EP2279276B1 - Stainless steel product, use of the product and method of its manufacture - Google Patents

Stainless steel product, use of the product and method of its manufacture Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2279276B1
EP2279276B1 EP09745895.4A EP09745895A EP2279276B1 EP 2279276 B1 EP2279276 B1 EP 2279276B1 EP 09745895 A EP09745895 A EP 09745895A EP 2279276 B1 EP2279276 B1 EP 2279276B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
casting
percent
stainless steel
duplex stainless
cast
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP09745895.4A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP2279276A1 (en
EP2279276A4 (en
Inventor
Mats Liljas
Jan Olsson
Peter Samuelsson
Mikael WILLFÖR
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Outokumpu Oyj
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Outokumpu Oyj
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Publication date
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Priority to SI200932070T priority Critical patent/SI2279276T1/sl
Priority to PL09745895T priority patent/PL2279276T3/pl
Publication of EP2279276A1 publication Critical patent/EP2279276A1/en
Publication of EP2279276A4 publication Critical patent/EP2279276A4/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2279276B1 publication Critical patent/EP2279276B1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/001—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing N
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a casting produced of stainless steel, which has a duplex ferrite-austenite microstructure and which has high structural stability and an improved combination of properties, particularly machinability and weldability.
  • the invention further relates to a use of the product and to a method of manufacturing the casting.
  • Ferritic-austenitic or duplex stainless steel castings are in general defined as alloys with a mixture of almost equal proportions of ferrite and austenite in contrast to austenitic castings that main contain up to 10-15% ferrite.
  • the ferrite levels are not specified, but listed alloys will develop a range of approximately 30 to 60 % ferrite with the balance austenite.
  • the two-phase structure interesting property profiles can be designed.
  • the first duplex stainless steels were developed almost 80 years ago and most probably they emerged from austenitic castings where certain amounts of ferrite in the microstructure proved to be advantageous. In fact duplex compositions generally show better castability than austenitic ones.
  • duplex materials are high mechanical strength, superior fatigue strength, good wear resistance and good corrosion resistance.
  • cast and wrought products have found many attractive applications.
  • duplex alloy compositions have been described with various optimisations.
  • cast articles have been included as articles in patents of duplex compositions.
  • special concern has peen paid to reduce the nickel and molybdenum levels in the alloys and still maintain appropriate properties.
  • duplex stainless steels can be achieved for phase balances in the range of 30 to 70 % ferrite and austenite.
  • the interactions of the major alloying elements, particularly chromium, nitrogen, nickel and molybdenum are quite complex.
  • the formation of detrimental intermetallic phases at the elevated temperatures is the second major concern with duplex stainless steels.
  • Sigma and chi phases form in high chromium, high molybdenum stainless steels and precipitate preferentially in the ferrite.
  • the addition of nitrogen changes the phase balance in favourable way to avoid formation of such phases.
  • the US patent 4,500,351 relates to a cast duplex stainless steel, in which the microstructure in a casting comprises a ferritic matrix containing at least about 30 % austenite after the solution treatment at 1200 °C and rapid cooling with water quenching in order to avoid the formation of sigma phase.
  • the casting contains in weight percent about 0,02 percent carbon, 24 percent chromium, about 9,5 percent nickel, about 6 percent molybdenum, about 0,5 percent manganese, about 0,2 percent silicon and about 0,25 percent nitrogen.
  • the castings of this US patent 4,500,351 are useful in pump parts such as impellers and housings and in valve parts such as seats and gates.
  • the WO publication 2008/000347 relates to a steel piston which is cast by low-pressure casting method as a single component from a steel alloy.
  • One of those steels in the publication has a composition in weight % 0,01-0,03 % carbon, 0,3-1 % silicon, 3-9 % manganese, 15-27 % chromium, 1-3 % nickel, 0,2-1 % copper and 0,05-0,17 % nitrogen. Having the nitrogen content essentially low there is a risk of formation of intermetallic phases. Further, the range for chromium is very large and, therefore, the balance between the austenite phase and ferrite phaseis not clear.
  • the WO publication 2008/018242 describes a duplex stainless steel which contains among others titanium (Ti) making possible the feature f n xTixN mentioned also in the claim 1 of the publication.
  • the cast ingots are heat treated, hot rolled and further heat treated. In these tests, because of at least rolling, the material is not any more in the as-cast condition.
  • a duplex stainless steel having good combination of properties in the as-cast condition and resisting thermal transformation to martensite is described in the US patent 4,828,630 .
  • the steel contains in weight percent up to 0,07 percent carbon, 17 to 21,5 percent chromium, 1 to 4 percent nickel, 4 to 8 percent manganese, 0,05 to 0,15 percent nitrogen, less than 2 percent silicon, less than 2 percent molybdenum and less than 1,5 percent copper.
  • the steel of this patent contains 30 to 60 % ferrite and it is particularly suited for thin-walled castings for automotive underbody components.
  • the steel has as-cast properties including a 10 % minimum elongation, a 0,2 % yield strength greater than 50 ksi (350 N/mm 2 ), a toughness of at least 20ft.-lbs (30 Nm) at 0 °C and no nitrogen porosity.
  • the WO publication 03/038136 describes a duplex stainless steel with very many embodiments having different compositions. It is even said that in those compositions carbon, manganese, silicon, molybdenum, copper and cobalt are optional components (page 7, lines 2-4) and thus the only components necessary for the steels of the document D4 are chromium, nickel, nitrogen and in one embodiment boron. In spite of the optionality or not, a duplex stainless steel with only chromium, nickel, nitrogen and possibly boron is not stable and, therefore, the steel needs at least some of those optionally named components.
  • the US patent 6,033,497 relates to a pitting resistance duplex steel alloy with improved machinability containing in addition to iron in weight percent less than 0,1 percent carbon, 25-27 percent chromium, 5-7,5 percent nickel, less than 0,5 percent molybdenum, less than 0,15 nitrogen, less than 1,5 percent silicon, less than 2,0 percent manganese, 1,5-3,5 percent copper.
  • machinability of austenitic stainless steels can be enhanced by additions of alloying elements such as sulphur and selenium that may reduce the corrosion performance.
  • the addition of copper without molybdenum allows the duplex stainless steel alloy to be very slowly control cooled in a tightly closed heat treatment furnace so that harmful tensile residual stresses are minimized while excellent ductility and corrosion resistance were retained.
  • the steel grade is treated by an accelerated in-mould heat treatment after casting without using a separate and slow heat treatment step.
  • the steel grade of the patent is particularly for a hollow cylindrical centrifugal casting and it is used for instance for paper machine suction roll shell applications.
  • the in-mould heat treatment comprises controlling the rate of cast cooling in the temperature range of about 260 °C to about 1090 °C and keeping the temperature of the alloy in the mould within about 450 °C of the temperature outside of the mould.
  • the steel grade has improved machinability when treated in the mould after casting by an accelerated heat treatment as compared to the same alloy composition that is slowly control cooled in a tightly closed heat treatment furnace.
  • the alloy without the in-mould treatment has a nominal internal diameter tensile residual stress of 24 MPa, while the respective value for the alloy treated in the mould after casting is 52 MPa.
  • the EP patent 1,327,008 describes a ferritic-austenitic stainless steel having a microstructure, which essentially contains of 35-65 vol % ferrite and 35-65 vol % austenite.
  • the composition of this steel grade contains as main alloying components in weight percent 0,02-0,07 percent carbon, 19-23 percent chromium, 1,1-1,7 percent nickel, 0,15-0,30 percent nitrogen, 3-8 percent manganese, optionally molybdenum and/or copper less than 1 percent.
  • the steel of this EP patent is produced by Outokumpu under the trademark LDX 2101® and wrought products have been received with great commercial interest.
  • Duplex stainless steel castings in general show good castability. However, there is a risk of formation of nitrogen gas pores during solidification because of limited nitrogen solubility in the ferrite phase that normally solidifies from a steel melt with a composition of a duplex stainless steel alloy. In general it can be stated that most stainless steel castings are subjected to various machining operations to be fitted into the system wherein the castings will be used. In this regard duplex stainless steels are considered more difficult to machine than for instance austenitic stainless steels. The higher strength levels of the former steel type explain this behaviour. Additions of carbon and nitrogen both increase the strength and the degree of strain hardening of the steel and should therefore be kept low to achieve good machinability. However, modern duplex stainless steels are alloyed with high nitrogen contents for good weldability and best weldability properties at the sacrifice of machinability.
  • One application where cast or wrought duplex stainless steels are used is a steel shell for a suction roll of paper machines.
  • One important material property for this application is also machinability, because cast or wrought steel shells are subjected to substantial machining to produce the final suction roll.
  • one way to improve the machinability is to add sulphur or selenium, which elements, however, reduce the corrosion performance.
  • the WO publication 2006/041344 describes a steel shell for a suction roll of paper machines, in which the wrought steel grade LDX 2101® of the EP patent 1,327,008 is used without any addition of sulphur. Further, any treatment improving machinability is not carried out as well as the optional additions of copper and molybdenum are remarkable smaller when compared the US patent 6,033,497 .
  • the object of the present invention is to eliminate some drawbacks of the prior art and to achieve a casting of a duplex stainless steel, which in the method of manufacturing a casting is sufficiently stable against formation of detrimental precipitates, such as intermetallic phase and which has as properties a combination of high strength and good corrosion resistance, good castability and high machinability.
  • detrimental precipitates such as intermetallic phase and which has as properties a combination of high strength and good corrosion resistance, good castability and high machinability.
  • the present invention relates to a duplex stainless steel casting with high machinability comprising, in weight percent, up to 0,07 percent carbon, up to 2 percent silicon, 4 to 6 percent manganese, 19 to 23 percent chromium, 0,5 to 1,7 percent nickel and 0,20 to 0,26 percent nitrogen.
  • the alloys to be used in production of the duplex stainless steel casting with foresaid range may contain small amounts of other elements or impurities and optionally elements such as up to 1 percent copper, up to totally 1 percent of molybdenum and/or tungsten according to the formula (Mo + 1 ⁇ 2 W) less than 1 percent, the remainder being iron and incidental impurities.
  • the microstructure of the duplex stainless steel casting of the invention contains 30 - 70 vol percent ferrite and 30 - 70 vol percent austenite.
  • the invention also relates to a cast method for producing the casting as well as to the use of the casting.
  • the microstructure of the duplex stainless steel of the invention contains 50 vol percent ferrite and 50 vol percent austenite.
  • Another important property for steel castings is the ease to perform repair welding.
  • the casting of the invention is in general quite resistant to hot cracking during welding. If repair welding is needed it is in most cases necessary to perform a post weld heat treatment as weld metal and heat affected zone easily will be exposed to rapid cooling due to a small weld pool surrounded by a large cast section. This may result in a microstructure with high ferrite content that is sensitive to cracking and reduction in properties why heat treatment must follow. For this reason it is desirable with the duplex stainless steel composition of the invention having high austenite reformation during rapid thermal cycles such as in welding. To obtain such a feature high nitrogen content in the duplex stainless steel casting of the invention is advisable.
  • the duplex stainless steel casting of the invention consists of in weight percent, preferably up to 0,05 percent carbon and more preferably up to 0,03 percent carbon, preferably up to 1 percent silicon, preferably greater than 4 up to 6 percent manganese, preferably greater than 21 up to 22 percent chromium, preferably greater than 1,1 up to 1,7 percent nickel and more preferably greater than 1,35 up to 1,7 percent nickel and preferably greater than 0,20 and up to 0,26 percent nitrogen, and optionally elements up to 1 percent copper, up to totally 1 percent of molybdenum and/or tungsten according to the formula (Mo + 1 ⁇ 2 W) less than 1 percent, the remainder being iron and incidental impurities.
  • duplex stainless steel casting of the present invention was tested in machinability and welding, especially in weld repair.
  • the strength level is far above that for austenitic castings, which typically exhibit yield strengths of about 200 MPa and an ultimate strength of about 500 MPa.
  • Testing of machinability was made with turning of cylindrical test pieces and results are shown in Figure 1 .
  • the figure illustrates allowable cutting speed for a tool life of 15 minutes in turning.
  • the tool insert was of cemented carbide type.
  • the machinability of casting according to the invention is superior to that of an austenitic steel of type 304L. This is in contradiction to the expected outcome where the austenitic steel is considered having better machinability.
  • Castings according to the present invention can be cast by different casting processes such as centrifugal casting, chill casting, die casting, investment casting, pressure casting, permanent mould casting, sand casting and vacuum casting.
  • the castability is good showing no tendency to cracking or pore formation in spite of the high nitrogen content. This is because the high level range of 4-6% manganese can be used.
  • Cast items are preferably solution annealed at a temperature of 1020 to 1100°C followed by rapid cooling. However, thinner sections can be used in as-cast condition.
  • microstructure is not a property and can be difficult to measure correctly the present invention will contain roughly equal amounts of austenite and ferrite, the allowable phase range being 30 to 70%.
  • the microstructure is very resistant to precipitation of intermetallic phases, which in turn gives a low sensitivity to embrittlement.
  • Castings of present invention exhibit superior machinability in as-cast as well as in solution annealed conditions.
  • duplex castings of the present invention offer desirable and inexpensive cost alternatives to austenitic cast materials due to their high machinability, high strength and good weldability.
  • Castings of the present invention can be especially favourable for use in various solutions and parts for pumps, valves, impellers or for use in other solutions wherein a combination of high machinability, high strength and good weldability in a casting is needed as as-cast condition or after some further treatment, such as solution-annealed and quenched condition.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
EP09745895.4A 2008-05-16 2009-05-14 Stainless steel product, use of the product and method of its manufacture Active EP2279276B1 (en)

Priority Applications (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
SI200932070T SI2279276T1 (sl) 2008-05-16 2009-05-14 Nerjavni jekleni proizvod, uporaba proizvoda in postopek njegove izdelave
PL09745895T PL2279276T3 (pl) 2008-05-16 2009-05-14 Produkt ze stali nierdzewnej, zastosowanie produktu i sposób jego wytwarzania

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FI20080360A FI125458B (sv) 2008-05-16 2008-05-16 Produkt av rostfritt stål, användning av produkten och förfarande för framställning därav
PCT/FI2009/050397 WO2009138570A1 (en) 2008-05-16 2009-05-14 Stainless steel product, use of the product and method of its manufacture

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2279276A1 EP2279276A1 (en) 2011-02-02
EP2279276A4 EP2279276A4 (en) 2012-03-28
EP2279276B1 true EP2279276B1 (en) 2020-03-25

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EP09745895.4A Active EP2279276B1 (en) 2008-05-16 2009-05-14 Stainless steel product, use of the product and method of its manufacture

Country Status (16)

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US (1) US20110064601A1 (sv)
EP (1) EP2279276B1 (sv)
JP (1) JP5613152B2 (sv)
KR (1) KR20100133487A (sv)
CN (2) CN102027147A (sv)
AU (1) AU2009247934B2 (sv)
BR (1) BRPI0912807B1 (sv)
CA (1) CA2722236C (sv)
EA (1) EA027733B1 (sv)
ES (1) ES2797953T3 (sv)
FI (1) FI125458B (sv)
MX (1) MX343938B (sv)
PL (1) PL2279276T3 (sv)
SI (1) SI2279276T1 (sv)
TW (1) TWI490345B (sv)
WO (1) WO2009138570A1 (sv)

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CN114807756A (zh) * 2022-04-19 2022-07-29 山西太钢不锈钢股份有限公司 一种厚壁深冲壳体用不锈钢线材及其制造方法与用途
KR102658836B1 (ko) 2023-04-03 2024-04-18 터보파워텍(주) 스테인리스 가압 주조 장치
KR102658837B1 (ko) 2023-04-03 2024-04-18 터보파워텍(주) 스테인리스 가압 주조 방법 및 그 방법에 따라 제조된, 터빈용 패킹 링
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP2279276A1 (en) 2011-02-02
BRPI0912807A2 (pt) 2015-10-13
CN104988427A (zh) 2015-10-21
KR20100133487A (ko) 2010-12-21
MX2010012226A (es) 2010-12-07
JP5613152B2 (ja) 2014-10-22
CA2722236C (en) 2019-12-24
FI20080360A (sv) 2009-11-17
AU2009247934A1 (en) 2009-11-19
US20110064601A1 (en) 2011-03-17
MX343938B (es) 2016-11-29
EA201001571A1 (ru) 2011-06-30
ES2797953T3 (es) 2020-12-04
TWI490345B (zh) 2015-07-01
AU2009247934B2 (en) 2014-11-06
BRPI0912807B1 (pt) 2019-08-20
CN102027147A (zh) 2011-04-20
FI20080360A0 (sv) 2008-05-16
JP2011523679A (ja) 2011-08-18
EP2279276A4 (en) 2012-03-28
CA2722236A1 (en) 2009-11-19
FI125458B (sv) 2015-10-15
PL2279276T3 (pl) 2020-10-19
TW200951232A (en) 2009-12-16
EA027733B1 (ru) 2017-08-31
WO2009138570A1 (en) 2009-11-19
SI2279276T1 (sl) 2020-08-31

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