EP2252740A1 - Collecte d'énergie - Google Patents

Collecte d'énergie

Info

Publication number
EP2252740A1
EP2252740A1 EP09708090A EP09708090A EP2252740A1 EP 2252740 A1 EP2252740 A1 EP 2252740A1 EP 09708090 A EP09708090 A EP 09708090A EP 09708090 A EP09708090 A EP 09708090A EP 2252740 A1 EP2252740 A1 EP 2252740A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
power
harvesting
piezoelectric
road
energy
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP09708090A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Haim Abramovich
Eugeny Harash
Charles Milgrom
Uri Amit
Lucy Edery Azulay
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Innowattech Ltd
Original Assignee
Innowattech Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US12/204,958 external-priority patent/US7830071B2/en
Priority claimed from US12/353,764 external-priority patent/US20090195124A1/en
Application filed by Innowattech Ltd filed Critical Innowattech Ltd
Publication of EP2252740A1 publication Critical patent/EP2252740A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/08—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for recovering energy derived from swinging, rolling, pitching or like movements, e.g. from the vibrations of a machine
    • F03G7/081—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for recovering energy derived from swinging, rolling, pitching or like movements, e.g. from the vibrations of a machine recovering energy from moving road or rail vehicles, e.g. collecting vehicle vibrations in the vehicle tyres or shock absorbers
    • F03G7/083—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for recovering energy derived from swinging, rolling, pitching or like movements, e.g. from the vibrations of a machine recovering energy from moving road or rail vehicles, e.g. collecting vehicle vibrations in the vehicle tyres or shock absorbers using devices on streets or on rails
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01C—CONSTRUCTION OF, OR SURFACES FOR, ROADS, SPORTS GROUNDS, OR THE LIKE; MACHINES OR AUXILIARY TOOLS FOR CONSTRUCTION OR REPAIR
    • E01C9/00—Special pavings; Pavings for special parts of roads or airfields
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01F—ADDITIONAL WORK, SUCH AS EQUIPPING ROADS OR THE CONSTRUCTION OF PLATFORMS, HELICOPTER LANDING STAGES, SIGNS, SNOW FENCES, OR THE LIKE
    • E01F11/00—Road engineering aspects of Embedding pads or other sensitive devices in paving or other road surfaces, e.g. traffic detectors, vehicle-operated pressure-sensitive actuators, devices for monitoring atmospheric or road conditions
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G3/00—Other motors, e.g. gravity or inertia motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G—SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS; MECHANICAL-POWER PRODUCING DEVICES OR MECHANISMS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR OR USING ENERGY SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03G7/00—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for
    • F03G7/08—Mechanical-power-producing mechanisms, not otherwise provided for or using energy sources not otherwise provided for recovering energy derived from swinging, rolling, pitching or like movements, e.g. from the vibrations of a machine
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02N—ELECTRIC MACHINES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H02N2/00—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction
    • H02N2/18—Electric machines in general using piezoelectric effect, electrostriction or magnetostriction producing electrical output from mechanical input, e.g. generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N—ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10N30/00—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices
    • H10N30/30—Piezoelectric or electrostrictive devices with mechanical input and electrical output, e.g. functioning as generators or sensors

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an apparatus system and method for power harvesting on roads, highway, railways and airport runaways using piezoelectric generators.
  • Piezoelectricity is the ability of certain crystalline materials to develop an electrical charge proportional to an applied mechanical stress. The converse effect can also be seen in these materials where strain is developed proportional to an applied electrical field. It was originally discovered by the Curie's in the 1880's. Today, piezoelectric materials for industrial applications are lead based ceramics available in a wide range of properties. Piezoelectric materials are the most well known active material typically used for transducers as well as in adaptive structures.
  • Poled piezoelectric material is considered transversely isotropic, i.e.: one plane is isotropic while the out-of-plane direction has different properties.
  • a voltage of the same polarity as the poling voltage is applied to a ceramic element, in the direction of the poling voltage, the element will lengthen and its diameter will become smaller. If a voltage of polarity opposite that of the poling voltage is applied, the element will become shorter and broader. If an alternating voltage is applied, the element will lengthen and shorten cyclically, at the frequency of the applied voltage. This is motor action - electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy.
  • the principle is adapted to piezoelectric motors, sound or ultrasound generating devices, and many other products.
  • Figure Ia Schematically depicts the generator action of a piezoelectric element as known in the art.
  • the piezoelectric material has a considerable impact on the achievable performance of the transducer.
  • Commonly used piezoelectric materials are based on lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics.
  • E -gT + ⁇ x D (3)
  • x is the strain
  • D is the electric displacement
  • E is the electric field
  • s is the elastic compliance
  • g is the piezoelectric voltage coefficient given as d ⁇ o ⁇ '
  • d is the piezoelectric constant and ⁇ is the dielectric constant.
  • ⁇ in eq. (3) is the dielectric susceptibility, and is equal to the inverse dielectric permittivity tensor component.
  • the electrical power is dependent on the d / ⁇ ratio of the material.
  • FIG. lb(i) depicts the construction of a single element transducer and figure lb(ii) depicts a multi-layered transducer.
  • Figure lb(iii) depicts a preferred embodiment of a multilayer PZT generator wherein the polling directions of consecutive layers are reversed.
  • a common electrode is used between two, oppositely oriented layers.
  • Patent application WO07038157A2 titled "Energy Harvesting Using
  • Frequency Rectification to Carman Gregory P. and Lee Dong G.; filed: 2006-09- 21 discloses an energy harvesting apparatus for use in electrical system, having inverse frequency rectifier structured to receive mechanical energy at frequency, where force causes transducer to be subjected to another frequency.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus system and method for power harvesting on roads and highways using piezoelectric generator.
  • One aspect of the invention is to provide a system for power harvesting comprising: a plurality of piezoelectric devices configured to produce electrical power when a vehicle traverses their locations; a power conditioning unit; and electrical conductors connecting said piezoelectric to said power conditioning unit.
  • the piezoelectric devices are embedded in a road.
  • the power conditioning unit is further connected to the main power grid.
  • the power conditioning unit is further connected to a power storage unit.
  • the power conditioning unit supplies electrical power to battery charging station for charging batteries of electrical vehicles.
  • the power conditioning unit supplies electrical power to roadside lights.
  • the power conditioning unit supplies electrical power to a signaling unit.
  • Another aspect of the invention is to provide a system for power harvesting wherein said piezoelectric devices comprise plurality of PZT roads embedded in a binder.
  • said binder is epoxy resin.
  • said binder can be selected from a group of binders such as thermoplastic polymer, rubber, or other natural or synthetic resilient material.
  • Another aspect of the invention is to provide a method of harvesting energy comprising: embedding a plurality of piezoelectric devices capable of producing electrical power in a road; connecting power conditioning unit to said plurality of piezoelectric devices by electrical conductors; wherein electrical power is generated when a vehicle traverses said piezoelectric devices locations.
  • said embedding a piezoelectric device-based energy harvesting system comprising: positioning said plurality of piezoelectric devices and said electrical conductors over a concrete base of a road; and pouring asphalt over said piezoelectric devices and said electrical conductors.
  • said embedding a piezoelectric device-based energy harvesting system comprising: pouring first asphalt layer over road foundation; positioning said plurality of piezoelectric devices and said electrical conductors over first asphalt layer; and pouring a second asphalt layer over said piezoelectric devices and said electrical conductors.
  • said embedding a piezoelectric device-based energy harvesting system comprising: partially removing an asphalt layer off an already paved road leaving a first asphalt layer; positioning said plurality of piezoelectric devices and said electrical conductors over said first asphalt layer; and pouring a second asphalt layer over said piezoelectric devices and said electrical conductors.
  • said embedding a piezoelectric device-based energy harvesting system comprising: removing an asphalt layer off an already paved road along a narrow trench parallel to the long dimension of said road; positioning said plurality of piezoelectric devices and said electrical conductors in said trench; and pouring asphalt over said piezoelectric devices and said electrical conductors thus filling said trench.
  • said removing an asphalt layer off an already paved road along a narrow trench parallel to the long dimension of said road comprises creating a trench reaching a concrete foundation of said road.
  • said removing an asphalt layer off an already paved road along a narrow trench parallel to the long dimension of said road comprises creating two narrow trenches parallel to the long dimension of said road per each lane of said road.
  • FIGS 1 a and b schematically depict the generator actions of a piezoelectric element as known in the art.
  • FIGS. 2 a and b schematically depict apparatuses for electrical signal generation, rectification and storage
  • FIGS 3(i), (ii) and (iii) schematically depict views of a piezoelectric transducer according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 4 schematically depicts a box shaped piezoelectric transducer according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 5 schematically depicts a view of a system for power harvesting implemented on a roadway according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
  • Figure 6 schematically depicts an implementation of a system for energy harvesting and energy use according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 7 schematically depicts the implementation of energy harvesting system in a new road having a concrete foundation during road paving according to a preferred embodiment of the current invention.
  • Figure 8 schematically depicts the implementation of energy harvesting system in a new road not having a concrete foundation during road paving according to a preferred embodiment of the current invention.
  • Figure 9 schematically depicts the method of implementation of energy harvesting system in a new road not having a concrete foundation during road paving according to a preferred embodiment of the current invention
  • Figures 10(a)-(d) schematically depict the method of implementation of energy harvesting system in an existing road having a concrete foundation according to an embodiment of the current invention.
  • the figures depict stages of the retrofitting process.
  • FIGS 11 (a)- (d) schematically depict the method of implementation of energy harvesting system in an existing road having a concrete foundation according to an embodiment of the current invention.
  • the figures depict the stages of the retrofitting process.
  • Figure 12a schematically depicts a side cross sectional view of a composite piezoelectric generator according to another aspect of the current invention.
  • Figure 12b schematically depicts a side view of a composite piezoelectric generator according to another aspect of the current invention.
  • Figure 12c schematically depicts a top view of a composite piezoelectric generator according to another aspect of the present invention.
  • Figure 12d schematically depicts a system for energy harvesting using composite piezoelectric generators according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
  • Figure 12e schematically depicts a system for energy harvesting using composite piezoelectric generators according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
  • Figure 13 schematically depicts tilted placement of piezoelectric generator according to another aspect of the current invention.
  • Figure 14 schematically depicts a front view of a commercial airliner, showing typical dimensions.
  • Figure 15 schematically depicts the footprint of a commercial airliner, showing the wheels' configuration and typical dimensions.
  • Figure 16a schematically depicts the installation of Piezoelectric Energy
  • PEG Puls Generators
  • Figure 16b schematically depicts the implementation of PEG in a runway according to exemplary embodiments of the current invention.
  • Figure 17 schematically depicts a box shaped piezoelectric transducer 1700 according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the present invention relates to an apparatus system and method for power harvesting on roads and highways using piezoelectric generator.
  • FIGS 1 a and b schematically depict the generator actions of a piezoelectric element as known in the art and as discussed in the background section.
  • Figure la(i) depicts a PZT disk 110, showing its polling direction in the absence of external force. In this case, voltmeter 120 shows no generated charge.
  • Figures la(ii) and la(iii) show the same PZT disk 110 with compression and extension forces applied to it respectively. In this case, voltmeter 120 shows positive and negative generated charge respectively.
  • Figure lb(i) depicts a single element PZT similar to the one depicted in figure Ia.
  • the length "L” of the element and its surface area "A” are marked in this figure.
  • Figure lb(ii) depicts a multi element PZT stack comprising n PZT disks
  • these connectors For convenience, we may refer to these connectors as “top electrode” and “bottom electrode” respectively.
  • Figure lb(iii) depicts a multi element PZT stack comprising n PZT disks
  • a PZT cylinder can generate voltages that are high enough to draw a spark across an electrode gap, and such sparks can be used to ignite combustible gases in for instance cigarette lighters or gas stoves.
  • a part of the energy generated by a PZT transducer can be stored in a capacitor and can be used to power a circuit as can be seen in Figure 2.
  • charge generated by the piezoelectric transducer is stored in the energy storage device such a capacitor.
  • the rectifier schematically depicted by diode D 1 , holds the collected charge at the capacitor until it is utilized by the energy utilizing load.
  • Figure 2(i) depicts a single diode rectifier, while Figure 2(ii) shows a full rectifier comprising a four diodes bridge.
  • Figure 2(i) depicts an energy harvesting system 200(i) using a single diode rectifier Dl.
  • the PZT transducer in both Figures 2a and 2b appear as a single element having top electrode 211 and bottom electrode 212
  • the PZT transducer may be a multi-element structure such as depicted in Figurelb(ii) or preferably as depicted in Figure Ib(iii).
  • Rectifying diode Dl prevent electrical charge accumulated on capacitor Cp from returning to the transducer once the load is removed from said transducer. Thus, the charge on capacitor Cp remains until it is utilized by a load connected to load output 220(i).
  • Figure 2(ii) depicts an energy harvesting system 200(ii) using a foil rectifier comprising a four diodes bridge FR.
  • Rectifying bridge FR comprising four diodes directs charge generated by both compression and extention forces applied to the PZT transducer to capacitor Cp. Rectifying bridge FR prevent electrical charge accumulated on capacitor Cp from returning to the transducer once the load is removed from said transducer. Thus, the charge on capacitor Cp remains until it is utilized by a load connected to load output 220(ii), however, it is clear to see that system 200(ii) better utilizes the generated charge and thus has higher energy efficiency.
  • FIGS 3(i), (ii), and (iii) schematically depict views of a piezoelectric transducer according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • Figure 3(i) depicts an isometric view of piezoelectric transducer 300 showing top electrode 310 and bottom electrode 311.
  • the composite disk made of piezoelectric rods 320 joined by epoxy or other binding resin 321 as schematically depicted in the cross section seen in
  • binder may be a thermoplastic polymer, rubber or other natural or synthetic resilient material.
  • Each rode may be made of a single structure plurality of layers as seen in Figures lb(i), lb(ii) or lb(iii).
  • the electrodes of all the rods are connected n parallel to the top and bottom electrode as depicted in Figure 3 (iii).
  • Figure 4 schematically depicts a box shaped piezoelectric transducer 400 according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the composite box made of piezoelectric rods 420 joined by epoxy or other binding resin 421 as schematically depicted in the figure.
  • rods are depicted as having square cross section, cylindrical or other shapes may be used.
  • Typical dimensions of 4x4 cm and 2 cm height are given as example. Other shape and dimensions may be used.
  • the ratio of active piezoelectric material to binder filing is approximately 50%. However, larger or smaller ratio may be used.
  • the binder is softer than the piezoelectric material.
  • Each rode may be made of a single structure or plurality of layers.
  • the electrodes of all the rods are connected n parallel to the top and bottom electrode (not seen in this figure).
  • the ratio of active piezoelectric material to binder filing is approximately 64%. However, larger or smaller ratio may be used. Preferably, the binder ratio is 30% to 40%.
  • each stack is 4x4 mm and 20 mm high.
  • each rod may be made of plurality of layers as known in the art.
  • each rod has a multilayer construction as depicted in figure lb(iii).
  • the electrodes of all the rods are connected n parallel to the top and bottom electrode (not seen in this figure).
  • each PZT road is 20 mm high.
  • polling voltage is in the order of 50,000 Volts per 1 cm. Using this polling technique would require 100,000 Volts which may leads to sparking and necessitate very high voltage source.
  • plurality of rods were connected in parallel and placed in an oven and heated to temperature close or preferably above the Curie temperature (approximately 300 degrees C for the ceramic used). Polling voltage of only 5,000 V/cm (total of - 10,000 V) was used. Preferably the rods were cooled to room temperature under the polling voltage. The rods were than integrated into the transducer structure by pouring the binder.
  • Figure 5 schematically depicts a top view of a system for power harvesting 500 implemented on a two lane roadway 505 according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
  • a section of road 505 is shown in an enlarged view.
  • a plurality of energy generating devices 520 is embedded in the road.
  • the devices 520 are piezoelectric transducer as depicted in Figure 3 or Figure 4.
  • the energy generating devices 520 are positioned below the road surface at regular intervals. Axial distance of 30 cm may be chosen as depicted in the enlarged section of Figure 5. It should be noted the distance between energy generating devices 520 is preferably depends on the spread of strain within the road structure and thus depends on road construction and materials. Generally, distance between devices is determined by optimizing payoff from harvested energy and cost of the system which influenced by installation cost and price per piezoelectric device.
  • two rows of transducers are position in each lane of roadway, wherein each row is positioned where wheels of passing cars are likely to traverse.
  • Electrical cables 510 connected to the energy generating devices are used to transfer the generated energy to the energy management unit 530.
  • Conditioned energy is than transferred to energy utilizing system 540.
  • each cable 510 is made of two conductors and all the energy generating devices are connected in parallel.
  • the energy generating devices are connected in series. Combination of parallel and series connection is also possible.
  • electric rectification is done at each of the energy generating device, or at a group of energy generating devices and the rectified electric signal is transferred by a cable.
  • the energy management unit 530 may includes voltage conversion and regulation needed to convert the generated electric signal to useful form.
  • the energy management unit 530 may comprise of DC to AC converter, converting the rectified generated signal to AC power ready to power devices designed to be powered by the usual household main power grid.
  • energy management unit 530 is positioned in the center of, and services a section of road, for example 1 km of road. It should be appreciate that optimization of the distance between energy generating devices and energy management units depends on the cost of cabling, cost of devices, energy loss in the cables, etc. Preferably, the depicted power harvesting system is duplicated along the road for additional power harvesting.
  • the rows of energy generating devices are positioned closer to the curb of the road rather than symmetrically about the lane center where care are more likely to travel over it.
  • the rows of energy generating devices are positioned at average axle width apart from each other.
  • Figure 6 schematically depicts an implementation of a system 600 for energy harvesting and energy use according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • energy 610 generated by the energy generating devices embedded in the roadway 605 is converted to an electrical power in useful form by the energy management unit 630.
  • the exemplary embodiment of Figure 6 depicts a four lane highway having two lanes in each direction, however other types of roads may be used within the scope of the current invention.
  • cars are more likely to travel in the right lane (Left lane in UK and similar countries) than in the left lane.
  • it may be cost effective to implant the energy generator in the busiest lanes only.
  • one energy management unit 630 serve a section of a road including lanes in both traveling direction as to minimize the energy loss due to cabling electrical resistance.
  • energy storage 620 such as large capacitor, or preferably a rechargeable battery is used for storing the energy to be used when needed. Since the generated energy is present only when cars passes over the energy generating devices, energy storage may be useful so that the power supply is not interrupted when cars are absent or traffic is slow or the number of cars is small.
  • Energy is utilized by the energy utilization system 630.
  • energy utilization system 630 is located in proximity to the energy management unit 630 and the optional energy storage 620.
  • Energy may be used for lighting the road at night. In this case, energy generated and stored during the day may be used at the following night when car traffic may be too small to provide the full power requirement.
  • Signaling lights and roadside signs may be powered, specifically, at remote and unpopulated locations and intersection where the cost of providing power using power lines from main power grid may be high. Other uses may be to power emergency communication units; mobile communication base stations and roadside advertisements.
  • all the generated power, or extra power left over after local power demand was met, is exported to the main electrical power grid for a fee paid by electric company.
  • energy management unit may convert the generated electrical power to high voltage used in the high tension power lines.
  • the optional main grid connection 690 may be used as backup power source to be used locally when traffic is thin.
  • Figure 7 schematically depicts the implementation of energy harvesting system in a new road having a concrete foundation during road paving according to a preferred embodiment of the current invention.
  • the rows of energy generation devices 750 and their connecting cable 760 are laid on the concrete and the layer of asphalt 740 is paved over it.
  • Figure 8 schematically depicts the implementation of energy harvesting system in a new road not having a concrete foundation during road paving according to a preferred embodiment of the current invention.
  • the energy generating devises and the connecting cables are embedded in the asphalt.
  • Figure 9 schematically depicts the method of implementation of energy harvesting system in a new road not having a concrete foundation during road paving according to a preferred embodiment of the current invention.
  • a firs layer 940 of asphalt is paved.
  • the rows of energy generation devices 750 and their connecting cables 760 are laid on the first layer of asphalt 940 and a second layer 941 of asphalt is paved over it.
  • This implementation is the simple and requires only paving the asphalt in two layers instead of one. In this embodiment, there is almost absolute freedom as to the configuration of the connecting cables and their direction.
  • Figure 10 schematically depict the method of implementation of energy harvesting system in an existing road not having a concrete foundation according to an embodiment of the current invention.
  • trenches 1010 are cut along the road, for example using a circular disk. Each trench is deep enough to partially penetrate the layer of asphalt 740. The trench is wide enough to accommodate the energy generating device 750 and its connecting cable 760. The row of energy generation devices and their connecting wires are laid on the bottom of the trench and the trench is than refilled with asphalt refill 1020.
  • Figure 10(a) to Figure 10(d) depicts the stages of the retrofitting process.
  • Figure 11 schematically depict the method of implementation of energy harvesting system in an existing road having a concrete foundation 730 according to an embodiment of the current invention.
  • trenches 1110 are cut along the road, for example using a circular disk. Each trench is deep enough to fully penetrate the layer of asphalt 740 and reach the concrete layer 730. The trench is wide enough to accommodate the energy generating device 750 and its connecting cable 760. The row of energy generation devices and their connecting wires are laid on the bottom of the trench against the concrete and the trench is than refilled with asphalt refill 1120.
  • Figure 1 l(a) to Figure 1 l(d) depicts the stages of the retrofitting process.
  • Figure l la shows the road before retrofitting.
  • Figure l ib depicts the stage of digging a trench in the upper pavement layer.
  • Figure l ie shows the stage of placing the energy harvesting devices.
  • Figure 1 Id shows the road after the trench was re-paved.
  • Figure 12a schematically depicts a side cross sectional view of a composite piezoelectric generator according to another aspect of the current invention.
  • a composite piezoelectric generator 1200 comprises a plurality piezoelectric generators 1244 (four are shown in this figure, but more or less may be used).
  • each of piezoelectric generators 1244 may be a box shaped piezoelectric transducer 400 of Figure 4, or other shaped piezoelectric generator.
  • piezoelectric generators 1244 are placed on a base plate 1232 and covered with top plate 1231.
  • Elastic members such as springs 1211, preferably at ends of plate 1231 and 1232 holds the structure together and preferably applies a compression force between base plate 1232 and top plate 1231. This compression force is applied to piezoelectric generators 1244.
  • a car or a truck passes over or near a composite piezoelectric generator 1200, the pressure and vibration caused by the vehicle propagate in the road and affect base plate 1232 and top plate 1231 creating time varying forces on piezoelectric generators 1244 which generate electrical power. It should be realized that the fact that the structure is "pre- stressed" by Elastic members 1211 ensures that electricity will be generated also in the pulling parts of the vibration cycle.
  • piezoelectric generators 1244 are electrically connected to each other and to local energy conditioning unit 1293 via electrical conductors 1291 and 1292.
  • each of piezoelectric generators 1244 may be connected separately to local energy conditioning unit 1293.
  • Local energy conditioning unit 1293 may be for example in the form disclosed in Figure 2. Conditioned energy from local energy conditioning unit 1293 is transferred to outside energy utilization via cable 1294.
  • local energy conditioning unit 1293 is missing in all or in few of the composite piezoelectric generators 1200 and energy conditioning is performed outside the composite piezoelectric generator.
  • composite piezoelectric generator 1200 is approximately 60 cm long, 4 cm wide and 3 cm high, wherein height includes 2 cm of active piezoelectric material and the thickness of the base plate 1232 and top plate 1231.
  • height includes 2 cm of active piezoelectric material and the thickness of the base plate 1232 and top plate 1231.
  • other dimensions may be used
  • composite piezoelectric generator 1200 is housed in a protective flexible cover for example for protection from dirt and moisture and for example for preventing asphalt from entering the generator during embedding in a road. Additionally or alternatively, composite piezoelectric generator 1200 may be potted with elastic material.
  • Figure 12b schematically depicts a side view of a composite piezoelectric generator according to another aspect of the current invention.
  • a composite piezoelectric generator 1200 comprises a plurality piezoelectric generators 1244.
  • piezoelectric generators 1244 are placed on a base plate 1232 and covered with top plate 1231.
  • Elastic members such as springs 1211 holds the structure together and preferably applies a compression force between base plate 1232 and top plate 1231 (two are seen in this side view, but one or more than two may be used).
  • Figure 12c schematically depicts a top view of a composite piezoelectric generator according to another aspect of the current invention.
  • a composite piezoelectric generator 1200 comprises plurality piezoelectric generators 1244.
  • piezoelectric generators 1244 are placed on a base plate 1232 and covered with top plate 1231 (only top plate is seen here).
  • Elastic members such as springs 1211 holds the structure together and preferably applies a compression force between base plate 1232 and top plate 1231 (two elastic members at each side are seen in this top vie, but one or more than two may be used).
  • Figure 12d schematically depicts a system for energy harvesting using composite piezoelectric generators according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
  • Energy harvesting system 1266 is preferably embedded in a road.
  • one road lane defined by its outer boundary 1262 (which may be the road curb, or the boundary of another lane) and its inner boundary 1263.
  • Energy harvesting system 1266 comprises a plurality of composite piezoelectric generators 1200, preferably arranged in two rows.
  • composite piezoelectric generators 1200 are placed so as to maximize the harvested energy. Maximizing the harvested energy may be done by placing the generators 1200 in locations that maximize the probability that wheels of passing vehicle pass over their centers.
  • generators 1200 are placed substantially parallel to each other at approximately 30 cm intervals along the two rows corresponding to the same traffic lane. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention centers of generators 1200 are placed approximately 60 cm from lane's outer boundary 1262. In an exemplary embodiment of the invention centers of generators 1200 of second rows are placed approximately 180 cm from centers of generators 1200 of the first row. It should be noted that other distances among generators 1200 may be used.
  • Cables 1294 electrically connect generators 1200 to energy utilization system via main cable 1295.
  • Figure 12e schematically depicts a system for energy harvesting using composite piezoelectric generators according to an exemplary embodiment of the current invention.
  • Energy harvesting system 1267 differs from system 1266 by its cabling topology.
  • row collecting cables 1267 connects generators 1200 in each row to outside energy utilization system.
  • Figure 13 schematically depicts tilted placement of piezoelectric generator according to another aspect of the current invention.
  • piezoelectric generators 1300 may be embedded in the pavement 740 at an angle ⁇ to the surface 1320 of the road.
  • tilt angle is in the direction 1310 of the prevailing moving vehicle over the generators 1300.
  • Generators 1300 may be selected from any type of piezoelectric generator. Preferably, piezoelectric generators 1300 are composite piezoelectric generators as seen in figures 12.
  • the energy generating devices are positioned under an airfield runway tarmac.
  • airport traffic is less frequent, the stress cased by a airliner landing is much larger than that of a car.
  • the energy harvesting system is positioned at the landing section of the field where the stress is at its peak.
  • Figure 14 schematically depicts a front view of a commercial airliner, showing typical dimensions.
  • Commercial jet airliner 1400 for example Boeing 747-400 depicted in this figure usually has a landing gear comprising front wheels assembly 1410 connected to the front of the fuselage and two main wheels assemblies 1420 connected to the base of the wings.
  • maximum (takeoff) load on front wheels assembly 1410 is approximately 17 tons and approximately 60 tones for each of the two main wheels assemblies 1420.
  • the distance between the centers of the two main wheels assemblies 1420 vary. Typical distance is approximately 11 m.
  • Figure 15 schematically depicts the footprint of a commercial airliner, showing the wheels' configuration and typical dimensions.
  • a landing gear comprising front wheels assembly 1410 connected to the front of the fuselage and two main wheels assemblies 1420 connected to the base of the wings.
  • the distance between the centers of the two main wheels assemblies 1420 is approximately 9.3 m.
  • the choice of material used to construct the runway depends on the use and the local ground conditions. Generally speaking, for a major airport, where the ground conditions permit, the most satisfactory type of pavement for long-term minimum maintenance is concrete. Although certain airports have used reinforcement in concrete pavements, this is generally found to be unnecessary, with the exception of expansion joints across the runway where a dowel assembly, which permits relative movement of the concrete slabs, is placed in the concrete. Where it can be anticipated that major settlements of the runway will occur over the years because of unstable ground conditions, it is preferable to install asphaltic concrete surface, as it is easier to patch on a periodic basis. For fields with very low traffic of light planes, it is possible to use a sod surface.
  • the development of the pavement design proceeds along a number of paths. Exploratory borings are taken to determine the subgrade condition, and based on relative bearing capacity of the subgrade, different pavement specifications are established. Typically, for heavy-duty commercial aircraft, the pavement thickness, no matter what the top surface, varies from as little as 10 inches (25 centimeters) to as much as 4 ft (1 m), including subgrade.
  • runway length may be of some academic interest, in terms of usability for air carrier operations, a runway of at least 6,000 ft (1,829 m) in length is usually adequate for aircraft weights below approximately 90,718 kg. Larger aircraft will usually require at least 2,438 m at sea level and somewhat more at higher altitude airports. International wide body flights may also have landing requirements of 3,048 m or more and takeoff requirements of 3,962 m or more.
  • Figure 16a schematically depicts the installation of Piezoelectric Energy Generators (PEG) on a runway according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention.
  • PEG Piezoelectric Energy Generators
  • Runway energy harvesting system 1150 is installed in an airport having a runway 1510. For clarity, cabling and energy conditioning and storing elements were omitted from this drawing. However, these element follows the general construction and operation modes discloses in the preceding figures.
  • a landing mark 1520 is pained on the pavement. Pilots aim the plane to touchdown at this mark.
  • takeoff starts at the same mark or near it.
  • Direction of takeoff and landing is generally against the wind direction, thus at location where wind direction vary, a landing mark will be painted on both ends of the runway.
  • prevailing wind direction determine the probability of landing in one direction or the other.
  • different runways are used for landing and for takeoff. In landing, stress on the landing gear is high throughout the landing run. In contrast, during takeoff, aerodynamic lift reduces the stress when airplane speed increases.
  • PEGs are installed under the runway pavement where stress caused by the landing gear of the airplanes using the runway is large and frequent.
  • the PEG's 1540 are installed, starting at the landing mark 1520 in groups 1530.
  • Each group of PEGs 1530 comprises a plurality of PEG 1540 (four are seen in this figure, but number of PEGs in a group may vary).
  • Each group is preferably 1 to 6 m long.
  • Groups 1530 are situated in parallel configuration at specified distance to form two rows of groups 1535.
  • the distance between the groups is approximately 30 cm and the distance between centers of two rows 1535 is approximately 11 m.
  • the distance between centers of two rows 1535 is determined by the average distance between the main landing gears of the planes using the runway.
  • the distance between groups 1540 and distance between PEGs in the group is a tradeoff between the increase cost of PEG's and the increase energy harvesting efficiency with higher number of PEGs.
  • the PEGs are installed at the beginning of the runway and up to the point where probability of stress caused by passing plane reduces to the point that the decreased expected energy harvested makes PEG installation not cost effective. For example, most takeoff runways are longer than average takeoff run and thus PEG installation will be restricted to the beginning of the runway. Similar consideration may be made for landing runways, landing and takeoff runways, and runways at locations where wind direction varies. At runways at locations where wind direction vary, PEGs may be installed starting at both ends or through the entire length of the runway.
  • Figure 16b schematically depicts the implementation of PEG in a runway according to exemplary embodiments of the current invention.
  • Figure 16b(i) depicts a runway comprising a concrete layer 1620 laid over foundation 1610 and an asphalt layer 1630 deposited over it.
  • PEGs 1540 are preferably are attached to the concrete layer 1620 and are covered with asphalt.
  • PEGs may be installed under the concrete layer 1620.
  • Figure 16b(ii) depicts a runway comprising a concrete layer 1620 laid over foundation 1610 without an asphalt layer.
  • PEGs 1540 may be installed within the concrete layer 1620.
  • the PEG may be attached to the reinforcement structure of the reinforced concrete if used.
  • PEGs may be supported by a support structure 1545 while the concrete is being poured.
  • PEGs may be installed under the concrete layer 1620.
  • Figure 17 schematically depicts a box shaped piezoelectric transducer 1700 according to another preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • binding resin is made of a bitumen-polymeric mix.
  • resin properties are chosen such that the average mechanical properties of generator 1700 (a matrix with piezoceramic rods installed in it) correspond to requirements to mechanical properties of a runway pavement.
  • the rods are depicted as having square cross section, cylindrical or other shapes may be used.
  • "checker board" configuration of road was chosen. However different packing configuration may be used.
  • Typical dimensions of 12.5x5 cm and 2.5 cm height are given as example. Other shape and dimensions may be used. In the depicted embodiment, 40 % of the volume is occupied by piezoelectric rods, however other rods to resin ratios may be used. In the depicted embodiment.125 piezoelectric rods are used, arranged in 10 rows of alternating 13 and 12 rods per row, however other rods configurations may be used.
  • Each rode may be made of a single structure or plurality of layers.
  • top electrodes of all the rods are connected in parallel to the top electrode 1730.
  • Top electrode 1730 is connected to top electrode wire 1732 at top contact 1733.
  • the energy generating devices are positioned under train railway tracks.
  • train traffic is less frequent, the stress cased by a train is much larger than that of a car. Additionally, the stress cased by a passing train is concentrated under the rails and may be easier to harvest.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • General Electrical Machinery Utilizing Piezoelectricity, Electrostriction Or Magnetostriction (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un appareil, un système et un procédé permettant de recueillir de l'énergie sur les routes et les autoroutes au moyen d'un générateur piézoélectrique. L'invention concerne également un système et un procédé permettant de recueillir de l'énergie comprenant plusieurs dispositifs piézoélectriques intégrés dans une route et configurés pour produire de l'énergie électrique lorsqu'un véhicule traverse leur emplacement. Le système comporte une unité de conditionnement de l'énergie et des conducteurs électriques reliant le piézoélectrique à ladite unité de conditionnement de l'énergie. L'énergie recueillie peut servir localement à proximité de l'emplacement de production d'énergie, être stockée pour un usage ultérieur ou transférée en vue de son utilisation sur un site distant.
EP09708090A 2008-02-06 2009-01-19 Collecte d'énergie Withdrawn EP2252740A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US2660008P 2008-02-06 2008-02-06
US12/204,958 US7830071B2 (en) 2008-02-06 2008-09-05 Power harvesting apparatus, system and method
US12/353,764 US20090195124A1 (en) 2008-02-06 2009-01-14 Energy harvesting from airport runway
PCT/IL2009/000075 WO2009098676A1 (fr) 2008-02-06 2009-01-19 Collecte d'énergie

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EP2252740A1 true EP2252740A1 (fr) 2010-11-24

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EP (1) EP2252740A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2011511619A (fr)
KR (1) KR20100125282A (fr)
CN (1) CN102084063A (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0908816A2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2715129C (fr)
IL (1) IL207475A0 (fr)
MX (1) MX2010008301A (fr)
WO (1) WO2009098676A1 (fr)

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CN102084063A (zh) 2011-06-01
CA2715129A1 (fr) 2009-08-13
MX2010008301A (es) 2011-03-04
JP2011511619A (ja) 2011-04-07
WO2009098676A1 (fr) 2009-08-13
KR20100125282A (ko) 2010-11-30
CA2715129C (fr) 2012-11-27
IL207475A0 (en) 2010-12-30
BRPI0908816A2 (pt) 2015-08-18

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