EP2347484B1 - Commutateur d'induction - Google Patents

Commutateur d'induction Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2347484B1
EP2347484B1 EP09778593.5A EP09778593A EP2347484B1 EP 2347484 B1 EP2347484 B1 EP 2347484B1 EP 09778593 A EP09778593 A EP 09778593A EP 2347484 B1 EP2347484 B1 EP 2347484B1
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Prior art keywords
electrode
plasma
outer electrode
container
discharge
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EP09778593.5A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP2347484A1 (fr
Inventor
Christian Teske
Joachim Jacoby
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Goethe Universitaet Frankfurt am Main
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Goethe Universitaet Frankfurt am Main
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01T—SPARK GAPS; OVERVOLTAGE ARRESTERS USING SPARK GAPS; SPARKING PLUGS; CORONA DEVICES; GENERATING IONS TO BE INTRODUCED INTO NON-ENCLOSED GASES
    • H01T2/00—Spark gaps comprising auxiliary triggering means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J17/00—Gas-filled discharge tubes with solid cathode
    • H01J17/38—Cold-cathode tubes
    • H01J17/40—Cold-cathode tubes with one cathode and one anode, e.g. glow tubes, tuning-indicator glow tubes, voltage-stabiliser tubes, voltage-indicator tubes

Definitions

  • the invention relates to high-voltage switches for switching currents in the kA range and in particular to high-voltage switches which are switched by an inductively generated plasma discharge.
  • Gas discharge switches switch high currents by generating an arc discharge in a switching tube filled with an ionizable gas.
  • An example is the thyratron, a grid-controlled tube rectifier with a hot cathode, similar in structure to a triode.
  • a suitable control voltage By applying a suitable control voltage to the grid electrode, an arc discharge between the anode and cathode is ignited, which transforms the entire gap into a conductive plasma.
  • the anode current can reach several thousand amperes.
  • filling gases for example, mercury vapor, xenon, neon, krypton or hydrogen are used.
  • a disadvantage of the thyratron is that the electrode surface of both the anode and the cathode is exposed due to the high current and power densities of a strong erosion and thus high wear. Often, therefore, the trigger system is completely destroyed after a few thousand switching operations or unusable by sputtering effects.
  • the laser triggers often cited in the literature avoid this problem and allow very good switching characteristics, but are technically very complex (YAG laser with complex optics) and therefore currently unsuitable for standardized switch systems.
  • low-pressure plasma switches In order to reduce the adverse wear of the trigger system, so-called low-pressure plasma switches are used, in which the current-carrying plasma can spread over the electrodes over a large area.
  • switches are limited to maximum blocking voltages of about 40 kV.
  • multi-channel pseudo-switches the discharge current is distributed over several channels, so that the current and power density per channel can be reduced.
  • An embodiment shows the application DE 39 42 307 A1 .
  • a disadvantage of multi-channel pseudo-switch are in addition to the increased design complexity and the increased requirements in the triggering, since a simultaneous ignition of all discharge channels must be guaranteed.
  • Ignitron a controllable mercury vapor rectifier with mercury pond electrode via an ignition electrode.
  • the Ignitron consists of a metal container filled with mercury in a lower section, which during operation forms the cathode of the switch. In the upper area of the metal container a massive graphite anode is embedded. An ignition electrode in the lower region of the metal container triggers an ionization of the mercury vapor, so that rapidly forms a mercury plasma between the mercury pond and the anode, in which an arc discharge can be ignited.
  • Ignitrons can switch with reverse voltages up to 50 kV currents in the range of several hundred kiloamps. However, due to the high electrode erosion (as well as the thyratron), there is a very rapid depletion of the defined turn-on characteristics.
  • Modern gas discharge switches are for example in the published patent application DE 42 14 362 A1 and the patent DE 197 53 695 C1 described.
  • a controllable rectifier consisting of a multilayer semiconductor is the thyristor, which has three PN junctions. Thyristors are used to switch large currents up to more than 10 kA.
  • insulated gate bipolar transistors insulated gate bipolar transistors, IGBT
  • IGBT insulated gate bipolar transistors
  • current increase rates of more than 10 kA / ⁇ s are currently hardly achievable with semiconductor components.
  • the induction switch comprises a container with a gas in which a plasma is to be generated, an inductance which can be inductively coupled to the gas, and a power source for generating an alternating current signal in the inductance.
  • the induction switch further comprises an electrode device inside the container with an electrode gap between an inner electrode and an outer electrode, wherein the outer electrode has at least one aperture and completely or partially encloses the inner electrode.
  • the plasma generated in the container is drawn by means of the electrode device into the Elektrodengap and there leads to the immediate formation of a charge channel between the inner electrode and the outer electrode, whereby the switch is in the closed state.
  • the discharge plasma By producing the discharge plasma purely inductively, the usual disadvantages of electrode-supported energy coupling, in particular electrode erosion, are completely eliminated. Since the components of the trigger system are not exposed to the discharge plasma, the life of the induction switch according to the invention corresponds to the lifetime of the electrode gap system. In addition, ignition of the trigger discharge can take place over the entire circumference of the discharge vessel and thus over the longest path. This makes it possible to ensure that the switch gap has an operating point far on the left branch of the Paschen curve, while the trigger mechanism operates in the associated Paschenminimum.
  • the plasma generation is preferably carried out by low-frequency inductive excitation using the in the German patent application DE 10 2007 039 758 the same applicant described method. This allows the generation of a discharge plasma with particularly high carrier densities and thus the advantage of a very high conductivity of the trigger plasma, which leads to an immediate ignition when the plasma penetrates into the electrode gap.
  • the induction switch according to the invention can be used over a very wide voltage range, which ranges from a few tens of volts to a few 100 kV.
  • Another advantage of the induction switch according to the invention is that the operating point of the trigger system can be lowered far into the low pressure range. As a result, the electrode gap distance can be increased in the range of several millimeters to centimeters, resulting in a very high blocking voltage due to the reduced electric field strength with only one type of electrode.
  • the effective Lorentz forces during the inductive plasma generation also favor a forced penetration of the plasma through the aperture in the Elektrodengap between the inner electrode and the outer electrode. This increases the switching speed.
  • the inner electrode and the outer electrode are cylindrical, and the outer electrode encloses the inner electrode at least partially coaxially.
  • the outer electrode and the inner electrode can be designed both as a straight circular cylinder and as a cylinder with elliptical base, as a prism or other straight or slanted cylinder.
  • cylinder is understood to mean any body that can be thought of as displaced by a plane surface or a closed curve along a straight line.
  • electrodes are to be understood as cylindrical electrodes in the sense of the invention, provided that the deviation from the cylindrical shape is slight or essential components of the electrodes are cylindrical.
  • the outer electrode is a hollow circular cylinder
  • the inner electrode is a hollow or solid circular cylinder.
  • ellipsoidal or spherical electrodes may also be used.
  • the container is spherical or approximately spherical, with the cylinder axis of the outer electrode extending through the center of the sphere.
  • a spherical container has the advantage that it has a large volume-surface ratio, so that surface losses in the inductive plasma generation can be reduced and a plasma with a particularly high electron density is formed.
  • a spherical container is particularly suitable for the purposes of the invention.
  • An "approximately spherical" container in the present specification is a container whose shape resembles that of a spherical container, at least insofar as it has a volume to surface ratio that differs by less than one-fifth that of an exactly spherical container of equal volume.
  • the plasma extraction causes a compression of the plasma in the electrode gap and a simultaneous and uniform penetration of the plasma ions from the different radial directions in the Elektrodengap and thus a particularly advantageous switching characteristic.
  • the width of the electrode gap is more than 2 mm, preferably more than 4 mm.
  • the outer electrode has a plurality of aperture openings along an axial direction, wherein in each case two aperture openings are separated by a web.
  • the gas comprises a noble gas, preferably argon, and the gas pressure is less than 30 Pa, preferably less than 10 Pa.
  • the inductance L of the inductance is 0.5 ⁇ H to 10 ⁇ H, preferably 1 ⁇ H to 6 ⁇ H.
  • the inductor comprises a coil surrounding the container.
  • the number of turns of the coil can be in particular in the range of 2 to 4.
  • the length of the apertures along an axial direction of the outer electrode corresponds to the extent of a portion of the container enclosed by the coil. This ensures that the plasma inductively generated in the container can flood across the entire width of the plasma generation region through the aperture into the electrode gap. In this way, a particularly advantageous switching characteristic results.
  • the power source comprises at least one capacitor, which can be charged to an operating voltage, and at least one switching element, which is switchable to a conductive state and is connected so that the at least one capacitor is in the conductive state of the switching element through the inductance can discharge.
  • the at least one capacitor and the inductance preferably form components of an undamped electrical oscillating circuit whose natural frequency corresponds to a frequency of the alternating current signal.
  • the AC signal is formed in an electrical resonant circuit containing the capacitor and the inductor.
  • the inductance L and the capacitance C of the capacitor can then be tuned be that the resonant circuit oscillates at the desired excitation frequency.
  • the resonant circuit performs a damped oscillation due to the ohmic resistance of the inductance, but in particular due to the inductive coupling of the inductance with the plasma, which is necessary for plasma excitation.
  • the term "alternating current signal" in the sense of the present invention does not necessarily mean a CW signal;
  • the term also includes a damped vibration with possibly only a few zero crossings.
  • the switching element of the power source comprises at least one thyristor, at least one IGBT or at least one gas discharge switch, for example a thyratron or an ignitron.
  • the at least one capacitor or a plurality of capacitors connected in parallel have a total capacitance of 1 ⁇ F to 100 ⁇ F, preferably of 6 ⁇ F to 20 ⁇ F.
  • the power source must be designed to switch relatively high currents with relatively high current rise rates in the range of up to 3 kA / ⁇ s.
  • the inventive device thus allows the inductive plasma excitation with excitation frequencies that are up to three orders of magnitude below the high frequencies commonly used for excitation.
  • an advantageous embodiment of the present invention comprises an induction switch with an excitation frequency of the AC signal of not more than 100 kHz, preferably not more than 50 kHz.
  • the induction switch comprises a high voltage source configured to provide a voltage between 10 V and more than 100 kV between the outer electrode and the inner electrode.
  • the present invention also includes a method of switching high voltages, wherein a first voltage is applied to an inner electrode inside a container filled with a gas and a second voltage is applied to an outer electrode inside the container, the difference between the first and the second voltage corresponds to the voltage to be switched and wherein the outer electrode has at least one aperture, the inner electrode at least partially surrounds and is separated from the inner electrode by an electrode gap.
  • the inventive method further comprises inductively generating a plasma in a plasma generation region within the container by generating an AC signal of a predetermined excitation frequency in an inductor and activating a charge flow between the outer electrode and the inner electrode by flooding the electrode gap with the plasma.
  • the method according to the invention enables the switching of high currents in the kiloampère range at high blocking voltages of up to several 100 kV with a gas discharge switch, which only requires one discharge gap and almost completely eliminates the problem of electrode erosion.
  • the residence time of the plasma ions in the electrode gap can preferably be controlled by selecting a length of the outer electrode.
  • the switch parameters thus depend on technically simple and precisely influenceable variables, such as the extraction voltage and the longitudinal extent of the electrode device, and can therefore be varied with relatively little effort.
  • the inventive method enables the efficient switching of high voltages over a wide voltage range and at the same time avoids the problem of electrode erosion.
  • Inductively coupled plasmas have been produced and studied for more than 100 years, such as in J. Hopwood, "Review of Inductively Coupled Plasma for Plasma Processing", Plasma Sources Science and Technology, I (1992), 109-116 is described.
  • An apparatus for inductive plasma generation comprises a container with a gas in which the plasma is to be generated, and an inductance, for example a coil, which can be inductively coupled to the gas.
  • the inductance can be regarded as the primary winding of a transformer which generates an alternating magnetic field in the gas.
  • the time-varying magnetic flux with sufficient strength in the gas, can ignite and maintain a plasma.
  • the discharge in the gas thereby constitutes an electrically conductive fluid, and the charge flow in the plasma can be regarded as a single secondary winding, which effectively forms a transformer with the inductance as the primary winding.
  • Inductively generated discharge plasmas offer both technical and physical advantages over systems fed with electrodes. On the one hand, unwanted sputtering effects and the associated erosion of the electrode material and contamination of the discharge plasma are avoided. On the other hand, the induced current density is not space-charge-limited and can (at least theoretically) assume arbitrarily high values. At high excitation currents, it is also possible to generate an intrinsic plasma confinement (theta pinch). The initiation of an inductive charge plasma, however, is made more difficult by the fact that, in contrast to a linear discharge, there is no electrode-induced secondary emission of electrons, which could contribute to an amplification of the discharge.
  • n e is the electron density
  • D a the diffusion constant for the particular particle type
  • ⁇ iz the frequency for ionization collisions
  • S e the given source density for charge carriers in the discharge volume, which is largely independent of the instantaneous electron density.
  • the invention is applicable to any discharge geometry, in the present application only embodiments with spherical discharge geometry are considered. Due to the largest possible volume to surface ratio, the spherical discharge geometry offers the advantage of particularly small carrier losses at the edge region of the plasma, so that plasmas with particularly high carrier concentrations can be produced.
  • Fig. 1a schematically illustrates the principle of inductive discharge generation in a spherical container 10 containing a gas 12 and surrounded by a coil with two windings 14, 14 '.
  • Fig. 1b shows the following for the description of inductive discharge generation of Fig. 1a used spherical coordinate system (r, ⁇ , ⁇ ).
  • the exciting current I 0 (t) in the induction windings 14, 14 'in the plasma induces an induction current I p (t) whose magnetic field is directed in such a way that it counteracts the cause of induction.
  • n e r n e ⁇ 0 ⁇ r 0 ⁇ r ⁇ sin ⁇ r 0 ⁇ r .
  • n e0 represents a constant and r 0 denotes the radius of the container 10.
  • p denotes the adjusted gas pressure and C 2 is a gas-dependent coefficient, which can be determined experimentally analogous to the Paschen coefficients.
  • L ⁇ I ⁇ C 2 ⁇ p ⁇ ⁇ ln c 1 ⁇ p ⁇ ⁇ 2 .
  • ⁇ denotes the current increase rate
  • L denotes the inductance of the induction coil.
  • L ⁇ 0 4 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ C N ⁇ r 0 .
  • C (N) is a wind number dependent dimensionless correction factor.
  • the current increase rate according to equation (12) goes through a minimum, as is usual for Paschen curves.
  • the minimum of the current increase rate required to ignite a discharge in an argon-filled spherical container of about 10 cm radius is at a pressure of about 3 Pa and is about 0.6 kA / ⁇ s.
  • the gas pressure can be reduced to below 1 Pa.
  • electron densities n e of 10 14 / cm 3 to 10 15 / cm 3 could be generated.
  • Equation (16) also allows an estimation of the achievable electron densities.
  • the electron density n e scales linearly with the input power, such as from J. Hopwood et al .: J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A11: 152, (1993 ), was confirmed experimentally.
  • W ⁇ diss n e ⁇ u B ⁇ A eff ⁇ W T .
  • u B is the Bohm's velocity
  • a eff is the effective surface area of the discharge vessel
  • W T is the total energy lost per Liebermann and Lichtenberg charge carrier pair (see above), which is composed of radiation losses and kinetic energy losses that occur when the charge carriers reach the vessel wall.
  • the "effective surface” A eff corresponds to the spherical surface of the geometric surface, but may be about 10% less than the geometric surface in other vessel shapes, such as cylindrical vessels.
  • the dissipated power ⁇ diss according to equation (17) must correspond to the total power absorbed in the plasma due to the energy conservation.
  • the total absorbed power ⁇ abs corresponds to the volume integral over the power density of Eq. (16), which can be qualitatively approximated by multiplying the power density of Eq. (16) by the volume V p of the plasma, yielding: W ⁇ Section ⁇ e emf 2 ⁇ 6 . 16 ⁇ 0 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ r 0 2 ⁇ V p ,
  • the electron density n e is in fact inversely proportional to the excitation frequency v, which in turn means that higher electron densities n e can be obtained at lower excitation frequencies. Furthermore, it can be seen that the electron density n e is proportional to the ratio between the volume V p and the effective surface A eff . This means, firstly, that higher electron densities can be achieved with larger containers. Second, this means that a spherical, ie spherical, vessel geometry in which the ratio of volume to surface is maximal, is also advantageous for achieving a high electron density n e .
  • a so-called Debye boundary layer forms in the plasma generation region.
  • T e denotes the thermal electron temperature
  • m i denotes the ion mass.
  • the speed u B is called the Bohm speed.
  • charge carrier densities can be achieved at very low pressures and reasonable current increase rates, which cause an immediate breakdown of the gap and thus closure of the switch when the plasma enters the discharge gap over a very wide voltage range.
  • FIG. 2 shows a constructed according to the principles explained above induction switch in a schematic representation.
  • a section which illustrates the discharge vessel and the electrode device in a sectional view is shown in FIG Fig. 3 shown while Fig. 4 an equivalent circuit in the Fig. 2 and 3 represents plasma generating devices shown.
  • identical or similar components are provided with the same reference numerals.
  • the spherical discharge vessel 10 about 20 cm in diameter contains an argon gas 12 under a pressure of 1 to 10 Pa.
  • the discharge container is wrapped in its equatorial region with a coil which comprises two windings 14, 14 'of an approximately 20 mm wide copper strip and is mounted on a coil holder 16 made of an electrically insulating material.
  • the two windings 14, 14 ' are coupled to each other by electrically conductive connecting elements, which in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 for reasons of clarity are not shown.
  • capacitor bank 18 As in Fig. 2 can be seen, two capacitors are connected in parallel to a capacitor bank 18 outside the discharge vessel 10.
  • the capacitor bank 18 has a total capacitance of approximately 10 ⁇ F and is connected via a first terminal to a voltage supply unit (not shown). In operation, the capacitors are charged via the first terminal to a precharge voltage of about 3500V.
  • the capacitor bank 18 is connected to a first end of the induction coil.
  • the opposite end of the coil is coupled to a switching element 20, which in the in Fig. 2 shown arrangement comprises two parallel connected disc thyristors type SKT552 / 16E.
  • a switching element 20 which in the in Fig. 2 shown arrangement comprises two parallel connected disc thyristors type SKT552 / 16E.
  • current rise rates of up to 2 kA / ⁇ s can be achieved in this way.
  • the close spatial proximity of the capacitors and thyristors to the coil system helps to keep the energy losses in the primary circuit low.
  • Fig. 4 is an equivalent circuit in the Fig. 2 and 3 illustrated plasma generating devices, wherein the windings 14, 14 'of the induction coil is represented by a series circuit of an inductance L 0 and an ohmic resistance R 0 .
  • the charging voltage is between 1 kV and 10 kV.
  • the thyristors of the switching element 20 are switched to a conductive state via a control signal, so that the capacitor bank discharges through the coil windings 14, 14 '.
  • the discharge current reaches maximum currents of approx. 2 kA and current increase rates of more than 2 kA / ⁇ s.
  • the rapid increase in current in the discharge gas 12 within the discharge vessel 10 generates a magnetic flux which changes greatly over time, which in turn induces an electric field sufficient to ignite a plasma in the discharge vessel 10.
  • the plasma discharge can be considered as an electrically conductive fluid, which is surrounded by the coil 14, 14 ', it forms the secondary winding of an imaginary transformer.
  • the capacitor bank 18 with total capacitance C 0 and the coil 14, 14 'with the inductance L 0 and the ohmic resistance R 0 form a damped electrical series resonant circuit, such that the voltage in the capacitor bank 18 oscillates at a frequency ⁇ and the current circulates at the same frequency between the capacitor bank and the inductance.
  • a resonant circuit frequency of about 50 kH, which is also the excitation frequency of the plasma.
  • the oscillation of the resonant circuit lasts for around 100 to 200 ⁇ s, during which the plasma is ignited and maintained.
  • a plasma with high electron density can be produced by inductive coupling with an excitation frequency which is about three orders of magnitude below the usual excitation frequencies.
  • the capacitor bank 18 is recharged until the switching element 20 is switched by another control signal again in the conductive state.
  • the induction switch according to the invention further comprises an electrode system 22 with a cylindrical outer electrode 24 which coaxially encloses a likewise cylindrical inner electrode 26.
  • the common cylinder axis of outer electrode 24 and inner electrode 26 passes through the center of the spherical discharge container 10 and is perpendicular to the two of the windings 14, 14 'spanned planes.
  • the outer electrode 24 is formed in the embodiment shown as a hollow circular cylinder having an outer diameter of about 2.5 to 3 cm and with an upper end 28 which is adjacent to the north pole of the discharge vessel 10, received in the interior of the discharge vessel 10.
  • the upper end 28 opposite lower end of the outer electrode is located outside of the discharge vessel 10 and is connected as an anode terminal 30 to ground.
  • the anode terminal 30 is connected via connecting rods 32, 32 'to the coil windings 14, 14', so that the coil arrangement is also at ground potential.
  • the passage of the electrode system 22 through the outer wall of the discharge vessel 10 is sealed by a flange 34 at the south pole of the discharge vessel against the ambient atmosphere.
  • the inner electrode 26 is formed in the interior of the outer electrode 24 as a solid circular cylinder and separated from the outer electrode 24 by a 4 to 5 mm wide Elektrodengap 36.
  • An upper end 38 of the inner electrode 26 is in the embodiment shown 6 to 8 mm below the upper end 28 of the outer electrode 24 in the vicinity of the north pole of the discharge vessel 10, while a lower end of the inner electrode 26 opposite the upper end 38 is outside the discharge vessel and is coupled to a cathode terminal 40 which is separated from the anode terminal 30 of the outer electrode 24 by a high voltage insulator 42.
  • the electrode gap 36 is connected to the inner space of the discharge vessel 10 via a plurality of slit-shaped aperture openings 44 formed at regular intervals along a circumferential direction of the outer electrode 24.
  • the length of the apertures 44 in the axial direction corresponds to the extent of the portion of the discharge container 10 enclosed by the coil windings 14, 14 ', in the embodiment shown approximately 5 to 6 cm.
  • the width of the apertures is much smaller and is only 0.2 to 0.3 cm in the illustrated embodiment.
  • Two adjacent apertures 44 are each separated by a web 46 whose width in the circumferential direction of the outer electrode 24 exceeds the width of the aperture 44 by three to five times.
  • the voltage to be switched which may be between 10 V and several 100 kV, is applied between the anode terminal 30 and the cathode terminal 40, so that an electric field is formed between outer electrode 24 and inner electrode 26, which spans the electrode gap 36 ,
  • the current flow is first interrupted by the electrode gap 36; the switch is closed. Due to the low gas pressure and the comparatively large distance between outer electrode 24 and inner electrode 26 can be achieved with the electrode system according to the invention blocking voltages to over 500 kV.
  • the plasma ions formed are moved in the direction of the common cylinder axis of outer electrode 24 and inner electrode 26, ie radially inwardly, due to the electric field applied between outer electrode 24 and inner electrode 26. accelerated and enter through the apertures 44 in the Elektrodengap 36 a.
  • the effective Lorentz forces during inductive plasma generation promote a forced penetration of the plasma into the gap. In the gap, a higher pressure arises over a short time, so that the operating point of the switch shifts towards the Paschenminimum during the discharge phase.
  • the condition of equation (23) is satisfied.
  • the flooding of the electrode gap 36 with a plasma of very high electron density and conductivity leads, even with a comparatively small potential difference of a few 10 V, to an immediate ignition of the gap and thus to a closure of the switch.

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Claims (15)

  1. Commutateur à induction avec :
    un récipient (10) avec un gaz (12), dans lequel un plasma doit être généré ;
    une inductance (14, 14') qui peut être couplée de manière inductive avec le gaz (12) ;
    une source de puissance pour la production d'un signal de courant alternatif dans l'inductance (14, 14'); et
    un dispositif électronique (22) à l'intérieur du récipient (10) avec un intervalle d'électrodes (36) entre une électrode interne (26) et une électrode externe (24), qui comprend au moins une ouverture de diaphragme (44) et entoure au moins partiellement l'électrode interne (26).
  2. Commutateur à induction selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'électrode interne (26) et l'électrode externe (24) sont de forme cylindrique, l'électrode externe (24) étant de préférence un cylindre circulaire creux et/ou l'électrode interne (26) étant de préférence un cylindre circulaire creux ou massif.
  3. Commutateur à induction selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le récipient (10) est sphérique ou presque sphérique et l'axe du cylindre de l'électrode externe (24) passe par le centre de la sphère et/ou dans lequel la largeur de l'intervalle d'électrodes (36) est supérieure à 2 mm, de préférence supérieure à 4 mm.
  4. Commutateur à induction selon l'une des revendications précédentes avec plusieurs ouvertures de diaphragmes (44) le long d'une direction axiale de l'électrode externe (24), deux ouvertures de diaphragmes (44) étant séparées par une entretoise (46).
  5. Commutateur à induction selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel le gaz comprend un gaz noble, de préférence de l'argon, et la pression de gaz est inférieure à 30 Pa, de préférence inférieure à 10 Pa.
  6. Commutateur à induction selon l'une des revendications précédentes dans lequel l'inductance L de l'inductance est de 0,5 µH à 10 µH et/ou dans lequel l'inductance (14, 14') comprend une bobine qui entoure le récipient (10), la bobine présentant un nombre de spires de deux à quatre.
  7. Commutateur à induction selon la revendication 6, dans lequel la longueur des ouvertures de diaphragmes (44) le long d'une direction axiale de l'électrode externe (24) correspond à l'extension d'une section du récipient (10) entourée par la bobine.
  8. Commutateur à induction selon l'une des revendications précédentes, la source de puissance comprenant au moins un condensateur (18), qui peut être chargée à une tension de service, et comprend au moins un élément de commutation (20) qui est commutable dans un état conducteur et branché de façon à ce que l'au moins un condensateur (18) peut être déchargé, dans l'état conducteur de l'élément de commutation (20), par l'inductance (14, 14') l'au moins un condensateur (18) et l'inductance (14, 14') constituant de préférence des composants d'un circuit oscillant électrique non sur-amorti, dont la fréquence propre correspond à une fréquence du signal de courant alternatif et/ou l'élément de commutation (20) comprenant de préférence au moins un thyristor ou au moins un IGBT ou au moins un Commutateur à décharge de gaz.
  9. Commutateur à induction selon la revendication 8, l'au moins un condensateur (18) ou une pluralité de condensateur branchés en parallèle présente(nt) une capacité totale de 1 µF à 100 µF, de préférence de 6 µF à 20 µF.
  10. Commutateur à induction selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la source de puissance est conçue pour générer dans l'inductance (14, 14') un signal de courant alternatif avec une fréquence d'excitation non supérieure à 100 kHz, de préférence non supérieure à 50 kHz et/ou avec une source de haute tension conçue pour générer, entre l'électrode externe (24) et l'électrode interne (26), une tension entre 10 V et plus de 100 kV.
  11. Procédé de commutation de hautes tensions avec les étapes suivantes :
    Application d'une première tension à une électrode interne (26), qui est logée à l'intérieur d'un récipient (10) rempli de gaz (12) ;
    Application d'une deuxième tension à une électrode externe (24), qui est logée à l'intérieur du récipient (10), la différence entre la première et la deuxième tension correspondant à la tension à commuter et l'électrode externe (24) comprenant au moins une ouverture de diaphragme (44), entourant au moins partiellement l'électrode interne (26) et étant séparée de l'électrode interne (26) par un intervalle d'électrode (36) ;
    Production inductive d'un plasma dans une zone de production de plasma à l'intérieur du récipient (10) en générant un signal de courant alternatif d'une fréquence d'excitation prédéterminée dans une inductance (14, 14') ; et
    Activation d'un flux de charge entre l'électrode externe (24) et l'électrode interne (26) par noyage de l'intervalle d'électrode (36) avec le plasma.
  12. Procédé de commutation de hautes tensions selon la revendication 11, la largeur de l'intervalle d'électrode (36) étant supérieure à 2 mm, de préférence supérieure à 4 mm et/ou l'électrode externe (24) comprenant plusieurs ouvertures de diaphragmes (44) le long d'une direction axiale de l'électrode externe (24) et deux ouvertures de diaphragmes (44) étant séparées par une entretoise (46), et/ou l'activation du flux de charge comprenant l'accélération d'ions du plasma à travers l'ouverture ou les ouvertures de diaphragmes (44).
  13. Procédé de commutation de hautes tensions selon la revendication 11 ou 12, l'électrode interne (26) et/ou l'électrode externe (24) étant de forme cylindrique ou elliptique ou sphérique et/ou le récipient (10) étant sphérique et/ou presque sphérique.
  14. Procédé de commutation de hautes tensions selon l'une des revendications 11 à 13, le signal de courant alternatif étant généré en chargeant un condensateur (18) à une tension de service et en commutant au moins un élément de commutation (20) dans un état conducteur, de façon à ce que le condensateur soit déchargé par l'inductance (14, 14'), l'au moins un condensateur (18) et l'inductance (14, 14') constituant de préférence des composants d'un circuit électrique oscillant non sur-amorti dont la fréquence propre correspond à une fréquence du signal de courant alternatif.
  15. Procédé de commutation de hautes tensions selon l'une des revendications 11 à 14, une fréquence d'excitation du signal de courant alternatif n'étant pas supérieure à 100 kHz, de préférence pas supérieure à 50 kHz.
EP09778593.5A 2008-10-17 2009-09-17 Commutateur d'induction Not-in-force EP2347484B1 (fr)

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DE102008052216A DE102008052216B3 (de) 2008-10-17 2008-10-17 Plasma-Induktionsschalter und Verfahren zum Schalten hoher Spannungen
PCT/EP2009/006738 WO2010043294A1 (fr) 2008-10-17 2009-09-17 Commutateur d'induction

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US20150098259A1 (en) * 2013-10-08 2015-04-09 General Electric Company Power converter, method of power conversion, and switching device
RU2676756C1 (ru) * 2018-02-05 2019-01-11 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт физики полупроводников им. А.В. Ржанова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук (ИФП СО РАН) Газоразрядный коммутатор
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RU2734730C1 (ru) * 2020-04-10 2020-10-22 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт физики полупроводников им. А.В. Ржанова Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук (ИФП СО РАН) Газоразрядный коммутатор
CN111627731B (zh) * 2020-07-01 2024-03-22 哈尔滨理工大学 一种基于气体放电与机械触头联合动作的快速高压开关
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EP2347484A1 (fr) 2011-07-27
DE102008052216B3 (de) 2010-05-20
US8829823B2 (en) 2014-09-09
US20110234101A1 (en) 2011-09-29
WO2010043294A1 (fr) 2010-04-22

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