EP2133507B1 - Dispositif et procédé de forage - Google Patents

Dispositif et procédé de forage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2133507B1
EP2133507B1 EP08010846A EP08010846A EP2133507B1 EP 2133507 B1 EP2133507 B1 EP 2133507B1 EP 08010846 A EP08010846 A EP 08010846A EP 08010846 A EP08010846 A EP 08010846A EP 2133507 B1 EP2133507 B1 EP 2133507B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drilling
extension
drive
screw auger
continuous screw
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP08010846A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2133507A1 (fr
Inventor
Erwin Emil Stötzer
Werner Josef Harthauser
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bauer Maschinen GmbH
Original Assignee
Bauer Maschinen GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to ES08010846T priority Critical patent/ES2359754T3/es
Application filed by Bauer Maschinen GmbH filed Critical Bauer Maschinen GmbH
Priority to PL08010846T priority patent/PL2133507T3/pl
Priority to PT08010846T priority patent/PT2133507E/pt
Priority to DE502008002811T priority patent/DE502008002811D1/de
Priority to AT08010846T priority patent/ATE501337T1/de
Priority to EP08010846A priority patent/EP2133507B1/fr
Priority to SG200903730-0A priority patent/SG158018A1/en
Priority to MX2009005858A priority patent/MX2009005858A/es
Priority to US12/457,343 priority patent/US8322458B2/en
Priority to CN2009101493895A priority patent/CN101603411B/zh
Priority to BRPI0902000-4A priority patent/BRPI0902000A2/pt
Priority to JP2009142209A priority patent/JP4980394B2/ja
Publication of EP2133507A1 publication Critical patent/EP2133507A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2133507B1 publication Critical patent/EP2133507B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/26—Drilling without earth removal, e.g. with self-propelled burrowing devices
    • E21B7/265—Combined with earth removal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/22—Piles
    • E02D5/34—Concrete or concrete-like piles cast in position ; Apparatus for making same
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B7/00—Special methods or apparatus for drilling
    • E21B7/003—Drilling with mechanical conveying means
    • E21B7/005—Drilling with mechanical conveying means with helical conveying means

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a drilling device with a mast, a drill drive displaceably mounted thereon and a drilling element which is rotationally driven by the drill drive and movable along the mast, wherein the drilling element has an endless screw drill, which is arranged below the drill drive, and an extension which is connected to the endless screw drill and extends up through the drill drive.
  • the invention relates to a drilling method in which a drilling element is rotationally driven by means of a drilling drive and moved along a mast, wherein the drilling element comprises an endless screw drill, which is arranged below the drill drive, and an extension which is connected to the endless screw drill and after extends up through the drill drive.
  • endless screw drills For the preparation of boreholes and in particular for the production of foundation piles, the use of so-called endless screw drills has long been known.
  • an endless screw drill a drill spiral is arranged along the entire length of the drill rod, through which excavated soil material is conveyed by the rotational movement out of the borehole out to the surface.
  • an endless screw drill is driven by a drill drive through which the endless screw drill is also moved in the drilling direction along a usually vertically erected mast.
  • the hole depth is limited by the length of the endless auger and the height of the mast.
  • EP 0 228 138 A2 describes a positive displacement drill with a auger and a displacer head, which is arranged above the auger.
  • a soil displacement and compacting auger which has a central shaft with soil displacement rollers thereon.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a drilling device and a drill driving, with which boreholes can be produced by means of endless screw augers also over the length of the endless screw auger out efficiently and in good quality.
  • the drilling device according to the invention is characterized in that a displacer head is arranged between the endless screw auger and the extension.
  • the upwardly conveyed soil material is displaced laterally into the borehole wall directly above the endless auger borer by the displacer head.
  • the soil material is laterally displaced by the displacer head, wherein the borehole wall is compressed in a positive manner and additionally stabilized. This improves the stability and quality of the borehole and actively counteracts penetration of the borehole.
  • the boring device according to the invention over the length of the endless screw auger out the hole can be sunk in one go, until the end of the extension is reached. This significantly speeds up the creation of a wellbore with greater depths and also reduces the amount of excavation to be removed.
  • the extension can be designed as desired.
  • the extension may be a telescopic rod or a rod composed of several segments.
  • the extension is designed as a Kelly bar with entrainment strips on its outer side.
  • the entrainment on the outside of the usually one-piece rod are in operative connection with corresponding drivers of a driven device of the drill drive to transmit torque from the drill drive to the extension.
  • the entrainment strips are arranged parallel to the drilling axis, so that they allow axial displaceability through the annular drive drill.
  • locking pockets can be provided with transversely directed strip portions.
  • the length of the endless screw auger corresponds approximately to the length of the mast or a maximum travel of the drill drive. In this way, first the maximum stroke of the drill drive, which is displaceable along the mast, be exploited. In this way, first, a wellbore having a depth corresponding to the length of the endless screwdriver can be efficiently created.
  • the endless screw drill and / or the extension has a hollow core tube.
  • contents in particular a curable suspension, such as concrete, can be introduced immediately after drilling the hole through the drilling element.
  • one or more outlet openings are provided at the lower end of the endless screw auger.
  • Various displacement heads can be used on the drilling element according to the invention.
  • rotationally symmetrical displacement heads, eccentric displacement heads or other displacer heads between the extension and the endless screw drill can be used for the drilling axis.
  • the displacer head has a cylindrical displacer portion, whose diameter corresponds approximately to the bore diameter.
  • the bore diameter is determined by the outer diameter of the drill helices on the endless screw drill or by corresponding radial cutting edges at the lower end of the endless screw auger.
  • the displacer section may be slightly smaller or larger than this drill diameter, depending on the soil properties. An equal diameter is advantageous because it facilitates both retraction of the displacer head into the wellbore and extraction of the auger bit from the wellbore.
  • the displacer head has a lower cone section whose diameter widens upwards from the diameter of a center tube of the endless auger to the diameter of the displacer section. In this way, a gradual incorporation of the promoted up to the displacer head soil material can be achieved in the borehole wall. Also, the insertion of the displacer head is facilitated in the borehole.
  • a lower helix is arranged on the lower cone section, through which soil material can be conveyed upwards to the displacer section during drilling.
  • This lower helix thus extends on the conical outer surface of the displacer section and has the same conveying direction of the conveying helix of the endless screw auger.
  • the displacer head has an upper cone section whose diameter tapers from the diameter of the displacer section upwards for extension. This arrangement allows that even from the top up the displacer falling material can be passed into the displacement zone of the displacer.
  • an upper coil is arranged at the upper cone section, through which soil material can be conveyed downwards to the displacement section during drilling.
  • this helix has a reverse pitch compared to the helical auger helix or helix helix at the bottom cone section.
  • the upper coil actively promotes falling from above soil material of the zone of the displacer section.
  • a preferred embodiment of the invention further consists in that the displacer section and / or at least one of the cone sections are covered with displacer elements.
  • the displacers may be welded bars or arc segment-shaped elements which enhance the impressing or incorporation of the soil material into the borehole wall.
  • the displacement elements can serve as wear parts, which are readily interchangeable with heavy processing.
  • the drilling method according to the invention is characterized in that in a first drilling step up to a first drilling depth, which corresponds to the length of the endless screw drill, soil material is conveyed to the surface by the endless screw drill, and that in a second drilling step from the first drilling depth of the endless screw drill drilling material Displacer is supplied through which soil material is displaced into a borehole wall.
  • This method according to the invention achieves the above-described advantages in terms of drilling down the borehole over the length of the endless screw auger, stabilizing the borehole wall and avoiding excavation.
  • the wellbore can be intermittently created in one go or in multiple steps using this drilling method, with the drill bit withdrawn at certain time or depth sections.
  • a particularly good stabilization of the borehole wall can be achieved by repeatedly traversing the borehole wall with the displacer head.
  • the filler may be a dry material, such as sand, lime or the like or a curable suspension, in particular a concrete mass.
  • the filler material is preferably introduced through a central core tube of the endless screw auger into the wellbore.
  • FIGS. 1 to 3 an inventive drilling method is explained together with a drilling device 10 according to the invention.
  • the drilling device 10 has according to Fig. 1 an approximately vertically arranged mast 12 which is pivotally mounted on a carrier device 14 via an adjusting mechanism 13.
  • the carrier device 14 is formed in the present embodiment as a tracked vehicle with a rotatable uppercarriage.
  • a carriage 18 is slidably mounted in a known manner via a cable mechanism.
  • An annular drilling drive 16 for driving the rod-shaped drilling element 20 is provided on the carriage 18.
  • the drilling element 20 comprises in its lower region a so-called endless screw drill 22, which is formed from a center tube or a core tube 24, at whose Outside a conveyor coil 26 extends over almost the entire length.
  • a cutting device 28 is formed in a known manner, which removes soil material.
  • the length of the endless screw drill 22 is adapted to the length of the mast 12 and corresponds approximately to the length of the mast 12.
  • the mast has a length of about 20 m, while the length of the endless screw drill is about 15 m.
  • the slightly shorter length of the endless screw drill 22 relative to the length of the mast 12 is essentially due to the size and extent of the auger drive 16 with the carriage 18.
  • a displacer 40 is connected, which hereinafter in connection with the FIGS. 4 and 5 will be explained in more detail.
  • a rod-shaped extension 30 is attached, which extends from the arranged below the auger drive 16 displacer 40 through the annular auger drive 16 therethrough upwards.
  • longitudinally extending entrainment strips 32 are arranged in the manner of a Kelly bar in the drilling direction. About this Mitauermannn 32, the torque of the drill drive 16 can be transferred to the extension 30 and thus the drilling element 20 in total.
  • the entrainment 32 further allow in a known manner an axial displaceability of the extension 30 relative to the drill drive 16 with simultaneous torque transmission.
  • a borehole 6 is lowered until the upper end of the endless screw borer 22 is reached.
  • soil material worked off by the cutting device 28 is conveyed upwards out of the borehole 6 by the conveying spirals 26.
  • the drill drive 16 is moved to a maximum, ie from its upper starting position according to FIG Fig. 1 in its lower end position at the bottom of the mast.
  • the boring element 20 is now driven further downwards via the extension 30 when the boring drive 16 is now stationary.
  • the propulsion in the drilling direction can be significantly effected by the weight of the drilling element 20 and the propelling action of the conveyor helices 26.
  • the drill drive 16 but can alternatively be reset and the extension 30 actively proceed in the drilling direction.
  • Fig. 4 the drilling method according to the invention is shown during the first drilling step.
  • a borehole 6 is introduced by the endless screw drill 22 into the bottom 2.
  • Exhausted soil material 4 is conveyed from the borehole 6 through the conveyor coils 26 upwards to a surface 3. From here, the processed soil material 4 can be removed and removed in a known manner.
  • a pipe connection 25 is arranged, to which the displacer head 40, not shown here, is non-rotatably coupled.
  • the displacement head 40 has an approximately central, cylindrical displacement section 42, on the outside of which strip-shaped displacement elements 44 are arranged.
  • a lower cone section 46 is arranged, which on its outer side with a lower Wendel 48 is provided.
  • the lower helix 48 serves to convey the processed soil material 4 into the region of the displacement section 42.
  • the reverse conical lower cone portion 46 is rotatably connected via the pipe joint 25 with the endless screw 22.
  • the diameter of the lower cone section 46 widens continuously from the diameter of the core tube 24 to the diameter of the cylindrical displacement section 42.
  • an upper cone section 50 with an upper coil 52 is arranged above the displacement section 42.
  • the upper coil 52 has an opposite conveying direction to the lower coil 48, so that in the usual direction of rotation of soil material from the upper coil 52 down to the central displacement section 42 is promoted.
  • the upper cone portion 50 has a regular conical shape, the diameter of which tapers uniformly from the diameter of the displacer portion 42 up to approximately the diameter of the rod-shaped extension 30.
  • the rod-shaped extension 30 is rotatably connected via an upper pipe connection with the displacer 40.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Perforating, Stamping-Out Or Severing By Means Other Than Cutting (AREA)
  • Drilling Tools (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Dispositif de forage avec
    - un mât (12),
    - un entraînement (16) de forage monté mobile sur celui-ci, et
    - un élément de forage (20) qui est entraîné en rotation par l'entraînement (16) et peut se déplacer le long du mât (12),
    - dans lequel l'élément de forage (20)
    - comprend une tarière (22) à vis sans fin avec une spire de transport (26) et un dispositif tranchant (28) pour excaver le matériau du sol, qui est placée au-dessous de l'entraînement (16) de forage et dont la longueur correspond approximativement à la longueur du mât (12) ou d'une course de déplacement maximale de l'entraînement (16) de forage, et
    - un prolongement (30) qui est relié à la tarière (22) à vis sans fin et s'étend vers le haut à travers l'entraînement (16) de forage, et
    dans lequel
    - sur une face extérieure du prolongement (30) sont placées des barres d'entraînement (32) afin de transmettre un couple de rotation de l'entraînement (16) de forage, et
    - entre la tarière (22) à vis sans fin et le prolongement (30) est placée une tête de refoulement (40).
  2. Dispositif de forage selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le prolongement (3) est conformé en tige télescopique avec des barres d'entraînement (32) sur sa face extérieure.
  3. Dispositif de forage selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que la tarière (22) à vis sans fin et/ou le prolongement (30) comprend/comprennent un tube à âme creuse (24).
  4. Dispositif de forage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que la tête de refoulement (40) comprend une section de refoulement cylindrique (42) dont le diamètre correspond approximativement au diamètre de forage.
  5. Dispositif de forage selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que la tête de refoulement (40) comprend une section inférieure conique (46) dont le diamètre s'élargit vers le haut à partir du diamètre d'un tube central de la tarière (22) à vis sans fin pour atteindre le diamètre de la section de refoulement (42).
  6. Dispositif de forage selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que sur la section inférieure conique (46) est placée une spire inférieure (48) par laquelle, pendant le forage, le matériau du sol (4) peut être transporté vers le haut en direction de la section de refoulement (42).
  7. Dispositif de forage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 à 6, caractérisé en ce que la tête de refoulement (40) comprend une section supérieure conique (50) dont le diamètre diminue vers le haut en direction du prolongement (30) en partant du diamètre de la section de refoulement (42).
  8. Dispositif de forage selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que sur la section supérieure conique (50) est placée une spire supérieure (52) par laquelle, pendant le forage, le matériau du forage (4) peut être transporté vers le bas en direction de la section de refoulement.
  9. Dispositif de forage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 4 à 8, caractérisé en ce que la section de refoulement (42) et/ou au moins l'une des sections coniques (46, 50) est munie d'éléments de refoulement (44).
  10. Dispositif de forage selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, caractérisé en ce que la tête de refoulement (40) est raccordée par des conduits de jonction (25) à la tarière (22) à vis sans fin et au prolongement (30).
  11. Procédé de forage, en particulier avec un dispositif de forage (10) selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10,
    dans lequel un élément de forage (20) est entraîné en rotation au moyen d'un entraînement (16) de forage et est déplacé le long d'un mât (12), dans lequel l'élément de forage (20) comprend une tarière (22) à vis sans fin avec une spire de transport (26) et un dispositif tranchant (28) pour excaver le matériau du sol, qui est placée au-dessous de l'entraînement (16) de forage, et un prolongement (30) qui est relié à la tarière (22) à vis sans fin et s'étend vers le haut à travers l'entraînement (16) de forage, dans lequel sur une face extérieure du prolongement (30) sont placées des barres d'entraînement (32) afin de transmettre un couple de rotation de l'entraînement (16) de forage,
    caractérisé
    en ce que , dans une première étape du forage jusqu'à une première profondeur de forage qui correspond approximativement à la longueur de la tarière (22) à vis sans fin et à laquelle l'entraînement (16) de forage a atteint sa position d'extrémité inférieure à l'extrémité inférieure du mât (12), du matériau du sol (4) est transporté jusqu'à la surface (3) par la tarière (22) à vis sans fin, et
    en ce que, dans une deuxième étape du forage à partir de la première profondeur de forage, du matériau du sol (4) est envoyé par la tarière (22) à vis sans fin à une tête de refoulement (40) située entre la tarière (22) à vis sans fin et le prolongement (30), tête par laquelle le matériau de sol (4) est refoulé dans une paroi (7) du trou de forage.
  12. Procédé de réalisation d'un élément de fondation,
    caractérisé
    en ce qu'un trou de forage (6) est réalisé par le procédé de forage selon la revendication 11 et en ce que, quand on atteint la profondeur de forage finale, un matériau de remplissage est introduit dans le trou de forage (6) pour former l'élément de fondation.
EP08010846A 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Dispositif et procédé de forage Not-in-force EP2133507B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL08010846T PL2133507T3 (pl) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Urządzenie wiertnicze i metoda wiercenia
PT08010846T PT2133507E (pt) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Dispositivo de perfuração e processo de perfuração
DE502008002811T DE502008002811D1 (de) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Bohrvorrichtung und Bohrverfahren
AT08010846T ATE501337T1 (de) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Bohrvorrichtung und bohrverfahren
EP08010846A EP2133507B1 (fr) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Dispositif et procédé de forage
ES08010846T ES2359754T3 (es) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Dispositivo perforador y procedimiento de perforación.
SG200903730-0A SG158018A1 (en) 2008-06-13 2009-06-02 Drilling rig and drilling method
MX2009005858A MX2009005858A (es) 2008-06-13 2009-06-03 Dispositivo de perforacion y procedimiento de perforacion.
US12/457,343 US8322458B2 (en) 2008-06-13 2009-06-08 Drilling rig and drilling method
CN2009101493895A CN101603411B (zh) 2008-06-13 2009-06-12 钻探设备和钻探方法
BRPI0902000-4A BRPI0902000A2 (pt) 2008-06-13 2009-06-15 dispositivo e processo de perfuração
JP2009142209A JP4980394B2 (ja) 2008-06-13 2009-06-15 掘削装置

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP08010846A EP2133507B1 (fr) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Dispositif et procédé de forage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2133507A1 EP2133507A1 (fr) 2009-12-16
EP2133507B1 true EP2133507B1 (fr) 2011-03-09

Family

ID=39884926

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08010846A Not-in-force EP2133507B1 (fr) 2008-06-13 2008-06-13 Dispositif et procédé de forage

Country Status (12)

Country Link
US (1) US8322458B2 (fr)
EP (1) EP2133507B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP4980394B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN101603411B (fr)
AT (1) ATE501337T1 (fr)
BR (1) BRPI0902000A2 (fr)
DE (1) DE502008002811D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2359754T3 (fr)
MX (1) MX2009005858A (fr)
PL (1) PL2133507T3 (fr)
PT (1) PT2133507E (fr)
SG (1) SG158018A1 (fr)

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US9366084B2 (en) * 2012-01-19 2016-06-14 Frankie A. R. Queen Direct torque helical displacement well and hydrostatic liquid pressure relief device
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CN106150353A (zh) * 2015-04-08 2016-11-23 温州长城基础工程有限公司 一种上动力头下中空振动锤长螺旋钻机及其施工方法
CN107143288B (zh) * 2017-07-13 2023-07-21 广东水电二局股份有限公司 一种钻具约束及渣土隔离装置
CN110685589B (zh) * 2019-09-19 2020-11-24 温州博辉新材料科技有限公司 一种内壁扩充填实的市政工程用打孔机
US10914046B1 (en) * 2020-08-11 2021-02-09 Jamal Nasir System, apparatus, and method for installing a foundation

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ITTO20040457A1 (it) * 2004-07-06 2004-10-06 Soilmec Spa Attrezzatura di perforazione del terreno ad elica continua con asta di prolunga ad almeno due sfili e metodo di scavo mediante detta attrezzatura
CN2890312Y (zh) * 2006-03-17 2007-04-18 王凤良 附着式电动短螺旋钻孔机
DE502006001598D1 (de) * 2006-04-26 2008-10-30 Bauer Maschinen Gmbh Bohrgerät und Verfahren zum Erstellen einer Bohrsäule im Boden
CN200975217Y (zh) * 2006-11-09 2007-11-14 北京东方泰晟基础机械技术有限公司 一种套管钻机
CN101215940A (zh) * 2008-01-16 2008-07-09 中南大学 钻孔立杆机
CN201162489Y (zh) 2008-01-31 2008-12-10 王凤良 长螺旋钻孔机

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN108206484A (zh) * 2017-11-15 2018-06-26 广州品帝智能科技有限公司 一种改进型的电力电缆安装设备
CN108206484B (zh) * 2017-11-15 2019-10-25 新沂市合沟工业集中区建设发展有限公司 一种电力电缆安装设备

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EP2133507A1 (fr) 2009-12-16
BRPI0902000A2 (pt) 2010-04-13
PL2133507T3 (pl) 2011-09-30
CN101603411B (zh) 2013-11-06
JP2009299459A (ja) 2009-12-24
JP4980394B2 (ja) 2012-07-18
CN101603411A (zh) 2009-12-16
PT2133507E (pt) 2011-04-18
DE502008002811D1 (de) 2011-04-21
US8322458B2 (en) 2012-12-04
US20090317194A1 (en) 2009-12-24
ES2359754T3 (es) 2011-05-26
ATE501337T1 (de) 2011-03-15
SG158018A1 (en) 2010-01-29
MX2009005858A (es) 2010-01-15

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