration according to the invention enables choice and realization of operating conditions designed to privilege, according to the requirements of the case, CO 2 capturing capacity, CO 2 capturing efficiency or energy production, by acting in a combined way on the following parameters: electric current and fuel utilisation factor in the fuel cell; amount of steam removed from the anodic exhausted gas in the final CO 2 separation section; and percentage of cathodic recirculation.
  • the present invention makes it possible then, in operation, to supply the apparatus using as only single source of oxidant for the fuel cell just the combustion exhaust (flue) gas, as released ordinarily from the primary power plant .
  • the exhaust (flue) gas to be treated ought to have an O 2 content of not less than 5% vol .
  • the solution of the invention makes it possible moreover to use commonly available standard- technology fuel cells (in particular, with external reformer and external manifold) , proving fully efficient without requiring the use of special or non-consolidated technologies, materials and/or configurations, which would, instead, become necessary for operating in different operating fields that are more extensive than the usual ones.
  • the MCFC section of the apparatus is moreover able to operate autonomously as simple energy generator in the case where the primary plant is not operative and hence the function of capturing CO 2 from the exhaust (flue) gas of the primary plant is interrupted.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un appareil (1) permettant de capturer du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) à partir d’un gaz d’échappement de combustion et de générer de l’énergie électrique au moyen de systèmes MCFC, l’appareil comprenant : au moins une pile à combustible à carbonate fondu (4) comportant un compartiment cathodique (5) et un compartiment anodique (6) ; une conduite d’alimentation (7) permettant d’introduire un gaz d’échappement dans le compartiment cathodique ; un système de séparation du CO2 (8) raccordé à un orifice d’évacuation du compartiment anodique (6) et conçu pour séparer le CO2 d’un flux de gaz anodique provenant du compartiment anodique ; et un ensemble échangeur thermique (11) disposé sur la conduite d’alimentation en gaz d’échappement (7) et permettant de réguler, en synergie avec une ligne de recirculation cathodique (21), la température du gaz oxydant introduit dans le compartiment cathodique (5).
EP08876074A 2008-10-15 2008-10-15 Appareil et procédé permettant de capturer du dioxyde de carbone à partir d un gaz d échappement de combustion et de générer de l énergie électrique au moyen de systèmes mcfc Withdrawn EP2356715A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/IT2008/000647 WO2010044113A1 (fr) 2008-10-15 2008-10-15 Appareil et procédé permettant de capturer du dioxyde de carbone à partir d’un gaz d’échappement de combustion et de générer de l’énergie électrique au moyen de systèmes mcfc

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2356715A1 true EP2356715A1 (fr) 2011-08-17

Family

ID=40329422

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08876074A Withdrawn EP2356715A1 (fr) 2008-10-15 2008-10-15 Appareil et procédé permettant de capturer du dioxyde de carbone à partir d un gaz d échappement de combustion et de générer de l énergie électrique au moyen de systèmes mcfc

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2356715A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010044113A1 (fr)

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US8945368B2 (en) 2012-01-23 2015-02-03 Battelle Memorial Institute Separation and/or sequestration apparatus and methods
KR101397092B1 (ko) * 2012-12-28 2014-05-19 포스코에너지 주식회사 발전 시스템
CN105264701B (zh) 2013-03-15 2018-02-06 埃克森美孚研究工程公司 使用燃料电池的综合发电和碳捕集
US9077008B2 (en) 2013-03-15 2015-07-07 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Integrated power generation and chemical production using fuel cells
US20140272614A1 (en) 2013-03-15 2014-09-18 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Integrated power generation and carbon capture using fuel cells
US9755258B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2017-09-05 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Integrated power generation and chemical production using solid oxide fuel cells
US9819042B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2017-11-14 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Fuel cell integration within a heat recovery steam generator
CN105612648B (zh) * 2013-09-30 2019-03-15 埃克森美孚研究工程公司 用串联涡轮机发电和捕集二氧化碳
US9556753B2 (en) 2013-09-30 2017-01-31 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Power generation and CO2 capture with turbines in series
US10622656B2 (en) 2017-10-11 2020-04-14 Saudi Arabian Oil Company Method and system for capturing high-purity CO2 in a hydrocarbon facility
WO2020112812A1 (fr) 2018-11-30 2020-06-04 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Fonctionnement de piles à combustible à carbonate fondu présentant une utilisation du co2 améliorée
US11742508B2 (en) 2018-11-30 2023-08-29 ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company Reforming catalyst pattern for fuel cell operated with enhanced CO2 utilization
WO2020112774A1 (fr) 2018-11-30 2020-06-04 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Fonctionnement à pression élevée de piles à combustible à carbonate fondu doué d'une utilisation de co2 améliorée
KR20210107700A (ko) 2018-11-30 2021-09-01 퓨얼 셀 에너지, 인크 심층 co2 포획을 위한 용융 탄산염 연료전지들의 재생성
CN113454821B (zh) * 2018-11-30 2024-02-27 燃料电池能有限公司 用于深度co2捕获的熔融碳酸盐燃料电池的再生
US11695122B2 (en) 2018-11-30 2023-07-04 ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company Layered cathode for molten carbonate fuel cell
KR102610184B1 (ko) 2018-11-30 2023-12-04 퓨얼셀 에너지, 인크 용융 탄산염 연료 전지를 위한 연료 전지 스테이징
EP4066301A1 (fr) 2019-11-26 2022-10-05 ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company Fonctionnement de piles à combustible à carbonate fondu présentant un niveau de remplissage d'électrolyte élevé
JP2023503995A (ja) 2019-11-26 2023-02-01 エクソンモービル・テクノロジー・アンド・エンジニアリング・カンパニー 燃料電池モジュールのアセンブリおよびそれを使用するシステム
US11978931B2 (en) 2021-02-11 2024-05-07 ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company Flow baffle for molten carbonate fuel cell

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US5449568A (en) * 1993-10-28 1995-09-12 The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy Indirect-fired gas turbine bottomed with fuel cell
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US20060127718A1 (en) * 2004-12-13 2006-06-15 Ngk Insulators, Ltd. Fuel cell, operating method thereof, sintering furnace, and power generator

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