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  • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel quinoline compounds.
• the compounds possess valuable therapeutic properties and are particularly suitable, for treating diseases that respond to modulation of the serotonin 5-HT 6 receptor.
• Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a monoamine neurotransmitter and local hormone, is formed by the hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan. The greatest concentration is found in the enterochromaffin cells of the gastrointestinal tract, the remainder being predominantly present in platelets and in the Central Nervous System (CNS).
• 5-HT is implicated in a vast array of physiological and pathophysiological pathways. In the periphery, it contracts a number of smooth muscles and induces endothelium-dependent vasodilation. In the CNS, it is believed to be involved in a wide range of functions, including the control of appetite, mood, anxiety, hallucinations, sleep, vomiting and pain perception.
• 5-HT 1 with subtypes 5-HT 1A , 5-HT 1B , 5-HT 1D , 5-HT 1E and 5-HT 1F
• 5-HT 2 with subtypes 5-HT 2A , 5-HT 2B and 5-HT 2C
• 5-HT 3 with subtypes 5-HT 4
• 5-HT 5 with subtypes 5-HT 5A and 5-HT 5B
• 5-HT 6 and 5-HT 7 are coupled to G-proteins that affect the activities of either adenylate cyclase or phospholipase Cy.
• the human 5-HT 6 receptors are positively coupled to adenylyl cyclase. They are distributed throughout the limbic, striatal and cortical regions of the brain and show a high affinity to antipsychotics.
• the modulation of the 5-HT 6 receptor by suitable substances is expected to improve certain disorders including cognitive dysfunctions, such as a deficit in memory, cognition and learning, in particular associated with Alzheimer's disease, age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity syndrome, personality disorders, such as schizophrenia, in particular cognitive deficits related with schizophrenia, affective disorders such as depression, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders, motion or motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy, migraine, sleep disorders (including disturbances of the Circadian rhythm), feeding disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, certain gastrointestinal disorders such as Irritable Bowl Syndrome, diseases associated with neurodegeneration, such as stroke, spinal or head trauma and head injuries, such as hydrocephalus, drug addiction and obesity.
• cognitive dysfunctions such as a deficit in memory, cognition and learning, in particular associated with Alzheimer's disease, age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity syndrome, personality disorders, such as schizophrenia, in particular cognitive deficits related with schizophrenia, affective
• Quinoline compounds having an affinity for the 5-HT 6 receptor have been described in the prior art, e.g. in US 2007/0027161 , WO 05/026125 and WO 03/080580 .
• the compounds disclosed therein carry a piperazin-1-yl radical in the 8-position of the quinoline moiety.
• the compounds are mentioned to be useful for the treatment of 5-HT 6 receptor-related disorders.
• WO 05/113539 describes quinoline compounds which carry a N-bound heterocyclic radical in the 8-position having an affinity for the 5-HT 6 receptor.
• the compounds should have low affinity to adrenergic receptors, such as ⁇ 1 -adrenergic receptor, histamine receptors, such as H 1 -receptor, and dopaminergic receptors, such as D 2 -receptor, in order to avoid or reduce considerable side effects associated with modulation of these receptors, such as postural hypotension, reflex tachycardia, potentiation of the antihypertensive effect of prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin and labetalol or dizziness associated to the blockade of the ⁇ 1 -adrenergic receptor, weight gain, sedation, drowsiness or potentiation of central depressant drugs associated to the blockade of the H 1 -receptor, or extrapyramidal movement disorder, such as dystonia, parkinsonism, akathisia, tard
• the compounds should also have good pharmacological profile, e.g. a good brain plasma ratio, a good bioavailability, good metabolic stability, or a decreased inhibition of the mitochondrial respiration.
• Compounds of formula (I), wherein X is S(O) 2 are preferably selected from compounds, wherein at least one of the radicals R 1 , R 2 and if present R 5 is different from hydrogen and C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition which comprises at least one quinoline compound of the formula (I) and/or at least one physiologically tolerated acid addition salt of (I) and/or at least one N-oxide of (I), where appropriate together with physiologically acceptable carriers and/or auxiliary substances.
• the present invention further relates to the use of a quinoline compound of the formula (I) and/or physiologically tolerated acid addition salts thereof and/or at least one N-oxide of (I), for preparing a pharmaceutical composition, optionally together with at least one physiologically acceptable carrier or auxiliary substance.
• the compounds are selective 5-HT 6 receptor ligands.
• the compounds are particularly suitable for the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system, addiction diseases or obesity, as these disorders and diseases are likely to respond to influencing by 5-HT 6 receptor ligands. Therefore the present invention also provides a method for treating disorders in mammals, said method comprising administering an effective amount of at least one compound of the formula (I) and/or at least one physiologically tolerated acid addition salt of (I) and/or at least one N-oxide of (I) to a subject in need thereof.
• the diseases which are susceptible to treatment with a quinoline compound of the formula I include, e.g., disorders and diseases of the central nervous system, in particular cognitive dysfunctions, such as a deficit in memory, cognition and learning, in particular associated with Alzheimer's disease, age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity syndrome (ADHD), personality disorders, such as schizophrenia, in particular cognitive deficits related with schizophrenia, affective disorders such as depression, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders, motion or motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy, migraine, sleep disorders (including disturbances of the Circadian rhythm), feeding disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, certain gastrointestinal disorders such as Irritable Bowl Syndrome, diseases associated with neurodegeneration, such as stroke, spinal or head trauma and head injuries, such as hydrocephalus, drug addiction and obesity.
• cognitive dysfunctions such as a deficit in memory, cognition and learning, in particular associated with Alzheimer's disease, age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorder/hyper
• At least one quinoline compound of the general formula (I) having the meanings mentioned at the outset is used for treating the above mentioned indications.
• the compounds of the formula (I) of a given constitution may exist in different spatial arrangements, for example if they possess one or more centers of asymmetry, polysubstituted rings or double bonds, or as different tautomers, it is also possible to use enantiomeric mixtures, in particular racemates, diastereomeric mixtures and tautomeric mixtures, preferably, however, the respective essentially pure enantiomers, diastereomers and tautomers of the compounds of formula (I) and/or of their salts and/or their N-oxides.
• physiologically tolerated salts of the compounds of the formula (I), especially acid addition salts with physiologically tolerated acids are hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, C 1 -C 4 -alkylsulfonic acids, such as methanesulfonic acid, aromatic sulfonic acids, such as benzenesulfonic acid and toluenesulfonic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, adipic acid and benzoic acid.
• Other utilizable acids are described in Fort Whitneye der Arzneiffenbachforschung [Advances in drug research], Volume 10, pages 224 ff., Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel and Stuttgart, 1966 .
• N-oxides of the compounds of the formula (I) if those compounds contain a basic nitrogen atom, such as the nitrogen atom of the quinoline moiety.
• the organic moieties mentioned in the above definitions of the variables are - like the term halogen - collective terms for individual listings of the individual group members.
• the prefix C n -C m indicates in each case the possible number of carbon atoms in the group.
• halogen denotes in each case fluorine, bromine, chlorine or iodine, in particular fluorine, chlorine or bromine.
• C 1 -C 6 -alkyl as used herein and in the alkyl moieties of C 1 -C 6 -hydroxyalkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkylthio, C 1 -C 6 -alkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkylcarbonyl, C 1 -C 6 -alkylcarbonylamino, C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, aryl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or hetaryl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• alkyl group examples include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, 2-butyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 1,1,2-trimethylpropyl, 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl
• C 1 -C 6 -haloalkyl as used herein and in the haloalkyl moieties of C 1 -C 6 -haloalkylthio, C 1 -C 6 -haloalkylsulfinyl, C 1 -C 6 -haloalkylsulfonyl, C 1 -C 6 -haloalkyl-carbonyl, C 1 -C 6 -haloalkylcarbonylamino denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein the hydrogen atoms of this group are partially or totally replaced with halogen atoms.
• Preferred haloalkyl moieties are selected from C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl, especially preferred from C 1 -C 2 -haloalkyl, such as chloromethyl, bromomethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chlorofluoromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, chlorodifluoromethyl, 1-chloroethyl, 1-bromethyl, 1-fluoroethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethyl, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethyl, 2,2dichloro-2-fluorethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and the like.
• C 1 -C 4 -alkylene denotes a straight-chain or branched bivalent alkandiyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, examples including methylene, 1,1-ethylene (1,1-ethandiyl), 1,2-ethylene (1,2-ethandiyl), 1,1-propandiyl, 1,2-propandiyl, 2,2-propandiyl, 1,3-propandiyl, 1,1-butandiyl, 1,2-butandiyl, 1,3-butandiyl, 1,4-butandiyl, 2,3-butandiyl, 2,2-butanediyl.
• linear C 1 -C 4 -alkylene denotes a straight-chain bivalent alkandiyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, examples including methylene, 1,2-ethylene, 1,3-propandiyl and 1,4-butandiyl.
• C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy as used herein and in the alkoxy moieties of C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• Examples of an alkoxy group are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butyloxy, 2-butyloxy, iso-butyloxy, tert-butyloxy, pentyloxy, 1-methylbutyloxy, 2-methylbutyloxy, 3-methylbutyloxy, 2,2-dimethylpropyloxy, 1-ethylpropyloxy, hexyloxy, 1,1-dimethylpropyloxy, 1,2-dimethylpropyloxy, 1-methylpentyloyx, 2-methylpentyloxy, 3-methylpentyloxy, 4-methylpentyloxy, 1,1-dimethylbutyloyx, 1,2-dimethylbutyloxy, 1,3-dimethylbutyloxy, 2,2-dimethylbutyloxy, 2,3-dimethylbutyloyx, 3,3-dimethylbutyloxy, 1-ethylbutyloxy, 2-ethylbuty
• C 1 -C 6 -haloalkoxy as used herein and in the haloalkoxy moieties of C 1 -C 6 -haloalkoxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl denotes in each case a straight-chain or branched alkoxy group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, wherein the hydrogen atoms of this group are partially or totally replaced with halogen atoms, in particular fluorine atoms.
• haloalkoxy moieties include C 1 -C 4 -haloalkoxy, in particular C 1 -C 2 -fluoroalkoxy, such as fluoromethoxy, difluoromethoxy, trifluoromethoxy, 1-fluoroethoxy, 2-fluoroethoxy, 2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2-fluoroethoxy, 2-chloro-2,2-difluoroethoxy, 2,2dichloro-2-fluorethoxy, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxy, pentafluoroethoxy and the like.
• C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a C 1 -C 6 -alkoxy group, such as in methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl, propoxymethyl, 1-methoxyethyl, 1-ethoxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-ethoxyethyl, 2-methoxypropyl, 2-ethoxypropyl, 3-methoxypropyl or 3-ethoxypropyl.
• C 1 -C 6 -haloalkoxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl is a straight-chain or branched alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, wherein one of the hydrogen atoms is replaced by a C 1 -C 6 -haloalkoxy group.
• C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl as used herein and in the cycloalkyl moieties of C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and C 3 -C 6 -halocycloylkyl denotes in each case a cycloaliphatic radical having from 3 to 6 C atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• the cycloalkyl radical may be unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2, 3 or 4 C 1 -C 4 -alkyl radicals, preferably a methyl radical.
• C 3 -C 6 -halocycloalkyl as used herein and in the halocycloalkyl moieties of C 3 -C 6 -halocycloalkyl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl denotes in each case a cycloaliphatic radical having from 3 to 6 C atoms, such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl, wherein at least one hydrogen radical, e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 hydrogen radicals are replaced by halogen, in particular fluorine.
• Examples include 1-fluorocyclopropyl, 2-fluorocyclopropyl, 2,2-difluorocyclopropyl, 1-fluorocyclobutyl, 2-fluorocyclobutyl, 2,2-difluorocyclobutyl, 3-fluorocyclobutyl, 3,3-difluorocyclobutyl, 1,3-difluorocyclobutyl etc,
• C 2 -C 6 -alkenyl as used herein and in the alkenyl moieties of C 3 -C 6 -haloalkenyl and aryl-C 2 -C 4 -alkenyl denotes in each case a singly unsaturated hydrocarbon radical having 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 C-atoms, e.g.
• aryl denotes in each case a carbocyclic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl and phenyl fused to a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic ring, such as naphthyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl or indanyl, provided that in the fused rings aryl is bound via the phenyl part of the fused rings.
• heterocyclic radical selected from the group consisting of monocyclic 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic radicals comprising as ring members 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S and 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring fused to a phenyl ring or to a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic radical, where the heterocyclic ring comprises as ring members 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S.
• Examples of 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic radicals include pyridyl, i.e. 2-, 3-, or 4-pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, i.e. 2-, 4- or 5-pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, i.e. 3- or 4-pyridazinyl, thienyl, i.e. 2- or 3-thienyl, furyl, i.e. 2-or 3-furyl, pyrrolyl, i.e. 2- or 3-pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, i.e. 2-, 3- or 5-oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, i.e.
• Examples of a 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring fused to a phenyl ring or to a 5-or 6-membered heteroaromatic radical include benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, indolyl, indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxathiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzoxazinyl, chinolinyl, isochinolinyl, purinyl, 1,8-naphthyridyl, pteridyl, pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidyl or pyridoimidazolyl and the like.
• fused hetaryl radicals may be bonded to the remainder of the molecule (more precisely to the X group) via any ring atom of 5- or 6-membered heteroaromatic ring or via a carbon atom of the fused phenyl moiety.
• rings Ar wherein 2 radicals R x , which are bound to adjacent carbon atoms of Ar, form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring include 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, 2,3-dihydroindolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydrobenzoxazinyl, tetrahydroisochinolinyl, benzomorpholinyl, chromenyl, chromanyl, 1,2-dihydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, indenyl and indanyl.
• saturated or unsaturated heterocyclic ring in each case denotes a 3- to 7-membered cyclic radical containing at least one hetero atom selected from the group consisting of N, O and S.
• saturated or unsaturated 3- to 7-membered heterocyclic rings comprise saturated or unsaturated, aromatic or nonaromatic heterocyclic rings.
• N-bound 5- to 7-membered saturated heterocycle are pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, piperazin-1-yl, morpholin-4-yl, imidazolidin-1-yl, oxazolidin-3-yl, thiazolidin-3-yl or hexahydrodiazepin-1-yl, especially piperidin-1-yl and morpholin-4-yl.
• a first preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the formula (I), wherein R is a cyclic moiety, i.e. R 1 and R 3 together are linear C 1 -C 4 -alkylene, which may carry 1 or 2 radicals R 6 ; R 1 and R 5 together are a single bond or linear C 1 -C 4 -alkylene, which may carry 1 or 2 radicals R 7 ; or R 3 and R 5 together are linear C 1 -C 4 -alkylene, which may carry 1 or 2 radicals R 8 .
• R is a cyclic moiety, i.e. R 1 and R 3 together are linear C 1 -C 4 -alkylene, which may carry 1 or 2 radicals R 6 ; R 1 and R 5 together are a single bond or linear C 1 -C 4 -alkylene, which may carry 1 or 2 radicals R 7 ; or R 3 and R 5 together are linear C 1 -C 4 -alkylene, which may carry 1 or 2 radicals R 8
• R 1 and R 3 together form a linear C 1 -C 4 -alkylene moiety, which may carry 1 or 2 radicals R 6 , in particular 0 or 1 radicals R 6 .
• R is a radical of the formulae R A or R B : wherein A, R 4 and R 6 are as defined above, * indicates the binding site to the quinolinyl radical, p is 0, 1, 2 or 3 and q is 0 or 1.
• p is preferably 1 or 2.
• the radical A is in particular methylene, 1,2-ethylene, or CH 2 CHR 5 .
• R 5 is preferably methyl.
• R 6 is preferably methyl or R 5 and R 6 together are 1,2-ethandiyl.
• R 4 is preferably hydrogen.
• radicals R A and R B include radicals of the formulae R A1 , R A2 , R A3 , R A4 , R A5 , R A6 and R A7 : wherein R 4 and R 6 are as defined above, * indicates the binding site to the quinolinyl radical and q is 0 or 1.
• R 6 is preferably methyl.
• R 4 is preferably hydrogen.
• quinoline compounds of the formula I wherein the moiety R is of the formulae R A2 , R A3 or R A4 , wherein R 4 and R 6 are as defined above, and q is 0 or 1.
• R A2 , R A3 and R A4 the radical R 6 , if present, is preferably methyl.
• the radical R 4 is preferably hydrogen.
• quinoline compounds of the formula I wherein the moiety R is of the formulae R A1 , R A2 or R A3 , wherein R 4 and R 6 are as defined above, and q is 0 or 1.
• R A1 , R A2 and R A3 the radical R 6 , if present, is preferably methyl.
• the radical R 4 is preferably hydrogen.
• a particular preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the formula I, wherein the moiety R is a radical of the formula R A3 : wherein R 4 and R 6 are as defined above, * indicates the binding site to the quinolinyl radical and q is 0 or 1.
• R 6 is preferably methyl.
• R 4 is preferably hydrogen.
• a second embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the formula A, wherein the radical R 1 is hydrogen.
• the radical R 1 is hydrogen.
• the radical R 2 is preferably hydrogen.
• the radical A is in particular a single bond CH 2 or CH 2 CHR 5 , wherein R 5 is as defined above or preferably hydrogen or R 3 and R 5 together are CH 2 , 1,2-ethandiyl or 1,3-propandiyl.
• R 3 is preferably hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• R 4 is preferably hydrogen.
• radicals R C include radicals of the formulae R C1 .
• R 4 is preferably hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, in particular hydrogen.
• a third embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the formula I, wherein the radical R 2 is hydrogen
• A is a bivalent radical CH 2 CHR 5 and wherein R 1 and R 5 are together linear C 1 -C 4 -alkylene, which may carry 1 or 2 radicals R 7 .
• R is a radical of the formula R D : wherein A' is a single bond, CH 2 , CH 2 CH 2 , CHR 7 or CH 2 CHR 7 , wherein R 7 is as defined above and wherein R 7 is in particular hydrogen.
• the radical A' is in particular a single bond CH 2 or CH 2 CH 2 .
• R 3 is preferably hydrogen or C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, in particular hydrogen.
• R 4 is preferably hydrogen.
• radicals R D include radicals of the formulae R D1 and R D2 : wherein R 3 and R 4 are as defined above and * indicates the binding site to the quinolinyl radical.
• a particular preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the formula I, wherein X is SO 2 .
• Another embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the formula I, wherein X is CH 2 .
• X is located in the 3-position of the quinolinyl moiety, i.e. this embodiment relates to compounds of the following formula Ia:
• X is located in the 4-position of the quinolinyl moiety, i.e. this embodiment relates to compounds of the following formula Ib:
• R is a moiety of the formula R A or R B , in particular a moiety R A2 , R A3 or R A4 and more preferably a moiety R A3 , wherein q, R 4 and R 6 are as defined above.
• R is a moiety of the formula R C , in particular a moiety R C1 , R C2 , R C3 or R C4 , wherein R 3 and R 4 are as defined above.
• R is a moiety of the formula R D , in particular a moiety R D1 or R D2 , wherein R 3 and R 4 are as defined above.
• a very preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the following formula Ia.a: wherein n, m, Ar, R a and R b are as defined herein and wherein R is as defined above, e.g. a moiety of the formula R A , R B , R C or R D , more preferably a moiety R A or R B , in particular a moiety R A2 , R A3 or R A4 and most preferably a moiety R A3 .
• Another preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the following formula la.b: wherein n, m, Ar, R a and R b are as defined herein and wherein R is as defined above, e.g. a moiety of the formula R A , R B , R C or R D , more preferably a moiety R A or R B , in particular a moiety R A2 , R A3 or R A4 and most preferably a moiety R A3 .
• a further preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the following formula la.c: wherein n, m, Ar, R a and R b are as defined herein and wherein R is as defined above, e.g. a moiety of the formula R A , R B , R C or R D , more preferably a moiety R A or R B , in particular a moiety R A2 , R A3 or R A4 and most preferably a moiety R A3 .
• a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the following formula Ia.a1: wherein n, m, q, Ar, R 4 , R 6 , R a and R b are as defined herein.
• R 4 is in particular hydrogen.
• the variable q is in particular 0.
• Another particularly preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the following formula la.a2: wherein n, m, q, Ar, R 4 , R 6 , R a and R b are as defined herein.
• R 4 is in particular hydrogen.
• the variable q is in particular 0.
• a further particularly preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the following formula la.a3: wherein n, m, q, Ar, R 4 , R 6 , R a and R b are as defined herein.
• R 4 is in particular hydrogen.
• the variable q is in particular 0.
• a further particularly preferred embodiment of the invention relates to compounds of the following formula la.a4: wherein n, m, q, Ar, R 4 , R 6 , R a and R b are as defined herein.
• R 4 is in particular hydrogen.
• the variable q is in particular 0.
• Ar is preferably a radical Ar 1 , in particular a radical selected from phenyl, naphthyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophenyl, benzoxazinyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl, benzomorpholinyl or indanyl, wherein the cyclic radical Ar 1 is unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2 or 3 substituent
• Ar is a radical Ar 2 -Ar 3 , wherein Ar 2 and Ar 3 are independently of each other selected from the group consisting of phenyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, thiadiazolyl, wherein the Ar 1 and Ar 2 are unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2 or 3 substituents R x as defined herein.
• the radical Ar 2 is preferably selected from phenyl, pyridyl and thienyl, and the radical Ar 3 is preferably phenyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl or thiadiazolyl, wherein Ar 2 and Ar 3 are unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2 or 3 substituents R x as defined herein.
• Ar is a radical Ar 2 -O-Ar 3 , wherein Ar 2 and Ar 3 are independently of each other selected from the group consisting of phenyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl or thiadiazolyl, wherein Ar 2 and Ar 3 are unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2 or 3 substituents R x as defined herein.
• the radical Ar 2 is preferably selected from phenyl, pyridyl and thienyl, and the radical Ar 3 is preferably phenyl, wherein Ar 2 and Ar 3 are unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2 or 3 substituents R x as defined herein.
• Ar is more preferably phenyl, which is unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2 or 3 substituents R x as defined herein.
• R x is preferably selected from halogen, CN, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 -haloalkoxy, C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, and a group NR x1 R x2 . More preferably R x is selected from halogen, C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl, C 1 -C 4 -haloalkoxy, and a group NR x1 R x2 . Most preferably R x is selected from halogen, C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl, or C 1 -C 4 -haloalkoxy.
• R x is phenyl or phenoxy (i.e. Ar is Ar 2 -Ar 3 or Ar 2 -O-Ar 3 with Ar 3 being phenyl), wherein the phenyl radical in the 2 last-mentioned radicals is unsubstituted or may carry 1, 2 or 3 substituents selected from halogen, CN, NO 2 , C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy, C 1 -C 4 -haloalkoxy.
• m is preferably 0. If m is different from 0, R a is preferably selected from halogen, CN, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, in particular methyl, OCH 3 , CF 3 , CHF 2 , OCHF 2 and OCF 3 .
• n is preferably 0. If m is different from 0, R b is preferably selected from halogen, CN, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, in particular methyl, OCH 3 , CF 3 , CHF 2 , OCHF 2 and OCF 3 .
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , A, R a , R b , X, Ar, m and n are as defined herein.
• R 4' has one of the meanings given for R 4 different from hydrogen or a suitable N-protecting group, e.g. Boc, and Hal and Hal' are Br or I.
• the halogen compound III is converted into a organozinc compound IIIa according to standard processes, e.g. by the process described in Tetrahedron 1987, 43, 2203-2212 ; J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 2390-2392 .
• the organozinc compound is subsequently reacted in a Negeshi type Pd(0)-mediated cross coupling reaction with an appropriate 8-haloquinoline compound II to give the 8-substituted compound I' by analogy to the method described in Synlett 1998, 4, 379-380 ; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 12527-12530 .
• the intermediately generated organozinc compound IIIa can be transmetallized, e. g. with CuCN*2LiCl, and subsequent reacted with a 8-haloquinoline compound of formula II.
• R 4' is a suitable N-protecting group
• compounds of the formula I, wherein R 4 is hydrogen can be obtained from compounds of the formula I' by cleavage of the N-R R4' -bond, In case of R 4' being Boc, cleavage can be achieved by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid.
• the radical R 4' is not the desired radical R 4 but a precursor thereof, the compound can be modified as outlined below to obtain the desired substituent R 4 .
• a precursor is a radical which can be easily removed and replaced by the desired group R 4 or which can be modified to give R 4 .
• the precursor can also be an N-protective group (PG), such as butyloxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (Trt), nitrobenzenesulfenyl (Nps), allyl and benzyl.
• PG N-protective group
• the allyl group can be cleaved to obtain a compound of the formula I, wherein R 4 is hydrogen.
• triarylphosphines such as triphenylphosphine, trialkylphosphines, such as tributylphosphine, and cycloalkylphosphines, such as tricyclohexylphosphine, and especially with phosphine chelate ligands, such as 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl or 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, applying methods known to a skilled person (with regard to eliminating N-allyl in the presence of mercaptobenzoic acid, see WO 94/24088 ; with regard to eliminating in the presence of 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid, see J.
• phosphine chelate ligands such as 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl or 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butan
• N-allyl can also be effected by reacting compound I' with R 4' being allyl in the presence of rhodium compounds, such as tris(triphenylphosphine)chlororhodium(I), by analogy to the methods described in J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Transaction I: Organic and Bio-Organic Chemistry 1999 (21) pp. 3089-3104 and Tetrahedron Asymmetry 1997, 8(20), pp. 3387 - 3391 ).
• rhodium compounds such as tris(triphenylphosphine)chlororhodium(I
• R 4' is benzyl
• this substituent may also be cleaved to obtain a compound I wherein R 4 is H.
• the reaction conditions for the cleavage are known in the art.
• the benzyl group is removed by a hydrogenation reaction in the presence of a suitable Pd catalyst, such as Pd on carbon or palladium hydroxide.
• R 4' can also be a protective group.
• the protective group may be removed to yield a compound I, wherein R 4' is hydrogen.
• Suitable protective groups are known in the art and are, for example, selected from tert-butoxycarbonyl (Boc), benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz), 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc), triphenylmethyl (Trt) and nitrobenzenesulfenyl (Nps).
• a preferred protective group is Boc.
• the protective groups can be removed by known methods, such as treatment of the protected amine with an acid, e.g. halogen acid, such as HCl or HBr, formic acid or trifluoroacetic acid, or by hydrogenation, optionally in the presence of a Pd catalyst.
• R 4 is C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl, C 1 -C 4 -haloalkyl, C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, aryl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, hetaryl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or C 3 -C 6 -cycloalkyl-C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and X is a nucleophilically displaceable leaving group, e.g.
• a borohydride such as sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride.
• R 4 is hydrogen
• the compound I can also be reacted with an acyl halide to obtain a compound of the formula I wherein R 4 is formyl or C 1 -C 4 -alkylcarbonyl.
• the carbonyl group in these compounds can be reduced with diborane to obtain compounds of the general formula I, wherein R 4 is C 2 -C 5 -alkyl.
• the carbonyl group can also be reacted with a fluorinating agent to obtain a compound I wherein R 4 is 1,1-difluoroalkyl.
• Acylation and reduction can be achieved by standard methods, which are discussed in Jerry March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, 3rd ed. J.
• the variables R 6 , A, p, q, R a , R b , X, Ar, m and n are as defined herein.
• PG is suitable N-protecting group, e.g. BOC, and Hal and Hal' are Br or I.
• the 8-quinoline compound II is reacted under conditions of Suzuki coupling reaction with a boronic acid IIIb in the presence of a palladium catalyst to give a compound IV intermediate.
• Compound IV can then be reduced under conditions of catalytic hydrogenation to give the compound V. If the hydrogenation is carried out under chiral conditions, e.g. by using chiral catalysts, the enantiomerically pure phenylpyrrolidine compounds can be obtained.
• R 6 , q, R a , R b , X, Ar, m and n are as defined herein.
• Z is a radical SnR 3 with R being C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• R 4a has one of the meanings of R 4 different from H or is cleavable group, e.g. benzyl, and Hal' is Br or I.
• Key step is a [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of a non-stabilized azomethine ylid to an 8-alkenylquinoline derivative VI to yield compound V. This procedure is generally described in J. Org. Chem 1987, 52, 235 .
• the precursor of the ylid, the amine VII is commercially available or can be synthesized from NH 2 (PG), (CH 3 ) 3 SiCH 2 Cl and HCHO in the presence of methanol.
• the 8-alkenyl-quinoline compound (VI) can be synthesized e.g. by a Stille coupling of an 8-halogeno quinoline II, e.g. iodo, with the corresponding alkenyl tributyl stannate, such as vinyl or isobutenyl tributyl stannate, in the presence of an appropriate Pd coupling catalyst, e.g. tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0) (see, e.g. Tetrahedron, 2003, 59(34), 6545 and Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7(5), 665 ).
• an appropriate Pd coupling catalyst e.g. tetrakistriphenylphosphine palladium(0)
• a special Stille isomer e.g. cis- or trans-isobutenyl tributyl stannate
• R a , R b , X, Ar, m and n are as defined herein.
• Z X is hydrogen, C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or SiR 3 with R being C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
• R 4a has one of the meanings of R 4 different from H or is cleavable group, e.g. benzyl, and Hal' is Br or I.
• Key step is a [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of a non-stabilized azomethine ylid to an 8-alkynylquinoline derivative VIII to yield compound IVa (see, e.g., Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 59 ).
• R 4b has one of the meanings of R 4 different from H or is N-protecting group, e.g. benzyl or Boc.
• R 4b has one of the meanings of R 4 different from H or is N-protecting group, e.g. benzyl or Boc.
• the 8-alkenyl-quinoline compound VI is treated with an appropriate amine HNR 3 R 4b in the presence of a strong base such n-butyl lithium (BuLi) or sodium hydride in an aprotic polar solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF) to give after workup the desired Michael addition product I.
• a strong base such as n-butyl lithium (BuLi) or sodium hydride
• aprotic polar solvent such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) or N,N-dimethyl formamide (DMF)
• the variables R 3 , R 4 , R a , R b , X, Ar, m and n are as defined herein.
• Hal' is bromine or iodine.
• the 8-halo-quinoline compound II is reacted with DMF and appropriate base such BuLi or NaH in a aprotic solvent solvent such as THF or DMF to give the formyl compound IX.
• Compound IX is then subjected to a reductive amination with amine HNR 3 R 4 to give the desired amino methyl quinoline compound.
• Reductive amination is usually performed in the presence of a suitable base (e.g. Na 2 CO 3 and reduction can be achieved by a variety of chemical reduction or catalytic hydrogenation techniques familiar to those skilled in the art.
• R, R a , R b , Ar, m and n are as defined herein.
• Hal and Hal' are bromine or iodine.
• R' is alkyl.
• M is lithium or Mg-Hal.
• a 3- or 4-haloquinoline compound X is treated with an alkyl metal compound M-R such as BuLi or MeMgBr in an aprotic ether solvent such as diethylether, methyl-tert.-butylether, THF or dioxan to give an intermediate metallated compound XI.
• Compound XI is then subjected to an alkylation with a suitable arylmethyl halide ArCH 2 Hal to give the desired 3- or 4-substituted quinoline.
• This reaction sequence can also be accomplished earlier in the synthetic route prior to the introduction of the 8-alkyl amino substituent.
• Compound X can be prepared by a rearrangement of the chemical transformations outlined in Schemes 1 to 6 in a manner well known to a person skilled in the art.
• R, R a , R b , Ar, m and n are as defined herein.
• Hal' is bromine or iodine.
• R' is alkyl.
• M is lithium or Mg-Hal.
• L is a suitable leaving group, e.g. halogen (aroyl halide), O-alkyl (aroyl ester) or a Weinreb amide residue.
• a 3- or 4-haloquinoline compound X is treated with an alkyl metal compound M-R such as BuLi or MeMgBr in an aprotic ether solvent such as diethylether, methyl-tert.-butylether, THF or dioxane to give an intermediate metallated compound XI.
• This reaction sequence can also be accomplished earlier in the synthetic route prior to the introduction of the 8-alkyl amino substituent.
• the 8-haloquinoline compounds of the formula II are commercially available or they can be prepared according to routine techniques of organic synthesis, which are well known to a person skilled in the art.
• Compounds of the formula II, wherein X is S(O) 2 can be prepared e.g. starting from 8-nitroquinoline compounds of the formula XII as depicted in scheme 9.
• nitroquinolines such as XII can be converted to the 3-iodo derivatives XIII by treatment with an iodinating reagent such as N-iodosuccinimide in a solvent such as acetic acid to yield the 3- or 4-iodoquinoline compound XIII.
• the 3- and 4-isomers can be separated at this stage or a later stage.
• Compound XIII is then reacted with an alkali metal salt of a sulfinic acid Ar-S(O)OH, e.g.
• a copper (I) salt such as Cu (I) triflate in a polar solvent such as N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMA) or DMF.
• DMA N,N-dimethyl acetamide
• Reduction of the nitro group of XIV gives the amino compound XV. Reduction can be achieved by a variety methods, including reduction with "non-hydrogen" reducing agent such as SnC1 2 or by catalytic hydrogenation techniques familiar to those skilled in the art.
• the amino group of XV is then converted to the iodo group by a Sandmeyer reaction using a nitrosonium source (e.g. NaNO 2 , n-BuNO 2 ) and a iodide (e.g. Cul or n-Bu 4 NI) in a suitable solvent such water or CH 3 CN.
• a nitrosonium source e.g. NaNO 2 , n-BuNO 2
• a iodide e.g
• a Pd-mediated deprotection is performed to yield the free amine ( Tetrahedron 2002, 58, 9865-9870 ), Then, a protective group PG is introduced (e.g. carbamate formation if PG is BOC) to yield compound XVII. Subsequent halogenation generates the iodine compound IIIb that is susceptible to undergo Zn insertion ( Tetrahedron 1987, 43, 2203-2212 ; J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 2390-2392 ). The thus obtainable organozinc compound can be used in synthetic routes as outlined above in scheme 1. The synthesis of azetidin-3-ol compounds has for instance been described in J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 4195-4210 or Helvetica Chimica Acta 1995, 78, 1238-1246 .
• the above-described reactions are generally carried out in a solvent at temperatures between room temperature and the boiling temperature of the solvent employed.
• the activation energy which is required for the reaction can be introduced into the reaction mixture using microwaves, something which has proved to be of value, in particular, in the case of the reactions catalyzed by transition metals (with regard to reactions using microwaves, see Tetrahedron 2001, 57, p. 9199 ff. p. 9225 ff. and also, in a general manner, " Microwaves in Organic Synthesis", Andre Loupy (Ed.), Wiley-VCH 2002 .
• the acid addition salts of compounds I are prepared in a customary manner by mixing the free base with a corresponding acid, where appropriate in solution in an organic solvent, for example acetonitrile, a lower alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol or propanol, an ether, such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether or diisopropyl ether, a ketone, such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone, an ester, such as ethyl acetate, mixtures thereof as well as mixtures thereof with water.
• an organic solvent for example acetonitrile, a lower alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol or propanol, an ether, such as diethyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether or diisopropyl ether, a ketone, such as acetone or methyl ethyl ketone, an ester, such as ethyl acetate,
• the compound of the invention can be a 5-HT 6 receptor agonist, including partial agonistic activity, or a 5-HT 6 receptor antagonist, including inverse agonist activity.
• the compounds of formula I according to the present invention have a surprisingly high affinity for 5-HT 6 receptors.
• the high affinity of the compounds according to the invention for 5-HT 6 receptors is reflected in very low in-vitro receptor binding constants (K i (5-HT 6 ) values) of as a rule less than 50 nM (nmol/l), preferably of less than 10 nM and, in particular of less than 5 nM.
• K i (5-HT 6 ) values very low in-vitro receptor binding constants
• the displacement of 3 H-LSD can, for example, be used in receptor binding studies for determining binding affinities to 5-HT 6 receptors.
• the compounds of formula I are highly selective 5-HT 6 receptor ligands which, because of their low affinity for other receptors such as dopamine receptors, adrenergic receptors, muscarinic receptors, histamine receptors, opiate receptors, in particular dopamine D 2 , ⁇ 1 -adrenergic and histamine H 1 receptors, give rise to fewer side-effects than other, less selective 5-HT 6 ligands.
• the 5-HT 6 /D 2 , 5-HT6/ ⁇ 1 -adrenergic or 5-HT 6 /H 1 selectivities of the compounds according to the present invention i.e. the ratios K i (D 2 )/K i (5-HT 6 ), K i ( ⁇ 1 -adrenergic)/K i (5-HT 6 ) or K i (H 1 )/K i (5-HT 6 ) of the receptor binding constants, is as a rule at least 25, preferably at least 50, even better at least 100.
• ]spiperone can be used, for example, for carrying out receptor binding studies on D 1 , D 2 and D 4 receptors.
• the compounds can be used for treating diseases which respond to 5-HT 6 receptor ligands (or which are susceptible to treatment with a 5-HT 6 receptor ligand), i.e. they are effective for treating those medical disorders or diseases in which exerting an influence on (modulating) the 5-HT 6 receptors leads to an improvement in the clinical picture or to the disease being cured.
• diseases which respond to 5-HT 6 receptor ligands (or which are susceptible to treatment with a 5-HT 6 receptor ligand), i.e. they are effective for treating those medical disorders or diseases in which exerting an influence on (modulating) the 5-HT 6 receptors leads to an improvement in the clinical picture or to the disease being cured.
• these diseases are disorders or diseases of the central nervous system.
• disorders or diseases of the central nervous system are understood as meaning disorders which affect the spinal cord and, in particular, the brain.
• disorder denotes disturbances and/or anomalies which are as a rule regarded as being pathological conditions or functions and which can manifest themselves in the form of particular signs, symptoms and/or malfunctions.
• treatment according to the invention can be directed toward individual disorders, i.e. anomalies or pathological conditions, it is also possible for several anomalies, which may be causatively linked to each other, to be combined into patterns, i.e. syndromes, which can be treated in accordance with the invention.
• the disorders which can be treated in accordance with the invention are in particular disorders which respond to a modulation of the 5-HT 6 receptor. They include cognitive dysfunctions, such as a deficit in memory, cognition and learning, in particular associated with Alzheimer's disease, age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity syndrome, personality disorders, such as schizophrenia, in particular cognitive deficits related with schizophrenia, affective disorders such as depression, anxiety and obsessive compulsive disorders, motion or motor disorders such as Parkinson's disease and epilepsy, migraine, sleep disorders (including disturbances of the Circadian rhythm), feeding disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia, certain gastrointestinal disorders such as Irritable Bowl Syndrome, diseases associated with neurodegeneration, such as stroke, spinal or head trauma and head injuries, such as hydrocephalus, drug addiction and obesity.
• cognitive dysfunctions such as a deficit in memory, cognition and learning, in particular associated with Alzheimer's disease, age-related cognitive decline and mild cognitive impairment, attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity syndrome, personality disorders, such as
• the addiction diseases include psychic disorders and behavioral disturbances which are caused by the abuse of psychotropic substances, such as pharmaceuticals or narcotics, and also other addiction diseases, such as addiction to gaming (impulse control disorders not elsewhere classified).
• addictive substances are: opioids (e.g. morphine, heroin and codeine), cocaine; nicotine; alcohol; substances which interact with the GABA chloride channel complex, sedatives, hypnotics and tranquilizers, for example benzodiazepines; LSD; cannabinoids; psychomotor stimulants, such as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (ecstasy); amphetamine and amphetamine-like substances such as methylphenidate and other stimulants including caffeine.
• Addictive substances which come particularly into consideration are opioids, cocaine, amphetamine or amphetamine-like substances, nicotine and alcohol.
• the compounds according to the invention are suitable for treating disorders whose causes can at least partially be attribute to an anomalous activity of 5-HT 6 receptors.
• the treatment is directed, in particular, toward those disorders which can be influenced, within the sense of an expedient medicinal treatment, by the binding of preferably exogeneously administered binding partners (ligands) to 5-HT 6 receptors.
• ligands binding partners
• the diseases which can be treated with the compounds according to the invention are frequently characterized by progressive development, i.e. the above-described conditions change over the course of time; as a rule, the severity increases and conditions may possibly merge into each other or other conditions may appear in addition to those which already exist.
• the compounds of formula I can be used to treat a large number of signs, symptoms and/or malfunctions which are connected with the disorders of the central nervous system and, in particular, the abovementioned conditions.
• signs, symptoms and/or malfunctions include, for example, a disturbed relationship to reality, lack of insight and ability to meet customary social norms or the demands made by life, changes in temperament, changes in individual drives, such as hunger, sleep, thirst, etc., and in mood, disturbances in the ability to observe and combine, changes in personality, in particular emotional lability, hallucinations, ego-disturbances, distractedness, ambivalence, autism, depersonalization and false perceptions, delusional ideas, chanting speech, lack of synkinesia, short-step gait, flexed posture of trunk and limbs, tremor, poverty of facial expression, monotonous speech, depressions, apathy, impeded spontaneity and decisiveness, impoverished association ability, anxiety, nervous agitation, stammering, social phobia, panic
• Huntington's chorea and Gilles-de-la-Tourette's syndrome vertigo syndromes, e.g. peripheral positional, rotational and oscillatory vertigo, melancholia, hysteria, hypochondria and the like.
• a treatment also includes a preventive treatment (prophylaxis), in particular as relapse prophylaxis or phase prophylaxis, as well as the treatment of acute or chronic signs, symptoms and/or malfunctions.
• the treatment can be orientated symptomatically, for example as the suppression of symptoms. It can be effected over a short period, be orientated over the medium term or can be a long-term treatment, for example within the context of a maintenance therapy.
• the compounds according to the invention are preferentially suitable for treating diseases of the central nervous system, more preferably for treating cognitive dysfunctions and in particular, for treating cognitive dysfunctions associated with schizophrenia or with Alzheimer's disease.
• the compounds of formula (I) are particularly suitable for treating addiction diseases caused for instance by the abuse of psychotropic substances, such as pharmaceuticals, narcotics, nicotine or alcohol, including psychic disorders and behavioral disturbances related thereto.
• the compounds of formula (I) are particularly suitable for treating nutritional disorders, such as obesity, as well as diseases related thereto, such as cardiovascular diseases, digestive diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer or type 2 diabetes.
• the use according to the invention of the described compounds involves a method.
• an effective quantity of one or more compounds is administered to the individual to be treated, preferably a mammal, in particular a human being, productive animal or domestic animal.
• a mammal in particular a human being, productive animal or domestic animal.
• the treatment is effected by means of single or repeated daily administration, where appropriate together, or alternating, with other active compounds or active compound-containing preparations such that a daily dose of preferably from about 0.1 to 1000 mg/kg of bodyweight, in the case of oral administration, or of from about 0.1 to 100 mg/kg of bodyweight, in the case of parenteral administration, is supplied to an individual to be treated.
• the invention also relates to the production of pharmaceutical compositions for treating an individual, preferably a mammal, in particular a human being, productive animal or domestic animal.
• the compounds of formula I are customarily administered in the form of pharmaceutical compositions which comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient together with at least one compound according to the invention and, where appropriate, other active compounds.
• These compositions can, for example, be administered orally, rectally, transdermally, subcutaneously, intravenously, intramuscularly or intranasally.
• suitable pharmaceutical formulations are solid medicinal forms, such as powders, granules, tablets, in particular film tablets, lozenges, sachets, cachets, sugar-coated tablets, capsules, such as hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules, suppositories or vaginal medicinal forms, semisolid medicinal forms, such as ointments, creams, hydrogels, pastes or plasters, and also liquid medicinal forms, such as solutions, emulsions, in particular oil-in-water emulsions, suspensions, for example lotions, injection preparations and infusion preparations, and eyedrops and eardrops.
• Implanted release devices can also be used for administering inhibitors according to the invention.
• liposomes or microspheres can also be used for administering inhibitors according to the invention.
• the compounds according to the invention are optionally mixed or diluted with one or more excipients.
• Excipients can be solid, semisolid or liquid materials which serve as vehicles, carriers or medium for the active compound.
• the formulations can comprise pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or customary auxiliary substances, such as glidants; wetting agents; emulsifying and suspending agents; preservatives; antioxidants; antiirritants; chelating agents; coating auxiliaries; emulsion stabilizers; film formers; gel formers; odor masking agents; taste corrigents; resin; hydrocolloids; solvents; solubilizers; neutralizing agents; diffusion accelerators; pigments; quaternary ammonium compounds; refatting and overfatting agents; raw materials for ointments, creams or oils; silicone derivatives; spreading auxiliaries; stabilizers; sterilants; suppository bases; tablet auxiliaries, such as binders, fillers, glidants, disintegrants or coatings; propellants; drying agents; opacifiers; thickeners; waxes; plasticizers and white mineral oils.
• glidants such as binders, fillers, glidants, disintegrants or coatings; propel
• a formulation in this regard is based on specialist knowledge as described, for example, in Fiedler, H.P., Lexikon der Hilfsstoffe fur Pharmazie, Kosmetik und angrenzende füre [Encyclopedia of auxiliary substances for pharmacy, cosmetics and related fields], 4th edition, Aulendorf: ECV-Editio-Kantor-Verlag, 1996 .
• the compounds were either characterized via 1 H-NMR in d 6 -dimethylsulfoxid or d-chloroform on a 400 MHz or 500 MHz NMR instrument (Bruker AVANCE), or by mass spectrometry, generally recorded via HPLC-MS in a fast gradient on C18-material (electrospray-ionisation (ESI) mode), or melting point.
• ESI electrospray-ionisation
• the magnetic nuclear resonance spectral properties refer to the chemical shifts ( ⁇ ) expressed in parts per million (ppm).
• the relative area of the shifts in the 1 H-NMR spectrum corresponds to the number of hydrogen atoms for a particular functional type in the molecule.
• the nature of the shift, as regards multiplicity, is indicated as singlet (s), broad singlet (s. br.), doublet (d), broad doublet (d br.), triplet (t), broad triplet (t br.), quartet (q), quintet (quint.) and multiplet (m).
• Cells from stable clonal cell lines expressing the corresponding receptor (5-HT 6 , ⁇ 1 -adrenergic, dopamine D 2 or histamine H 1 receptors) were washed with PBS (w/o Ca ++ , Mg ++ ) and harvested in PBS with 0.02% EDTA. The cells were collected by centrifugation at 500 g for 10 min. at 4°C, washed with PBS and centrifuged (500 g, 10 min. 4°C). The pellets were stored at -80°C until use.
• the thawed cell pellet was resuspended in ice-cold sucrose buffer (0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 1 mM Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) in DMSO, 5 ⁇ g/ml Pepstatin-A, 3 mM EDTA, 0.025 % Bacitracin) and homogenized with a Branson Sonifier W-250 (Settings: Timer 4; Output Control 3; Duty Cycle constant; 2 to 3 cycles). Cell disruption was checked with the aid of a microscope. Remaining unbroken cells were pelleted at 1.000 g for 10 min. at 4°C.
• sucrose buffer 0.25 M sucrose, 10 mM Hepes (pH 7.4), 1 mM Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) in DMSO, 5 ⁇ g/ml Pepstatin-A, 3 mM EDTA, 0.025
• sucrose buffer supernatant was then centrifuged at 60.000 g for 1 h at 4°C (Beckman Ultrazentrifuge XL 80).
• the pellet was resuspended in 30 ml ice-cold Tris buffer (20 mM TRIS (pH 7.4), 5 ⁇ g/ml Pepstatin A, 0.1 mM PMSF, 3 mM EDTA) by pipetting through a 10 ml serological pipet and centrifuged for 1 h at 4°C at 60.000 g.
• a final resuspension was performed in a small volume of ice-cold Tris buffer (see above) by pressing through a serological pipet followed by ultrasonic treatment with a Branson Sonifier W-250 (Settings: Timer 1; Output Control 3; Duty Cycle constant; 1 cycle). Protein concentration was determined (BCA-Kit; Pierce) and aliquots stored at -80°C or in liquid nitrogen for long-term storage.
• SAS Statistical Analysis System
• HEK293 cells stably expressing the h-5-HT 6 receptor were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 25 mM HEPES, 10 % fetal calf serum and 1-2 mM glutamine.
• the membrane preparation was performed as described in section 1. For these membranes a K D of 1.95 nM for [ 3 H]-LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide; Amersham, TRK1038) was determined by means of saturation binding experiments.
• the membranes were thawed, diluted in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM CaCl 2 , 0.1% ascorbic acid, 10 ⁇ M pargyline, pH 7.4) to a concentration of 8 ⁇ g protein/assay and homogenized by gentle vortexing
• assay buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM CaCl 2 , 0.1% ascorbic acid, 10 ⁇ M pargyline, pH 7.4
• 1 nM [ 3 H]-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide was incubated in the presence of various concentrations of test compound in assay buffer. Non-specific binding was defined with 1 ⁇ M methiothepin. The binding reaction was carried out for 3.5 h at room temperature.
• the plates were shaken on a plate shaker at 100 rpm and terminated by filtration on Packard Unifilter GF/C (0.1 % PEI) plates, followed by 2 wash cycles with ice-cold 50 mM Tris-HCl, 5 mM CaCl 2 .
• HEK293 cells stably expressing the dopamine D 2 receptor were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 25 mM HEPES, 10 % fetal calf serum and 1-2 mM glutamine.
• the membrane preparation was performed as described in section 1. For these membranes a K D of 0.22 nM for [ 125
• the membranes were thawed, diluted in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM KCI, 1.5 mM CaCl 2 , pH 7.4) to a concentration of 15 ⁇ g protein/assay and homogenized by gentle vortexing.
• assay buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 , 5 mM KCI, 1.5 mM CaCl 2 , pH 7.4
• ]-iodospiperone PerkinElmer Life Sciences, NEX284
• Non-specific binding was defined with 1 ⁇ M haloperidol.
• the binding reaction was carried out for 1 h at room temperature and terminated by filtration on Packard Unifilter GF/B (0.1 % PEI) plates, followed by 6 wash cycles with an ice-cold 7 % polyethy
• CHO-K 1 cells stably expressing the ⁇ 1 -adrenergic receptor (NCBI Reference Sequence NM_033303) were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 25 mM HEPES, 10 % fetal calf serum and 1-2 mM glutamine.
• the membrane preparation was performed as described in section 1. For these membranes a K D of 0.12 nM for [ 3 H]-prazosine (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, NET823) was determined by means of saturation binding experiments.
• the membranes were thawed, diluted in assay buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4) to a concentration of 4 ⁇ g protein/assay and homogenized by gentle vortexing.
• assay buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4
• 0.1 nM [ 3 H]-prazosine PerkinElmer Life Sciences, NET823 was incubated in the presence of various concentrations of test compound in assay buffer. Non-specific binding was defined with 1 ⁇ M phentolamine.
• the binding reaction was carried out for 1 h at room temperature and terminated by filtration on Packard Unifilter GF/C (0.1 % PEI) plates, followed by 3 wash cycles with ice-cold assay buffer.
• CHO-K 1 cells stably expressing the histamine H 1 receptor (Euroscreen-ES-390-C, NCBI Reference Sequence NM_000861) were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 25 mM HEPES, 10 % fetal calf serum and 1-2 mM glutamine.
• the membrane preparation was performed as described in section 1. For these membranes a K D of 0.83 nM for [ 3 H]-pyrilamine (PerkinElmer Life Sciences, NET594) was determined by means of saturation binding experiments.
• the membranes were thawed, diluted in assay buffer (50 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 50 mM KH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.4) to a concentration of 6 ⁇ p protein/assay and homogenized by gentle vortexing.
• assay buffer 50 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 50 mM KH 2 PO 4 , pH 7.4
• 1 nM [ 3 H]-pyrilamine PerkinElmer Life Sciences, NET594 was incubated in the presence of various concentrations of test compound in assay buffer. Non-specific binding was defined with 1 ⁇ M pyrilamine.
• the binding reaction was carried out for 50 minutes at room temperature and terminated by filtration on Packard Unifilter GF/C (0.3% PEI) plates, followed by 2 wash cycles with ice-cold assay buffer.
• the compounds according to the invention exhibit very good affinities for the 5-HT 6 receptor (K i ⁇ 250 nM or ⁇ 50 nM or ⁇ 20 nM and frequently ⁇ 1 nM). Furthermore those compounds bind selectively to the 5-HT 6 receptor, as compared to the affinity for the D 2 , the ⁇ 1 -adrenergic or the H 1 receptors. These compounds exhibit little affinities for the D 2 , ⁇ 1 -adrenergic or H 1 receptors (K i > 250 nM or > 1000 nM and frequently > 10000 nM).

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