EP2130261A1 - Pile à combustible et procédé de fabrication associé - Google Patents

Pile à combustible et procédé de fabrication associé

Info

Publication number
EP2130261A1
EP2130261A1 EP08734702A EP08734702A EP2130261A1 EP 2130261 A1 EP2130261 A1 EP 2130261A1 EP 08734702 A EP08734702 A EP 08734702A EP 08734702 A EP08734702 A EP 08734702A EP 2130261 A1 EP2130261 A1 EP 2130261A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
fuel cell
cell according
membrane
transport
diffusion
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP08734702A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Michael-Carsten Oszcipok
Steffen Eccarius
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Original Assignee
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV filed Critical Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Forderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
Publication of EP2130261A1 publication Critical patent/EP2130261A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1004—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8605—Porous electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/8636—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells with a gradient in another property than porosity
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H01M4/881—Electrolytic membranes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8803—Supports for the deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H01M4/8814—Temporary supports, e.g. decal
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H01M4/8828—Coating with slurry or ink
    • H01M4/8835—Screen printing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/88—Processes of manufacture
    • H01M4/8825—Methods for deposition of the catalytic active composition
    • H01M4/886—Powder spraying, e.g. wet or dry powder spraying, plasma spraying
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
    • H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
    • H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/02—Details
    • H01M8/0202—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors
    • H01M8/0258—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant
    • H01M8/026—Collectors; Separators, e.g. bipolar separators; Interconnectors characterised by the configuration of channels, e.g. by the flow field of the reactant or coolant characterised by grooves, e.g. their pitch or depth
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1009—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes with one of the reactants being liquid, solid or liquid-charged
    • H01M8/1011—Direct alcohol fuel cells [DAFC], e.g. direct methanol fuel cells [DMFC]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
    • H01M8/1023—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
    • H01M8/1025—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having only carbon and oxygen, e.g. polyethers, sulfonated polyetheretherketones [S-PEEK], sulfonated polysaccharides, sulfonated celluloses or sulfonated polyesters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/102—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer
    • H01M8/103—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by the chemical structure of the main chain of the ion-conducting polymer having nitrogen, e.g. sulfonated polybenzimidazoles [S-PBI], polybenzimidazoles with phosphoric acid, sulfonated polyamides [S-PA] or sulfonated polyphosphazenes [S-PPh]
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1039—Polymeric electrolyte materials halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
    • H01M8/1016—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes characterised by the electrolyte material
    • H01M8/1018—Polymeric electrolyte materials
    • H01M8/1067—Polymeric electrolyte materials characterised by their physical properties, e.g. porosity, ionic conductivity or thickness
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
    • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
    • Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fuel cell which has a membrane-electrode assembly of an ion-conducting membrane with arranged on opposite surfaces of the membrane catalyst layers serving as the anode and cathode, and optionally an anode-side and / or a cathode-side gas diffusion layer, wherein the membrane electrodes - Unit adjacent areas with different
  • Diffusion transport for starting materials and / or products.
  • the invention relates to a method for producing such fuel cells.
  • Fuel cells convert chemical energy directly into electrical energy.
  • fuel cell reactants are fed continuously in gaseous form or in liquid form.
  • the electrochemical conversion is made possible by means of a physical separation of the reducing or oxidizing species, for example, by an ion exchange membrane which is coated on both sides with catalyst, the so-called. Electrodes.
  • a fuel cell which comprises a membrane-electrode assembly of an ion-conducting membrane with at opposite
  • the fuel cell optionally contains an anode-side and / or a cathode-side gas diffusion layer.
  • the membrane-electrode unit has adjacent regions with different diffusion transport for educts and / or products. This is realized in that in the areas with low diffusion transport at least one of the catalyst layers has a higher
  • Diffusion barrier represents as the catalyst layer in the regions with higher diffusion transport.
  • the invention thus describes a passive decoupling of the transport phenomena by grading the electrodes. Within the electrodes, areas are created that allow exclusively or at least increased diffusive mass transfer. The fact that these areas are in the immediate vicinity of zones in which the electroosmotic exchange can take place, the operation of the fuel cell is passively optimized because reactants or products by a forming microcirculation within the membrane keeps them in optimal humidification. This microcirculation can be promoted by completely removing the catalyst layer at selected locations on the electrode. Even thinning out of the catalyst layer can be sufficient, since the catalyst layer represents a diffusion resistance for the water or the fuel. By reducing the catalyst layer thickness or a complete removal of this resistance can be reduced.
  • the invention is particularly suitable for passive, electrochemical cells in which little to no energy is available to operate peripheral components.
  • a preferred embodiment provides that in the regions with higher diffusion transport of the Fuel cell at least one of the catalyst layers has a relation to the layer thicknesses of the catalyst layers in areas with lower diffusion transport of the fuel cell at least reduced layer thickness.
  • a further preferred variant provides that at least one of the catalyst layers is completely removed in the regions with higher diffusion transport, so that here there is a reduced diffusion barrier compared to the other regions.
  • a further preferred variant provides that at least one gas diffusion layer has a higher hydrophobicity in the regions with a higher diffusion transport than in the regions with lower diffusion transport. In the areas of higher hydrophobicity, the water concentration increases, which increases the diffusion through the membrane in these areas.
  • a further preferred embodiment provides that the diffusion barrier is chosen so that in the regions with higher diffusion transport, the transport processes of the educts and / or products through the membrane are determined essentially by the diffusion transport and not by electroosmotic transport.
  • the diffusion barrier is preferably selected such that a microcirculation for the transport of educts and / or products arises between the regions with a higher diffusion transport and the regions with a lower diffusion transport.
  • the diffusion properties are tuned to water as a product in a fuel cell, eg a DMFC.
  • a fuel cell eg a DMFC.
  • the size of the regions with a lower diffusion transport or with a higher diffusion transport there are basically no restrictions.
  • the size of the regions with lower diffusion transport is in the range of 100 nm 2 to 10 mm 2. This applies to areas with higher diffusion transport.
  • the geometry of these areas there are no restrictions, preferred are rod-shaped, round or square shapes.
  • the fuel cell is a hydrogen polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC).
  • PEMFC hydrogen polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
  • the diffusion barrier is preferably chosen so that the diffusive return transport of water outweighs the electro-motive transport of water in the fuel cell.
  • the supply of water on the anode side can preferably be dispensed with.
  • a second preferred embodiment provides that the fuel cell is a direct oxidation fuel cell, in particular a direct alcohol fuel cell.
  • the diffusion barrier is preferably selected such that the diffusive transport of water from the oxidizing to the reducing electrode outweighs the electroosmotic transport of water from the cathode to the anode.
  • the membrane of the membrane-electrode assembly is preferably made of a polymer. This is preferably selected from the group consisting of perfluorinated polymers containing sulfone groups (SPE), for example Nafion, polybenzimidazole (PBI), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), sulfonated polyetheretherketone (sPEEK) and their blends and copolymers.
  • SPE perfluorinated polymers containing sulfone groups
  • PBI polybenzimidazole
  • PEEK polyether ether ketone
  • sPEEK sulfonated polyetheretherketone
  • the membrane is proto- nen suedd. This concerns the common variants of known fuel cells.
  • the membrane can be constructed both homogeneous and inhomogeneous.
  • the membrane may additionally have functionally coated particles for controlling the diffusion and / or electroosmotic transport.
  • the catalyst layers contained in the fuel cell preferably contain platinum, ruthenium,
  • the degassing device may be in the form of a microstructuring of the fluid distribution structure, which promotes the removal of gaseous media from the fluid distribution structure.
  • the fluid distribution structure it is possible, for example, for the fluid distribution structure to have at least one channel with a T-shaped cross section.
  • degassing envisages that the fuel cell on the anode side has at least one permeable to gases and for liquids impermeable barrier layer, whereby the liquids held in the fluid distribution structure and the gases can be removed from the fluid distribution structure to the reaction zone.
  • the barrier layer is preferably an oleophobic membrane, a nanofiltration membrane, e.g. a porous membrane, a pervaporation membrane, e.g. a PDMS membrane, or a ceramic.
  • the invention also provides a process for producing a fuel cell as described above, wherein the membrane is coated on at least one surface with a catalyst layer and the regions with higher diffusion transport by reducing or completely removing the layer thickness of the catalyst layer in these areas Laser irradiation takes place.
  • Another variant for the production of a fuel cell is based on the fact that the membrane of the fuel cell is provided on at least one surface area by means of screen printing, spraying, doctoring, pad printing or decal process area with a catalyst layer.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the transport processes in a conventional fuel cell known from the prior art.
  • the smaller case represents ion transport and electroosmotic water transport, while the larger arrow represents the diffusion-driven water transport.
  • Fig. 2 the transport processes for a fuel cell according to the invention are shown schematically.
  • the membrane may be too dry or too humid in the outlet area.
  • the membrane becomes too dry, because water is transported electroosmotically with the protons from the hydrogen side to the air side and the diffusive return transport of the product water is outweighed (see Fig. 1).
  • Concentration of the methanol storage can be increased to up to 100%, whereby the energy density increases many times over typically used low-percentage mixtures.
  • only the cathode side is graded. Additional benefit is provided by the water repatriation in the disposal of the resulting product water on the cathode in self-breathing cells with open to the environment cathode structures.
  • the anode of the direct methanol fuel cell is operated with a 100% solution of the fuel.
  • the water required for the oxidation of the fuel is added to conventional concepts on the cathode side and diffused by utilizing the Grading, on the anode side and is there as starting material available.
  • a hydrophilic gas diffusion layer can assist wetting the electrode with water and transporting water across the cathode side to the anode.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Inert Electrodes (AREA)
  • Fuel Cell (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une pile à combustible comprenant un assemblage électrode-membrane-électrode constitué d'une membrane de transport d'ions pourvue de couches catalytiques, placées sur des surfaces opposées de la membrane et faisant fonction d'anode et de cathode, et éventuellement une couche de diffusion gazeuse côté anode et/ou côté cathode, ledit assemblage électrode-membrane-électrode présentant des zones adjacentes à différente propriété de transport par diffusion d'éduits et/ou de produits. L'invention concerne également un procédé de fabrication de telles piles à combustible.
EP08734702A 2007-03-23 2008-03-20 Pile à combustible et procédé de fabrication associé Withdrawn EP2130261A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102007014046A DE102007014046B4 (de) 2007-03-23 2007-03-23 Brennstoffzelle sowie Verfahren zu deren Herstellung
PCT/EP2008/002269 WO2008116604A1 (fr) 2007-03-23 2008-03-20 Pile à combustible et procédé de fabrication associé

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2130261A1 true EP2130261A1 (fr) 2009-12-09

Family

ID=39434233

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP08734702A Withdrawn EP2130261A1 (fr) 2007-03-23 2008-03-20 Pile à combustible et procédé de fabrication associé

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20100221636A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2130261A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2010521788A (fr)
DE (1) DE102007014046B4 (fr)
WO (1) WO2008116604A1 (fr)

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JP5442481B2 (ja) * 2009-03-30 2014-03-12 三洋電機株式会社 複合膜、燃料電池および複合膜の作製方法
DE102013207900A1 (de) 2013-04-30 2014-10-30 Volkswagen Ag Membran-Elektroden-Einheit und Brennstoffzelle mit einer solchen
WO2020115000A1 (fr) * 2018-12-06 2020-06-11 Widex A/S Pile à combustible à alcool direct
DE102020106082A1 (de) 2020-03-06 2021-09-09 Audi Aktiengesellschaft Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Brennstoffzelle, Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer Membranelektrodenanordnung für eine Brennstoffzelle, Brennstoffzelle sowie Brennstoffzellenstapel
KR20230040842A (ko) 2021-09-16 2023-03-23 한국전력공사 고내구성 연료전지용 전극 및 막-전극 접합체, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 연료전지

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2010521788A (ja) 2010-06-24
WO2008116604A9 (fr) 2008-12-04
WO2008116604A1 (fr) 2008-10-02
US20100221636A1 (en) 2010-09-02
DE102007014046B4 (de) 2011-07-28
DE102007014046A1 (de) 2009-01-08

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